The conclusion that can be obtained from this information is that speciation might happen due to the crossing in different periods between toads.
What is speciation?Speciation refers to the emergence of isolation reproductive barriers due to some type of restraint in gene flow in the population.
Speciation may be due to geographical barriers such as new individuals on an island or ecological causes (as in this case) where individuals can cross in different periods.
In conclusion, the conclusion that can be obtained from this information is that speciation might happen due to the crossing in different periods between toads.
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The direct pathway to the amygdala is _____ and conveys _____ detail than the indirect pathway to the amygdala.
The direct pathway to the amygdala is faster and conveys less detail than the indirect pathway to the amygdala.
The centre for integrating emotions, emotional behaviour, and motivation is the amygdala. The amygdala plays a crucial role in the circuits that process fear. It mediates the arousal of fear and the link between a stimulus and fear. As a result, two channels allow information to reach the amygdala when a tone indicates danger.
Since one channel is quickly processed, the amygdala receives only approximate information about an emotional signal coming from the thalamus. The amygdala receives information about an emotional stimulus from the thalamus indirectly, through the brain. As a result, the information received via the indirect pathway is processed at a higher level and arrives at the amygdala with a short delay.
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Many human cells divide a finite number of times before going into permanent arrest, a phenomenon called ____________________ which appears to be caused by the loss of telomeres.
Many human cells divide a finite number of times before going into permanent arrest, a phenomenon called Hayflick’s Phenomenon, which appears to be caused by the loss of telomeres.
Hayflick limit or Hayflick’s phenomena is defined as the number of times a normal cell population divides before entering the senescence phase.
Hayflick (1961) demonstrated that a population of normal human fetal cells divide in culture between 40 and 60 times before stopping.
This phenomenon is related to telomere length. Repeated mitosis leads to shortening of the telomeres on the DNA of the cell. Telomere shortening in humans eventually makes cell division impossible, and correlates with aging.
Telomeres are irrevocably shortened each time a cell divides. When the telomeres become too short, the cell can no longer divide.
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The antibody normally constituting the highest percentage of antibodies in the blood is:_____.
IgG is the antibody normally constituting the highest percentage of antibodies in the blood.
What are antibodies? Antibodies also known as immunoglobulin, are the proteins that are protective in nature and are produced by the immune system.Antibodies are large, Y-shaped and are attached to the antigens like bacteria, viruses, etc. and they eliminate these from the body.Antibodies are produced by specialized white blood cells i.e., B-cells.There are five types of antibodies -IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE.IgG is one of the most common antibody found in the blood and tissue fluids which makes around 70% - 75% of all immunoglobulins in the body.IgG function is to protect the body from the viral and bacterial infections.To learn more about antibodies refer:
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Immunoglobulin G is the antibody that normally constitutes the highest percentage of antibodies in the blood.
What is an antibody?Antibodies are proteins made by plasma cells as a result of a response to an antigen.Antibodies are antigen-specific that can attach to only specific antigens to destroy them.They are found mainly in the blood and other tissues and extracellular fluids.Antibodies are found in the B cells of lymphocytes used to attack invading bacteria and viruses that are toxic.What is immunoglobulin G?There are 5 classes of immunoglobulins that are IgG, IgA, IgD, IgM, and IgE.Immunoglobulin G represents 75% of antibody serum in a body.IgG is produced by plasma B cells to fight bacteria, viruses, and toxins.Each IgG has two paratopes which are antigen-binding sites. These paratopes recognize an antigen and bind to it.The Y-shaped IgG has identical paratopes in each arm.IgG recognizes the pathogens and causes immobilization. They also bind and neutralize toxins.IgG is also involved in allergic reactions.Their function includes opsonization which enables them to bind with bacterial surface facilitating their phagocytosis.To learn more about Immunoglobulin G, refer: https://brainly.com/question/16766839
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In general, atmospheric pressure is greatest near earth's surface and ____ as you move upward away from sea level. a. decreases c. stays the same b. increases d. doubles
In general, atmospheric pressure is greatest near earth's surface and decreases as you move upward away from sea level.
