The given redox reaction is: Sn2+(aq) + Ni(s) → Sn(s) + Ni2+(aq) The reaction is spontaneous at the given conditions, and the standard Gibbs free energy change (ΔG°) is negative. The given standard reduction potentials are:
Sn2+(aq) + 2e- → Sn(s)
E° red = -0.136 VNi2+(aq) + 2e- → Ni(s)
E° red = -0.257 V
The net cell potential can be obtained by subtracting the standard reduction potential of the anode from the standard reduction potential of the cathode.
E° cell = E° red (cathode) - E° red (anode)
= (-0.257) - (-0.136) V = -0.121 V
The standard Gibbs free energy change (ΔG°) of the reaction can be obtained by using the following relation:
ΔG° = -n FE° cell Here,
n = 2, F = Faraday constant
= 96500 C mol-1ΔG°
= - (2) (96500 C mol-1) (-0.121 V)
= +23,257 JC is Coulombs and J is joules
Thus, ΔG° = +23.257 kJ mol-1 The relation between the equilibrium constant (K) and standard Gibbs free energy change (ΔG°) is given by:
ΔG° = -RT ln K Where,
R is the gas constant = 8.314
J K-1 mol-1T is the absolute temperature K = antilog
[(-ΔG°) / (RT)]K = antilog [(23257) / (8.314 x 298)]K = antilog (9.084)K = 9.1 x 106
Since the equilibrium constant (K) is greater than 1, therefore the reaction is spontaneous at the given conditions and the standard Gibbs free energy change (ΔG°) is negative.
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beaker with 332 ml of an acid solution with a pka of 5.80 has a ph of 3.98. a. what is the initial concentration of the acid?
The initial concentration of the acid is 0.000697 M.
pH = pKa + log [tex][A^-][/tex] / [HA]
Initial concentration of the acid can be calculated as follows,
pH = pKa + log [tex][A^-][/tex] / [HA]3.98
= 5.80 + log [A-] / [HA]-1.82
= log [tex][A^-][/tex] / [HA]Antilog (-1.82)
= [tex][A^-][/tex] / [HA] [tex][A^-][/tex] is the concentration of conjugate base of acid and [HA] is the concentration of the undissociated acid.[A-] / [HA] = 0.0159 (approx)
We know that, [tex][A^-][/tex] + [HA] = C
initial Concentration of the acid = [HA] = C
initial / (1 + [tex][A^-][/tex] / [HA]) = C
initial / (1 + 0.0159) = C
initial / 1.0159C
initial = [HA] * 1.0159
Initial concentration of acid = [HA] = ([tex]10^(^-^p^K^a^)[/tex]) * (volume of the solution in liters) * [tex](10^(^p^H^)[/tex]
=[tex](10^(^-^5^.^8^0^)) * (0.332 L) * (10^(^3^.^9^8^))[/tex]
= [tex]6.97 * 10^(^-^4^)[/tex] M
= 0.000697 M
Therefore, the initial concentration of the acid is 0.000697 M.
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the standard cell potential (e°cell) for the reaction below is 1.10 v. the cell potential for this reaction is ________ v when the concentration of and zn (s) cu2 (aq) → cu (s) zn2 (aq)
The given equation is: Zn (s) + Cu2+ (aq) → Cu (s) + Zn2+ (aq). Given that, the standard cell potential (E°cell) for the above reaction is 1.10 V.
Now, we need to calculate the cell potential (Ecell) when the concentration of [Cu2+] and [Zn2+] is 0.10 M.
The Nernst equation is used to calculate the cell potential under non-standard conditions. Ecell = E°cell - (0.0592/n)logQ where, Q = reaction quotient n = the number of electrons transferred.
Thus, the equation for the given reaction is written as follows: Zn (s) + Cu2+ (aq) → Cu (s) + Zn2+ (aq).
Now, calculate the reaction quotient, Q.Q = ([Cu2+][Zn2+])/([Zn][Cu2+]) = ([Cu2+]^1/[Zn2+]^1).
On substituting the given values, we get;Q = (0.10/1)/(1/0.10)Q = 1Ecell = E°cell - (0.0592/2)logQ = 1.10 - 0.0296log (1) = 1.10 V.
Thus, the cell potential when the concentration of [Cu2+] and [Zn2+] is 0.10 M is 1.10 V, which is the same as the standard cell potential (E°cell).
Hence, the correct answer is 1.10V.
Note: The number of electrons transferred in the given reaction is 2.
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The following product can be synthesized from a conjugate addition reaction. Draw the starting materials needed in the appropriately labeled boxes. aldehyde or ketone ?-dicarbonyl compound
The starting materials needed for the synthesis of the product from a conjugate addition reaction are an aldehyde or ketone and a β-dicarbonyl compound.
