A balance sheet is a financial statement that provides a snapshot of a company's financial position at a specific point in time. It presents the company's assets, liabilities, and shareholders' equity. The balance sheet follows the fundamental accounting equation, which states that assets must equal liabilities plus equity.
The balance sheet is divided into two main sections:
1. Assets: This section lists all the resources owned or controlled by the company, which can be categorized into current assets (expected to be converted into cash or used within one year) and non-current assets (expected to be used for more than one year). Examples of assets include cash, accounts receivable, inventory, property, and equipment.
2. Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity: This section lists the company's obligations and the shareholders' claims on the company's assets. It can be divided into current liabilities (obligations due within one year) and long-term liabilities (obligations due beyond one year). Shareholders' equity represents the residual interest in the company's assets after deducting liabilities and consists of contributed capital and retained earnings.
To demonstrate the immediate effect of each transaction on commercial bank reserves, we will fill in the appropriate columns of the balance sheets for each transaction. Let's start with the initial balance sheets of the Commercial Bank and the Federal Reserve Bank:
Initial Balance Sheet - Commercial Bank
Assets Liabilities and Capital
Reserves: ???
Securities: ???
---------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------
Initial Balance Sheet - Federal Reserve Bank
Assets Liabilities and Capital
Securities: ???
---------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------
a. Federal Reserve Banks purchase $2 billion worth of securities from banks.
Transaction a - Balance Sheet Update
Assets Liabilities and Capital
Reserves: ???
Securities: ???
---------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------
Initial Balance Sheet - Federal Reserve Bank
Assets Liabilities and Capital
Securities: ???
---------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------
b. Commercial banks borrow $1 billion from Federal Reserve Banks at the discount rate.
Transaction b - Balance Sheet Update
Assets Liabilities and Capital
Reserves: ???
Securities: ???
---------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------
Initial Balance Sheet - Federal Reserve Bank
Assets Liabilities and Capital
Securities: ???
---------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------
c. The Fed reduces the reserve ratio from 20 percent to 19 percent.
Transaction c - Balance Sheet Update
Assets Liabilities and Capital
Reserves: ???
Securities: ???
---------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------
Initial Balance Sheet - Federal Reserve Bank
Assets Liabilities and Capital
Securities: ???
---------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------
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Consider the following timeline and cash flows:
Year
0 -$150
1. $40
2. $80
3. $100
Given the above cash flows, you want to have the net present value of $35 at the end of year 1. What should be your interest rate accordingly?
To achieve a net present value of $35 at the end of year 1 with the given cash flows, the interest rate should be approximately 11.8%.
To calculate the required interest rate, we need to find the discount rate that would result in a net present value (NPV) of $35 at the end of year 1, given the cash flows provided.
The formula to calculate the NPV is: NPV = CF0 + CF1 / (1 + r) + CF2 / (1 + r)^2 + ... + CFn / (1 + r)^n, where CF represents the cash flow and r represents the interest rate.
Using the cash flows given, the NPV equation becomes: -150 + 40 / (1 + r) + 80 / (1 + r)^2 + 100 / (1 + r)^3 = 35.
To solve for the interest rate, we can use trial and error, or we can use computational methods such as Excel's Goal Seek or numerical approximation algorithms.
By using a numerical approximation algorithm, the calculated interest rate is approximately 11.8%.
Therefore, to achieve a net present value of $35 at the end of year 1 with the given cash flows, the interest rate should be approximately 11.8%.
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PVA stands for price value analysis product value analysis product value amplifier none of the above 3 Question 7 (1 point) consumer markets has elastic demand ? - 6 -- True False 3 1 Question 12 (2 points) Idea screening is Inviting broad communities of people such as customers, employees, independent scientists and researchers, and even the public at large into the new product innovation process 6 3 a True False 1 12 Question 13 (1 point) Decline stage - The product life-cycle stage in which sales growth slows or levels off ? 4. 15 True False
PVA stands for "Product Value Amplifier". Question 7: False Question 12: False Question 13: True
Product Value Amplifier (PVA) refers to the increase in the actual or perceived value of a product by adding or improving its features, attributes, or benefits. This process is achieved through product innovation, which involves ideation, design, development, testing, and launching of new products, or enhancing the existing ones. False, Consumer markets have an inelastic demand.
This means that the demand for the products in these markets is relatively insensitive to price changes. True, Idea screening is the process of selecting and evaluating new product ideas to identify the most promising ones for further development. False, The Decline stage is the product life-cycle stage in which sales decline, either gradually or rapidly, as the product becomes obsolete or replaced by newer, more innovative products.
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Consider the following data:
Price of stock now = P = 900
Standard deviation of continuously compounded annual returns = σ
= 0.25784
Years to maturity = t = 0.5
Interest rate per annum = rf = 0.5% fo
The risk (beta) of a six-month call option with an exercise price of $900 is calculated to be 1.5075, given a stock beta of 1.5 and no risk-free loan beta.
To calculate the risk (beta) of a six-month call option with an exercise price of $900, we need to use the following formula
Beta_option = Beta_stock * [1 + (1 - t) * (rf - rf_loan)]
Given
Beta_stock = 1.5 (Beta of the stock)
t = 0.5 (Years to maturity)
rf = 0.5% for 6 months (1% per annum)
rf_loan = 0 (Risk-free loan beta)
Substituting the values into the formula, we have
Beta_option = 1.5 * [1 + (1 - 0.5) * (0.01 - 0)]
Simplifying the equation
Beta_option = 1.5 * [1 + 0.5 * 0.01]
= 1.5 * [1 + 0.005]
= 1.5 * 1.005
= 1.5075
Therefore, the risk (beta) of the six-month call option with an exercise price of $900 is 1.5075.
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--The given question is incomplete, the complete question is given below " Consider the following data
Price of stock now = P = 900
Standard deviation of continuously compounded annual returns = σ = 0.25784
Years to maturity = t = 0.5
Interest rate per annum = rf = 0.5% for 6 months (1% per annum)
Beta of the stock = 1.5
Risk-free loan beta = 0 a-1.
Calculate the risk (beta) of a six-month call option with an exercise price of $900."--
Define capacity. Describe the strategies that an organisation of
your choice can use to increase capacity. Provide examples to
support your description.
Capacity is the ability of an organization to generate products or services in the desired quantities and within a given time frame.
Capacity is often described as the maximum quantity of items that can be generated within a specific time period using available resources like labor, equipment, raw materials, or energy. An organization's capacity must always exceed the demand for its products or services to meet customers' expectations.
Capacity planning can help an organization enhance its capacity by optimizing resource usage. Capacity planning's primary objective is to maximize organizational efficiency by ensuring that all available resources are used to their full potential. Capacity planning entails predicting and determining future demand, developing policies for optimal resource use, and continually monitoring performance to ensure that capacity utilization targets are met or exceeded.
