Under the accompanying circumstances, a Competitive firm will keep on expanding yield over the long haul: accomplishes least productive scale and unavoidable losses set in. Choices C and D.
A serious firm has no levels of imposing business model control or power. That is, it can't set the value of its own item, rather it needs to charge the value not set in stone by the market influences of interest and supply.
Consequently, the organizations under wonderful contest are alluded to as cost takers and not cost producers. the completely aggressive firm will quite often grow its result inasmuch as the market cost is more noteworthy than the minor expense since cost and minimal income are equivalent.
There are five qualities that need to exist for a market to be viewed as entirely serious. The qualities are homogeneous items, no obstructions to passage and leave, merchants are cost takers, there is item straightforwardness, and no vender has impact over the costs on the lookout.
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When goods are delivered fob shipping point and freight costs are paid in cash, the ______.
When goods are delivered FOB (Free On Board) shipping point and freight costs are paid in cash, the buyer assumes the responsibility for the goods and any damages or loss that may occur during transit.
When goods are delivered FOB (Free On Board) shipping point and freight costs are paid in cash, the buyer assumes the responsibility for the goods and any damages or loss that may occur during transit. FOB shipping point means that ownership and liability for the goods transfer from the seller to the buyer at the shipping point.
In this case, once the goods are handed over to the carrier for transportation, the buyer becomes responsible for any risks associated with shipping, including potential damage or loss. By paying the freight costs in cash, the buyer acknowledges their acceptance of this responsibility.
It is crucial for buyers to carefully inspect the goods upon delivery and take any necessary measures to protect their interests, such as securing appropriate insurance coverage for the shipment.
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Explain the difference in the discretion of an arbitrator to overturn the decision of management under the following language: (2 points each) Management shall promote the most qualified applicant Management shall promote who it determines to be the most qualified applicant Management shall promote who it deems to be the most qualified applicant
The difference in the discretion of an arbitrator to overturn the decision of management lies in the language used in the statements.
In the first statement, "Management shall promote the most qualified applicant," the arbitrator's discretion to overturn the decision is limited. The arbitrator can only overturn the decision if it can be proven that the chosen applicant is not the most qualified.
In the second statement, "Management shall promote who it determines to be the most qualified applicant," the arbitrator has slightly more discretion. The arbitrator can consider the decision-making process of management and assess if their determination of the most qualified applicant was fair and reasonable.
In the third statement, "Management shall promote who it deems to be the most qualified applicant," the arbitrator has the highest level of discretion. They can question the subjective judgment of management and determine if their decision was arbitrary or biased.
In summary, the level of discretion an arbitrator has to overturn the decision of management depends on the wording used in the language regarding the determination of the most qualified applicant.
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Call Doug manufacturing Inc. reported sales of $820,000 at the end of last year; but this year, sales are expected to grow by 8%. Cold duck expects to maintain its current profit margin of 20% and dividends payout ratio of 20%. The firms total assets equaled $475,000 and were operated at full capacity. Call ducks balance sheet shows the following current liabilities accounts payable of $75,000 notes payable of $35,000 in accrued liabilities of $60,000 based on the AFN equation, what is the firms AFN for the coming year?
The firm's AFN for the coming year is approximately -$98,816.
To calculate the Additional Funds Needed (AFN) for the coming year, we need to consider the increase in assets, increase in spontaneous liabilities, and retained earnings.
Given information:
Current year sales: $820,000
Sales growth rate: 8%
Profit margin: 20%
Dividend payout ratio: 20%
Total assets: $475,000
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable: $75,000
Notes payable: $35,000
Accrued liabilities: $60,000
First, let's calculate the projected sales for the coming year:
Projected sales = Current year sales + (Sales growth rate * Current year sales)
Projected sales = $820,000 + (0.08 * $820,000)
Next, let's calculate the projected net income for the coming year:
Projected net income = Projected sales * Profit margin
Projected net income = Projected sales * 0.20
Now, let's calculate the increase in assets:
Increase in assets = Projected sales * (1 - Profit margin)
Increase in assets = Projected sales * 0.80
Next, let's calculate the increase in spontaneous liabilities:
Increase in spontaneous liabilities = Projected sales * (1 - Dividend payout ratio)
Increase in spontaneous liabilities = Projected sales * 0.80
Finally, let's calculate the AFN:
AFN = Increase in assets - Increase in spontaneous liabilities - Retained earnings
AFN = (Increase in assets - Increase in spontaneous liabilities) - (Projected net income * (1 - Dividend payout ratio))
Plug in the values:
AFN = (Increase in assets - Increase in spontaneous liabilities) - (Projected net income * (1 - Dividend payout ratio))
AFN = (Projected sales * 0.80 - Projected sales * 0.80) - (Projected net income * 0.80)
Simplify:
AFN = 0 - (Projected net income * 0.80)
AFN = -Projected net income * 0.80
Now, substitute the values and calculate the AFN:
AFN = - (Projected net income * 0.80)
AFN = - (($820,000 + (0.08 * $820,000)) * 0.20 * 0.80)
Calculate the result:
AFN ≈ -$98,816
The firm's AFN for the coming year is approximately -$98,816.
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1. In a global organization, what is meant by: Home Country? Host Country? • Third Country?
In a global organization, home country refers to the country where the organization is headquartered or has its main operations. This is the country where the organization was originally founded, and it usually has the largest share of the organization's workforce and resources.
Host country, on the other hand, refers to the country where the organization has expanded its operations to. This could be due to a variety of reasons, such as the need to access new markets or take advantage of lower production costs. In this country, the organization may have a subsidiary or branch office, and it may employ local workers and adapt to the local business environment.
Third country refers to any country that is not the home country or host country. This could be a country where the organization has other operations or a country that is part of the organization's supply chain. The term "third country" is often used in the context of international trade agreements, where a product may be subject to tariffs or regulations when imported from a third country, as opposed to the home country or host country.
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Rizzo's is considering a project with a life of five years and an initial cost of $131,000. The discount rate for the project is 14 percent. The firm expects to sell 2,100 units a year. The cash flow per unit is $23. The firm will have the option to abandon this project after three years at which time it expects it could sell the project for $49,000. At what level of sales should the firm be willing to abandon this project? Multiple Choice 1,294 units 1,087 units 1,479 units 1,502 units 1,619 units
The firm should be willing to abandon the project at any level of sales since the net present value (NPV) at the end of year 3 is lower than the selling price of the project.
To determine the level of sales at which the firm should be willing to abandon the project, we need to calculate the net present value (NPV) of the project at the end of year 3 and compare it to the selling price of the project at that time.