In a conjugate addition reaction, an aldehyde or ketone reacts with a β-dicarbonyl compound to form a product with a modified carbon-carbon double bond system.
The aldehyde or ketone serves as the electrophile, while the β-dicarbonyl compound acts as the nucleophile. When the reaction occurs, the nucleophile attacks the electrophile, leading to the formation of a new bond and subsequent rearrangement of the carbon-carbon double bond system.
This synthesis pathway allows for the introduction of functional groups and structural modifications into the molecule. By carefully selecting the appropriate aldehyde or ketone and β-dicarbonyl compound, chemists can control the outcome of the reaction and obtain the desired product.
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what mass of zn (in g) would be required to completely react with 1.40 l of 0.750 m hbr in the following chemical reaction? zn(s) 2 hbr(aq) → znbr₂ (aq) h₂(g
According to the solving 34.33 grams of Zn would be required to completely react with 1.40 L of 0.750 M HBr.
How many moles of HBr are present in 1.40 L of 0.750 M HBr solution? Number of moles of HBr = molarity × volume of solution in liters
= 0.750 M × 1.40 L
= 1.05 moles of HBr Given the balanced chemical equation below:
Zn(s) + 2 HBr(aq) → ZnBr₂(aq) + H₂(g)
We know that 1 mole of Zn reacts with 2 moles of HBr to give 1 mole of ZnBr₂ and 1 mole of H₂. The balanced chemical equation shows that:1 mole of Zn reacts with 2 moles of HBr.
So, 1.05 moles of HBr will react with how many moles of Zn? Number of moles of Zn required = 1.05 moles/2= 0.525 moles of Zn.
Now, we can use the molar mass of Zn to convert from moles of Zn to mass of Zn. The atomic weight of Zn is 65.38 g/mol.
The mass of 0.525 moles of Zn= 0.525 mol × 65.38 g/mol
= 34.33 g
Hence, 34.33 grams of Zn would be required to completely react with 1.40 L of 0.750 M HBr.
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A solution contains dissolved NaIO3. What is the concentration of NaIO3 if adding excess Pb(IO3)2 (s) produces [Pb2+] = 8.50 x 10-6M?
I found the [IO3-] = 1.72 x 10-4
Ksp of Pb(IO3)2 = 2.5 x 10-13
How do I calculate [NaIO3]?
The concentration of [NaIO₃] if adding excess Pb(IO₃)₂ (s) produces [Pb²⁺] = 8.50 x 10⁻⁶ M is 3.7 × 10⁻² M.
To determine the concentration of NaIO₃ when excess Pb(IO₃)₂ (s) is added to a solution containing dissolved NaIO₃ and [Pb²⁺] = 8.50 × 10⁻⁶ M, we can use the following steps:
Step 1: Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between NaIO₃ and Pb(IO₃)₂:
Pb(IO₃)₂(s) → Pb²⁺(aq) + 2IO₃⁻(aq)
Step 2: Write the Ksp expression for Pb(IO₃)₂ using the balanced equation and given values:
Ksp = [Pb²⁺][IO₃⁻]2
= (8.50 × 10⁻⁶)(2 × 1.72 × 10⁻⁴)2
Ksp = 5.8 × 10⁻¹¹
Step 3: Write the expression for [IO₃⁻] in terms of [NaIO₃] and Ksp of Pb(IO₃)₂:
[IO₃⁻] = (2Ksp/[NaIO₃])1/2[NaIO₃]
= 2Ksp/[IO₃⁻]2[NaIO₃]
= 2(2.5 × 10⁻¹³)/(2 × 1.72 × 10⁻⁴)2[NaIO₃]
= 3.7 × 10⁻² M
Therefore, the concentration of NaIO₃ is 3.7 × 10⁻² M.
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The result is negative, which means that there is no NaIO3 in the solution. This is because all the NaIO3 has reacted with Pb(IO3)2 to form Pb2+ and IO3-. Therefore, the concentration of NaIO3 is 0 M.
The [NaIO3] can be calculated using the given information and the Ksp of Pb(IO3)2.
Here are the steps to calculate the concentration of NaIO3 in the solution:
Step 1: Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction.
2Pb(IO3)2 (s) → 2Pb2+(aq) + 4IO3-(aq)
Step 2: Calculate the molar solubility of Pb(IO3)2 using the Ksp value and the formula.
