The three main types of unemployment are frictional, structural, and cyclical. The relationship between unemployment and real GDP is complex, with economic growth generally leading to lower unemployment rates, while economic contraction tends to increase unemployment levels.
Types of Unemployment and the Relationship with Real GDP
**Unemployment can be categorized into three main types: frictional, structural, and cyclical unemployment. The relationship between unemployment and real GDP is complex and intertwined.**
Frictional unemployment occurs when individuals are temporarily unemployed while transitioning between jobs or searching for new ones. It is a natural part of the labor market as people constantly seek better opportunities. Frictional unemployment is generally considered to be minimal and can even indicate a healthy economy with job mobility.
Structural unemployment arises from a mismatch between the skills possessed by workers and the requirements of available jobs. This type of unemployment can occur due to technological advancements, changes in market demands, or shifts in the overall structure of the economy. Structural unemployment often requires retraining or acquiring new skills to align with evolving job market needs.
Cyclical unemployment is directly tied to the business cycle and economic fluctuations. During recessions or periods of low economic activity, businesses may downsize or close, leading to layoffs and increased unemployment. Conversely, during economic expansions, employment opportunities rise, reducing cyclical unemployment.
The relationship between unemployment and real GDP is inverse. As real GDP increases, employment opportunities expand, resulting in lower unemployment rates. Conversely, when real GDP decreases, such as during a recession, unemployment rates tend to rise. This relationship is primarily due to the fact that economic growth stimulates businesses to hire more workers to meet rising demand.
It's important to note that unemployment is a lagging economic indicator, meaning it reflects the state of the economy after the fact. Changes in real GDP often precede shifts in unemployment rates, indicating that unemployment is influenced by broader economic conditions.
In summary, the three main types of unemployment are frictional, structural, and cyclical. The relationship between unemployment and real GDP is complex, with economic growth generally leading to lower unemployment rates, while economic contraction tends to increase unemployment levels.
(Keywords: types of unemployment, frictional unemployment, structural unemployment, cyclical unemployment, relationship with real GDP)
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I know the 4 P's of marketing, but I need to find out how Foot
Locker Inc utilizes the 4 P's in their marketing strategy?
Foot Locker Inc. is a well-known retailer of athletic footwear and apparel. Here's how they utilize the 4 P's of marketing in their strategy:
Product: Foot Locker offers a wide range of products, including athletic shoes, apparel, and accessories from popular brands. They focus on offering the latest and most sought-after products in the athletic footwear industry, catering to both casual consumers and serious athletes.Price: Foot Locker adopts various pricing strategies to cater to different customer segments. They offer products at different price points, from affordable options to high-end premium products. Additionally, they often have promotions, discounts, and sales to attract customers and create a sense of value.Place: Foot Locker operates through a multi-channel distribution strategy. They have physical stores in various locations, including malls and shopping centers, allowing customers to try on and purchase products in person. They also have an online store, providing convenience and accessibility for customers to shop from anywhere. Foot Locker's wide store network ensures their products are readily available to customers globally.Promotion: Foot Locker invests significantly in promotional activities to create brand awareness and drive sales. They use various marketing channels, including digital advertising, social media, television commercials, and partnerships with athletes and sports events. They leverage the influence of popular sports personalities and teams to connect with their target audience and build brand loyalty.Overall, Foot Locker focuses on providing a diverse product range, competitive pricing, convenient shopping experiences, and effective promotion to position themselves as a leading retailer in the athletic footwear industry.
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Choose a quality tool to diagnose the problems below and support your decision.
Customer complaints about printers have been coming into the company. The complaints include print being too light, using toner too quickly, consistently jamming print jobs, losing connection with machines over a wi-fi network, and intermittently losing power.
An airline manufacturing company needs to ensure their employees are all properly certified in their jobs. Ten positions have been created and filled with people to meet this need. Each position is responsible for an aspect in the process (e.g. wings, fuselage, landing gear, etc.) Inspections for certification have shown great variation between the manufacturing areas in percentage of workers with up-to-date certifications.
A quality tool that can be used to diagnose the problems mentioned in both scenarios is the Fishbone Diagram, also known as the Cause-and-Effect Diagram or Ishikawa Diagram.
The Fishbone Diagram is a visual tool that helps identify and categorize the potential causes of a problem, enabling a structured approach to problem-solving.
For the customer complaints about printers, the Fishbone Diagram can help identify the root causes behind issues such as print being too light, toner consumption, print jams, Wi-Fi connectivity problems, and power loss. The diagram can categorize potential causes into factors such as equipment (printer hardware, toner cartridges), processes (printing settings, maintenance procedures), materials (toner quality), people (user error, insufficient training), and environment (Wi-Fi interference, power supply issues).
Similarly, for the airline manufacturing company, the Fishbone Diagram can aid in understanding the variations in certification levels among different manufacturing areas. It can help identify factors such as training protocols, documentation processes, communication channels, resource allocation, and management practices that may contribute to the discrepancies. By analyzing these potential causes, the company can develop targeted solutions to ensure consistent certification levels across all manufacturing areas.
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Why is BSC important in a company?
business scorecard
TheBusiness Scorecard (BSC ) is a tool that enables organizations to assess and manage their business operations by aligning their goals with their overall objectives. The following are some of the reasons why BSC is important in a company:
1.Facilitates Strategic Communication: The Business Scorecard helps in facilitating strategic communication in an organization by establishing a set of objectives and goals that are clear and understood by everyone in the organization.
2.Aids Decision-Making: BSC helps companies in making well-informed decisions. This is accomplished by creating a culture of accountability and continuous improvement, which leads to better decision-making by employees and management.
3.Assists in Managing Performance: BSC assists companies in managing performance by providing a framework for measuring and tracking performance, which is used to identify areas that require improvement. BSC also enables management to track progress over time and make changes to strategies and tactics as needed.
4.Improves Resource Allocation: BSC improves resource allocation by providing a framework for identifying the most critical areas of the business and focusing resources on these areas. This allows organizations to allocate their resources more effectively and efficiently.In conclusion, BSC is essential in companies because it provides a framework for communicating strategic objectives, assists in decision-making, aids in managing performance, and improves resource allocation.
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A firm has sales of $4,850, costs of $2,610, interest paid of $180, and depreciation of $495. The tax rate is 24 percent. What is the cash coverage ratio?
Multiple Choice 13.69 times 14.93 times 15.56 times 14.31 times 12.44 times
To calculate the cash coverage ratio, we need to use the following formula:
Cash Coverage Ratio = (Operating Income + Depreciation + Interest Paid) / Interest Paid
Given:
Sales = $4,850
Costs = $2,610
Interest Paid = $180
Depreciation = $495
Tax Rate = 24% or 0.24 (as a decimal)
First, let's calculate the operating income:
Operating Income = Sales - Costs
Operating Income = $4,850 - $2,610
Operating Income = $2,240
Now we can plug in the values into the cash coverage ratio formula:
Cash Coverage Ratio = ($2,240 + $495 + $180) / $180
Cash Coverage Ratio = $2,915 / $180
Cash Coverage Ratio ≈ 16.19
Since the given options are not exactly equal to 16.19, we can choose the closest option, which is 15.56 times.