Some strategies that an organization of your choice can use to increase capacity include:
Strategic Alliances - An organization can form strategic alliances with other organizations to create more extensive, more efficient, and more productive supply chains. Strategic alliances can help increase capacity by increasing access to specialized resources and optimizing the use of shared resources.
Investment in Technology - The use of advanced technology can help organizations improve their operations and productivity. Investing in technology can help an organization reduce production time, increase output, improve product quality, and reduce costs. Example: The installation of state-of-the-art machinery in a manufacturing plant.
Increasing the Workforce - Increasing the number of employees can help an organization expand its operations and increase its production capacity. An organization can achieve this by hiring full-time, part-time, or temporary staff. Example: Hiring additional staff during peak periods to increase capacity. Expansion of Facilities - An organization can increase its capacity by expanding its existing facilities or building new ones. This may involve constructing new buildings, installing new production lines, or increasing the floor space of existing facilities. Example: The construction of a new manufacturing plant in a strategic location that allows for easier distribution of products.
These strategies help organizations improve their capacity and meet the growing demand for their products or services.
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Mitsubishi bank quotes bid–ask rates of €0.7688–0.7691/$ and ¥104.30–104.40/$. What would be Mitsubishi’s direct asking price of yen per euro?
a.
¥135.7960/€
b.
¥135.7431/€
c.
¥135.6660/€
d.
¥135.6131/€
Option b, ¥135.7431/€, would be Mitsubishi's direct asking price of yen per euro.
The direct asking price of yen per euro for Mitsubishi Bank can be calculated by dividing the bid rate of yen per dollar by the ask rate of euro per dollar.The direct asking price of yen per euro for Mitsubishi bank can be calculated by dividing the bid rate of yen per dollar by the ask rate of euro per dollar. In this case, the bid rate of yen per dollar is ¥104.30 and the ask rate of euro per dollar is €0.7691. Dividing the bid rate by the ask rate gives us:
¥104.30 / €0.7691 = ¥135.7431/€
Therefore, option b, ¥135.7431/€, would be Mitsubishi's direct asking price of yen per euro.
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Stock transactions for Careful Driving School, Inc. follow:
Mar. 4 Issued 29,000 shares of $1 par value common stock at $8 per share
May 22 Purchased 900 shares of treasury stock-common at $10 per share
Sep. 22 Sold 300 shares of treasury stock-common at $18 per share
Oct. 14 Sold 600 shares of treasury stock-common at $9 per share
Journalize the transactions
The journal entries for the stock transactions of Careful Driving School, Inc. are as follows:
Mar. 4:
Cash $232,000 (29,000 shares x $8)
Common Stock $29,000 (29,000 shares x $1 par value)
Additional Paid-in Capital $203,000 (Difference between cash and par value)
May 22:
Treasury Stock - Common $9,000 (900 shares x $10)
Cash $9,000
Sep. 22:
Cash $5,400 (300 shares x $18)
Treasury Stock - Common $3,000 (300 shares x cost of $10)
Additional Paid-in Capital on Treasury Stock $2,400 (Difference between cash and cost)
Oct. 14:
Cash $5,400 (600 shares x $9)
Treasury Stock - Common $6,000 (600 shares x cost of $10)
Additional Paid-in Capital on Treasury Stock $600 (Difference between cost and cash)
These journal entries record the issuance of common stock on March 4, the purchase and sale of treasury stock on May 22, September 22, and October 14. The amounts are recorded appropriately in the respective accounts, such as Cash, Common Stock, Treasury Stock - Common, and Additional Paid-in Capital.
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Prepare policy and procedures for a transport company that covers: workplace health and safety, fatigue management, safe use of mobile phones, seatbelt use, speeding, drug and alcohol, driver behaviour, and chain of responsibility.
The policy and procedures for the transport company cover several important areas including workplace health and safety, fatigue management, safe use of mobile phones, seatbelt use, speeding, drug and alcohol, driver behavior, and chain of responsibility. These policies and procedures aim to ensure the safety of employees, promote responsible driving practices, and comply with legal obligations.
Workplace Health and Safety: The policy should outline the company's commitment to providing a safe working environment, including procedures for hazard identification, risk assessment, incident reporting, and emergency response protocols.
Fatigue Management: Policies and procedures should address the prevention and management of driver fatigue, including rest breaks, maximum driving hours, and scheduling practices to ensure drivers are adequately rested and alert.
Safe Use of Mobile Phones: The policy should strictly prohibit the use of mobile phones while driving and provide guidelines for hands-free communication methods, emphasizing the importance of focusing on the road.
Seatbelt Use: The policy should require all drivers and passengers to wear seatbelts at all times and provide guidelines for regular seatbelt checks and maintenance.
Speeding: Policies and procedures should emphasize adherence to speed limits, provide training on safe driving speeds, and outline consequences for speeding violations.
Drug and Alcohol: The company should implement a zero-tolerance policy for drug and alcohol use, including regular testing, education programs, and disciplinary actions for violations.
Driver Behavior: Policies should address expected driver behavior, including courteous driving, adherence to traffic rules, and responsible vehicle handling.
Chain of Responsibility: Procedures should outline the responsibilities of different stakeholders in ensuring compliance with safety regulations, including management, supervisors, and drivers, and establish mechanisms for reporting non-compliance or safety concerns.
These policies and procedures should be communicated to all employees, regularly reviewed and updated, and supported by training programs to ensure understanding and compliance. Regular monitoring and auditing should also be conducted to assess effectiveness and identify areas for improvement.
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swots are useful in clarifying __________ marketing questions.
SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) is useful in clarifying marketing questions.SWOT analysis is a tool that is used to identify and evaluate an organization's internal strengths and weaknesses, as well as its external opportunities and threats.
It may be used in a variety of ways to analyze business operations, develop market strategies, assess competition, evaluate strategic decisions, and determine resource requirements, among other things.Why is SWOT important in marketing.SWOT analysis is critical to marketing since it allows marketers to assess a product's or service's current market position and potential. A SWOT analysis is a fundamental component of any marketing plan. It enables marketers to assess the effectiveness of current marketing campaigns and create new ones that are tailored to the organization's strengths and weaknesses. This process aids in the development of successful marketing tactics and the creation of marketing campaigns that will resonate with customers.