Ksp = [Pb2+]2[IO3-]4
Let x be the molar solubility of Pb(IO3)2, then:
2.5 × 10-13 = x2(4x)4x3 = 6.25 × 10-14x = 6.3 × 10-5 M
Step 3: Determine the excess concentration of Pb2+ by subtracting the solubility of Pb(IO3)2 from the given [Pb2+].
[Pb2+] = 8.50 × 10-6 M
Excess concentration of
Pb2+ = [Pb2+] - (2 × 6.3 × 10-5) M = 8.50 × 10-6 - 1.26 × 10-4 = - 1.17 × 10-4 M
Step 4: Since two moles of Pb2+ is produced for every mole of NaIO3, we can divide the excess concentration of Pb2+ by 2 to get the concentration of
NaIO3. [NaIO3] = Excess concentration of Pb2+ ÷ 2 = (-1.17 × 10-4) ÷ 2 = -5.85 × 10-5 M
Note that the result is negative, which means that there is no NaIO3 in the solution. This is because all the NaIO3 has reacted with Pb(IO3)2 to form Pb2+ and IO3-. Therefore, the concentration of NaIO3 is 0 M.
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The following reaction can be used to convert carbon dioxide to oxygen gas. 4 KO₂ (s) + 2 CO₂(g) → 2 K₂CO₃(s) + 3 O₂(g)
A. What is the mass in grams of oxygen gas that can be produced from 0.521 grams of carbon dioxide?
B. What is the mass in grams of oxygen gas that can be produced from 0.838 grams of KO₂?
C. Which reactant is limiting?
D. Given that the reaction has a percent yield of 83.4%, what is the mass in g of oxygen gas that is actually produced?
A) What is the mass in grams of oxygen gas that can be produced from 0.521 grams of carbon dioxide? We can find the mass of O2 produced from 0.521 g of CO2 using stoichiometry as follows:4 KO₂(s) + 2 CO₂(g) → 2 K₂CO₃(s) + 3 O₂(g)Molecular mass of CO₂ = 44 g/mol Molecular mass of O₂ = 32 g/mol.
According to the given equation,2 moles of CO₂ produces 3 moles of O₂. Therefore, 44 g of CO₂ produces 48 g of O₂. Let's calculate the moles of CO2.0.521 g of CO₂ × (1 mol CO₂ / 44 g CO₂) = 0.0118 mol CO₂. Using the mole ratio from the balanced equation, the moles of O₂ that can be produced are:3 mol O₂/ 2 mol CO₂ × 0.0118 mol CO₂ = 0.0177 mol O₂. The mass of O₂ produced can be calculated as: mass = moles × molecular mass = 0.0177 mol × 32 g/mol ≈ 0.566 g.
Therefore, the mass of oxygen gas that can be produced from 0.521 grams of carbon dioxide is 0.566 g.
B) What is the mass in grams of oxygen gas that can be produced from 0.838 grams of KO₂?Similarly, we can find the mass of O₂ produced from 0.838 g of KO₂ using stoichiometry as follows:4 KO₂(s) + 2 CO₂(g) → 2 K₂CO₃(s) + 3 O₂(g). Molecular mass of KO₂ = 71 g/mol. Molecular mass of O₂ = 32 g/mol.
According to the given equation,4 moles of KO₂ produces 3 moles of O₂. Therefore, 71 g of KO₂ produces 48 g of O₂.
Let's calculate the moles of KO₂.0.838 g of KO₂ × (1 mol KO₂ / 71 g KO₂) = 0.0118 mol KO₂. Using the mole ratio from the balanced equation, the moles of O₂ that can be produced are:3 mol O₂/ 4 mol KO₂ × 0.0118 mol KO₂ = 0.00885 mol O₂. The mass of O₂ produced can be calculated as: mass = moles × molecular mass = 0.00885 mol × 32 g/mol ≈ 0.283 g.
Therefore, the mass of oxygen gas that can be produced from 0.838 grams of KO₂ is 0.283 g.
C) Which reactant is limiting? To determine which reactant is limiting, we can compare the number of moles of O₂ that can be produced from each reactant with their respective stoichiometric coefficients. The moles of O₂ that can be produced from 0.521 g of CO₂ = 0.0177 mol. The moles of O₂ that can be produced from 0.838 g of KO₂ = 0.00885 mol. Since KO₂ produces fewer moles of O₂ than CO₂, it is the limiting reactant.
D) Given that the reaction has a percent yield of 83.4%, what is the mass in g of oxygen gas that is actually produced?We can calculate the mass of oxygen gas actually produced using the percent yield of the reaction.percent yield = (actual yield / theoretical yield) × 100. Rearranging the equation gives: actual yield = (percent yield / 100) × theoretical yield. The theoretical yield is the mass of O₂ calculated in part A. The percent yield is 83.4%.actual yield = (83.4 / 100) × 0.566 g = 0.472 g.