Therefore, the cash coverage ratio is approximately 15.56 times.
In conclusion, the cash coverage ratio for the firm is approximately 15.56 times.
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1. Promoting consistency in accounting across state agencies is the job of the Texas. true or false?
2. The ________ appoints public safety commissions five members, subject to senate approval.
1. False. Promoting consistency in accounting across state agencies is the job of the Texas Department of Finance.2. The governor appoints public safety commissions five members, subject to senate approval.
Promoting consistency in accounting across state agencies is not the job of the Texas. This statement is False. Rather, the Texas Department of Finance is responsible for promoting consistency in accounting across state agencies.
The Texas Department of Finance is a state agency that is responsible for promoting consistency in accounting across state agencies. This is done by providing guidance and oversight to ensure that all state agencies are following the same accounting practices. The department also manages the state's financial systems and provides financial reporting and analysis to state leaders.
The Governor appoints public safety commissions five members, subject to senate approval. The Public Safety Commission is a five-member board that oversees the Texas Department of Public Safety. Members of the commission are appointed by the governor and must be approved by the Texas Senate. The commission is responsible for setting policy for the department and overseeing its operations.
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Vita Smart Ltd is a leading high-tech company which is incorporated in Surrey, BC. The company wants to add an additional production line in Sept 2022. They hired you, a UCW graduate, to prepare a capital budgeting for the project. Below is the information that your manager provided: 1. The facility is made up of one piece of land in Surrey value at 20%, one non residential building value at 20% of the total cost 60% of manufacturing equipment. At the end of project’s life, the equipment will be sold for an estimated $0.25 million. Both building and land residual value is unclear. 2. Start-up costs include $2.5 million to build the production facilities, including land, building and equipment. The project will last for 7 years. 3. The company estimated that it is able to make 3000 of its new products – smart testing machine units for labs, could be sold annually over the next 7 years at a price of $1500 each. Variable costs per unit are $350 (estimated) and each year’s fixed costs is 55,000. 4. To handle the new product line, Vita Smart’s net operating working capital would have to increase by an amount equal to 8% of sales revenues and will be half recovered at the end of project. 5. However, if Vita introduces its new products, sales of its existing products will fall $15,000 per year. They will hire 30 new workers who are familiar with the new equipment operation and [ay them 30% more than BC minimum wage. Vita hires a marketing research company on the new machines and paid them $250,000. The company will retool one of its existing manufacturing facilities to produce the new model. The one-time retooling cost is $190,000. BC government also granted the company an innovation funding of $10,000 in Jan 2022 6. The manager is complaining the inflation will affect fixed cost, variable cost and the sales price in current years. The financial division has estimated the company’s WACC is 12%. The company also assume the sales will increase 6% per year. Requirements 1. Using an Excel spreadsheet: • Find the NPV of the project by using the pro forma financial statement method to determine cash flows.
Based on the information, the NPV of the project is $1.8 million.
How to calculate the NPVYear Cash Flow Discount Factor Present Value
0 -$2,500,000 1 -$2,500,000
1 3000 * ($1500 - $350) - $55,000 + $250,000 - $190,000 + $10,000 0.9434 $2,853,052
2 3000 * ($1500 - $350) - $55,000 * 1.06 + (0.5 * 8% * 3000 * $1500) 0.8900 $2,712,300
3 3000 * ($1500 - $350) - $55,000 * 1.06 + (0.5 * 8% * 3000 * $1500) 0.8396 $2,584,648
4 3000 * ($1500 - $350) - $55,000 * 1.06 + (0.5 * 8% * 3000 * $1500) 0.7921 $2,470,152
5 3000 * ($1500 - $350) - $55,000 * 1.06 + (0.5 * 8% * 3000 * $1500) 0.7473 $2,367,984
6 3000 * ($1500 - $350) - $55,000 * 1.06 + (0.5 * 8% * 3000 * $1500) 0.7051 $2,277,424
7 3000 * ($1500 - $350) - $55,000 * 1.06 + (0.5 * 8% * 3000 * $1500) + $0.25M 0.6651 $2,197,864
NPV -$2,500,000 + (sum of present values) $1,804,916
The discount rate of 12% was provided by the company's financial division. The inflation rate was not provided, so I assumed that it would be the same as the WACC of 12%. The sales price and variable costs were adjusted for inflation by multiplying them by 1.06 each year. The net operating working capital was also adjusted for inflation by multiplying it by 1.06 each year.
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WHY countries form multinational trade regions, AND WHAT are the REQUIREMENTS for successful trade regions?
Comment on the Brazilian and Indian governments’ strategies for the prevention of AIDS via the marketing of condoms.
Do you think it would be a good idea for Coke and Pepsi to participate in a condom distribution program in India, Brazil, and the United States?
Countries form multinational trade regions to improve economic cooperation and increase trade between the participating nations. Successful trade regions require the establishment of trade policies, elimination of trade barriers, and cooperation among member countries.
Multinational trade regions, such as the European Union and the North American Free Trade Agreement, are created to promote economic cooperation and increase trade between the participating nations. By eliminating trade barriers, member countries can increase exports, expand markets, and enhance their economic growth and development.Successful trade regions require the establishment of trade policies, elimination of trade barriers, and cooperation among member countries. Trade policies include customs unions, free trade agreements, and common markets, which promote economic integration and coordination. Removing trade barriers, such as tariffs, quotas, and subsidies, also helps to increase trade and investment among the participating nations.The Brazilian and Indian governments have taken different approaches to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS through condom marketing. Brazil has implemented a comprehensive public health strategy that involves free condom distribution and promotion campaigns, along with sex education and testing programs. India, on the other hand, has adopted a more restrictive approach by banning condom advertisements on television and radio, despite the country having a high rate of HIV/AIDS infections.Some people might argue that Coke and Pepsi's participation in condom distribution programs could be seen as a marketing gimmick, but it could also be a positive step towards social responsibility. This could also help to reduce the stigma associated with condom use, which would in turn help in the fight against sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and unwanted pregnancies. However, ultimately, this decision should be based on the business objectives and ethics of the companies, along with the specific cultural context of each country.
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Shock Company manufactures computer monitors. The following is a summary of its basic cost and revenue data:
Per Unit Percent
Sales price $ 430 100.00
Variable costs 222 51.63
Unit contribution margin $ 208 48.37
Assume that Shock Company is currently selling 560 computer monitors per month and monthly fixed costs are $79,400.
What is Shock Company's degree of operating leverage (DOL) at this sales volume (i.e., at 560 units)? (Round your answer to three decimal places.)
Shock Company's degree of operating leverage (DOL) at a sales volume of 560 units is approximately 2.398.
The degree of operating leverage (DOL) measures the sensitivity of a company's operating income to changes in sales volume. It can be calculated using the formula:
DOL = Contribution Margin / Operating Income
To calculate the operating income, we need to subtract the fixed costs from the total contribution margin. The total contribution margin can be calculated by multiplying the unit contribution margin by the sales volume.
In this case, the unit contribution margin is $208, and the sales volume is 560 units. Therefore, the total contribution margin is $208 * 560 = $116,480.
The fixed costs are given as $79,400.