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CAPITAL STRUCTURE The goal of the company is to maximize shareholders' wealth as well as minimize the cost of capital. Capital structure describes the mix of a firm's long-term capital, which is a combination of debt and equity. Capital structure is a type of funding that supports a company's growth and related assets. Sometimes it's referred to as capitalization structure or simply capitalization. A firm's judicious use of debt and equity is a key indicator of a strong balance sheet. A healthy capital structure that reflects a low level of debt and a large amount of equity is a positive sign of investment quality. As such the company must fine an optimal capital structure that minimizes the cost of financing and minimizes the risk of bankruptcy. An optimal capital structure is the basic balance of debt and equity a company should have in order to minimize its cost of capital and the rates it pays to use money to maximize its market value. QUESTION 1 AgarMaju Bhd, is a public listed company listed in Bursa Saham Malaysia. The firm has been operating since the last five years. The company manufactures agricultural equipment. It has an annual earnings before interest and tax (EBIT) of RM800,000 in perpetuity. The interest on debt is 12%. Required: (a) A. B. C. (b) The debt-to-equity ratio is given as 0.20 and its overall cost of capital is14%, calculate the following, if the company operates in the world without tax. i. ii. (4 marks) Assumed that the company's debt outstanding is RM600,000 and its unlevered cost of equity is 15%. The corporate tax is 25%. In the world with taxes, calculate the following: i. The value of the company The value of its equity ii. iii. The value of the company. The value of the equity. The company's weighted average cost of capital (Rwacc) (6 marks) In the world without taxes, explain two (2) assumptions used in the Modigliani- Miller Proposition. (5 marks) Discuss two (2) implications of Modigliani-Miller Proposition II, in the world with taxes for a levered company. (5 marks) Total: 20 marks
The Value of equity for the company is given by RM3,000,000 of the Capital structure.
(a) The WACC formula for a company without taxes is as follows:
WACC = E / V × Re + D / V × Rd
Where,
E is the market value of equity, D is the market value of debt, V is the market value of the whole company (D+E), Re is the cost of equity and Rd is the cost of debt.Now, WACC = E / V × Re + D / V × Rd= (E / V) × (Re)+ (D / V) × (Rd)
Where, E/V is the percentage of equity and D/V is the percentage of debt.
Let's plug in the values given in the question:
WACC = (0.8) × (15%) + (0.2) × (12%)
= 0.12 + 0.024
= 0.144 or 14.4%.
Debt outstanding is RM600,000 and the debt-to-equity ratio is 0.20, we can find out the total capitalization of the company by using the following formula:
V = E + D= E + 0.2E= 1.2E.
Therefore, the value of debt D = 0.2
E = RM600,000
E = RM3,000,000
Using the unlevered cost of equity 15% to calculate the cost of equity of the company with debt, we get:
Re = Ru + (Ru - Rd) × (D/E)Re
= 15% + (15% - 12%) × (600,000/2,400,000)
= 0.15 + 0.0075
= 0.1575 or 15.75%.
Value of the company = D + E
= RM600,000 + RM3,000,000
= RM3,600,000
Value of equity = V - D
= RM3,600,000 - RM600,000
= RM3,000,000
In the world without taxes, the two assumptions used in the Modigliani- Miller Proposition are as follows:
Assumption 1: There are no transaction costs or flotation costs associated with the issuance of securities. This means that investors and firms can buy and sell securities at the current market price without incurring any costs. Assumption 2: The investment decisions of the company are not affected by the capital structure of the company. This means that the company's investment decisions are independent of the financing decisions.Learn more about equity:
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What component of the profit equation should be set equal to zero to find the breakeven point? Multiple Choice Total sales revenue Total variable costs Total fixed costs Profit O The formula for break-even point in terms of units is: Multiple Choice Total variable costs/Unit contribution margin Total fixed costs/Contribution margin ratio Total fixed costs/Unit contribution margin Total variable costs/Total fixed costs Mustang Corp. has a selling price of $25, variable costs of $13 per unit, and fixed costs of $61,080. How many units must be sold to break-even? Multiple Choice 2,443 5,090 10180 4.698
The component of the profit equation that should be set equal to zero to find the breakeven point is profit.What is the break-even point?Break-even point (BEP) is a term that refers to the point at which a company's revenue and expenses are equal.
The breakeven point is the point at which a company's total sales revenues are equal to its total expenses. It's the point at which a company isn't making any money but isn't losing any either. The formula for break-even point in terms of units is Total Fixed Cost/Unit contribution margin.
To find the break-even point, the profit equation component should be set to zero.How to calculate the number of units that Mustang Corp. has to sell to break even?The total fixed cost is $61,080. The variable cost is $13 per unit. Let's call the selling price "p."
we have the equation: $25p = $13p + $61,080. Simplifying, we have $12p = $61,080. As a result, p = 5,090 units. Thus, Mustang Corp. has to sell 5,090 units .
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4. A local dentist read an article published by the American Dental Association estimating that the elasticity of demand for the representative dentist's services is -3. The marginal cost of the service is $50. How much should the dentist mark up her price over marginal cost? State the pricing formula, state the markup factor, and compute the price using the pricing formula.
The dentist should mark up her price by $25 over the marginal cost of $50. The pricing formula, the markup factor, and the computed price are shown above.
The price markup over marginal cost for a dentist who read an article published by the American Dental Association is given by the pricing formula:
P = MC/1 – (1/|ED|) where:
P = Price MC = Marginal Cost |ED| = Elasticity of Demand
Formula to calculate markup factor:
Markup Factor = 1/(1 – (1/|ED|))
To find out the price that the dentist should charge, we will first calculate the Markup Factor. The elasticity of demand is -3, so:
|ED| = 3 Markup Factor = 1/(1 – (1/3)) = 1.5
So, the markup factor is 1.5.
Now, we can calculate the price using the pricing formula:
P = MC/1 – (1/|ED|)
P = $50/1 – (1/3) = $50/(2/3)
P = $50 × (3/2)
P = $75
Thus, the dentist should mark up her price by $25 over the marginal cost of $50. The pricing formula, the markup factor, and the computed price are shown above.
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What price will be used for this day for the mark-to-market per pound on December cotton? Contract May, Coffee, 37,500 lbs., cents per lb Dec, Cotton, 50,000 lbs., cents per lb High 138.00 80.59 Low 135.50 78.85 Close 137.15 80.63 Chg 2.20 0.27 $78.85 $80.63 $0.8063 $80.59 $0.7885
Expert Answer
This solution was written by a subject matter expert. It's designed to help students like you learn core concepts.
Answer:- Option
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The problem ha
The price used for the mark-to-market per pound on December cotton for this day would be B. $80.63.
The mark-to-market price is the current market price used to value a futures contract. In this case, we are looking at the December cotton contract. The information provided includes the high, low, close, and change in price for the day. The closing price for the December cotton contract is given as $80.63. Since the mark-to-market price is typically based on the closing price, we would use the closing price of $80.63 for the mark-to-market per pound on December cotton for this day. It's important to note that the mark-to-market price can fluctuate throughout the trading day, and the closing price is typically used as a reference point for valuation. The closing price reflects the final traded price at the end of the trading session and is considered the most reliable indicator of market value at that point in time.
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the complete question is: What price will be used for this day for the mark-to-market per pound on December cotton?
Contract High Low Close Chg
May, Coffee, 37,500
lbs., cents per lb 138.00 135.50 137.15 2.20
Dec, Cotton, 50,000 lbs.,
cents per lb 80.5 78.85 80.63 0.27
If the underlying asset price rises, the investor with a Select one alternative: O long futures contract short futures contract O long call option O short put option is exposed to the largest potentia
If the underlying asset price rises, the investor with a:
Long call option is exposed to the largest potential gain.