Therefore, the mass of oxygen gas that is actually produced with a percent yield of 83.4% is 0.472 g.
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Determine the mass percent K2C2O4 in a sample Unknown X, given the following information. A sample of 1.25 g Unknown X was dissolved in 25 mL DI water and 25 mL 3 M H2SO4. The sample was titrated with 0.0421 M KMnO4 solution and it took 33.52 mL to reach the endpoint.
The mass percent K2C2O4 in a sample Unknown X is determined below The molar mass of K2C2O4 is 245.26 g/mol. The balanced equation for the reaction is:K2C2O4 + KMnO4 + H2SO4 → K2SO4 + MnSO4 + CO2 +
H2OFrom the are equation stoichiometry between KMnO4 and K2C2O4 is The reaction equation is used to calculate the number of moles of K2C2O4 in Unknown X .From the balanced equation above,1 mol KMnO4 reacts with 1 mol K2C2O4 moles of K2C2O4 in Unknown X = moles of KMnO4 used Since the concentration of KMnO4 used is given as 0.0421 M (Molar concentration or molarity),then moles of KMnO4 = (0.0421 mol/dm³)(33.52 mL)(1 dm³/1000 mL) = 0.001410 dm³The volume of the solution of Unknown X is given as 25 mL (milliliters), therefore its concentration can be calculated as follows Concentration of K2C2O4 = moles of K2C2O4 / volume of solution of Unknown X in liters= (0.001410 mol) / (25 mL/1000) L= 0.0564 mol/L= 5.64 g/LThis means that in 1 L of solution of Unknown X,
there are 5.64 g of K2C2O4.In 25 mL of solution of Unknown X, there are:5.64 g/L × 25 mL / 1000 mL = 0.141 g of K2C2O4 The mass percent K2C2O4 in a sample Unknown X can be determined by taking the mass of K2C2O4 present in the sample as a fraction of the total mass of the sample and then multiplying by 100%. Concentration of K2C2O4 = 5.64 g/L The volume of the solution of Unknown X is given as 25 mL (milliliters), therefore its concentration can be calculated as follows Concentration of K2C2O4 = (0.0564 mol/L)×(2 mol K2C2O4/1 mol KMnO4)×(245.26 g K2C2O4/1 mol K2C2O4)= 27.72 g/L Mass of K2C2O4 in Unknown X = (27.72 g/L)×(25 mL/1000 mL)= 0.693 gMass percent K2C2O4 in Unknown X = (Mass of K2C2O4 in Unknown X / Mass of Unknown X) × 100%= (0.693 g / 1.25 g) × 100%= 55.44%Therefore, the mass percent K2C2O4 in a sample Unknown X is 55.44%.
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When the change in free energy for a reaction, (AG°) is positive, the correct statement for the equilibrium constant Keg is: a) Keq = 0 Ob) Keg > 1 c) Keq = 1 d) Keq <1
When the change in free energy for a reaction, (AG°) is positive, the correct statement for the equilibrium constant Keg is:Keq <1.Therefore, the correct option among the given alternatives is d) Keq <1.
What is the equilibrium constant Keg Equilibrium constant is a numerical value that shows how much a chemical reaction favors reactants or products at equilibrium. It is a ratio of product concentrations to reactant concentrations at equilibrium and can be calculated by applying concentration or pressure of each component in the balanced equation.
For a reaction at standard conditions, the equilibrium constant is called K°. If the value of ΔG° of a reaction is positive, then the reaction is not spontaneous, and the value of Keg is less than 1. Therefore, the option Keq <1 is correct for the given question.
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methamphetamine and cocaine are the most widely used stimulant drugs in the world.
Methamphetamine and cocaine are the most widely used stimulant drugs in the world. This statement is False.
While methamphetamine and cocaine are indeed stimulant drugs, it is not accurate to say that they are the most widely used stimulant drugs in the world. The term "widely used" can have different interpretations, such as considering prevalence rates, total number of users, or global consumption patterns.In terms of prevalence rates and total number of users, substances such as caffeine and nicotine are far more widely used stimulants. Caffeine, found in coffee, tea, and various beverages, is consumed by a large portion of the global population. Nicotine, found in tobacco products, is also widely used, although efforts to reduce smoking rates have been made in many countries.It's important to note that drug use patterns can vary across regions and populations, and there may be other stimulant drugs that are more prevalent in specific areas. Therefore, it is more accurate to say that methamphetamine and cocaine are among the commonly used stimulant drugs, but not necessarily the most widely used worldwide.