Now, we can calculate the operating income:
Operating Income = Total Contribution Margin - Fixed Costs
= $116,480 - $79,400
= $37,080
Finally, we can calculate the degree of operating leverage (DOL):
DOL = Contribution Margin / Operating Income
= $116,480 / $37,080
≈ 2.398
Therefore, Shock Company's degree of leverage at a sales volume of 560 units is approximately 2.398.
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"
Your utility for peanut butter and jelly is given by the
function u=min(2x,5y)u=min(2x,5y), where xx is units of peanut
butter and yy is units of jelly. Assume that your budget constraint
is given by "
In this problem, we use the budget constraint as a constraint and maximize the utility function.
The utility function of peanut butter and jelly is given as, u=min(2x, 5y), where x and y are units of peanut butter and jelly respectively. Given the budget constraint and let the price of peanut butter and jelly be p1 and p2 respectively and the total budget be B, the budget constraint equation is given as, B = p1x + p2y.Now, we need to find the optimal level of consumption of peanut butter and jelly. First, we can write the utility maximization problem as, max u = min(2x, 5y)subject to, B = p1x + p2yNow, we can solve the optimization problem using the Lagrange multiplier method. Let λ be the Lagrange multiplier, then the Lagrangian function is given by, L = min(2x, 5y) + λ(B - p1x - p2y)We need to take the partial derivatives of L with respect to x, y and λ and set them equal to zero,∂L/∂x = 2 - λp1 = 0∂L/∂y = 5 - λp2 = 0∂L/∂λ = B - p1x - p2y = 0Solving the above three equations, we get the optimal levels of x and y, x = 2B/5p1 and y = B/5p2. Thus, the optimal consumption of peanut butter and jelly is (2B/5p1, B/5p2).Note: The Lagrange multiplier method is used to find the maximum or minimum of a function subject to one or more constraints. In this problem, we use the budget constraint as a constraint and maximize the utility function.
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Barry and his wife Mary have accumulated over $8 milion during their 49 years of marriage. They have eight children and ten grandchildren, What is the total amount removed from Barry and Mary's estate? Note: Enter your answer in doliars not in miations of dollars.
To determine the total amount removed from Barry and Mary's estate, we need more information regarding the distribution of their assets among their children and grandchildren. Without knowing the specific details of their estate plan, it is not possible to provide an exact answer.
However, assuming an equal distribution among their children and grandchildren, we can estimate the amount removed from their estate.
If Barry and Mary divide their estate equally among their eight children, each child would receive $8 million / 8 = $1 million.
If each child further divides their inheritance equally among their ten children (the grandchildren), each grandchild would receive $1 million / 10 = $100,000.
To calculate the total amount removed from their estate, we add up the amounts received by the eight children and the ten grandchildren:
8 children * $1 million + 10 grandchildren * $100,000 = $8 million + $1 million = $9 million.
Therefore, the total amount removed from Barry and Mary's estate, assuming equal distribution, would be $9 million.
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If duting the year total assets increase by $79.000 and totaltiabilites decrease by $18.000, by how much did owner's equity increasefdectease? Murpple Choice $97000 increase 561,000 decrense $97000 deciease $79000 increase
The owner's equity increased by $97,000. To determine the change in owner's equity, we need to use the basic accounting equation: Total Assets = Total Liabilities + Owner's Equity. We are given that total assets increased by $79,000 and total liabilities decreased by $18,000.
The change in owner's equity can be calculated by subtracting the change in total liabilities from the change in total assets. In this case:
Change in Owner's Equity = Change in Total Assets - Change in Total Liabilities
Substituting the given values:
Change in Owner's Equity = $79,000 - (-$18,000)
Change in Owner's Equity = $79,000 + $18,000
Change in Owner's Equity = $97,000
Therefore, the owner's equity increased by $97,000.
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Barista Ltd (Barista) is an international distributor of Italian made coffee machines. Th company specialises in selling coffee machines to restaurants, cafes and specialis coffee shops in Hong Kong and Singapore. During the 2021 financial year, Barista expanded its product range to include coffee making accessories and consumables. The company also set up an online shop, so customers can purchase products via its website. Customers who purchase goods online only become debtors when the goods they ordered are actually received by them. In the past eight months, Barista has diversified its business into Taiwan and Japan. Two founding board members resigned in January 2021 and have since been replaced with two new board members who have solid knowledge of Asian markets. This has proven invaluable in the development of Barista's business plan. The business plan includes expansion into Indonesia and Vietnam; however, gaining regulatory approval to operate in both countries is providing difficult and significantly more costly than anticipated. There has been a significant decline in Singapore and Hong Kong sales in the second half of the financial year, while the company has been focused on the expansion into the Asian markets. As the business is expanding rapidly, there has been a significant upgrade to systems, with the accounting system tailored to ensure that month-end reporting which includes the consolidation of entities with foreign currencies, is completed efficiently. Management's annual bonus is dependent on a KPI that requires a high liquidity position and generous working capital on the balance sheet at year end. As an auditor for Destiny Chartered Accountants (DCA), you have been assigned to the Barista audit team for the financial year ending 31 December 2021. During the audit planning stage, the financial controller has given you Barista's 31 December 2021 trial balance extract below: Barista - extract from trial balance as at 31 December 2021: Account 076 Debtors $234,876 Account 083 Trade creditors $768,034 Account 050 Secured loan (non-current) $640,576 Account 022 Revenue $8,453,687 Required: a. Identify conditions or events that may indicate risks of material misstatement for Barista. b. Based on the overall background information, identify three (3) account balances at risk of material misstatement. For each account balance identified in (h) above identify the key assertion at risk a. Identify conditions or events that may indicate risks of material misstatement fo Barista. b. Based on the overall background information, identify three (3) account balances at risk of material misstatement. c. For each account balance identified in (b) above, identify the key assertion at risk of material misstatement. d. Justify your answers to (c) above. e. For each key account balance at risk identified in (b) above describe an extended substantive test of detail that is responsive to the key assertion at risk of material misstatement.
A- Risks for Barist is Expansion, sales decline, regulatory challenges.
b. Account balances at risk: Debtors, trade creditors, secured loans.
c. Key assertions at risk: Revenue completeness, liabilities accuracy, loan balances.
d. Risks justified by: Expansion, sales decline, regulatory challenges.
e. Substantive tests: Tracing sales, confirming balances, reconciling loans.
a. Conditions or events that may indicate risks of material misstatement for Barista include:
1. Expansion into new markets: The rapid expansion into Taiwan and Japan, as well as plans to enter Indonesia and Vietnam, increases the complexity of operations and the potential for errors or misstatements in financial reporting related to these new markets.
2. Decline in sales in Singapore and Hong Kong: The significant decline in sales in these key markets during the second half of the financial year may indicate potential issues such as competitive pressures, changes in consumer preferences, or operational challenges that could impact revenue recognition and the valuation of accounts receivable.
3. Difficulties in gaining regulatory approval: The challenges and increased costs associated with obtaining regulatory approval in Indonesia and Vietnam raise the possibility of delays or potential non-compliance with regulatory requirements, impacting the recognition of revenue and overall financial performance.
b. Three account balances at risk of material misstatement are:
1. Debtors: The balance of $234,876 in the Debtors account represents amounts owed by customers who have ordered goods online but have not yet received them. There is a risk of misstatement in recognizing revenue and determining the appropriate timing for recognizing these amounts as debtors.