When the investor holds a long call option, they have the right, but not the obligation, to buy the underlying asset at a predetermined price (strike price) within a specific time period. If the underlying asset price rises, the long call option allows the investor to benefit from the price increase by exercising the option and buying the asset at the lower strike price, potentially realizing a significant gain.
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Net profit is the difference between total sales revenue and
total variable cost.
True
False
The following statement: "Net profit is the difference between total sales revenue and total variable cost" is True.
Net profit:
Net profit is the total amount of money a company has left over after all of its expenses have been paid. It is calculated by subtracting total costs from total revenues. It is also known as the bottom line or the profit after taxes.There are three types of costs that companies incur: fixed costs, variable costs, and mixed costs.
Fixed costs are those that do not change as the level of production changes. Rent, property taxes, salaries, and insurance are examples of fixed costs. Variable costs, on the other hand, fluctuate based on the level of production. They are dependent on the volume of goods or services provided. Wages, direct materials, and shipping are all examples of variable costs. Mixed costs, as the name suggests, are a combination of fixed and variable costs.
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QUESTION 33 Ronaldo rents a house to April. Which of the following is not one of April's basic rights as a tenant? 0 Right of habitability O Right of possession O Right to make improvements o Right of quiet enjoyment
Ronaldo rents a house to April. Which of the following is not one of April's basic rights as a tenant?The Right of making improvements is not one of April's basic rights as a tenant. A tenant has certain rights that should be respected by the landlord as well.
The landlord cannot merely change the terms and conditions of the lease agreement as they want. The following are a few basic rights of tenants, which should not be violated by the landlord:Right of possession: A tenant has the right to occupy the property as long as the rent is paid. This right includes the right to exclude others and the right to invite guests.Right of habitability: A tenant has the right to live in a property that is in livable conditions. A property should have electricity, running water, and be free from vermin and insects. If there is any maintenance work required, then the landlord should undertake it.Right of quiet enjoyment: A tenant has the right to a quiet and peaceful environment. The landlord is not allowed to interrupt the tenant's quiet enjoyment of the property.Right of making improvements: This is not a right of a tenant. Making changes or improvements to a property requires permission from the landlord. The landlord has the right to approve or disapprove any changes that a tenant wants to make. This is because any modification to the property would also affect the landlord’s investment and, hence, permission is necessary.
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When more resources are added, the additional output that these resources produce decreases. This is called the:
law of demand.
law of diminishing returns.
law of supply.
law of diminishing marginal utility.
"When more resources are added, the additional output that these resources produce decreases. This is called the law of diminishing returns."
Law of diminishing returns states that when the addition of one input factor, while other inputs remain constant, a point will be reached beyond which, the resulting extra returns (marginal returns) will begin to decline. Example: Suppose a firm uses one unit of capital and labor. If the firm adds more labor, it can increase the output of the product.
However, a point will come when adding more labor does not result in more product output. In the short-term production function, the law of diminishing returns is seen prominently. As the short-run production function is labor-intensive, the law of diminishing returns arises faster when more labor is employed to fixed capital (i.e., plant & machinery). This is because in the short-run capital is fixed.
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PA 11-6 (Static) Anvils Works' requires, on average, 2,800 tons of aluminum... Anvils Works' requires, on average, 2,800 tons of aluminum each week, with a standard deviation of 1,000 tons. The lead time to receive its orders is 10 weeks. The holding cost for one ton of aluminum for one week is $11. It operates with a 0.98 in-stock probability Use Table 11.5 (Round your answer to nearest integer.) a. On average, how many tons does it have on order? tons (Round your answer to nearest integer) b. On average, how many tons does it have on hand? tons (Round your answer to nearest Integer) c. ir its average inventory was 5,000 tons, what would be its average holding cost per week? per week (Round your answer to 2 decimal places) if its average inventory was 10.000 tons, what would be its average holding cost per ton of aluminum? d perton (Round your answer to 4 decimal places) Suppose its on-hand inventory is 4.975 tons on average What in-stock probability does it e. Prev 1 of 3 Next > (Round your answer to nearest Integer) a. On average, how many tons does it have on order? tons (Round your answer to nearest Integer) b. On average, how many tons does it have on hand? tons (Round your answer to nearest integer) c. If its average inventory was 5.000 tons, what would be its average holding cost per week? per week (Round your answer to 2 decimal places) If its average inventory was 10,000 tons, what would be its average holding cost per ton of aluminum? d per ton (Round your answer to 4 decimal places.) Suppose its on-hand inventory is 4.975 tons, on average What in-stock probability does it offer to its customers? Check PA 11-7 (Static) A laptop manufacturer wants to compare the total... A laptop manufacturer wants to compare the total cost of assembling its laptops in the United States versus Taiwan. All of the laptops will be sold in the United States. To evaluate inventory, it uses a safety factor of 225. The holding cost per laptop is $4 per week in the United States and $3.50 per week in Talwan. The lead time with US production is one week, whereas it is eight weeks with production in Taiwan. In addition, it costs $2 to ship laptops to the United States from Taiwan Weekly demand is 1000 laptops, with a standard deviation of 800. (Round your answer to 2 decimal places.) a. What is the per unit holding cost of a laptop with US production? per unit (Round your answer to 2 decimal places) b. What is the per unit holding cost of a laptop with production in Taiwan? per unit (Round your answer to 2 decimal places) A laptop requires 40 minutes of labor to assemble in the United States or in Taiwan c. The total cost of labor in the United States is $40 per hour, while in Taiwan it is $10 What is the change in cost per laptop if it switches production to Taiwan? per unit PA 11-8 (Static) High Plains Inc. manufacturers furniture in North Dakota. High Plains... High Plains Inc, manufacturers furniture in North Dakota. High Plains receives its wood from a lumber yard in Calgary The lead time for orders is 3 weeks. One of their board costs $15 per unit and the holding cost for this boord is $0.5 per week. They manage their Inventory to achieve a 99 percent in-stock probability Weekly demand is for 250 boords with a standard deviation of 200. Use Toble 11.5 boards a How many boards do they have on on order on average? boards b. How many boards do they have on hand on average? per week c. For this board what is the total holding cost incurred per week? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places.) d. What is the holding cost they incur per board? per board
High Plains Inc. has, on average, 750 boards on order and 7,500 boards on hand. They incur a total holding cost of $375 per week, resulting in a holding cost of $0.50 per board.
a. On average, Anvils Works has 2,800 tons of aluminum on order.
b. On average, Anvils Works has 28,000 tons of aluminum on hand.
c. If the average inventory of Anvils Works was 5,000 tons, the average holding cost per week would be $55,000.
d. If the average inventory of Anvils Works was 10,000 tons, the average holding cost per ton of aluminum would be $5.50.
e. If the on-hand inventory of Anvils Works is 4.975 tons on average, the in-stock probability it offers to its customers would be 98%.
a. On average, High Plains Inc. has 750 boards on order.
b. On average, High Plains Inc. has 7,500 boards on hand.
c. For this board, High Plains Inc. incurs a total holding cost of $375 per week.
d. High Plains Inc. incurs a holding cost of $1.50 per board.
a. To calculate the average number of boards on order, we use the formula: Average on-order quantity = Average demand during lead time + Safety stock. Given that the lead time demand is 250 boards (weekly demand) and the safety factor is 99%, the average on-order quantity is 250 + (2.33 * 200) = 750 boards.
b. To calculate the average number of boards on hand, we use the formula: Average on-hand quantity = Average demand per week + Safety stock. Given that the average weekly demand is 250 boards and the safety factor is 99%, the average on-hand quantity is 250 + (2.33 * 200) = 7,500 boards.
c. The total holding cost incurred per week can be calculated as: Total holding cost = Average on-hand quantity * Holding cost per board per week = 7,500 * $0.5 = $3,750.
d. The holding cost per board can be calculated as: Holding cost per board = Total holding cost / Average on-hand quantity = $3,750 / 7,500 = $0.50 per board.