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what is the moment of inertia (in units of gcm2) of an aluminum disk of radius 2.0 cm and thickness 1.7 mm spinning around its symmetry axis? (density of aluminum is 2.7g/cm3)
The moment of inertia of an aluminum disk with a radius of 2.0 cm and a thickness of 1.7 mm, spinning around its symmetry axis, can be calculated. The density of aluminum, given as [tex]2.7 g/cm^3[/tex], is needed for the calculation.
To find the moment of inertia, we can use the formula for the moment of inertia of a solid disk rotating around its axis, which is given by:
[tex]I = (1/4) * m * r^2[/tex],
where I represents the moment of inertia, m is the mass of the disk, and r is the radius of the disk.
First, we need to calculate the mass of the disk. The volume of the disk can be found by multiplying its cross-sectional area ([tex]\pi *r^2[/tex]) with its thickness (1.7 mm). Then, we can multiply the volume by the density of aluminum to find the mass.
Next, we substitute the mass and radius values into the moment of inertia formula. Considering the given radius of 2.0 cm, the calculation can be performed to find the moment of inertia in the desired units of [tex]gcm^2[/tex].
In conclusion, the moment of inertia of the aluminum disk, with a radius of 2.0 cm and a thickness of 1.7 mm, spinning around its symmetry axis, is calculated using the formula [tex](1/4) * m * r^2[/tex].
The density of aluminum is required to determine the mass of the disk, which is then substituted into the formula along with the radius. Further calculations yield the moment of inertia in the units of [tex]gcm^2[/tex].
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Which one of the following is the correct chemical equation for the dissolution of iron(III) hydroxide, Fe(OH)3, in water?
a. Fe(OH)3 + H2O -> Fe(OH)2 + OH-
b. Fe(OH)3 + H2O -> Fe(OH)4- + H+
c. Fe(OH)3 + H2O -> Fe3+ + 3OH-
d. Fe(OH)3 + H2O -> Fe3+ + 3H2O
The correct chemical equation for the dissolution of iron(III) hydroxide, Fe(OH)3, in water is Fe(OH)3 + 3H2O → [Fe(H2O)6]3+ + 3OH-.Option (d) Fe(OH)3 + H2O -> Fe3+ + 3H2O is incorrect Option (c) Fe(OH)3 + H2O -> Fe3+ + 3OH- is incorrect Option (b) Fe(OH)3 + H2O -> Fe(OH)4- + H+ is incorrect .
The correct option is option (a) Fe(OH)3 + H2O -> Fe(OH)2 + OH- is incorrect because the hydroxide ion should have been 3OH-.In this reaction, iron(III) hydroxide dissociates into Fe3+ ions and three OH- ions when it dissolves in water. This equation represents the correct stoichiometry and charge balance for the dissolution process.
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Which of the following is a difference between the cells used for electrolysis of water and electrolysis of molten sodium chloride?
Select the correct answer below:
A. A barrier separates the half-reactions in the cell carrying out electrolysis of molten sodium chloride but not in the cell carrying out electrolysis of water.
B. Sulfuric acid is added to the cell carrying out the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride but not to the cell carrying out the electrolysis of water.
C. Inert electrodes are used in the cell carrying out the electrolysis of water but not in the cell carrying out the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride.
D. A power supply is used in the cell carrying out the electrolysis of water but not in the cell carrying out the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride.
The difference between the cells used for the electrolysis of water and electrolysis of molten sodium chloride is that a barrier separates the half-reactions in the cell carrying out the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride but not in the cell carrying out the electrolysis of water. Therefore, the correct option is A.
The process of electrolysis is the breaking of a substance, which occurs by the electric current into simpler components, which the substances are usually water, acids, salts, and some other compounds. During electrolysis, the compounds are separated into their component elements when they are in the molten state or when they are dissolved in water. The electrolysis of water and molten sodium chloride are two different processes.
The following is a difference between this two electrolysis:
In the electrolysis of water, the molecules of water are decomposed into hydrogen and oxygen gases. The half-reactions in the cell do not require to be separated from each other by a barrier, while in molten sodium chloride electrolysis, a barrier separates the half-reactions in the cell.
Hence, option A is the correct answer.
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Which conditions will increase the rate of a chemical reaction? (1) decreased temperature and decreased concentration of reactants (2) decreased temperature and increased concentration of reactants (3) increased temperature and decreased concentration of reactants (4) increased temperature and increased concentration of reactants
The conditions that will increase the rate of a chemical reaction are:(4) Increased temperature and increased concentration of reactants. The correct answer is (4) Increased temperature and increased concentration of reactants.