2. Trade creditors: The balance of $768,034 in the Trade creditors account represents amounts owed to suppliers. The risk of misstatement lies in the accuracy of the recorded liabilities, including potential understatement or overstatement due to errors or incomplete information.
3. Secured loan (non-current): The balance of $640,576 in the Secured loan (non-current) account represents long-term borrowing. There is a risk of misstatement related to the completeness and accuracy of the recorded loan balance and related interest expense.
c. Key assertions at risk of material misstatement for each account balance:
1. Debtors: The key assertion at risk is the completeness of recorded revenue and debtors, ensuring that all revenue from online sales and related debtors are properly recognized.
2. Trade creditors: The key assertion at risk is the completeness and accuracy of recorded liabilities, ensuring that all outstanding amounts owed to suppliers are properly recorded.
3. Secured loan (non-current): The key assertion at risk is the completeness and accuracy of the recorded loan balance and related interest expense, ensuring that all relevant loan transactions and balances are properly recorded.
d. The risk of material misstatement for the Debtors account arises from the recognition and timing of revenue for online sales. For the Trade creditors account, the risk lies in the completeness and accuracy of recorded liabilities. Regarding the Secured loan (non-current) account, the risk is related to the completeness and accuracy of recorded loan balances and interest expense. These risks are justified based on the information provided in the background, such as the expansion into new markets, decline in sales, and the need for regulatory approvals, which can impact revenue recognition, liabilities, and financing activities.
e. For the Debtors account, an extended substantive test of detail could involve selecting a sample of online sales transactions and tracing them to supporting documents such as order confirmations and shipping records to ensure that revenue recognition criteria are met. For the Trade creditors account, a test could involve confirming selected balances with suppliers to verify the accuracy and completeness of recorded liabilities. In the case of the Secured loan (non-current) account, a test could involve reconciling loan balances and interest expense calculations with loan agreements and supporting documents, as well as verifying the accuracy of interest rate and repayment terms. These substantive tests provide detailed evidence to address the key assertions at risk and detect potential material misstatements in the respective account balances.
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Expansionary monetary policy may prevent deep recessions with uncertain long-term consequences. However, as a result, firms, households, and the government accumulate significant amounts of additional debt, the payments for which may result in lower spending and investment and likely slower recovery. With that in mind, should central banks implement expansionary monetary policy or not?
There is no definitive answer as to whether central banks should implement expansionary monetary policy or not. The decision should be based on a thorough analysis of the specific economic context, weighing the potential benefits of preventing deep recessions against the potential long-term consequences of increased debt.
The decision to implement expansionary monetary policy or not is a complex one that depends on various factors and trade-offs. There are arguments both in favor of and against expansionary monetary policy in the given context.
Advocates of expansionary monetary policy argue that it can help prevent deep recessions by stimulating economic activity. By lowering interest rates and increasing the money supply, central banks aim to encourage borrowing and spending, which can stimulate investment, consumption, and job creation. This can potentially mitigate the negative impacts of a recession and support economic recovery.
On the other hand, critics highlight the potential long-term consequences of expansionary monetary policy, particularly the accumulation of additional debt. When firms, households, and the government take on significant amounts of debt, the burden of debt payments may lead to lower spending and investment in the future. This can potentially hinder long-term economic growth and impede the pace of recovery.
The decision to implement expansionary monetary policy should consider a balanced approach, taking into account the current economic conditions, the severity of the recession, and the potential risks and benefits. Central banks need to carefully assess the trade-offs and consider the effectiveness of alternative policy measures in stimulating economic growth while managing the risks associated with increased debt.
Additionally, it is important for central banks to coordinate their actions with fiscal policy measures to ensure a comprehensive and well-rounded approach to economic stabilization and recovery. The collaboration between monetary and fiscal authorities can help address the challenges and risks associated with expansionary monetary policy.
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a. A Public Good is a Good or Service which the marketplace does not produce enough of, so Government steps in to produce more. True False b. An Externality is a cost or benefit from doing business which does not fall on the buyer or the seller. True False
a. False. A public good is a good or service characterized by non-excludability and non-rivalry, and the government may step in to provide or regulate it, but not necessarily because the marketplace fails to produce enough of it.
b. True. An externality refers to a cost or benefit that arises from a transaction or activity and is experienced by a third party who is not directly involved in the transaction.
a. The statement is false. A public good is a type of good or service that exhibits two key characteristics: non-excludability and non-rivalry. Non-excludability means that individuals cannot be excluded from consuming the good once it is provided, and non-rivalry means that one person's consumption of the good does not diminish its availability to others. Public goods, such as national defense or street lighting, are often provided by governments because it may be difficult for the marketplace to efficiently produce them due to free-rider problems or the inability to exclude individuals from enjoying the benefits.
However, it is not necessarily the case that the government steps in because the marketplace fails to produce enough of them. In some cases, the government may intervene to ensure adequate provision or regulation of public goods.
b. The statement is true. An externality refers to a cost or benefit that arises from the production or consumption of a good or service and affects third parties who are not directly involved in the transaction. These external effects can be positive or negative. For example, pollution generated by a factory imposes costs on the surrounding community, while the development of a new park may provide recreational benefits to nearby residents. Externalities can lead to market failures because the cost or benefit is not fully accounted for by the buyer or seller, resulting in an inefficient allocation of resources. Government intervention, such as taxes, subsidies, or regulations, is often used to address externalities and promote a more optimal outcome.
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Which of the following statements relating to capital gains in ETFs and mutual funds is correct? Select one: a. ETFs tend to distribute less in capital gains than mutual funds do. b. Mutual funds may elect not to distribute all realized capital gains in a given year. c. The selling of EIF shares by some investors may create capital gains that affect the remaining ETF investors in terms of taxes. d. ETFs tend to distribute more capital gains than mutual funds do.
ETFs tend to distribute less in capital gains than mutual funds due to their "in-kind" creation and redemption process, minimizing capital gains events at the fund level.
ETFs (Exchange-Traded Funds) and mutual funds are both investment vehicles that provide investors with exposure to a diversified portfolio of assets. When it comes to capital gains, there are certain differences between the two.
ETFs tend to distribute less in capital gains than mutual funds do. This is because of their unique structure. ETFs are designed to minimize capital gains taxes by employing an "in-kind" creation and redemption process.
This means that when an investor buys or sells shares of an ETF, the underlying securities are exchanged, rather than bought or sold.
As a result, ETFs are able to avoid triggering capital gains events at the fund level, reducing the need for distributions.
On the other hand, mutual funds are subject to different regulations and often have a higher turnover of securities within their portfolios. When a mutual fund sells securities at a profit, it realizes capital gains that are then distributed to the fund's shareholders. These distributions are typically taxable events for the shareholders.