Where is the air pressure greater closer to the earth or higher in the atmosphere?
The lowest point in the atmosphere has the highest atmospheric pressure. Additionally, this is where the air is densest. As one ascends higher in the atmosphere, pressure and density decrease. The mass of the atmosphere is drawn toward the surface of the earth by its gravitational field.What causes high atmospheric pressure?
Air rising and falling causes areas of high and low pressure. Because warm air rises, there is low pressure at the surface. Air cools and lowers, creating high surface pressure.What is high pressure and low pressure?
A low pressure system has lower pressure at its center than the areas around it. Winds blow towards the low pressure, and the air rises in the atmosphere where they meet. A high pressure system has higher pressure at its center than the areas around it.Learn more about high atmospheric pressure
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In examining an unknown animal species during its embryonic development, how can you be sure what you are looking at exhibits protostome or deuterostome development?
In examining an unknown animal species during its embryonic development, from the first development of mouth or anus, one can determine its protostome or deuterostome.
The oral end of the majority of coelomate invertebrates emerges from the blastopore, the first developmental opening, and is referred to as a protostome (Latin for "first mouth").
The oral end of the animal originates from the second aperture on the dorsal surface of the animal in the deuterostomes ("second mouth"), which include Echinodermata and the ancestors of the Chordata; the blastopore becomes the anus. The deuterostomes also exhibit indeterminate development, meaning that even if the eight cells of the embryo are split, each one would still be able to develop into a complete organism.
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(Choose the letter of the correct answer, ASAP!!!)
1. Lymph tissue and lymph nodes that protect the body from infection
A. Adenoids and tonsils
B. Alveoli and sinuses
C. Bronchi and trachea
2. This tube Carries air down to the windpipe
A. Larynx
B. Sinuses
C. Pharynx
Answer:
answer of first question is option A. and answer of second question is also option A.
In the investigation of whether stretching before running prevents muscle cramps in calves, what would be the control group?
In the investigation of whether stretching before running prevents muscle cramps in calves, the control group would be a group of people who did not do stretching before running.
In a scientific experiment, a control group is a subset of participants who are not included in the main experiment and whose outcomes are unaffected by the independent variable under study. By isolating the effects of the independent variable on the experiment, this can help rule out other possible explanations for the findings of the experiment.Positive control groups, untreated control groups, and negative control groups are the three primary categories of control groups. Positive control group can demonstrate that the experiment is running as intended.Negative control groups are those where the experiment's settings are designed to produce a poor result. Untreated control group is merely observed to allow for the comparison of its outcomes of the treatment group.Thus this is an example of untreated control group where the control group is not given the treatment i.e., stretching before running so that it can be determined whether stretching before running prevents muscle cramps in calves.
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What is the strongest stimulus for the release of antidiuretic hormone from the posterior pituitary?
The strongest stimulus for the release of antidiuretic hormone from the posterior pituitary is "increase in plasma osmolarity."
What is plasma osmolarity?The electrolyte-water balance of the body is measured by plasma osmolality. This quantity can be determined in a number of ways, either through measuring or calculation.
Technically, osmolality or osmolarity are two separate measurements, but in everyday usage, they serve the same purpose.
Some characteristics of plasma osmolarity are-
The pattern of fluid motion within the system, and consequently the concentration of ion and proteins in the solvent, can be controlled by an organism's plasma osmolality or oncotic pressures. We may see the fluid movement's effects as a result, which frequently take the form of edema, dehydration, blood pressure abnormalities, seizures, and variations in intracranial pressure. The administration of intravenous fluids, that are utilized to swiftly change both plasma osmolality or oncotic pressures inside the vascular system, can also be indicated by osmolality abnormalities.To know more about plasma osmolarity, here
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Flaccid paralysis is caused by a) a endospore forming bacterium b) clostridium botulinum c) clostridium tetani d) a & b e) a & c
Flaccid paralysis is a neurological condition characterized by weakness or paralysis and reduced muscle tone without other obvious cause
Option D. a & b a) endospore forming bacterium b) clostridium botulinum
A common cause of flaccid paralysis is anterior spinal artery syndrome, an occlusion of the anterior spinal artery. Obstruction can be caused by spinal cord trauma, cancer, arterial disease, or thrombosis.