Explanation: The rate of a chemical reaction depends on various factors. Some of the factors that increase the rate of a chemical reaction include the presence of catalysts, surface area, concentration, temperature, and pressure. Among these factors, temperature and concentration are the most significant factors.
Temperature: Temperature is a significant factor that influences the rate of a chemical reaction. It is observed that if the temperature is increased, the rate of reaction also increases. This is because an increase in temperature leads to an increase in kinetic energy. As the kinetic energy increases, the molecules move faster and collide more frequently. This, in turn, increases the rate of reaction.
Concentration: Another significant factor that affects the rate of a chemical reaction is concentration. When the concentration of reactants is increased, the rate of reaction also increases. This is because when the concentration of reactants is high, the number of molecules per unit volume is high, which leads to more frequent collisions between the reactant molecules.
Thus, increasing the concentration of reactants can increase the rate of a chemical reaction.
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the solubility of copper(i) chloride is 3.79 mg per 100.0 ml of solution.
The solubility of copper (I) chloride is 3.79 mg per 100.0 ml of solution. Copper (I) chloride, commonly known as cuprous chloride, is an inorganic compound containing copper and chlorine. It is a white solid that is insoluble in water but soluble in concentrated hydrochloric acid.
The solubility of copper (I) chloride is an important parameter in various fields such as electrochemistry, metallurgy, and inorganic chemistry. The solubility of copper (I) chloride depends on several factors such as temperature, pressure, and the presence of other ions.
At room temperature (25°C), the solubility of copper (I) chloride in water is very low. At this temperature, the solubility is 3.79 mg per 100.0 ml of solution. However, the solubility increases with increasing temperature. At 100°C, the solubility of copper (I) chloride in water is approximately 20 g per 100.0 ml of solution.In conclusion, the solubility of copper (I) chloride is 3.79 mg per 100.0 ml of solution at room temperature (25°C).
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what does the formnation of yellow color in the tube mean? what events lead to
The formation of yellow color in the tube indicates that the reaction has occurred between the enzyme and substrate.
This color change is the that helps to indicate whether the reaction has taken place or not.The enzymes can act as catalysts that enhance the rate of chemical reactions by decreasing the activation energy required for a particular reaction to occur.The formation of yellow color in the tube usually indicates that a particular chemical reaction has occurred between an enzyme and substrate. For instance, if a reaction occurs, the yellow color can be caused by the production of the product. Conversely, if no reaction occurs, then the absence of the yellow color indicates no reaction occurred.
In enzyme assays, we usually measure the rate of the reaction by monitoring the production of the product, which is usually indicated by a color change. This color change is the that helps to indicate whether the reaction has taken place or not. Therefore, the formation of yellow color is usually an important aspect in most enzyme assays.
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are these results for ccl2ch2 consistent with what you observed in avogadro (within a few degrees)? explain briefly.
The results for CCl₂CH₂ in Avogadro are consistent with the expected bond angles within a few degrees. The measured bond angles are within a few degrees of the idealized bond angles for a trigonal planar molecular shape.
To evaluate the consistency of the observed bond angles for CCl₂CH₂ in Avogadro, we can compare the measured bond angles with the VSEPR idealized bond angles.
Based on the information provided, the measured bond angles are as follows:
- CI-C-CI: 120°
- C=C-H: 110°
- CI-C#C: 110°
- H-C-H: 120°
In a trigonal planar molecular shape, the idealized bond angle is 120°.
Comparing the measured bond angles with the idealized bond angles, we can see that they are within a few degrees of each other. The measured bond angles are consistent with the expected bond angles based on the trigonal planar molecular shape.
Therefore, the results for CCl₂CH₂ in Avogadro are consistent with the expected bond angles within a few degrees.
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Complete question :
CCl2CH2 Lone pairs of electrons (central atom) 3 Bonding groups (central atom) Total valence electrons 24 VSEPR Molecular shape (central atom) Choose trigonal planar Table view List view 4b. Evaluating the structure of CCI,CH2 Measured bond angle VSEPR Idealized bond angle CI-C-CI 120 C=C-H 110 CI-C#c 110 H-C-H 120 (1 pts) 4c. Are these results for CCI,CH2 consistent with what you observed in Avogadro (within a few degrees)? Explain briefly. Normal BIU X - EEE
For the rate law Rate=k[A]^1/2[B], the partial order with respect to A is________, the partial order with respect to B is_______, the partial order with respect to C is ________and the total order is _________
Partial order with respect to A is 1/2, the partial order with respect to B is 1, the partial order with respect to C is 0, and the total order is 3/2.