In conclusion, High Plains Inc. has, on average, 750 boards on order and 7,500 boards on hand. They incur a total holding cost of $375 per week, resulting in a holding cost of $0.50 per board.
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u (x,y) = max (x,2y) px=1 py=2 m=4 what is the optimal consumption of x in equilibrium?
The optimal consumption of x and y are 2 and 1 respectively in equilibrium is the answer.
In this given situation, we are given the utility function u(x, y) = max (x, 2y) and prices p_x = 1, p_y = 2 and m = 4. We need to find the optimal consumption of x in equilibrium. The optimal consumption of x and y can be found by the following formulae: MRS = MU_x / MU_y = p_x / p_y
The marginal utility (MU) of x and y can be found using the partial derivative of the utility function with respect to x and y.
For the given function, we have: MU_x = 1 for x >= 2y and MU_x = 0 for x < 2yMU_y = 2 for all values of y
Now we can find the optimal consumption of x using MRS and the budget constraint.
The budget constraint equation is given by: p_x * x + p_y * y = m
Substituting the given values, we have: x + 2y = 4
Rearranging the above equation in terms of y, we get: y = (4 - x) / 2
Substituting MU_x, MU_y, p_x, p_y and y into the MRS formula, we have:1 / 2 = 1 / 2x / (4 - x)
Solving for x, we get:2x = 4 - xx = 2
Now we have the optimal consumption of x in equilibrium which is 2.
Therefore, the optimal consumption of y can be found as: y = (4 - x) / 2 = (4 - 2) / 2 = 1
Thus, the optimal consumption of x and y are 2 and 1 respectively in equilibrium.
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4. The uncertainty in return on assets due to the nature of a firm's operations is known as: A. business risk. B. financial risk C. tax efficiency. D. interest rate risk
The correct answer is A. Business risk refers to the uncertainty and variability in a firm's earnings and profitability due to the nature of its operations.
It is primarily influenced by factors such as competition, market demand, technological changes, input price variability, and operational efficiency. Business risk represents the inherent uncertainty and potential for fluctuations in a company's financial performance based on the specific industry and market conditions it operates in.
Financial risk, mentioned in option B, refers specifically to the risk associated with a company's capital structure and financing decisions, including the use of debt and the potential impact on financial stability and profitability.
Tax efficiency, mentioned in option C, refers to the effectiveness of a company's tax planning strategies and structures to minimize tax liabilities and optimize tax savings.
Interest rate risk, mentioned in option D, refers to the potential impact of fluctuations in interest rates on a company's financial performance, particularly in terms of borrowing costs, debt servicing, and the valuation of fixed-income securities. Interest rate risk is more related to financial markets and the broader macroeconomic environment rather than the nature of a firm's operations.
Therefore, the uncertainty in return on assets due to the nature of a firm's operations is known as business risk.
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Bahrain Company makes snow blowers. It has two departments that process all products: Assembly and Testing. The following data pertain to the Assembly department: Direct materials are added at the beginning of the process and conversion costs are uniformly incurred. The degree of completion of conversion cost is as follows: At the beginning of September, work in process is 40 % complete and at the end of the month work in process is 60% complete. Other data for the month include: Beginning work-in-process inventory 6,400 units Units started 8,000 units Units completed 12,800 units Ending work-in-process inventory ? I Conversion costs for September $800,000 $1,040,000 Direct materials cost September Questione Filter (12) K First Previous. Next > Last > Beginning work-in-process inventory 6,400 units Units started 8,000 units Units completed 12,800 units Ending work-in-process inventory ? Conversion costs for September $800,000 Direct materials cost September $1,040,000 Beginning work-in-process costs: Materials $616,000 $328,320 Conversion Required: a) Prepare a production cost schedule for the Assembly Department at the end of September using the weighted average method of process costing. (9 marks) b) Prepare the necessary journal entries.
To prepare a production cost schedule for the Assembly Department at the end of September using the weighted average method of process costing, we need to calculate the equivalent units of production for direct materials and conversion costs.
(a) Production Cost Schedule using the weighted average method:
1. Direct Materials:
Beginning Work-in-Process (BWIP) units = 6,400 units (40% complete)
Units Started = 8,000 units
Units Completed = 12,800 units
Ending Work-in-Process (EWIP) units = ?
Equivalent Units of Production for Direct Materials:
Units completed = 12,800 units
BWIP units * Percentage complete = 6,400 * 40% = 2,560 units
Total equivalent units of production for direct materials = Units completed + BWIP equivalent units = 12,800 + 2,560 = 15,360 units
Direct Materials Cost per Equivalent Unit:
Direct materials cost for September = $1,040,000
Direct materials cost per equivalent unit = Direct materials cost for September / Total equivalent units of production
= $1,040,000 / 15,360 units = $67.71 per unit
2. Conversion Costs:
Equivalent Units of Production for Conversion Costs:
Units completed = 12,800 units
BWIP units * Percentage complete = 6,400 * 40% = 2,560 units
EWIP units * Percentage complete = EWIP units * 60% (given EWIP is 60% complete)
Total equivalent units of production for conversion costs = Units completed + BWIP equivalent units + EWIP equivalent units
= 12,800 + 2,560 + (EWIP units * 60%)
Conversion Costs per Equivalent Unit:
Conversion costs for September = $800,000
Conversion costs per equivalent unit = Conversion costs for September / Total equivalent units of production
Now, let's calculate the EWIP units and complete the production cost schedule:
EWIP units = Units started + BWIP units - Units completed
= 8,000 + 6,400 - 12,800
= 1,600 units
Total equivalent units of production for conversion costs = 12,800 + 2,560 + (1,600 * 60%)
= 12,800 + 2,560 + 960
= 16,320 units
Conversion costs per equivalent unit = $800,000 / 16,320 units
= $48.96 per unit
(b) Journal entries:
To record the completion of units and transfer to the Testing Department:
Debit: Work-in-Process Inventory - Testing Department
Credit: Work-in-Process Inventory - Assembly Department
To record the cost of direct materials and conversion costs:
Debit: Work-in-Process Inventory - Assembly Department
- Direct Materials Cost ($67.71 per unit * Units completed)
- Conversion Costs ($48.96 per unit * Units completed)
Credit: Raw Materials Inventory (for direct materials cost)
Credit: Conversion Costs (for conversion costs)
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ELEKTO Sdn Bhd has a net profit of RM (L3D x 10,000) + 250,000 for year 2020. The company net profit was increased by 20% for year 2021. Based on the net profit 2021, they plan to invest 30% of the amount into a stock market. Estimate the total amount of the investment after FIVE (5) years if the profit forecast is 8% per annum compounded quarterly. (4 marks)
Given information:ELEKTO Sdn Bhd has a net profit of RM (L3D x 10,000) + 250,000 for year 2020.Net profit in 2021 is 20% more than that in 2020.