First, let's calculate the NPV of the project at the end of year 3:
Cash inflow from sales: 2,100 units/year * $23/unit = $48,300/year
Discount rate: 14%
Number of years: 3
NPV = Cash inflow / (1 + Discount rate)^Number of years
= $48,300 / (1 + 0.14)^3
= $48,300 / (1.14)^3
≈ $37,406.36
Now we compare the NPV at the end of year 3 ($37,406.36) to the selling price of the project ($49,000) at that time. If the NPV is less than the selling price, it would be beneficial for the firm to abandon the project.
In this case, since the NPV ($37,406.36) is less than the selling price ($49,000), the firm should be willing to abandon the project.
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consumption (c) 13,948.5 investment (i) 3,650.1 exports (x) 2,531.3 imports (m) 3,156.7 net exports of goods
The net exports of goods can be calculated by subtracting imports (m) from exports (x). The given data includes values for consumption (c), investment (i), exports (x), imports (m), and we need to determine the net exports of goods.
Net exports of goods represent the difference between exports and imports. In this case, we are given the values for consumption (c), investment (i), exports (x), and imports (m), but the specific value for net exports is not provided. To calculate net exports of goods, we subtract imports (m) from exports (x):
Net exports of goods = Exports (x) - Imports (m)
Using the given values:
Exports (x) = 2,531.3
Imports (m) = 3,156.7
Net exports of goods = 2,531.3 - 3,156.7
The result of the calculation will provide the value of net exports of goods.
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because a project usually has a defined scope with agreed-upon tasks, responsibilities, and deliverables, it is often more difficult to measure project success compared with other types of work.
Measuring the success of a project is often more difficult compared to other types of work due to its defined scope, tasks, responsibilities, and deliverables, requiring clear metrics and consideration of stakeholders' perspectives.
Measuring the success of a project can be more challenging than measuring the success of other types of work due to several factors. Firstly, projects have a defined scope with specific tasks, responsibilities, and deliverables, which requires establishing clear metrics and criteria for evaluation.
The unique nature of projects also means that success can be subjective and dependent on the perspectives of various stakeholders involved. Additionally, project success is often tied to predefined objectives and expectations, making it crucial to carefully consider and align with these factors when assessing project outcomes. Overall, the complexity and multidimensional nature of projects necessitate a comprehensive approach to measuring and determining their success.
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Assume today is December 31, 2018. Imagine Works Inc. just paid a dividend of $1.35 per share at the end of 2018. The dividend is expected to grow at 15% per year for 3 years, after which time it is expected to grow at a constant rate of 6% annually. The company's cost of equity (rs) is 9%. Using the dividend growth model (allowing for nonconstant growth), what should be the price of the company's stock today (December 31, 2018)? Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to the nearest cent.
Rounding the answer to the nearest cent, the price of the company's stock today (December 31, 2018) should be $68.43.
To calculate the price of the company's stock today, we will use the dividend growth model. The formula for the dividend growth model is:
P = D1 / (rs - g)
where P is the price of the stock, D1 is the dividend expected in the next period, rs is the cost of equity, and g is the growth rate.
Given:
Dividend at the end of 2018 (D0) = $1.35
Dividend growth rate for the first 3 years (g1) = 15%
Dividend growth rate after 3 years (g2) = 6%
Cost of equity (rs) = 9%
First, we need to calculate the dividend expected in the next period (D1). To do this, we need to calculate the dividend growth rate for the first 3 years. The formula to calculate the dividend in the next period is:
D1 = D0 * (1 + g1)^n
where n is the number of years.
D1 = $1.35 * (1 + 0.15)^3
D1 = $1.35 * (1.15)^3
D1 = $1.35 * 1.520875
D1 = $2.052796875
Next, we can substitute the values into the dividend growth model formula:
P = $2.052796875 / (0.09 - 0.06)
P = $2.052796875 / 0.03
P = $68.4265625
Rounding the answer to the nearest cent, the price of the company's stock today (December 31, 2018) should be $68.43.
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We sum up the present value of the dividends for the first 3 years and the terminal value to get the price of the company's stock today.
The price of the stock today would be the sum of the present value of the dividends for 2019, 2020, and 2021, and the terminal value.
To determine the price of the company's stock today using the dividend growth model, we need to calculate the present value of all future dividends.
First, let's calculate the dividends for the first 3 years. The dividend for 2019 would be $1.35 multiplied by (1 + 15%), which equals $1.55. The dividend for 2020 would be $1.55 multiplied by (1 + 15%), which equals $1.783. The dividend for 2021 would be $1.783 multiplied by (1 + 15%), which equals $2.051.
Next, we need to calculate the terminal value of the stock. To do this, we need to find the future dividends beyond the 3-year period. The dividend for 2022 would be $2.051 multiplied by (1 + 6%), which equals $2.172. To calculate the terminal value, we divide the future dividend by the difference between the cost of equity (9%) and the constant growth rate (6%). In this case, the terminal value would be $2.172 divided by (9% - 6%), which equals $72.4.
Now, we can calculate the present value of all the dividends. The present value of the dividends for 2019, 2020, and 2021 can be calculated by dividing the respective dividends by (1 + cost of equity) raised to the power of the number of years from now. So, the present value of the dividends for 2019, 2020, and 2021 would be $1.55 divided by (1 + 9%)¹ $1.783 divided by (1 + 9%)², and $2.051 divided by (1 + 9%)³, respectively.
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You're a junior investment banker, chatting to a client of yours, the CEO of a major import/export business. She informs you that she was recently approached by a major competitor of her company, asking her if she'd be interested in buying the company for a price of $30bn. The CEO proceeds to ask you if that's a fair price. Please assume: The competitor company has a 20% tax rate, a 20% EBIT Margin, and a discount rate of 12%. Please answer: What do you tell the CEO - is the price fair? What would the competitor's financial performance have to be in order to justify the price? Please elaborate on the way you derived your answer (show/explain calculations) and explain which numbers you took into consideration. Note: Please make necessary (simplifying) assumptions yourself and report all financials that can be calculated based on the given information.
The competitor's financial performance would need to be higher in order to justify that price as the price of $30bn does not appear to be fair.
Based on the given information, let's analyze whether the price of $30bn is fair for the CEO's company to pay for the competitor.
To determine the fair price, we can use the discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis. This involves calculating the present value of the competitor's future cash flows.
First, we need to calculate the competitor's EBIT (earnings before interest and taxes). Since the competitor's EBIT margin is 20% and the tax rate is 20%, we can calculate the EBIT as follows:
EBIT = EBIT Margin * (1 - Tax Rate) = 20% * (1 - 20%) = 16%.
Next, we need to calculate the competitor's free cash flow (FCF). FCF is the cash generated by the business that is available to the investors. We can calculate it using the formula:
FCF = EBIT * (1 - Tax Rate) = 16% * (1 - 20%) = 12.8%.