The rate law for a chemical reaction describes the relationship between the concentration of reactants and the rate of the reaction. In this question, we are given the rate law as follows:
Rate = k[A]^1/2[B]
To determine the partial order with respect to each reactant and the total order, we need to find the order for each reactant by itself and add them up. Let's look at each one individually. Partial order with respect to A:
The exponent of A in the rate law is 1/2. Therefore, the partial order with respect to A is 1/2.Partial order with respect to B:
The exponent of B in the rate law is 1. Therefore, the partial order with respect to B is 1.
Partial order with respect to C:
C is not present in the rate law, which means it is not involved in the reaction.
Therefore, the partial order with respect to C is zero.
Total order: The total order is the sum of all the partial orders.
Therefore, the total order is 1/2 + 1 + 0 = 3/2.
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according to the periodic table, how many valence electrons do the elements in group 7a have
Group 7A in the periodic table is also known as the halogens. They have 7 valence electrons in their outermost shell.
The halogens are very reactive because they only need one additional electron to fill their outermost shell and become stable.
The halogens are:
Fluorine (F)
Chlorine (Cl)
Bromine (Br)
Iodine (I)
Astatine (At)
Group 7A is situated in the second to the last column on the right side of the periodic table, and since it has seven valence electrons, the halogens are the most reactive nonmetals.
The incandescent lamp are a gathering in the occasional table comprising of six synthetically related components: chlorine, fluorine, bromine, iodine (I), astatine, and tennessine—though some authors rule out tennessine because its chemistry is unknown but theoretically expected to be more like gallium's.
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what is left in solution after the reaction of 10 ml of a 0.1-m solution of acetic acid with 10 ml of a 0.1-m of sodium hydroxide? select all those that apply.
After the reaction of 10 ml of a 0.1-m solution of acetic acid with 10 ml of a 0.1-m of sodium hydroxide, sodium acetate and water are left in the solution. the correct answer to the given question is: Sodium acetate and water.
The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between acetic acid and sodium hydroxide is given below;
CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O
This reaction is a neutralization reaction that produces water and a salt. In this case, sodium acetate (CH3COONa) is formed as a salt, and water (H2O) is produced from the reaction between acetic acid (CH3COOH) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH).The reaction between acetic acid and sodium hydroxide is a simple acid-base reaction in which sodium acetate and water are formed. The reaction can be understood by considering the properties of the reactants.
Acetic acid is an organic acid that is weakly acidic and reacts with strong bases like sodium hydroxide to form a salt and water. Sodium hydroxide is a strong base and reacts with weak acids like acetic acid to form a salt and water. This means that the moles of the reactants used in the reaction are equal, and the solution formed will be a neutral solution of sodium acetate and water. Thus, the correct answer to the given question is: Sodium acetate and water.
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what is the max number of electrons that can occupy a d-subshell?
a. 2
b. 6
c. 10
d. 14
The maximum number of electrons that can occupy a d-subshell is 10. There are five d-orbitals and each orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons. Thus, the maximum number of electrons that can occupy a d-subshell is 5 × 2 = 10. Therefore, the answer is option c. 10.
When considering electronic configuration, it can be noted that the s subshell can hold a maximum of two electrons, while the p subshell can hold up to six electrons. Similarly, the d subshell can hold up to ten electrons, and the f subshell can hold up to 14 electrons.
In an atom, the s, p, d, and f subshells can hold two, six, ten, and fourteen electrons, respectively. The maximum number of electrons that can occupy a d-subshell is ten. There are five d-orbitals and each orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons. Thus, the maximum number of electrons that can occupy a d-subshell is 5 × 2 = 10. In the electron configuration, the d subshell comes after the p subshell.
Hence, the electronic configuration of the element is represented as s, p, d, f.
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At 25 Degrees Celsius, Delta G degree f is -620 kj/mol for SiCl4(g) and -592 kj/mol ofr MgCl2(s). Calculate Delta G Degree for the reaction,
SiCl4 (g) + 2 Mg(s) → 2MgCl2 (s) + Si(s)
and determine if the reaction is pontaneous at 25 degrees celsius if the pressure of SiCl4(g) is 1 atm.
A. Delta G degree = -564 kj; the process is spontaneous
B. Delta G degree = +565 kj; the process in nonspontaneous
C. Delta G degree = -28.0 kj; the process is spontaneous
D. Delta G degree = +28.0 kj; the process is nonspontaneous
The change in the free energy can be obtained as -28.0 kJ. Option C
What is the free energy?Free energy, also known as Gibbs free energy, is a thermodynamic potential that measures the maximum amount of reversible work that can be performed by a system at constant temperature and pressure. It is denoted by the symbol "G" and is named after the American physicist Josiah Willard Gibbs.