The company is investing 30% of the net profit of 2021.The forecasted profit rate is 8% per annum compounded quarterly.
To estimate the total amount of the investment after five years.Solution:Given the net profit for 2020 = RM (L3D x 10,000) + 250,000. So, substituting the value of L3D=4 in the above equation, we get,
Net profit in 2020 = RM (4 x 10,000) + 250,000= RM 290,000So, the net profit in 2021 would be = 290,000 + 0.2 × 290,000= 290,000 + 58,000= RM 348,000The company will invest 30% of the net profit of 2021 = 0.3 × 348,000= RM 104,400
We have to estimate the total amount of the investment after 5 years.
The rate of profit per annum = 8%.So, the rate of profit per quarter = 8/4 = 2%
Let us calculate the total investment after five years.
Using the compound interest formula:A = P (1 + r/n)^(n × t)where, A = Total amount of investment after 5 years
P = Principal or initial investmentr = rate of interest per quartern = number of times the interest is compounded per quarter (4)
T = Time period in quarters (5 × 4 = 20)So, the total amount of investment after 5 years,
A = 104,400 (1 + 0.02/4)^(4 × 20)= 104,400 (1 + 0.005)^80= 104,400 × 1.440= RM 150,336
Total amount of the investment after five years is RM 150,336.
Answer: The total amount of the investment after five years is RM 150,336.
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what is the effect of an import tariff charged on a particular good
The effect of an import tariff charged on a particular good is to increase the cost of that good in the importing country. This is because the tariff adds to the price of the good, making it more expensive for consumers to purchase. In addition, the increased cost of the imported good may lead to a decrease in demand for it, as consumers seek out cheaper alternatives that are domestically produced.
An import tariff is a tax on goods that are imported into a country from other countries. The purpose of an import tariff is to protect domestic industries from competition from foreign producers by making it more expensive to import goods. Import tariffs can also be used as a source of revenue for governments. An import tariff charged on a particular good can have several effects. First, it can increase the cost of that good in the importing country. This is because the tariff adds to the price of the good, making it more expensive for consumers to purchase.
In addition, the increased cost of the imported good may lead to a decrease in demand for it, as consumers seek out cheaper alternatives that are domestically produced. This can benefit domestic producers who compete with the imported good. Second, an import tariff can reduce the quantity of the imported good that is consumed in the importing country. This is because the higher price of the imported good may lead to a decrease in demand for it, as mentioned above. The reduction in the quantity of the imported good that is consumed can be beneficial to domestic producers who compete with the imported good. However, it can also be detrimental to consumers who are forced to pay a higher price for the imported good or who may not be able to afford it at all. Third, an import tariff can lead to retaliation by the exporting country. This is because the exporting country may see the import tariff as unfair or protectionist. In response, it may impose its own tariffs on goods exported from the importing country. This can lead to a trade war, where both countries impose tariffs on each other's goods, making trade between them more difficult and costly. Finally, an import tariff can have distributional effects within the importing country. This is because some groups may benefit from the tariff, while others may be harmed by it. For example, domestic producers who compete with the imported good may benefit from the tariff, while consumers who purchase the imported good may be harmed by it. Similarly, some regions or industries may benefit from the tariff, while others may be harmed by it. These distributional effects are an important consideration when deciding whether to impose an import tariff. In conclusion, an import tariff charged on a particular good can have several effects, both positive and negative. It can increase the cost of the imported good, reduce the quantity of it that is consumed, lead to retaliation by the exporting country, and have distributional effects within the importing country. When considering whether to impose an import tariff, policymakers must weigh these effects against the benefits of protecting domestic industries and generating revenue for the government. They must also consider the potential costs of retaliation by the exporting country and the potential negative effects on consumers and other groups within the importing country.
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Bonds Payable Sold at a Discount; Effective Interest Amortization On December 31, Daggett Company issued $800,000 of ten-year, nine percent bonds payable for $750,232, yielding an effective interest rate of ten percent. Interest is payable semiannually on June 30 and December 31. Determine the balance sheet effect of:
(a) the issuance of the bonds
(b) the first semiannual interest payment and discount amortization (effective interest method) on June 30
(c) the second semiannual interest payment and discount amortization on December 31 Round amounts to the nearest dollar.
The issuance of the bonds on December 31 will increase the bonds payable liability by $800,000 and increase the cash inflow by $750,232. The first semiannual interest payment and discount amortization on June 30 will decrease the cash outflow by the interest payment amount and increase the bond discount by the amortization amount. The second semiannual interest payment and discount amortization on December 31 will have the same effect as in (b).
(a) The issuance of the bonds on December 31 will result in the following balance sheet effects:
Bonds Payable: The liability for bonds payable will increase by $800,000.
Cash: The cash inflow from issuing the bonds will be $750,232, which is the selling price of the bonds.
(b) On June 30, the first semiannual interest payment and discount amortization will occur. The interest payment will reduce the cash balance, and the discount amortization will increase the bond discount. The specific amounts will depend on the effective interest method calculation, which takes into account the bond's face value, interest rate, and remaining term.
(c) On December 31, the second semiannual interest payment and discount amortization will have the same effect as in (b). The interest payment will reduce the cash balance, and the discount amortization will increase the bond discount.
In both cases (b) and (c), the interest payment and discount amortization will continue throughout the ten-year term of the bond until the bond reaches its face value at maturity.
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PR 10-3A Depreciation by three methods; partial years OBJ. 2 Perdue Company purchased equipment on April 1 for $270,000. The equipment was expected to have a useful life of three years, or 18,000 operating hours, and a residual value of $9,000. The equipment was used for 7,500 hours during Year 1, 5,500 hours in Year 2, 4,000 hours in Year 3, and 1,000 hours in Year 4. Instructions Determine the amount of depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, Year 1, Year 2, Year 3, and Year 4, by (a) the straight-line method, (b) the units-of-activity method, and (c) the double-declining-balance method. Year Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Totals Calculations: Straight-line method: For full year: (Cost For part years: Year 1 Depreciation x Portion of Year Year 4 Depreciation x Portion of Year Units-of-activity method: (Cost Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 a. Straight- Line Residual Value) Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Residual Value) Double-declining-balance method: Depreciable Balance Rate Depreciation Expense 1 X X b. Units-of- Activity Years Depreciation Depreciation Total Hours Hours Rate C. Double-Declining- Balance Residual Value Yearly Depreciation Since depreciation cannot cause book value to fall below residual value: Depreciable Balance Rate Yearly Depreciation X Portion of Year = Yearly Depreciation Yearly Depreciation
Straight-line method: Year 1: $87,000, Year 2: $87,000, Year 3: $87,000; Year 4: $87,000Units-of-activity method:, Year 1: $112,500, Year 2: $82,500, Year 3: $60,000, Year 4: $15,000
Given,Perdue Company purchased equipment on April 1 for $270,000.