To determine the present value of these cash flows, we need to discount them using the competitor's discount rate of 12%. The formula for calculating present value is:
Present Value = FCF / (1 + Discount Rate)^n,
where 'n' represents the number of years into the future.
Assuming a perpetual growth rate of 0%, we can use a simplified formula to calculate the present value:
Present Value = FCF / Discount Rate.
Using this formula, the present value of the competitor's cash flows is:
Present Value = 12.8% / 12% = 1.0667.
To justify the price of $30bn, the present value of the competitor's cash flows should equal or exceed that amount. Therefore, we need to calculate the expected cash flows the competitor would need to generate to justify the price.
Expected Cash Flows = Present Value * Discount Rate = 1.0667 * 12% = 0.1280.
To calculate the EBIT that would generate these cash flows, we can rearrange the formula:
EBIT = FCF / (1 - Tax Rate) = 0.1280 / (1 - 20%) = 0.1600.
Therefore, in order to justify the price of $30bn, the competitor would need to generate an EBIT of 16%.
Based on these calculations, the price of $30bn does not appear to be fair, as the competitor's financial performance would need to be higher in order to justify that price.
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What is a subprime mortgage? What was the role of GNMA (Ginnie Mae) in the mortgagebacked securities market of the 1970 s?
A subprime mortgage is a type of mortgage loan that is offered to borrowers with poor credit history or low credit scores. It typically carries higher interest rates and more lenient lending terms to compensate for the higher risk.
GNMA (Ginnie Mae) played a significant role in the mortgage-backed securities market of the 1970s by guaranteeing the timely payment of principal and interest on mortgage-backed securities, which helped increase investor confidence and liquidity in the market.
A subprime mortgage is designed for borrowers who have a lower creditworthiness compared to prime borrowers. These borrowers may have a history of late payments, defaults, or other factors that make them higher risk in the eyes of lenders. As a result, subprime mortgages often come with higher interest rates, adjustable rates, and more flexible lending terms to offset the increased risk.
In the 1970s, GNMA (Ginnie Mae) played a vital role in the mortgage-backed securities market. GNMA is a government-owned corporation that guarantees the timely payment of principal and interest on mortgage-backed securities. It provides a guarantee on pools of mortgages, which are packaged and sold to investors as securities. This guarantee helped increase investor confidence in the market, making mortgage-backed securities more attractive and improving their liquidity. GNMA's involvement helped to stimulate the secondary mortgage market and increase the availability of mortgage loans for borrowers.
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What Will Be Apha Inc.'S Return On Equity It Total Asset Turnover Is 0.85, Operating Profit Margin Is 0.15, Two-Thirds Of Its Assets Are Franced Through Equity, And Debt Burden Is 0.6? 4. (Answer In Percentage Points, E.9. त ROE Is 0.15 Then Enter 15 In The Blank)
Alpha Inc.'s Return on Equity (ROE) would be 5.1%. By considering the various factors that contribute to ROE, Alpha Inc. can assess its performance and make informed decisions to improve profitability and shareholder value.
Return on Equity (ROE) is calculated by multiplying the Total Asset Turnover, Operating Profit Margin, and the Equity Multiplier (which accounts for the debt burden). The formula for ROE is:
ROE = Total Asset Turnover * Operating Profit Margin * Equity Multiplier
Given:
Total Asset Turnover = 0.85
Operating Profit Margin = 0.15
Equity Multiplier = 2/3 (since two-thirds of assets are financed through equity)
Debt Burden = 0.6 (complement of the Equity Multiplier)
To calculate the Equity Multiplier, we subtract the Debt Burden from 1:
Equity Multiplier = 1 - Debt Burden
Equity Multiplier = 1 - 0.6
Equity Multiplier = 0.4
Now we can calculate ROE:
ROE = 0.85 * 0.15 * 0.4
ROE = 0.051
To express ROE as a percentage, we multiply it by 100:
ROE = 0.051 * 100
ROE = 5.1%
Therefore, Alpha Inc.'s Return on Equity (ROE) is 5.1%.
Alpha Inc.'s Return on Equity (ROE) is 5.1% based on the given values for Total Asset Turnover, Operating Profit Margin, the proportion of assets financed through equity, and the debt burden. ROE is a measure of a company's profitability and efficiency in generating returns for its shareholders. It indicates the percentage of profit earned for each dollar of equity invested. By considering the various factors that contribute to ROE, Alpha Inc. can assess its performance and make informed decisions to improve profitability and shareholder value.
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PFD Company has debt with a yield to maturity of 7%, a cost of preferred stock of 9%, and a cost of equity of 13%. The market values of its debt, preferred stock, and equity are $10 million, $2 million, and $16 million, respectively, and its tax rate is 40%. What is this firm’s weighted-average cost of capital?
The weighted-average cost of capital (WACC) for PFD Company is approximately 9.56%.
To calculate the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) for PFD Company, consider the weights and costs of its debt, preferred stock, and equity.
Given information:
Debt: Yield to maturity = 7%, Market value = $10 million
Preferred stock: Cost = 9%, Market value = $2 million
Equity: Cost = 13%, Market value = $16 million
Tax rate = 40%
First, let's calculate the weights for each component:
Weight of Debt = Market value of debt / Total market value
= $10 million / ($10 million + $2 million + $16 million)
= $10 million / $28 million
= 0.3571
Weight of Preferred Stock = Market value of preferred stock / Total market value
= $2 million / ($10 million + $2 million + $16 million)
= $2 million / $28 million
= 0.0714
Weight of Equity = Market value of equity / Total market value
= $16 million / ($10 million + $2 million + $16 million)
= $16 million / $28 million
= 0.5714
Next, let's calculate the after-tax cost of debt:
After-Tax Cost of Debt = Yield to maturity * (1 - Tax rate)
= 7% * (1 - 0.40)
= 7% * 0.60
= 4.20%
Now, let's calculate the WACC:
WACC = Weight of Debt * After-Tax Cost of Debt + Weight of Preferred Stock * Cost of Preferred Stock + Weight of Equity * Cost of Equity
WACC = 0.3571 * 4.20% + 0.0714 * 9% + 0.5714 * 13%
= 0.0149987 + 0.006426 + 0.074142
= 0.0955667
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In your portfolio, you allocated 40% to the Chinese stock market, 80% to the British stock market, -40% to the U.S. stock market, and 20% to the risk-free asset (i.e. you borrowed money). What is your net leverage (using only risky assets)? Answer in decimal form with one decimal (i.e. 20.33% is 0.2).
The net leverage using only risky assets is 1.0.
To calculate net leverage, we need to add up the weightings of the risky assets. In this case, the Chinese stock market is allocated 40%, the British stock market is allocated 80%, and the U.S. stock market is allocated -40%.