Flaccid paralysis causes muscles to contract and go limp. lead to muscle weakness. Spastic paralysis affects tight, rigid muscles. Muscles may twitch or spasm uncontrollably.
Acute flaccid myelitis can be caused by infection with a type of virus known as an enterovirus. Respiratory illness and fever due to enteroviruses are especially common in children. most people recover.
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What information/structures were you able to glean from the methylene blue stain that you could not get from the gram stain?
Methylene blue can stain the cellular components like nucleus, DNA or RNA in cytoplasm.
Use of methylene blue:
Methylene Blue is a cationic stain. It is a positively charged blue dye that binds to negatively charged cell components like the nucleus, DNA, or RNA found in the cytoplasm. It is a widely used stain for several purposes, including identifying germs and determining the cellular makeup of both plant and animal cells.The cell wall and membrane are examples of the exterior cell structures that can be stained by gram staining. In a collection of bacterial colonies, this stain is used to distinguish between gram positive and gram negative cells.Learn more about the Gram's staining with the help of the given link:
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A heterozygous person that has one disease allele and one normal allele is referred to as a:______.
A heterozygous person that has one disease allele and one normal allele is referred to as a hybrid.
Different versions of a gene are called alleles. Alleles are described as either dominant or recessive depending on their associated traits.
A heterozygous individual is a diploid organism with two alleles, each of a different type. Individuals with alleles of the same type are known as homozygous individuals. An allele is a variation of a gene that affects the functionality of the protein produced by the gene.
There can be many alleles in a population, but a heterozygous individual can only have two of them because every diploid organism receives one allele from each parent. Although each organism can have only two alleles, there can be many, many variations of a gene present in a population.
Heterozygous is a description of the genotype, or combination of alleles present in an organism. The genotype gives rise to the phenotype. Depending on the different relationships between alleles, different phenotypes are created in a heterozygous individual.
In alleles that show complete dominance, the heterozygous phenotype will be the same as the dominant phenotype. Incomplete dominance, in contrast, produces a heterozygous phenotype that is somewhere between the dominant and recessive phenotypes. A third type of relationship, codominance, exists when the different alleles are expressed individually, in different parts of the body.
In a codominant trait, the heterozygous individuals will show the phenotype of one allele on some parts of their body, and the phenotype for the other allele in different parts of the body.
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What did researchers discover about the genetic mutation causing lactase persistence?
Researchers discover about the genetic mutation causing lactase persistence is that they are located next to the lactase gene in a non-coding regulatory region (a "switch").
The lactase enzyme's continuous activity as an adult is known as lactase persistence.
The LCT gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called lactase. This enzyme helps to digest lactose, a sugar found in milk and other dairy products.
Since lactase's sole purpose is to digest lactose in milk, most mammal species see a significant decline in the enzyme's activity after weaning.
The genetic selection of those who can digest lactose results in the lactase persistence trait, which is more prevalent in populations that keep cattle and raise dairy products.
Hence, researchers discover about the genetic mutation causing lactase persistence is that they are located next to the lactase gene in a non-coding regulatory region (a "switch").
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You perform a cell free translation experiment like nirenberg and matthaei. you start with 60 and 40. what relative amount of radiolabeled proline do you expect in the translated polypeptides?
36 % of radio-labeled proline can be expected in the translated polypeptides. Pro-line is 10% of amino acid in collagen such as bone broth, chicken wings, pork rinds, gelatin.
During pre-mRNA proceed to form mature mRNA molecules can be translated to build the protein molecules like polypeptide encoded by original gene. Pro-line is unique that only amino acid where the side chain is connected to the protein backbone twice and form a five membrane nitrogen containing ring.
Polypeptide is bio-material composed of repeating amino acid units which linked by a peptide bond. Translation involves in decoding a messenger RNA and using its information to build polypeptide.