The equipment was expected to have a useful life of three years, or 18,000 operating hours, and a residual value of $9,000.The equipment was used for 7,500 hours during Year 1, 5,500 hours in Year 2, 4,000 hours in Year 3, and 1,000 hours in Year 4.
To find Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, Year 1, Year 2, Year 3, and Year 4 by(a) the straight-line method,
(b) the units-of-activity method, and (c) the double-declining-balance method.Straight-line method:
Formula to calculate annual depreciation expense = (Cost - Residual Value) / Useful life in yearsYear 1 : $270,000 - $9,000 / 3 = $87,000Year 2: $270,000 - $9,000 / 3 = $87,000Year 3: $270,000 - $9,000 / 3 = $87,000Year 4: $270,000 - $9,000 / 3 = $87,000
Units-of-activity method:
Formula to calculate depreciation rate per hour = (Cost - Residual Value) / Total estimated units of activity= ($270,000 - $9,000) / 18,000 = $15
Year 1: $15 x 7500 = $112,500Year 2: $15 x 5500 = $82,500Year 3: $15 x 4000 = $60,000Year 4: $15 x 1000 = $15,000
Double-declining-balance method:Formula to calculate depreciation rate per hour = 2 / Useful life= 2 / 3 = 66.67%
Depreciation Expense in Year 1= 66.67% x $270,000 = $180,009
Depreciable base for year 2= $270,000 - $180,009 = $89,991Depreciation Expense in Year 2= 66.67% x $89,991 = $59,991
Depreciable base for year 3= $89,991 - $59,991 = $29,000Depreciation Expense in Year 3= 66.67% x $29,000 = $19,333
Depreciable base for year 4= $29,000 - $19,333 = $9,667Depreciation Expense in Year 4= 66.67% x $9,667 = $6,444
Therefore, the amount of depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, Year 1, Year 2, Year 3, and Year 4, by the straight-line method, the units-of-activity method, and the double-declining-balance method is:
Straight-line method:
Year 1: $87,000
Year 2: $87,000
Year 3: $87,000
Year 4: $87,000Units-of-activity method:
Year 1: $112,500
Year 2: $82,500
Year 3: $60,000
Year 4: $15,000
Double-declining-balance method:
Year 1: $180,009
Year 2: $59,991
Year 3: $19,333
Year 4: $6,444
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Q :What are the limitations world is facing and what extra limitations developing country like Pakistan is going to face when this dimension of fintech (Digital Currency) is implemented?
a: Analyze the skill set needed to apply Digital Currency in given financial setup ?
b: How to promote this dimension of Digital Currency in Pakistan ?
The limitations the world is facing and the extra limitations a developing country like Pakistan will face when implementing fintech's digital currency include.
A. Analyze the skill set needed to apply Digital Currency in given financial setupIn order to apply digital currency to a given financial setup, the following skill sets are needed:
Cryptology experts: They are responsible for the development of encryption techniques that would be utilized to guarantee the security of the digital currency network.Blockchain developers: They're in charge of creating and maintaining blockchain technology, which is a critical component of digital currency.E-commerce experts: They are responsible for the implementation of electronic transactions on the digital currency network.Bankers: They're in charge of managing financial transactions and ensuring that they're carried out in accordance with established procedures.B. How to promote this dimension of Digital Currency in Pakistan?
The following strategies can be employed to promote digital currency in Pakistan:
Conferences: Organize conferences to educate the public about the advantages of using digital currency.Seminars: Host seminars to discuss the technical aspects of digital currency and how they function.Awareness campaigns: Conduct awareness campaigns via social media, television, and radio to educate the public about the benefits of digital currency and how to use it.Advertising: Digital currency-based businesses and service providers may advertise their services and solutions to potential clients through various online platforms, including social media and websites.Incentives: Provide incentives such as discounts and cashback offers to encourage individuals to use digital currency to purchase goods and services.To know more about currency visit:
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Price in dollars 25 H K: 20 15 MSB 10 5 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Smoke detectors (millions per year) Refer the the graph above to answer the following quesitons: a. Is this graph representating a positive or negative externality Explain how you know. (1 points) b. What is the SOCIALLY OPTIMAL price and quantity of this product when the externality is taken into account? (1 points) c. What are some ways that policy makers could step in and address the externality represented in the graph? MC-MSC G MB
a. The graph represents a negative externality.
The reason is, the marginal social benefit (MSB) is greater than the marginal social cost (MSC) at the market equilibrium price of $10. However, the quantity demanded is higher than the socially optimal quantity (Q*) at which MSB = MSC. As a result, there is an overallocation of resources towards the production of smoke detectors. Hence, it represents a negative externality.
b. The socially optimal price and quantity of this product when the externality is taken into account is at $15 and 5 million units respectively. This is because, at this point, MSB = MSC and there is no overallocation or under allocation of resources towards the production of smoke detectors.
c. Policymakers could step in and address the externality represented in the graph in a number of ways. Some of these ways include:
a) Imposing a tax on smoke detectors that would increase their price to the socially optimal level of $15. This would lead to a decrease in the quantity demanded of smoke detectors to the socially optimal level of 5 million units.
b) Subsidizing the production of alternatives to smoke detectors that would reduce the negative externality associated with them.
c) Imposing a quota on the production of smoke detectors to reduce the quantity supplied to the socially optimal level of 5 million units.
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BNY plc, which pays corporation tax at 25%, has the following capital structure: Ordinary shares: 900,000 ordinary shares of nominal value 25p per share. The market value of the shares is 49p per share. A dividend of 7p per share has just been paid, and dividends are expected to grow by 7% per year for the foreseeable future. Preference shares: 350,000 preference shares of nominal value 60p per share. The market value of the shares is 32p per share and the annual net dividend of 7.5% has just been paid. Debentures: GHC100,000 of 10-year redeemable debentures with a market price of GHC92 per GHC100 block. These debentures have a coupon rate of 10% and the annual interest payment has just been made. Calculate the weighted average after-tax cost of capital of BNY plc. Q5 (b) Preferred stock is source of finance also called a hybrid security. Justify the usage of preferred stock on the capital structure of companies such as Standard Chartered Bank (GH) Ltd.
Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC):Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) is a measure of a company's cost of capital.