Since the allocation to the U.S. stock market is negative, we can treat it as a short position. Therefore, the net leverage is calculated as follows:
Net leverage = (Chinese stock market allocation + British stock market allocation + U.S. stock market allocation) / (1 - Risk-free asset allocation)
Net leverage = (40% + 80% - 40%) / (1 - 20%)
Simplifying the calculation:
Net leverage = 80% / 0.8
Net leverage = 1
Therefore, the net leverage using only risky assets is 1.0.
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The three primary functions of physical distribution are: Group of answer choices purchasing, inventory management, and transportation. transportation, warehousing, and procurement. inventory management, warehousing, and transportation. supply-chain management, inventory management, and warehousing. procurement, supply-chain management, and transportation.
Physical distribution involves the activities involved in the movement of products from the manufacturing facility to the point of consumption. The three primary functions of physical distribution are inventory management, transportation, and ware housing. Inventory management .
This involves the ordering, receipt, and storage of raw materials and finished goods to ensure that there is sufficient inventory to meet customer needs. Inventory management is critical because it helps to avoid stockouts, and it minimizes the costs associated with excess inventory.
Transportation The primary purpose of transportation is to move the product from one location to another. Transportation is important because it ensures that the product is delivered to the right location at the right time. Ware housing Ware housing is the process of storing products in a facility that is specifically designed for that purpose.
Warehousing is critical because it helps to ensure that the product is stored in a safe and secure environment. Additionally, warehousing enables companies to manage inventory levels, reduce transportation costs, and improve customer service levels. In conclusion, the three primary functions of physical distribution are inventory management, transportation, and warehousing.
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Consolidated Industries is growing quickly. Dividends are expected to grow at a 15 percent rate for the next 3 years, with the growth rate falling off to a constant 1.5 percent thereafter. 기f the required return is 9 percent and the company just paid a $4.00 dividend. what is the current share price? (Do not round your intermediate calculations.) $79.25 $74.64 $78.48 $76.94 $80.79
The solution to the given problem can be found by using the constant growth model. We know that the dividends are expected to grow at a rate of 15% for the next 3 years, and then the growth rate will fall off to a constant 1.5% thereafter. We also know that the required return is 9%.
Therefore, we can use the constant growth model to find the current share price, which is given by the following formula:P0 = D1 / (r - g)Here, P0 is the current share price, D1 is the dividend next year, r is the required return, and g is the growth rate. To find the dividend next year, we can use the following formula:D1 = D0 * (1 + g)Here, D0 is the current dividend. Given that the current dividend is $4.00, we can find D1 as follows:D1 = $4.00 * (1 + 0.15) = $4.60For the first three years, the dividend will grow at a rate of 15%, so we can use a different formula to find the present value of the dividends over this period, which is given by:P = D0 * (1 + g) / (r - g) * [1 - (1 + g / (1 + r))^n]
Here, n is the number of periods. In this case, n is 3. Substituting the given values, we get:P = $4.00 * (1 + 0.15) / (0.09 - 0.15) * [1 - (1 + 0.15 / (1 + 0.09))^3] = $9.98Now, we can use the constant growth model to find the present value of the dividends after the third year, which is given by:P = D1 / (r - g)Here, we can use a growth rate of 1.5%. Substituting the given values, we get:P = $4.60 / (0.09 - 0.015) = $62.92Finally, we can find the current share price by adding the present value of the dividends over the first three years and the present value of the dividends after the third year:P0 = $9.98 + $62.92 = $72.90Therefore, the current share price is $72.90.
Using the constant growth model, the current share price of Consolidated Industries is $72.90. The required return is 9%, and the dividends are expected to grow at a rate of 15% for the next 3 years, with the growth rate falling off to a constant 1.5% thereafter. The calculation involves finding the present value of the dividends over the first three years and the present value of the dividends after the third year, and then adding them to get the current share price.
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Market segmentation, target marketing and position are at the center of successfully creating, communicating and delivering value to customers. From Exhibit 7.1 and Chapter 7 which outlines market segmentation, target marketing, and positioning:Please briefly describe each of these three key marketing capabilities.Please articulate why each of these capabilities are critical to creating, communicating and delivering value to customers.
Market segmentation involves dividing a market into distinct groups of customers who share similar characteristics, needs, and preferences.
By segmenting the market, companies can better understand their customers and tailor their marketing strategies and offerings to meet the specific needs and preferences of each segment. This allows them to focus their resources and efforts on the most profitable customer segments, resulting in more effective marketing campaigns and higher customer satisfaction.
Target marketing involves selecting one or more specific market segments as the focus of a company's marketing efforts. It involves identifying the most attractive customer segments based on factors such as segment size, growth potential, profitability, and fit with the company's capabilities and offerings. By targeting specific segments, companies can allocate their marketing resources more efficiently and effectively. They can tailor their marketing messages, products, and services to meet the specific needs and preferences of their target customers, leading to higher customer engagement and better business results.
Positioning: Positioning refers to the process of creating a distinct image and identity for a product or brand in the minds of the target customers. It involves defining and communicating the unique value proposition and competitive advantage of the product or brand compared to competitors. Positioning helps companies differentiate themselves in the market and establish a clear and favorable perception among their target customers. Effective positioning helps customers understand why a particular product or brand is the best choice for them and creates a strong emotional connection, leading to increased customer loyalty and willingness to pay a premium price.
These three marketing capabilities are critical to creating, communicating, and delivering value to customers because:
1. Market segmentation allows companies to understand the diverse needs and preferences of their customers. By tailoring their offerings to specific segments, companies can provide products and services that better meet customer requirements, resulting in higher customer satisfaction and loyalty.
2. Target marketing enables companies to focus their marketing resources and efforts on the most attractive customer segments. By identifying and understanding their target customers, companies can develop more effective marketing strategies and allocate resources in a way that maximizes impact and generates higher returns on investment.
3. Positioning helps companies differentiate themselves from competitors and create a unique value proposition. By effectively positioning their products or brands, companies can communicate the benefits and advantages they offer, making it easier for customers to make purchasing decisions and perceive the value they will receive. Strong positioning creates a competitive advantage and enhances the perceived value of the company's offerings, leading to increased customer preference and market share.
In summary, market segmentation, target marketing, and positioning are essential marketing capabilities that enable companies to better understand their customers, allocate resources efficiently, and create a strong and differentiated brand image. By leveraging these capabilities, companies can effectively create, communicate, and deliver value to their customers, resulting in increased customer satisfaction, loyalty, and business success.
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Josh invested $130 at the end of every month into an RRSP for 8 years. If the RRSP was growing at 4.20% compounded quarterly, how much did she have in the RRSP at the end of the 8-year period?
Josh will have approximately $13,199.72 in the RRSP at the end of the 8-year period.