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If radium-226 were to undergo radioactive decay by electron capture (a type of beta decay) instead of by alpha emission, the resulting nucleus would be?
If radium-226 were to undergo radioactive decay by electron capture (a type of beta decay) instead of by alpha emission, the resulting nucleus would be 226Fr87.
Radioactive Decay:Ionizing radiation is released as a result of radioactive decay. Among the ionizing radiation that is released are alpha, beta, and/or gamma rays. Unbalanced atoms known as radionuclides are the site of radioactive decay.
The most prevalent form of an element in nature is typically the one that is most stable. All substances, though, have an unstable form. Unstable forms are radioactive and emit ionizing radiation. Some substances, like uranium, have no stable forms and are therefore always radioactive. Radiation-emitting substances are referred to as radionuclides.
The amount of time it takes for half of the radioactive atoms present to decay is known as the radioactive half-life. Others have half-lives of hundreds, millions, or billions of years. Some radionuclides have half-lives of just a few seconds.
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Why do moderate levels of disturbance result in an increase in community diversity?
Due to moderate disturbance, habitats are opened up for less competitive species thus increasing the diversity of a community.
What are the factors affecting diversity?Diversity is the variation in different life forms within a community, ecosystem or biome. Moderate disturbances result in loss of number of competitive species thus opening up habitat for less competitive species.According to intermediate species diversity, moderate disturbances increase the diversity of an area by maintaining the numbers of both more competitive and less competitive species.When disturbance is low, more competitive species dominate the community leading to loss of less competitive ones.When disturbance is high like deforestation, forest fires, it can result in loss of all species.Thus at moderate disturbances, diversity is maximum because species at all ecosystem levels can coexist.Learn more about biodiversity here:
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Along one strand of a dna double helix is the nucleotide sequence ggcataggt. what is the sequence of the rna that would be transcribed from this region?
The sequence of the RNA that would be transcribed from this region of a DNA nucleotide sequence (GGCATAGGT) is CCGUAUCCA.
How is RNA formed?DNA is the part of a living being that carries genetic information.
The DNA is a biopolymer of deoxyribonucleic acid (a type of nucleic acid) that has four different chemical groups, called bases:
AdenineGuanineCytosineThymineHowever, during the process of transcription, the information in the DNA is read into a mRNA molecule.
Therefore, the sequence of the RNA that would be transcribed from this region of a DNA nucleotide sequence (GGCATAGGT) is CCGUAUCCA.
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Describe why the treatment plant was not removing nitrites and nitrates from the water. how did you fix this problem?
The problem can be fixed by converting ammonia.
What is ammonia?With the chemical formula NH3, ammonia is a mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen.
Ammonia is the simplest pnictogen hydride and a stable binary hydride. It is a colorless gas with a strong, pungent odor. It contributes considerably to the nutritional demands of terrestrial species by serving as a precursor to 45 percent of the world's food and fertilizers. It is a common nitrogenous waste biologically, especially among aquatic creatures.
How to remove nitrates and nitrites from water?Nitrates are challenging contaminants to remove from water, and filters alone cannot do it. By using ion exchange resin, distillation, or reverse osmosis, nitrates can be taken out of water.
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The most biologically devastating oil spills in the marine environment are usually a result of?
The most biologically devastating oil spills in the marine environment are usually a result of the sinking of oil tankers.
An oil spill is a type of pollution that occurs when a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon is released into the environment, particularly the marine ecology.
Oil releases into the sea or coastal waterways are generally referred to as marine oil spills, however land-based spills are also possible.
Oil spills can result from crude oil discharges from tankers, sinking of oil tankers, offshore platforms, drilling rigs, and wells as well as refined petroleum products (like gasoline and diesel) and their byproducts, heavier fuels used by big ships like bunker fuel, or the spill of any oily waste or garbage.
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Pathogens transmitted by means of cuts or punctures are an example of _______ transmission.
Answer:
Parenteral Transmission
Which combining form means ""connective tissue"" or ""flesh""?
The combining combination sarc/o denotes flesh and connective tissue.