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Which one of the following statements is TRUE? Select one: a. Loans to short-term money market dealers classify as purchased liquidity b. Reliance on purchased or borrowed funds will largely eliminate the liquidity risk faced by a bank. c. Higher liquidation costs of non-liquid assets discourages a bank from holding more liquid assets d. None of the statements are true. e. A decrease in the yield of non-liquid assets will reduce holdings of liquid assets
This statement is true. When the liquidation costs of non-liquid assets are high, it becomes less attractive for a bank to hold such assets. In order to maintain liquidity and meet short-term obligations, banks may prefer to hold more liquid assets that can be easily converted into cash without incurring significant costs or delays.c. Higher liquidation costs of non-liquid assets discourage a bank from holding more liquid assets.
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Option (C) is correct i.e. Higher liquidation costs of non-liquid assets discourages a bank from holding more liquid assets.
When the liquidation costs of non-liquid assets are high, it becomes less attractive for a bank to hold such assets. In order to maintain liquidity and meet short-term obligations, banks may prefer to hold more liquid assets that can be easily converted into cash without incurring significant costs or delays.Higher liquidation costs of non-liquid assets discourage a bank from holding more liquid assets.
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Prepare your answers for all of the following problems in one Excel and submit the Excel file in Canvas. Use one file that contains solutions on different sheets; do not try to submit separate Excel files. Clearly indicate your answers. The solutions in your Excel file should be very organized with every number labeled. Follow the examples in the textbook for the proper format. BassFishingKY.com had its website shut down for two days due to a cyberattack on January 1st and 2nd. During those two days, it is estimated that a total of 300 potential new registered customers were permanently lost because they could not access the website. Once registered, customers on average visit the site once a month and spend $15 on each visit, and remain registered for three years visiting (and buying) monthly. What is the present value of the lost sales from those potential new customers assuming a cost of capital of 6%? [Assume earnings are earned on the last day of the year.]
To calculate the present value of the lost sales from the potential new customers, we need to determine the total sales that would have been generated over the three-year period and then discount those future cash flows to their present value.
300 potential new customers lost during the two-day website shutdown.
Once registered, customers visit the site once a month and spend $15 on each visit.
Customers remain registered for three years visiting (and buying) monthly.
Cost of capital is 6%.
First, let's calculate the total sales per customer over the three-year period:
Number of visits per year = 12 visits (monthly)
Total sales per customer per year = Number of visits per year x Spending per visit
Total sales per customer over three years = Total sales per customer per year x 3 years
Total sales per customer over three years = $15 x 12 visits x 3 years = $540
Now, let's calculate the total lost sales from the 300 potential new customers:
Total lost sales = Total sales per customer over three years x Number of potential new customers lost
Total lost sales = $540 x 300 = $162,000
Finally, let's calculate the present value of the lost sales using the cost of capital of 6%. We'll assume the earnings are earned on the last day of the year. We can use the present value formula:
Present Value = Future Value / (1 + Rate)^n
where Rate is the cost of capital and n is the number of years.
Present Value of lost sales = $162,000 / (1 + 0.06)^3 = $142,422.40
Therefore, the present value of the lost sales from the potential new customers is approximately $142,422.40.
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Which of the following statements regarding the Reserve Bank of Australia’s inflation targeting practice is false?
It has an official inflation target of 2-3% CPI inflation.
It allows the inflation rate to temporarily go outside the target band.
It has an official inflation target of 2-3% underlying inflation.
It has an official inflation target of 2-3% headline inflation.
It does not focus much on temporary price fluctuations of individual items.
The statement that is false regarding the Reserve Bank of Australia's inflation-targeting practice is Option D. It has an official inflation target of 2-3% headline inflation.
Inflation refers to a rise in the general level of prices in an economy over time. Inflation is expressed as a percentage, and it reduces the purchasing power of a currency. The Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) is in charge of monetary policy in Australia. The Reserve Bank of Australia's (RBA) primary goal is to maintain price stability by setting an inflation target. The RBA's monetary policy is based on an inflation target, which means it aims to keep inflation within a specific range.
The RBA has an official inflation target of 2-3% Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation. The RBA's inflation-targeting policy aims to keep inflation within the target range, but it allows the inflation rate to temporarily go outside the target band. Furthermore, the RBA has an official inflation target of 2-3% underlying inflation, not headline inflation. The RBA's target is the underlying rate of inflation, which is determined by looking at the CPI's trend over time. The underlying inflation rate excludes one-time and volatile items from the CPI calculation, which can cause temporary price fluctuations.
The RBA's monetary policy strategy is focused on achieving its inflation target, which is an essential part of its overall monetary policy. It has been demonstrated to be an effective method of controlling inflation over time. The RBA's monetary policy strategy, which is based on an inflation target, has helped to stabilize the economy over time and contributed to sustainable economic growth. Therefore, the correct option is D.
The question was incomplete, Find the full content below:
Which of the following statements regarding the Reserve Bank of Australia’s inflation-targeting practice is false?
A. It has an official inflation target of 2-3% CPI inflation.
B. It allows the inflation rate to temporarily go outside the target band.
C. It has an official inflation target of 2-3% underlying inflation.
D. It has an official inflation target of 2-3% headline inflation.
E. It does not focus much on temporary price fluctuations of individual items.
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FinanceCo lent $9.1 million to Corbin Construction on January 1, 2024, to construct a playground. Corbin signed a three-year, 4% installment note to be paid in three equal payments at the end of each year.
Required:
Prepare the journal entry for FinanceCo’s lending the funds on January 1, 2024.
Prepare an amortization schedule for the three-year term of the installment note.
Prepare the journal entry for the first installment payment on December 31, 2024.
Prepare the journal entry for the third installment payment on December 31, 2026.
Journal entry for FinanceCo's lending the funds on January 1, 2024:
Date: January 1, 2024
Account Debit Credit
Notes Receivable $9,100,000
Cash $9,100,000
Amortization schedule for the three-year term of the installment note:
Year: 2024
Payment: $9,100,000 / 3 = $3,033,333.33
Interest: $9,100,000 * 4% = $364,000
Principal: Payment - Interest
Year | Beginning Balance | Payment | Interest | Principal | Ending Balance
2024 | $9,100,000 | $3,033,333.33 | $364,000 | $2,669,333.33 | $6,430,666.67
2025 | $6,430,666.67 | $3,033,333.33 | $257,226.67 | $2,776,106.67 | $3,654,560.00
2026 | $3,654,560.00 | $3,033,333.33 | $146,182.40 | $2,887,150.93 | $766,409.07
Journal entry for the first installment payment on December 31, 2024:
Date: December 31, 2024
Account Debit Credit
Notes Receivable $2,669,333.33
Interest Income $364,000
Cash $3,033,333.33
Journal entry for the third installment payment on December 31, 2026:
Date: December 31, 2026
Account Debit Credit
Notes Receivable $766,409.07
Interest Income $146,182.40
Cash $912,591.47
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Which one of the following statement is CORRECT about the preferred stock? O Preferred stock holders gain some voting rights if the corporation fails to pay preferred dividend. O All of the choices. O Preferred stock often has a pre-set dividend rate. O Preferred stocks take priority over common stock when receiving dividends.
The correct statement about preferred stock among the given options is that preferred stocks often have a pre-set dividend rate.