To calculate the total amount in the RRSP at the end of the 8-year period, we can use the future value of an annuity formula. The formula is given as:
FV = P * [(1 + r/n)^(nt) - 1] / (r/n)
Where:
FV is the future value
P is the periodic payment (monthly investment of $130)
r is the annual interest rate (4.20%)
n is the number of compounding periods per year (quarterly compounding)
t is the number of years (8)
Substituting the given values into the formula, we have:
FV = $130 * [(1 + 0.0420/4)^(4*8) - 1] / (0.0420/4)
Evaluating this expression, we find that the total amount in the RRSP at the end of the 8-year period is approximately $13,199.72.
Therefore, Josh will have approximately $13,199.72 in the RRSP at the end of the 8-year period.
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What are some advantages and disadvantages to a company in using short-
term financing?
Requirements:
• Your discussion board response should be approximately 200 words. APA format for all references is expected - at the very least, your textbook should be listed as a reference for your discussion board posting. Your initial discussion board response is due no later than Saturday at midnight Eastern
Time.
When it comes to financing options, companies have the choice between short-term and long-term financing. Short-term financing refers to borrowing funds for a period of less than one year. While short-term financing offers certain advantages, it also comes with its share of disadvantages.
Advantages of Short-Term Financing:
1. Flexibility: Short-term financing provides flexibility as it allows companies to quickly obtain funds to meet their immediate financial needs. It is especially useful for addressing short-term cash flow fluctuations, managing working capital, and covering unexpected expenses.
2. Lower Interest Costs: Compared to long-term financing, short-term financing generally comes with lower interest rates. This can be advantageous for companies looking to minimize their interest expenses and maintain a lower cost of capital.
3. Quick Access to Funds: Short-term financing options, such as lines of credit or trade credit, offer companies quick access to funds. This allows them to seize business opportunities, take advantage of favorable market conditions, or address urgent financial requirements without delay.
Disadvantages of Short-Term Financing:
1. Higher Risk: Short-term financing carries a higher degree of risk compared to long-term financing. Since the borrowing period is relatively short, companies must ensure they have sufficient cash flow to repay the loan or credit within the specified timeframe. Failure to do so may result in financial strain and potential default.
2. Refinancing Risks: Short-term financing requires regular refinancing as the borrowing period is limited. If market conditions change or creditworthiness deteriorates, the company may face challenges in securing favorable terms for refinancing, leading to higher borrowing costs or difficulty in obtaining funds.
3. Limited Funds: Short-term financing may not provide access to substantial amounts of capital. If a company requires a large sum for long-term investments or major projects, short-term financing may not be sufficient, and alternative funding sources may be required.
In conclusion, short-term financing offers advantages such as flexibility, lower interest costs, and quick access to funds. However, it also poses risks in terms of repayment obligations, refinancing challenges, and limitations in funding amounts. Companies should carefully evaluate their specific needs and financial situation to determine the most appropriate mix of short-term and long-term financing for their operations.
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Marcel Co. is growing quickly. Dividends are expected to grow at a rate of 0.09 for the next 4 years, with the growth rate falling off to a constant 0.01 thereafter. If the required return is 0.14 and the company just paid a $0.88 dividend, what is the current share price? Answer with 2 decimals (e.g. 45.45).
The current share price of Marcel Co. is approximately $9.64, considering a dividend growth rate of 0.09 for the next 4 years and a constant growth rate of 0.01 thereafter, with a required return of 0.14.
To determine the current share price of Marcel Co., we can use the dividend discount model (DDM). The DDM formula is:
Current Share Price = Dividend / (Required Return - Dividend Growth Rate)
Given:
- Dividend in the next 4 years grows at a rate of 0.09
- Dividend growth rate falls off to a constant 0.01 thereafter
- Required return is 0.14
- The company just paid a $0.88 dividend
Using the DDM formula:
For the next 4 years:
Dividend = $0.88 * (1 + 0.09) * (1 + 0.09) * (1 + 0.09) * (1 + 0.09) = $1.2416
After 4 years (constant growth):
Dividend = $1.2416 * (1 + 0.01) = $1.253816
Current Share Price = $1.253816 / (0.14 - 0.01)
Current Share Price ≈ $1.253816 / 0.13
Current Share Price ≈ $9.6439
Therefore, the current share price of Marcel Co. is approximately $9.64.
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A loan of $8,000 is borrowed to be repaid with uniform annual payments at an interest rate of 12% per year over 5 years. What is the amount of this annual payments? Problem 5: Stanley, Inc. makes self-clinching fasteners for stainless steel applications. It expects to acquire new punching equipment 6 years from now. If the company sets aside $125,000 each year, determine the amount available in 4 years at an earning rate of 9% per year. Problem 6: A construction company wants to know how much to spend on maintenance for equipment each year for the next 6 years to be equivalent to part of its profit which equals $1 million 6 years from now. Assume the company's MARR is 20% per year.
The amount available in 4 years would be approximately $568,506.67 and the construction company needs to spend approximately $513,196.48 on maintenance each year for the next 6 years to be equivalent to a profit of $1 million 6 years from now.
Problem 5: To determine the amount available in 4 years, we can use the future value formula for a series of uniform payments:
Future Value = Payment * [(1 +[tex]interest rate)^number of periods[/tex]- 1] / interest rate
Payment = $125,000 per year
Interest rate = 9% per year
Number of periods = 4 years
Future Value = $125,000 * [(1 +[tex]0.09)^4[/tex] - 1] / 0.09
= $125,000 * (1.09^4 - 1) / 0.09
≈ $125,000 * (1.411581 - 1) / 0.09
≈ $125,000 * 0.411581 / 0.09
≈ $568,506.67
Problem 6: To determine how much the construction company needs to spend on maintenance each year, we can use the present value formula for a future amount:
Present Value = Future Value /[tex](1 + MARR)^number of periods[/tex]
Future Value = $1,000,000
MARR (Minimum Attractive Rate of Return) = 20% per year
Number of periods = 6 years
Present Value = $1,000,000 /[tex](1 + 0.20)^6[/tex]
= $1,000,000 / (1.20^6)
≈ $1,000,000 / 1.948717
≈ $513,196.48
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You are a manager in charge of monitoring cash flow at a major publisher. Paper books comprise 80 percent of your revenues, which grow about 4 percent annually. You recently received a preliminary report that suggests the growth rate in ebook reading has leveled off, and that the cross-price elasticity of demand between paper books and ebooks is −0. 2. In 2019, your company earned about $200 million from sales of ebooks and about $800 million from sales of paper books.
If your data analytics team estimates the own-price elasticity of demand for paper books is −3, how will a 2 percent decrease in the price of paper books affect your overall revenues from both paper books and ebooks sales?
A 2 percent decrease in the price of paper books will have a mixed effect on the overall revenues from both paper books and ebook sales.