As its name suggests, connective tissue holds the body's cells and organs together. They are the most abundant form of tissue in the body. All of the connective tissue that makes up a membrane is connective tissue. Several types of connective tissue include blood, cartilage, osseous tissue (bone), dense fibrous connective tissue, and elastic connective tissue.
There are many terminologies related to sarc/o. Such as sarcomere, sarcolemma and sarcoplasm in muscles.
The sarcomere is the functional unit of a muscle fibre. Sarcolemma is the tiny, translucent tubular sheath covering the skeletal muscle fibres.To learn more about connective tissue click here
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A ________ molecule is a glycoprotein used to identify and distinguish white blood cells.
A cluster of differentiation molecule is a glycoprotein used to identify and distinguish white blood cells.
The cluster of differentiation (CD) classification refers to proteins found on the surface of cells. Each unique surface molecule is assigned a different number, which allows cell phenotypes to be identified. These cell surface molecules of leukocytes are routinely detected with anti-leukocyte monoclonal antibodies. Clusters of antigens on the surface of leukocytes can be designated by their reactions with monoclonal antibodies.CD molecules are surface molecules expressed on cells of the immune system that play key roles in immune cell-cell communication and sensing the microenvironment.
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Which food component is not an example of fiber? question 21 options: strings of celery outer layer soft kernels of wheat residue in milk hulls of seeds
Residue in milk is not an example of fiber. The correct answer is option(c).
The amount of food generated from plants that can't be entirely broken down by digestive enzymes in humans is known as dietary fiber or roughage. The solubility, viscosity, and fermentability of dietary fibers, which have an impact on how they are metabolized by the body, can be used to classify them in general. Dietary fibers have a wide range of chemical compositions.
Advantages of a fiber-rich diet:
Makes bowel movements normal.Safeguards the well-being of the bowels.Lowers a person's cholesterol.Aids in blood sugar regulation.Helps one reach a healthy weight.Prolongs your life.Consuming adequate fiber might help the body eliminate waste more easily by preventing or treating constipation. Additionally, it promotes a balanced intestinal microbiome. A 2015 review found that dietary fiber improves stool volume, encourages regular bowel movements, and shortens the time waste spends in the intestines.
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The presence of a recessive gene can be detected (seen) only if the individual is?
The presence of a recessive gene can be detected only if the individual is homozygous (aa) .
What does homozygous mean?Homozygous is a condition in which two identical alleles are present at a particular locus.
A condition in which an individual has inherited the same DNA sequence for particular gene from both their biological father and their biological mother.
An allele is defined as a variant form of a gene or one of two or more than two DNA sequences occurring at a particular gene locus.
Genes are made up of information required to produce different proteins.
Therefore,the presence of a recessive gene can be detected only if the individual is homozygous (aa).
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Adhesive pili, exotoxins, and capsules are all microbial factors that help them establish infection. these are examples of:_______
Adhesive pili, exotoxins, and capsules are all microbial factors that help them establish infection. these are examples of virulence factors.
What is the mechanism of infection?Microbes encounter epithelial cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes of barriers established by mucosae, mucocutaneous junctions, or skin as they enter the body through ingestion, inhalation, direct contact, cutaneous penetration, and ascending infection.Capsules are believed to play a part in the pathogenicity and colonization of a variety of pathogenic bacteria due to their exposure to the environment. Capsules can hinder host cell phagocytosis, stop complement-mediated lysis, and stop bacterial desiccation.Typically hear about three main categories of germs: bacteria, viruses, and fungus.Since most capsules inhibit water loss, they may aid in the bacterium's ability to avoid desiccation. A bacterial cell can be shielded by a capsule from white blood cells' digestion and obliteration.By inhibiting pathogen-associated molecular patterns or from binding to endocytic pattern-recognition receptors on the surface of the phagocytes, capsules can avoid unenhanced adhesion. Some bacteria's capsules obstruct the body's complement pathway defenses.Learn more about infection here:
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The behaviors and attitudes that a society considers proper for its males and females are known as.
The behaviors and attitudes that a society considers proper for its males and females are known as Gender.