Preferred stock is a type of ownership in a corporation that typically offers certain advantages over common stock. One of the common features of preferred stock is that it often has a pre-set dividend rate. This means that preferred stockholders are entitled to receive a fixed dividend payment, which is predetermined and specified in the terms of the preferred stock issuance. Unlike common stock, where dividend payments are not guaranteed and can vary, preferred stock provides a more predictable income stream for investors.
The other statements listed in the options are not correct. Preferred stockholders generally do not gain voting rights if the corporation fails to pay preferred dividends. Voting rights are typically associated with common stock ownership, where shareholders have the right to vote on certain matters affecting the company. Additionally, not all of the choices are correct. While preferred stocks do take priority over common stock when receiving dividends, this statement is not listed among the given options.
In conclusion, the correct statement about preferred stock is that it often has a pre-set dividend rate, providing investors with a fixed dividend payment.
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Andretti Company has a single product called a Dak. The company normally produces and sells 85,000 Daks each year at a selling price of $64 per unit. The company’s unit costs at this level of activity are given below:
Direct materials $ 7.50
Direct labor 11.00
Variable manufacturing overhead 3.50
Fixed manufacturing overhead 6.00 ($510,000 total)
Variable selling expenses 1.70
Fixed selling expenses 3.00 ($255,000 total)
Total cost per unit $ 32.70
A number of questions relating to the production and sale of Daks follow. Each question is independent.
Required:
1-a. Assume that Andretti Company has sufficient capacity to produce 119,000 Daks each year without any increase in fixed manufacturing overhead costs. The company could increase its unit sales by 40% above the present 85,000 units each year if it were willing to increase the fixed selling expenses by $110,000. What is the financial advantage (disadvantage) of investing an additional $110,000 in fixed selling expenses?
1-b. Would the additional investment be justified?
2. Assume again that Andretti Company has sufficient capacity to produce 119,000 Daks each year. A customer in a foreign market wants to purchase 34,000 Daks. If Andretti accepts this order it would have to pay import duties on the Daks of $3.70 per unit and an additional $30,600 for permits and licenses. The only selling costs that would be associated with the order would be $1.50 per unit shipping cost. What is the break-even price per unit on this order?
3. The company has 600 Daks on hand that have some irregularities and are therefore considered to be "seconds." Due to the irregularities, it will be impossible to sell these units at the normal price through regular distribution channels. What is the unit cost figure that is relevant for setting a minimum selling price?
4. Due to a strike in its supplier’s plant, Andretti Company is unable to purchase more material for the production of Daks. The strike is expected to last for two months. Andretti Company has enough material on hand to operate at 25% of normal levels for the two-month period. As an alternative, Andretti could close its plant down entirely for the two months. If the plant were closed, fixed manufacturing overhead costs would continue at 30% of their normal level during the two-month period and the fixed selling expenses would be reduced by 20% during the two-month period.
a. How much total contribution margin will Andretti forgo if it closes the plant for two months?
b. How much total fixed cost will the company avoid if it closes the plant for two months?
c. What is the financial advantage (disadvantage) of closing the plant for the two-month period?
d. Should Andretti close the plant for two months?
1-a. The financial advantage (disadvantage) of investing an additional $110,000 in fixed selling expenses can be calculated by determining the increase in contribution margin resulting from the increased unit sales. To find the increase in unit sales, we need to calculate 40% of the present 85,000 units, which is 34,000 units (40% x 85,000). Next, we calculate the contribution margin per unit by subtracting the total cost per unit from the selling price per unit: $64 - $32.70 = $31.30. Then, we calculate the increase in contribution margin by multiplying the increase in unit sales by the contribution margin per unit: 34,000 units x $31.30 = $1,063,200. Therefore, the financial advantage of investing an additional $110,000 in fixed selling expenses is $1,063,200 - $110,000 = $953,200.
1-b. To determine if the additional investment in fixed selling expenses is justified, we need to compare the financial advantage (disadvantage) with the additional cost. The additional cost is $110,000, and the financial advantage is $953,200. Since the financial advantage is significantly higher than the additional cost, it can be concluded that the additional investment in fixed selling expenses is justified.
2. To calculate the break-even price per unit on the order for 34,000 Daks in the foreign market, we need to consider the additional costs associated with the order. First, we calculate the additional costs per unit by summing the import duties, permits and licenses, and shipping cost: $3.70 + ($30,600 / 34,000) + $1.50 = $5.20. Next, we add the total additional cost per unit to the total cost per unit to find the break-even price per unit: $32.70 + $5.20 = $37.90. Therefore, the break-even price per unit on this order is $37.90.
3. The unit cost figure that is relevant for setting a minimum selling price for the 600 "seconds" Daks is the total cost per unit. From the given information, we know that the total cost per unit is $32.70. Therefore, the unit cost figure that is relevant for setting a minimum selling price for the "seconds" Daks is $32.70.
4. a. If Andretti Company closes the plant for two months, it will forgo the contribution margin that it would have earned during that period. To calculate the total contribution margin forgone, we need to determine the normal level of production and the percentage of normal levels at which the plant would operate if closed. The normal level of production is 85,000 units per year, so for two months (1/6 of a year), it would be 85,000/6 = 14,167 units. If the plant operates at 25% of normal levels, it would produce 14,167 x 0.25 = 3,542 units. To calculate the contribution margin per unit, we subtract the total cost per unit from the selling price per unit: $64 - $32.70 = $31.30. Then, we calculate the total contribution margin forgone by multiplying the contribution margin per unit by the number of units not produced: $31.30 x (14,167 - 3,542) = $318,397.70. Therefore, Andretti Company will forgo a total contribution margin of $318,397.70 if it closes the plant for two months.
b. If the plant is closed for two months, the fixed manufacturing overhead costs will continue at 30% of their normal level, and the fixed selling expenses will be reduced by 20% during the two-month period. To calculate the total fixed cost avoided, we need to determine the normal fixed manufacturing overhead costs and fixed selling expenses. The normal fixed manufacturing overhead costs are given as $510,000, so 30% of this amount is 0.3 x $510,000 = $153,000. The normal fixed selling expenses are given as $255,000, so 20% of this amount is 0.2 x $255,000 = $51,000. Therefore, the total fixed cost avoided if the plant is closed for two months is $153,000 + $51,000 = $204,000.
c. The financial advantage (disadvantage) of closing the plant for the two-month period can be calculated by subtracting the total fixed cost avoided from the total contribution margin forgone: $318,397.70 - $204,000 = $114,397.70. Therefore, the financial advantage of closing the plant for the two-month period is $114,397.70.
d. Whether Andretti should close the plant for two months depends on the financial advantage (disadvantage) calculated in part c. If the financial advantage is positive, it would be advantageous for Andretti to close the plant for two months.
About InvestmentInvestment, investment, or investment is an investment activity, either directly or indirectly, with the hope that in the future the owner of the capital will receive a number of benefits from the results of the investment. By investing early, we can protect asset values from inflation that causes decrease in the purchasing power of our money. Not only that, investment is also able to help meet future needs. The aim of investing is to make a profit.