The main answer is that the decrease in price will lead to an increase in the quantity demanded for paper books, resulting in higher revenue from paper book sales. However, the overall impact on revenues will depend on the price elasticity of demand for paper books and the cross-price elasticity of demand between paper books and ebooks.
The given information states that the own-price elasticity of demand for paper books is -3. This means that a 1 percent decrease in the price of paper books will lead to a 3 percent increase in the quantity demanded. With a 2 percent decrease in price, we can expect a larger increase in quantity demanded, potentially resulting in higher revenues from paper book sales.
However, the cross-price elasticity of demand between paper books and ebooks is -0.2. This suggests that a 1 percent decrease in the price of paper books will lead to a 0.2 percent increase in the quantity demanded for ebooks. As the growth rate of ebook reading has leveled off, this increase in ebook sales may be limited.
To accurately determine the overall impact on revenues, the specific values of the price changes, quantities demanded, and revenues would need to be calculated using the elasticities provided. Without those calculations, it is difficult to provide an exact answer. However, based on the given information, we can expect that the decrease in the price of paper books will likely lead to an increase in revenue from paper book sales, but the impact on overall revenues will depend on the extent of the increase in ebook sales and the demand response to the price changes.
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Determine if R is (1) a field (2) an integral domain (3) a unital ring, where R={x+y√p+z√q∣x,y,z∈Q,p,q prime }.
R is an integral domain and a unital ring, but not a field.
To determine if R is a field, we need to check if every non-zero element in R has a multiplicative inverse. In this case, the elements of R are of the form x + y√p + z√q, where x, y, and z are rational numbers, and p and q are prime numbers. Since the set of rational numbers is closed under addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division (excluding division by zero), the elements of R can be added, subtracted, and multiplied. However, not all elements in R have multiplicative inverses, as there may not exist a rational number that can be multiplied by x + y√p + z√q to give 1. Therefore, R is not a field.
However, R is an integral domain because it is a commutative ring with unity (unital ring) and has no zero divisors. This means that for any two non-zero elements a, b in R, their product ab is also non-zero. In other words, the cancellation law holds in R, and there are no non-zero elements whose product is zero.
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The general level of prices in the economy, for example the consumer price index (CPI) and the GDP level, can be analysed by using the AD-AS model. Discuss your understanding of this statement, using a graph to illustrate it. [20]
The AD/AS model can be used to analyze both long- and short-term fluctuations in the gross domestic product, or GDP.
In an AD/AS diagram, a progressive rightward shift of aggregate supply represents long-run economic growth brought on by productivity gains over time.
The vertical line of potential GDP, or the gross domestic product at full employment, also steadily moves to the right over time. The AD/AS diagram A below, which displays a three-year pattern of economic growth, illustrates this effect.
However, an AD/AS diagram does not explicitly depict the variables that affect the rate of this long-term economic growth, such as investments in physical and human capital, technology, and the ability of a country to benefit from catch-up growth.
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Why is important to understand the use of credit and the use of
cash when we acquired an asset?
When acquiring an asset, it is important to understand the use of credit and cash. Both options have advantages and disadvantages.
Using cash
Advantages:
Asset is paid for in full upfront.
No interest or payment plans to consider.
Can help establish or improve credit score.
Disadvantages:
Can be limiting, especially for expensive assets.
Can take a significant amount of time to save up.
Does not allow for any credit history to be established or improved.
Using credit
Advantages:
Allows for greater flexibility in terms of budgeting and payment plans.
Can help establish or improve credit score.
Disadvantages:
Can increase the overall cost of acquiring an asset.
May lead to significant debt if not managed properly.
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The table below shows the after-tax income and consumption spending for a nation. a. Calculate the dollar amount of savings, the marginal propensity to consume (MPC), and the marginal propensity to save (MPS) for each level of income.
The dollar amount of savings, the MPC, and the MPS for each level of income are as follows:
Level 1: Savings = $1,000, MPC = 0.7, MPS = 0.1
Level 2: Savings = $2,000, MPC = 0.7, MPS = 0.1
Level 3: Savings = $3,000, MPC = 0.7, MPS = 0.1
Level 4: Savings = $4,000, MPC = 0.7, MPS = 0.1
To calculate the dollar amount of savings, we need to subtract consumption spending from after-tax income.
For each level of income, we will calculate the savings, the MPC, and the MPS.
Let's use the table below as an example:
Income | After-Tax Income | Consumption Spending
-------------------------------------------
$10,000 | $8,000 | $7,000
$20,000 | $16,000 | $14,000
$30,000 | $24,000 | $21,000
$40,000 | $32,000 | $28,000
To calculate savings, we subtract consumption spending from after-tax income:
Savings = After-Tax Income - Consumption Spending
For the first level of income ($10,000):
Savings = $8,000 - $7,000 = $1,000
For the second level of income ($20,000):
Savings = $16,000 - $14,000 = $2,000
For the third level of income ($30,000):
Savings = $24,000 - $21,000 = $3,000
For the fourth level of income ($40,000):
Savings = $32,000 - $28,000 = $4,000
The MPC (marginal propensity to consume) is the change in consumption spending divided by the change in income. It tells us how much of an additional dollar of income is spent on consumption.
The MPS (marginal propensity to save) is the change in savings divided by the change in income. It tells us how much of an additional dollar of income is saved.
To calculate the MPC and MPS, we can look at the changes in consumption spending and savings as income increases:
MPC = Change in Consumption Spending / Change in Income
MPS = Change in Savings / Change in Income
For the first and second levels of income:
MPC = ($14,000 - $7,000) / ($20,000 - $10,000) = $7,000 / $10,000 = 0.7
MPS = ($2,000 - $1,000) / ($20,000 - $10,000) = $1,000 / $10,000 = 0.1
For the second and third levels of income:
MPC = ($21,000 - $14,000) / ($30,000 - $20,000) = $7,000 / $10,000 = 0.7
MPS = ($3,000 - $2,000) / ($30,000 - $20,000) = $1,000 / $10,000 = 0.1
For the third and fourth levels of income:
MPC = ($28,000 - $21,000) / ($40,000 - $30,000) = $7,000 / $10,000 = 0.7
MPS = ($4,000 - $3,000) / ($40,000 - $30,000) = $1,000 / $10,000 = 0.1
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A 9-year project is expected to generate annual sales of 9,500 units at a price of $82 per unit and a variable cost of $53 per unit. The equipment necessary for the project will cost $365,000 and will be depreciated on a straight-line basis over the life of the project. Fixed costs are $220,000 per year and the tax rate is 21 percent. How sensitive is the operating cash flow to a $1 change in the per unit sales price? Multiple Choice $7,505 $4,958 $5,856 $5,407 $6,755
The sensitivity of the operating cash flow to a $1 change in the per unit sales price is $12,455.66, which is closest to the option $12,455.
To calculate the sensitivity of the operating cash flow to a $1 change in the per unit sales price, we need to determine the change in operating cash flow resulting from the change in sales price.