Then, the after-tax cost of each financial component is divided by the company's total market value to obtain the weighted average cost of capital (WACC).
The formula for calculating WACC is given by, WACC = (E/ V × Re) + [(D/ V × Rd) × (1 − Tc)] where, E = Market value of the company's equity, D = Market value of the company's debt, V = Total value of capital (equity plus debt), Re = Cost of equity, Rd = Cost of debt, and Tc = Corporate tax rate. Calculation of WACC of BNY plc: Firstly, we have to calculate the market value of the equity, which is as follows: Market value of ordinary shares = Number of ordinary shares × Market value per share = 900,000 × £0.49 = £441,000.Market value of preference shares = Number of preference shares × Market value per share = 350,000 × £0.32 = £112,000. Therefore, the market value of equity (E) = £441,000 + £112,000 = £553,000. The market value of debt (D) is GHC100,000 × GHC92 = £92,000.
Now, we will calculate the cost of equity (Re) as follows: Cost of equity = (Dividend per share ÷ Market value per share) + Dividend growth rate = (£0.07 ÷ £0.49) + 7% = 21.4%Next, we will calculate the after-tax cost of debt (Rd) as follows:After-tax cost of debt = (Coupon rate × (1 − Tax rate)) + (Market discount ÷ Years to maturity) = (10% × (1 − 25%)) + (8% ÷ 10) = 8.5%Therefore, the WACC of BNY plc is: WACC = [(E/ V × Re) + (D/ V × Rd)] = [(£553,000/ £645,000 × 21.4%) + (£92,000/ £645,000 × 8.5%)] = 17.2%
It usually pays a fixed dividend and is senior to common stock but subordinate to debt in the event of bankruptcy.
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There is one period. Assume a representative agent with utility function U(ct) = 1 - exp(nct). In parts b) through h) assume the following: • n = .01. • Consumption at t = 0 is Co = 25. • At t = 1 one of two states 0₁ and 2 eventuate with probability #₁ = .5, and 72 = .5, respectively. • There are two complex securities s¹ and s². s¹ has a payoff of 23 in 0₁ and 27 in 02. • s² has a payoff of 21 in 0₁ and 31 in 02. Answer the following: (a) Derive an expression for the stochastic discount factor mt+1? (b) What are the prices q¹ and q² of complex securities s¹ and s² at t = 0?
The stochastic discount factor (SDF) in this scenario can be derived using utility function & probabilities of two states. The prices of complex securities s¹ & s² at time t=0, denoted as q¹ and q², can be calculated by
Let's start with the expression for mt+1. Since there are two possible states at t=1, we can calculate the expected utility as follows:
[tex]EU(t=1) = p₁ * U(c₁) + p₂ * U(c₂[/tex],
For s¹: [tex]c1 = Co - 23 = 25 - 23[/tex] ,[tex]c2 = Co - 27 = 25 - 27[/tex].
For s²:[tex]c1 = Co - 21 = 25 - 21[/tex], [tex]c2 = Co - 31 = 25 - 31[/tex].
Finally, to calculate the prices q¹ and q² of the complex securities at t=0, we divide the expected utilities at t=1 by the respective SDFs and sum them up:[tex]q^{1} = EU^{1} (t=1) / mt+1[/tex], [tex]q^{2}= EU^{2} (t=1) / mt+1[/tex].
By plugging in the calculated values, you can find the prices of the complex securities s¹ and s² at t=0.
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Burchells Ltd owns a machine that originally cost $36 000. It has been depreciated using the straight-line method for three years, giving an accumulated depreciation of $15 000 (the salvage value was estimated at $6000 and the useful life at six years). At the beginning of the current financial year its carrying value was therefore $21 000. It has been decided by the directors to revalue it to fair value, which has been assessed to be $38 000. The salvage value and useful life are considered to be unchanged. What are the appropriate entries to record the revaluation using the net-amount method and the depreciation expense for the current year (rounded to the nearest dollar)?
To record the revaluation of the machine using the net-amount method, the following journal entry should be made:
Revaluation:
Machine (Asset) $17,000
Accumulated Depreciation $15,000
Revaluation Surplus (Equity) $2,000
Explanation:
Machine (Asset) is debited to increase the carrying value of the machine to its revalued amount of $38,000.
Accumulated Depreciation is credited to remove the previous accumulated depreciation of $15,000.
Revaluation Surplus (Equity) is credited with the difference between the revalued amount and the carrying value, which is $2,000.
To record the depreciation expense for the current year, the following journal entry should be made:
Depreciation Expense:
Depreciation Expense (Expense) $3,500
Accumulated Depreciation $3,500
Explanation:
Depreciation Expense (Expense) is debited to record the expense incurred during the current year, which is calculated as the difference between the carrying value at the beginning of the year ($21,000) and the revalued amount ($38,000) divided by the remaining useful life (3 years).
Accumulated Depreciation is credited to increase the accumulated depreciation by the amount of depreciation expense recorded.
Please note that the dollar amounts in the entries are rounded figures and may not reflect the exact depreciation calculation.
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Salmon / Fish Manufacturing Bukes is a relatively newer manufacturing operation. Located in Alaska. Details: • Your space is 3000 square feet, with 2 shipping / receiving docks Office Staff 2 employees and 8 Operations employees. • Process • When boats arrive - fish must be cleaned and frozen within 4 days • Process : boat arrives, dump fish, sort fish: salmon and other • All fish are cleaned and head removed, goes through fish frozen or by products • Operations is all year round but in the fall operations doubles. Resulting in a temporary increase until Nov • Normal fish production rate is 500 kilograms per day • Fish by products 200 kilograms per day • Plant works 5 days a week • Demand is 400 kgs per week for fish product • Demand for fish by products is 90 kgs per week • Dec month - fish product- goes up 50% more per week • Shelf life 3 years if in the freezer
Salmon / Fish Manufacturing Bukes is a relatively newer manufacturing operation that is located in Alaska. Given below are the details of this manufacturing operation:
Space: The manufacturing space of Salmon / Fish Manufacturing Bukes is 3000 square feet, which includes 2 shipping / receiving docks.
Personnel: There are 2 office staff members and 8 operations employees in the manufacturing operation.
Process: The process starts with the arrival of boats, following which the fish must be cleaned and frozen within 4 days. Upon arrival, the fish is dumped, and sorting of the fish takes place.
There are two categories: salmon and other fish. All the fish are cleaned and the head is removed. They are then sent for freezing or turned into by-products.
Operations: The operations are all year round, but in the fall, operations double, resulting in a temporary increase until November.
Production Rate: The normal fish production rate is 500 kilograms per day, whereas the fish by-products rate is 200 kilograms per day.
Working days: The plant works for 5 days a week.
Demand: The demand for fish products is 400 kgs per week, whereas the demand for fish by-products is 90 kgs per week.
December Month: During the month of December, the demand for fish products goes up by 50% per week.
Shelf life: The shelf life of the fish products is 3 years if kept in the freezer.
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