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Assume today’s settlement price on a Chicago Mercantile Exchange MXN (Mexican Peso) futures contract is $.1575/MXN. You SELL a futures contract to hedge an exposure to MXN5,000,000 receivable. Your initial margin account balance is $40,000. The next three days’ settlement prices are $.1579/MXN, $.1571/MXN, and $.1562/MXN. Calculate the changes in the margin account (and the new balances) from daily marking-to-market adjustments over the next three days. The contract size is 5,000,000 Mexican Pesos.
DAY 0 MB = $
DAY 1 ∆ = MB = $
DAY 2 ∆ = MB = $
DAY 3 ∆ = MB = $
DAY 0: Margin Account Balance (MB) = $40,000
DAY 1: ∆ (Change in Margin Account) = (Settlement Price - Previous Settlement Price) * Contract Size * Number of Contracts
∆ = ($.1579/MXN - $.1575/MXN) * 5,000,000 MXN * 1 contract
∆ = $0.0004/MXN * 5,000,000 MXN
∆ = $2,000
New Margin Account Balance (MB) = Previous MB + ∆
New MB = $40,000 + $2,000
New MB = $42,000
DAY 2:
∆ = ($.1571/MXN - $.1579/MXN) * 5,000,000 MXN * 1 contract
∆ = -$0.0008/MXN * 5,000,000 MXN
∆ = -$4,000
New MB = Previous MB + ∆
New MB = $42,000 - $4,000
New MB = $38,000
DAY 3:
∆ = ($.1562/MXN - $.1571/MXN) * 5,000,000 MXN * 1 contract
∆ = -$0.0009/MXN * 5,000,000 MXN
∆ = -$4,500
New MB = Previous MB + ∆
New MB = $38,000 - $4,500
New MB = $33,500
The changes in the margin account balance and the new balances over the next three days are as follows:
DAY 0 MB = $40,000
DAY 1 ∆ = MB = $2,000, New MB = $42,000
DAY 2 ∆ = MB = -$4,000, New MB = $38,000
DAY 3 ∆ = MB = -$4,500, New MB = $33,500
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For a risk-averse investor, required return would decrease for an increase in risk. True False Cox
False, The statement that states For a risk-averse investor, required return would decrease for an increase in risk is incorrect.
For a risk-averse investor, the required return would typically increase for an increase in risk. Risk-averse investors prioritize the preservation of capital and seek compensation for taking on additional risk.
This is because risk-averse investors prioritize the preservation of their capital and are more cautious when it comes to taking on risky investments. They expect to be compensated for the additional risk they are taking by demanding a higher return. As the level of risk increases, the investor would require a higher return as a condition for taking on that risk.
Therefore, they would demand a higher return as compensation for the higher level of risk associated with an investment. This is reflected in the risk-return tradeoff, where higher-risk investments are expected to provide higher returns to attract risk-averse investors.
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The Economist magazine offered the following two options for subscribing:
1. $56 per year for an online-only subscription,
2. $125 per year for print plus online access subscription.
A large majority of subscribers chose option 1. But the magazine would have preferred to sell more $125 subscriptions because it can charge higher rates to advertisers in the print magazine than it can online. The magazine decided to rely on insights from behavioral economics to try to increase the number of people choosing the $125 subscriptions. It began offering the following three options:
1. $56 per year for an online-only subscription,
2. $125 print plus online access subscription,
3. $125 print-only subscription.
A large majority of subscribers now chose option 2 rather than option 1. What insights from behavioral economics that were discussed in this chapter can help explain this result?
Behavioral economics has an influence on customer decision making. There is a significant difference between selling a service and promoting an experience.
Behavioral economics teaches us that people value things differently based on the circumstances under which they receive them, which may contribute to the following result. Optimism bias: The Economist introduced the third choice, which served as a decoy, because customers perceive products as more valuable when they are compared to others.
If the consumers had only two choices to choose from, they would most likely choose the cheaper of the two, the online-only subscription. However, the introduction of the third option makes the print-only subscription appear to be more costly, causing the customers to select the print plus online access subscription.
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Consider a relationship between a buyer (principal) and an agent (sub-contractor or seller of some services, e.g., computer code). The principal pays the agent a price for the good that the agent provides. The agent provides the good (code) with quality, , the level of which cannot be measured costlessly.• Assume that there are two levels of quality that the agent can provide: high quality, , and low quality, . The principal prefers high quality to low quality.
• Each level of quality has a corresponding level of disutility for the agent to provide: high disutility, , and low disutility, . The agent prefers low disutility to high disutility.
• Assume that if the agent does not sell their good to the principal, the agent sells it instead on some secondary market for some fallback price, p z (some other buyer will buy even low-quality code for a project they are working on).
• An agent who provides a low-quality good is detected with probability, , and their contract is terminated (they get the fallback price, p z , if this occurs).
• Assume that the market price for the good that the buyer (principal) will sell to consumers is given by p = 1 and this determines the economic profit the principal receives in the interaction with the agent. Now answer the following questions.
a. Why is this a problem of incomplete contracts? Explain by reference to the characteristics required for an incomplete contract. Comment on whether these conditions are met in this interaction and what problem (moral hazard/adverse selection) results. [6 marks]
b. Find the Nash equilibrium price the principal will pay the agent. Be clear to explain the process by which you find the Nash equilibrium price and how you arrived at the price mathematically. Interpret it. [5 marks]
c. Show with a graph how we can understand the distribution of rents between the principal and the agent as a function of the degree of contractual completeness, t. Identify on your figure what the distribution would be for a given = . Comment on how the distribution of rents varies with . [5 marks]
d. Show that for a given degree of contractual completeness (or termination probability), = , the principal’s economic profit ( ) is given by the following equation. Comment on how the principal’s profit is affected by changes in its parameters.
^ = ( − p^z − (bar) + (disuitlity))/ [6 marks]
e. A monitoring company contacts the principal. The owner of the monitoring company says that she can determine the level of quality of the agent’s project with 100% accuracy. Show that the maximum amount that the principal would be willing to pay to this company to make the contract complete given the profit that the principal makes on the incomplete contract with termination probability = is given by the following equality:
WTP = (1 − /) ( − (bar))
Explain with reference to your graph how to show the amount graphically as well as producing the amount mathematically (using the result from the previous question as given). Interpret this willingness to pay
The nash equilibrium price the principal will pay the agent will be the minimum value that makes the agent indifferent between providing high quality and low quality.
simplifying, we find:
dh= dl
this implies that the principal will pay a price that equates the disutility of providing high quality to the disutility of providing low quality.
a. this situation represents a problem of incomplete contracts because the level of quality provided by the agent cannot be perfectly measured. incomplete contracts occur when certain characteristics or contingencies cannot be fully specified in the contract due to information asymmetry or other limitations. in this case, the characteristics required for an incomplete contract are:
1. unverifiable quality: the level of quality provided by the agent cannot be easily measured or observed by the principal. the agent can provide either high quality or low quality, but the principal cannot directly verify the true quality without incurring additional costs.
2. costly measurement: assessing the quality of the agent's service would require significant effort or resources, which makes it impractical or costly for the principal to monitor or evaluate the code's quality directly.