Given:
Project duration: 9 years
Annual sales: 9,500 units
Original price per unit: $82
Variable cost per unit: $53
Equipment cost: $365,000
Depreciation: Straight-line basis over 9 years
Fixed costs: $220,000 per year
Tax rate: 21%
First, let's calculate the original operating cash flow:
Revenue per year = Annual sales * Price per unit
Revenue per year = 9,500 * $82 = $779,000
Variable costs per year = Annual sales * Variable cost per unit
Variable costs per year = 9,500 * $53 = $503,500
Operating income before depreciation and taxes = Revenue per year - Variable costs per year - Fixed costs per year
Operating income before depreciation and taxes = $779,000 - $503,500 - $220,000 = $55,500
Depreciation expense per year = Equipment cost / Project duration
Depreciation expense per year = $365,000 / 9 = $40,555.56
Taxable income = Operating income before depreciation and taxes - Depreciation expense per year
Taxable income = $55,500 - $40,555.56 = $14,944.44
Taxes = Taxable income * Tax rate
Taxes = $14,944.44 * 0.21 = $3,138.67
Operating cash flow = Operating income before depreciation and taxes - Taxes + Depreciation expense per year
Operating cash flow = $55,500 - $3,138.67 + $40,555.56 = $93,917.89
Now, let's calculate the new operating cash flow with a $1 decrease in the per unit sales price:
New revenue per year = Annual sales * (Price per unit - $1)
New revenue per year = 9,500 * ($82 - $1) = $764,500
New operating income before depreciation and taxes = New revenue per year - Variable costs per year - Fixed costs per year
New operating income before depreciation and taxes = $764,500 - $503,500 - $220,000 = $41,000
New taxable income = New operating income before depreciation and taxes - Depreciation expense per year
New taxable income = $41,000 - $40,555.56 = $444.44
New taxes = New taxable income * Tax rate
New taxes = $444.44 * 0.21 = $93.33
New operating cash flow = New operating income before depreciation and taxes - New taxes + Depreciation expense per year
New operating cash flow = $41,000 - $93.33 + $40,555.56 = $81,462.23
Sensitivity of operating cash flow = Original operating cash flow - New operating cash flow
Sensitivity of operating cash flow = $93,917.89 - $81,462.23 = $12,455.66
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Selected account balances for the year ended December 31 are provided below
for TMC Company:
Selling and administrative Salaries.. $220,000
Insurance, factory. 16,000 Utilities, factory 90,000
Purchases of raw materials 580,000 Indirect labor 120,000
Direct labor. ? Advertising expense. 160,000 Cleaning supplies, factory 14,000 Sales commissions. 100,000 Rent, factory building 240,000 .Maintenance, factory. 60,000 Inventory balances at the beginning and end of the year were as follows:
Beginning of Year
End of the Year
$ 20,000
Raw materials
$80,000
Work in process ?
70,000
Finished goods..
?
The total manufacturing costs for the year were $1,366,000; the goods available for sale totaled $1,480,000; and the cost of goods sold totaled $1,320,000.
Please show full solution
A. Prepare a schedule of cost of goods manufactured in good form and the cost of goods sold section of the company's income statement for the year.
B. Assume that the dollar amounts given above are for the equivalent of 40,000 units produced during the year. Compute the average cost per unit for direct materials used and the average cost per unit for rent on the factory building.
C. Assume that in the following year the company expects to produce 50,000 units. What average cost per unit and total cost would you expect to be incurred for direct materials? For rent on the factory building? (In preparing your answer, you may assume that direct materials is a variable cost and that rent is a fixed cost.)
A. Schedule of Cost of Goods Manufactured and Cost of Goods Sold: Cost of Goods Manufactured: $1,346,000
Cost of Goods Sold: $1,320,000
To calculate the Cost of Goods Manufactured, we need to add up the total manufacturing costs. Given:
Beginning Inventory of Raw Materials: $20,000
Purchases of Raw Materials: $580,000
Direct Labor: ?
Indirect Labor: $120,000
Factory Insurance: $16,000
Factory Utilities: $90,000
Factory Maintenance: $60,000
Cleaning Supplies, Factory: $14,000
Total Manufacturing Costs: $1,366,000
Using the formula:
Cost of Goods Manufactured = Total Manufacturing Costs + Beginning Work in Process Inventory - Ending Work in Process Inventory
Given:
Beginning Work in Process Inventory: ?
Ending Work in Process Inventory: $70,000
Solving the equation:
Cost of Goods Manufactured = $1,366,000 + Beginning Work in Process Inventory - $70,000
Beginning Work in Process Inventory = $1,396,000 - $70,000 = $1,326,000
To calculate the Cost of Goods Sold, we use the formula:
Cost of Goods Sold = Beginning Finished Goods Inventory + Cost of Goods Manufactured - Ending Finished Goods Inventory
Given:
Beginning Finished Goods Inventory: ?
Ending Finished Goods Inventory: ?
Solving the equation:
Cost of Goods Sold = Beginning Finished Goods Inventory + $1,346,000 - Ending Finished Goods Inventory
Beginning Finished Goods Inventory + Ending Finished Goods Inventory = $1,346,000 - Cost of Goods Sold
B. Average Cost per Unit:
1. Direct Materials Used:
Average Cost per Unit = Total Cost of Direct Materials / Number of Units Produced
Average Cost per Unit = $580,000 / 40,000 units
2. Rent on Factory Building:
Average Cost per Unit = Total Cost of Rent on Factory Building / Number of Units Produced
Average Cost per Unit = $240,000 / 40,000 units
C. Estimated Average Cost per Unit and Total Cost:
1. Direct Materials (50,000 units):
Average Cost per Unit = $580,000 / 50,000 units
Total Cost = Average Cost per Unit * Number of Units
2. Rent on Factory Building (50,000 units):
Average Cost per Unit = $240,000 / 40,000 units (assuming fixed cost)
Total Cost = Average Cost per Unit * Number of Units
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Suppose you have access to firm-level data for a large sample of firms in the chemical industry in Houston, TX as well as in Lake Charles, LA. Suppose also that your investigation of the data finds average costs to be lower in Houston compared to Lake Charles. Can you conclude that Houston provides higher agglomeration externalities than Lake Charles? Why / why not? Be specific and explain thoroughly.
Diversity is increasingly prized in our society in a variety of contexts. Why does the business community also have a direct stake in supporting diverse cities? Thoroughly explain your answer in the context of the Duranton and Puga paper.
1. Lower costs in Houston ≠ higher agglomeration externalities; more factors to consider. 2. Business supports diversity in cities for innovation, growth, and market opportunities.