What is Gender?How can you tell visually whether a baby is a boy or a girl when you see one? You can search for a girl's bow or outfit, or you might just observe the pink attire. In order to identify a child's sex in elementary school, you would look at the child's hairstyle and clothing choices. By middle and high school, you would start to notice physical traits and differences, such as disparities in the average heights of the sexes and changes in the facial hair and voice patterns for young men and young women, respectively.
Teenagers' physical traits are mostly influenced by their DNA, as well as their reproductive systems and hormone production as a result.
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All vertebrate embryos have _____ at some point during embryonic development, indicating a common evolutionary ancestor
All chordates chare four structures. One of the is the tail. All vertebrate embryos have _a tail__ at some point during embryonic development, indicating a common evolutionary ancestor.
What is the relationship between chordates?The evolutionary relationship between species is reflected in the similarities or differences in the patterns of embryonic development.
All chordates belong to the Chordata phylum, and share four main characteristics,
Notochord, which is a precursor of the dorsal spine.Nerv cord, dorsally located and parallel to the notochord.Pharyngeal cleftsTail
All chordates express these structures at some point in their lives, especially in the early stages of embryogenesis. Many of them can be lost with animal development and become vestigial structures.
The tail is a vestigial structure in many vertebrates.
Vestigial structures are those body parts, genetically determined, that have been retained during the evolution of the taxonomic group but have lost or reduced their original function.
Such vestigial structures were plenty functional in the ancestors of new species, but now are typically degenerate, stunted, or rudimentary, and tend to be much more variable than homologous non-vestigial parts
All vertebrates develop a tail at some point in their embryonic life, even humans. However, this structure lost its original function in several species, so after a period of embryogenesis, this tail disappears, and its forming vertebras get fussed with each other composing the coccyx.
In many animals, the function of the tail is to stabilize, equilibrate and mobilize. But in humans, for instance, the coccyx has lost this function but is still an area of muscle insertion.
The correct option is Tail.
All vertebrate embryos have _a tail_ at some point during embryonic development, indicating a common evolutionary ancestor.
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For the dna fragment g-t-a-g-t-a, what is the nucleotide sequence for the complementary dna strand?
DNA fragment g-t-a-g-t-a the complementary strand will be c-a-t-c-a-t.
A pair of complementary bases are found at corresponding places on each of the two chains that make up a double helix of DNA. An area where two nucleic acid chains are connected by a series of base pairs.If you know the sequence of the template strand, you can figure out the sequence of a complementary strand. Each base in one of these two strands adheres to its companion in the other, making them complimentary. While the G-C pairs are joined by three hydrogen bonds, the A-T pairs are joined by just two.learn more about complementary strand here: https://brainly.com/question/1534778
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Why must the electron transport chain proteins and molecules be embedded in a membrane?
Answer:
because that way protons can be compartmentalized and form a gradient.
The majority of the nutrients in
the ocean comes from which
source?
A. from tsunamis
B. from nutrients that wash into the ocean from the continents
C. from the atmosphere
Answer: B
Explanation:
The nutrients that wash off of the continents (waste products, sediment) are often rich in essential minerals to plankton and other microscopic aquatic life, which in turn are the base of the marine food chain.
Tsunamis are too infrequent and do not dredge up any sediment most of the time, and C is not correct because nutrients don't just rain from the sky.
the graph shows how the rate of photosynthesis of a plant varies with light intensity. interpret the graph and justify statement.
The graph shows that the rate of photosynthesis increases with an increase in light intensity.
Photosynthesis and light intensityLooking at the graph, the rate of photosynthesis is on the y-axis while carbon dioxide concentration is on the x-axis.
At low light intensity, the rate of photosynthesis increases with an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide.
When the light intensity was increased from low to medium, the same trend as low-intensity light was recorded. However, the rate of photosynthesis doubles.
The rate of photosynthesis also increased with high light when carbon dioxide concentration increased. The photosynthesis rate was highest under intense light.
Under the 3 light conditions, it gets to a point that the rate of photosynthesis levels off, irrespective of the increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide.
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