3. disutility and disincentives: the agent incurs disutility or cost when providing high-quality code, while low-quality code requires less effort or resources. the agent prefers to minimize their disutility, which creates an incentive to provide low-quality code if undetected.
the problem in this interaction is primarily one of moral hazard, where the agent has an incentive to shirk or provide low-quality code, knowing that the principal cannot easily detect it.
b. to find the nash equilibrium price that the principal will pay the agent, we need to consider the incentives and payoffs for both parties. let's denote the price the principal pays as p and the fallback price on the secondary market as pz.
the principal's objective is to maximize their economic profit, which is determined by the market price for the good (p = 1). the principal's profit can be represented as:
profit = p - p
the agent's objective is to minimize their disutility. let's denote the disutility for high quality as dhand for low quality as dl the agent's payoff can be represented as:
payoff = p - d
to find the nash equilibrium price, we need to consider the best response of each party given the other's strategy. in this case, the agent's best response is to provide low quality (minimize disutility) unless the principal's payment is sufficiently high to incentivize high quality. c. without the provided figure, it is not possible to create the graph and illustrate the distribution of rents between the principal and the agent as a function of the degree of contractual completeness, t. however, i can explain the concept.
the distribution of rents refers to the allocation of economic gains or profits between the principal and the agent. in the case of incomplete contracts, the distribution of rents depends on the degree of contractual completeness, represented by t.
as t increases, indicating higher contractual completeness or lower termination probability, the principal gains more control and information about the agent's actions and quality provision. this allows the principal to extract a larger share of the rents or economic gains from the interaction. the agent's ability to exploit information asymmetry decreases, leading to a shift in the distribution of rents towards the principal.
the specific shape of the distribution curve would depend on the precise relationship between t and the allocation of rents. without the graph, it is difficult to provide a detailed analysis of how the distribution of rents varies with t.
d. the equation provided to calculate the principal's economic profit given a degree of contractual completeness (termination probability) is as follows:
profit = (p - pz - d
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Which of the following is NOT a reason for why U.S. corporations haven’t issued more equity in recent years?
Multiple Choice
a. Companies in the aggregate had sufficient funds through profits and new debt.
b. Managers perceive the stock market to be an unreliable funding source.
c.Managers usually believe that their stock is overvalued.
d.Equity is relatively expensive to issue.
e.Managers try to avoid dilution of earnings per share.
c. Managers usually believe that their stock is overvalued. Managers usually believe that their stock is overvalued is not a reason for why U.S. corporations haven't issued more equity in recent years.
The other s provide possible reasons for why U.S. corporations haven't issued more equity:
a. Companies in the aggregate had sufficient funds through profits and new debt: This suggests that companies were able to meet their funding needs through internal sources (profits) and external borrowing (new debt), reducing the need to issue additional equity.
b. Managers perceive the stock market to be an unreliable funding source: This implies that managers may have concerns about the stability or predictability of the stock market as a source of funding, leading them to explore alternative s.
d. Equity is relatively expensive to issue: This suggests that the costs associated with issuing equity, such as underwriting fees or potential dilution of ownership, may have discouraged companies from choosing this funding method.
e. Managers try to avoid dilution of earnings per share: Dilution of earnings per share occurs when new equity is issued, potentially spreading the company's profits over a larger number of shares. Managers may be cautious about issuing equity to maintain or enhance earnings per share and shareholder value.
Overall, c. Managers usually believe that their stock is overvalued is the that does not align with the reasons for limited equity issuance, as managers typically prefer to issue equity when they perceive their stock to be undervalued.
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Nesmith Corporation's outstanding bonds have a $1,000 par value, a 6% semiannual coupon, 18 years to maturity, and an 8% YTM. What is the bond's price?
The price of Nesmith Corporation's bond with a $1,000 par value, 6% semiannual coupon, 18 years to maturity, and an 8% yield to maturity (YTM) is $1,075.55.
To calculate the bond's price, we can use the formula for the present value of a bond's cash flows. In this case, the bond pays a semiannual coupon of 6% on a $1,000 par value, which means it pays $30 every six months for a total of 36 periods (2 periods per year for 18 years). The bond also has a yield to maturity of 8%. By discounting the future cash flows using the yield to maturity, we can determine the present value of each cash flow. Summing up these present values gives us the bond's price. Using these inputs in the calculation, the bond's price is $1,075.55.
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Students of accounting sometimes suggest that teaching more
courses in ethics will produce more ethical behavior in accounting.
Do you believe this suggestion has merit? Why or why not?
The suggestion of teaching more courses in ethics to promote ethical behavior in accounting is a topic of discussion among accounting students.
The idea of incorporating more ethics courses into the accounting curriculum as a means to foster ethical behavior is a subject that warrants careful consideration. On one hand, increased exposure to ethical principles and dilemmas through specialized courses can enhance students' awareness and understanding of ethical issues in the field of accounting.
Such courses may provide students with valuable tools and frameworks for ethical decision-making, potentially leading to more responsible behavior. Moreover, incorporating ethics education into the accounting curriculum can help instill a sense of professional responsibility and integrity in future accountants.
On the other hand, it is essential to recognize that ethical behavior is influenced by a combination of factors, including personal values, organizational culture, and external pressures. While ethics courses can contribute to developing a foundation of ethical knowledge, they alone may not guarantee ethical behavior in practice.
Additional measures, such as ethical leadership, strong organizational ethics programs, and ongoing professional development, are crucial for reinforcing ethical conduct in the accounting profession. To create a truly ethical accounting environment, a multifaceted approach that encompasses education, culture, and accountability is necessary.
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You need to have $25,956 avallable at the end of 10 years. How much to do you have invest each year, starting at the end of this year, for 10 years to achieve this goal if the interest rate is 76?
Answer:
To calculate the annual investment required to accumulate $25,956 at the end of 10 years with an interest rate of 76%, we can use the formula for the future value of an ordinary annuity:
\[FV = P \times \left(1 + r\right)^n - 1\]
Where:
FV = Future value (target amount)
P = Annual investment
r = Interest rate
n = Number of years
Plugging in the given values, we have:
\[25,956 = P \times \left(1 + \frac{76}{100}\right)^{10} - 1\]
Simplifying the equation:
\[1.76^{10}P = 25,956 + 1\]
\[P = \frac{25,957}{1.76^{10}}\]
Using a calculator, we find that \(1.76^{10} \approx 13.365\). Now we can calculate the annual investment:
\[P \approx \frac{25,957}{13.365}\]
\[P \approx 1,943.13\]
Therefore, you would need to invest approximately $1,943.13 each year, starting at the end of this year, for 10 years at an interest rate of 76% to accumulate $25,956 at the end of the 10-year period.
Long-run supply functions are upward sloping because they are:
(a) homogeneous of degree one in prices (b) increasing in output
prices (c) steeper than short-run supply functions (d) convex in
prices
Long-run supply functions are upward sloping because they are homogeneous of degree one in prices. This implies that when the prices of inputs used in the production process increase.
The cost of production rises proportionally; hence the producers will be able to supply more products at a higher price. This is because the cost of production of one unit of product remains constant even if there is a change in the price level. In other words, if the price level increases, the producers will increase their production to make more profits.
The long-run supply curve shows the relationship between the price level and the quantity of goods supplied when the cost of production is adjusted in the long term. The long-run supply curve is upward-sloping because of the mobility of resources.
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