1. No, we cannot conclude that Houston provides higher agglomeration externalities than Lake Charles solely based on lower average costs. Agglomeration externalities refer to the positive spillover effects that arise from firms locating in close proximity to each other.
While lower average costs may indicate some benefits of agglomeration, it is necessary to consider other factors such as industry concentration, market access, infrastructure, skilled labor availability, and innovation ecosystems to make a conclusive judgment about the level of agglomeration externalities in each location.
2. The business community has a direct stake in supporting diverse cities because diversity can enhance economic performance and innovation. According to the Duranton and Puga paper, diversity fosters knowledge spillovers, creativity, and the exchange of ideas, which can lead to increased productivity and competitiveness. In diverse cities, a wide range of perspectives and talents can be leveraged to drive innovation and adaptability, enabling businesses to better respond to market demands and changes.
Additionally, diverse cities attract a diverse customer base, allowing businesses to tap into different markets and consumer preferences. Therefore, supporting diversity in cities aligns with the business community's goal of maximizing economic opportunities, fostering innovation, and staying competitive in a rapidly changing global economy.
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Case Study: FINDIND A NICHE IN THE GOLF APPAREL
BUSINESS
Like lots of golf enthuastics,
Linda Hipp loves to golf and played as much as she could. The more
she played, though, the less she liked traditional women’s golf apparel. Hipp notes that the clothes were mostly baggy shirts and shorts and the colors were blend. Hipp was certain that she could mesh the colors and styles from fashion runaways into her own line of golf clothing. She started to do some research on the idea and discovered that a market was emerging for stylish golf clothing. "after doing research, I found that was a huge upswing in younger women taking up the game and I thought there would be a demand for more fashionable apparel", says Hipp. Based on this market research, Hipp started manufacturing clothing under the brand name Hyp Golf.
Shortly after starting her firm, Hipp started to realize that she was right; there was in fact a significant market for fashionable women’s golf clothing. Retailers were signing up to sell her clothes, and that year, Pearl Sinn became the first of many women on the LPGA tour to embrace the brand. "Our customers are women who are fit. They care about what they look like and they care about their health and well-being. They went to look good no matter what they’re doing, whether taking kids to school, or out on a golf course or out to dinner."
Hipp, now armed with positive consumer reaction in Canada, started to look south of the border to the U.S. for expansion opportunities. She says, "We started off in Canada. We made sure that, one, we could sell the product, and second, that we could manufacture and provide the goods completely and on time to consumers". Hipp admits that she was hesitant to expand into U.S. as many people advised her against the idea. "I had a lot of people tell me that we shouldn’t (enter the U.S. market), that a Canadian company can never make it into the U.S.". But Hipp could see the huge potential for her products, especially in the southern states where golf is played 12 months a year.
Rather than rush into the market, Hipp opted to spend considerable time conducting research and planning on the right market-entry strategy. "To mitigate the risk, we spent a lot of time researching and finding the right people, and finding the right people, and finding the right two or three markets that had the most potential." Hipp also designed a unique marketing program to help her break into new territories using a three-step approach. The first step is to identify market influencers in the geographical area, such as golf pros, and provide them with free clothes to create awareness for the brand. The second stage involves securing media coverage by targeting newspapers, radio, television, and internet companies, providing them with free product and encouraging them to write about the company. The final step involves a manager from head office contacting three to five key accounts and establishing a relationship with them and securing an initial order. Only once a relationship is established with key retailers, along with appropriate demand for the product, does the company find a sales representative to serve the area.
Hy Golf’s entry into U.S. market has been a huge success, and today the market accounts for more than 75% of the company’s sales. Hipp has since rebranded her business and product line under the brand LIJA and expanded into yoga, tennis, running, and studio apparel. LIJA has continued to expand globally and has launched its brands into Dubai, The United Arab Emirates, South Africa, and United Kingdom.
Discussion Questions:
What are some of the Linda Hipp’s strengths as an entrepreneur? Does she have any apparent weaknesses?
Why do you think Hipp was advised to avoid the American market? What did she do to ensure that she would be successful?
What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of dropping the Hyp Golf name and rebranding her products under the LIJA name?
Given the company’s success in the U.S. what are some of the advantages of continuing to expand into other countries? What would some of the challenges be?
Hyp’s original product, fashionable clothes for young female golfers, could be characterised as a niche product. She has now expanded her product line to include products that compete against much larger competitors such as Nike and Lululemon. Why do you think she diversified her product line? Do you think adding a new product is a wise strategy?
Linda Hipp's strengths as an entrepreneur include her passion for her product, keen market insight, strategic thinking, and meticulous planning, which all contributed to her business's success.
As for diversifying her product line, it could be seen as a wise move to ensure the growth and longevity of her company by reaching a wider audience.
As an entrepreneur, Linda showcased a unique strength by recognizing a gap in the market for stylish women's golf clothing. She didn't just rely on her intuition; she backed her idea with thorough research, which was essential to understand her potential audience. Her strategic approach towards expansion – taking a careful, research-based approach to entry into the U.S. market – speaks volumes about her entrepreneurial acumen. She diversified her product line to reach a broader audience and compete with major players, a strategic move considering the brand had already established its credibility and visibility in the niche market.
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When per-unit costs increase as output increases, there are economies of scale in production. a. True b. false Constant returns to scale means that long-run: a. ATC increases as output increases. b. ATC decreases as output decreases. c. ATC rises and also falls as output increases. d. ATC does not change as output increases. As you move down an isoquant: a. more of all inputs must be used to keep output constant. b. production remains technically efficient. c. production remains economically efficient. d. the marginal rate of substitution does not change. An entrepreneur most likely would develop a product if expected average total cost is: a. $50 and expected price is $75. b. $60 and expected price is $65. c. $65 and expected price is $40. d. $50 and expected price is $60. Economies of scope exist when producing one good is less costly because other related goods are already being produced. a. True b. False
When per-unit costs increase as output increases, there are economies of scale in production - False.
If per-unit costs decrease as output increases, there are economies of scale in production. Economies of scale are the cost advantages that businesses obtain when production increases. These advantages arise because of the inverse relationship between the quantity produced and per-unit fixed costs; as production increases, per-unit fixed costs decrease.
Long-run Average Total Cost (LRATC) is another term for constant returns to scale (CRTS). Constant returns to scale (CRTS) refer to a situation in which the output grows proportionately with the number of inputs used. This means that LRATC does not change as output increases or decreases; therefore, the correct option is d.
The marginal rate of substitution (MRS) changes as you move down an isoquant, so the correct option is d.
The correct option is A because it is higher than the expected price of $75.
Because firms attempt to make a profit, they will only enter the market if they believe they can produce the product at a lower cost than the price they will receive for it. If the expected average total cost is higher than the expected price, they would lose money, so they would not produce it.
Economies of scope exist when producing one good is less costly because other related goods are already being produced. This statement is True.
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