We know that;
ΔG = ΔGproducts - ΔG reactants
ΔG = 2(-592) + 2(-620)
ΔG = -1184 - 1240
= -28.0 kJ
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The rate constant of a certain reaction is known to obey the Arrhenius equation, and to have an activation energy E_a = 30.0 kJ/mol. If the rate constant of this reaction is 5.0 times 10^4 M^-1 s^-1 at 201.0 degreeC, what will the rate constant be at 172.0 degreeC?
The Arrhenius equation for the temperature dependence of the rate constant for a reaction is given by the equation:k = Ae^(-Ea/RT)where k is the rate constant, A is the frequency factor (or pre-exponential factor), Ea is the activation energy, R is the gas constant (8.314 J K-1 mol-1), and T is the temperature in Kelvin (K).
The rate constant of a certain reaction is known to obey the Arrhenius equation, and to have an activation energy Ea = 30.0 kJ/mol. If the rate constant of this reaction is 5.0 x 104 M-1 s-1 at 201.0°C, what will the rate constant be at 172.0°C?Solution:We know that the rate constant k obeys Arrhenius equation, so:k = Ae^(-Ea/RT)where k is the rate constant, A is the frequency factor (or pre-exponential factor), Ea is the activation energy, R is the gas constant (8.314 J K-1 mol-1), and T is the temperature in Kelvin (K).
Let's convert the temperatures into Kelvin:201.0°C = 474.15 K172.0°C = 445.15 KWe know that the rate constant k of the reaction at 201.0°C is 5.0 x 104 M-1 s-1. Substituting these values into the Arrhenius equation, we get:k = Ae^(-Ea/RT)5.0 x 104 M-1 s-1 = Ae^(-30000 J mol-1 / (8.314 J K-1 mol-1 × 474.15 K))Now we can solve for A. Multiplying both sides of the equation by e^(30000 J mol-1 / (8.314 J K-1 mol-1 × 474.15 K)), we get:A = k × e^(Ea/RT)A = (5.0 x 104 M-1 s-1) × e^(30000 J mol-1 / (8.314 J K-1 mol-1 × 474.15 K))A = 1.28 x 1014 M-1 s-1We can now use this value of A to find the rate constant k at 172.0°C:k = Ae^(-Ea/RT)k = (1.28 x 1014 M-1 s-1) × e^(30000 J mol-1 / (8.314 J K-1 mol-1 × 445.15 K))k = 1.11 x 104 M-1 s-1So the rate constant of the reaction at 172.0°C is 1.11 x 104 M-1 s-1.
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Butyric acid is responsible for the foul smell of rancid butter. The pKa of butyric acid is 4.84.
(a) Calculate the pKb for the butyrate ion.
(b) Calculate the pH of a 0.048 M solution of butyric acid.
(c) Calculate the pH of a 0.048 M solution of sodium butyrate.
(a) The pKb for the butyrate ion is 9.16.
(b) The pH of a 0.048 M solution of butyric acid is approximately 1.318.
(c) The pH of the 0.048 M solution of sodium butyrate is approximately 12.69.
What is the pKb value of the butyrate ion?(a) The pKb value represents the negative logarithm of the equilibrium constant for the deprotonation of a base. In this case, we are considering the butyrate ion, which is the conjugate base of butyric acid. To determine the pKb for the butyrate ion, we can use the relationship:
pKw = pKa + pKb
pKw = 14 (constant for water)
pKa = 4.84 (given)
pKb = pKw - pKa = 14 - 4.84 = 9.16.
Therefore, the pKb for the butyrate ion is 9.16.
What is the pH of a 0.048 M solution of butyric acid?(b) To calculate the pH of a solution of butyric acid, we need to consider its dissociation in water. Since butyric acid is a weak acid, we can assume that its dissociation is small, allowing us to use the approximation [H⁺] ≈ [A⁻] (where [H⁺] is the concentration of hydrogen ions and [A⁻] is the concentration of the conjugate base).
To calculate the pH, we need to determine the concentration of hydrogen ions, which is equal to the concentration of the conjugate base. From the previous step, we know that [H⁺] ≈ [A⁻]. Therefore, the concentration of hydrogen ions is approximately 0.048 M.
By using the formula for pH:
pH = -log[H⁺]
= -log(0.048)
≈ 1.318
Therefore, the pH of the 0.048 M solution of butyric acid is approximately 1.318.
What is the pH of of a 0.048 M solution of sodium butyrate?(c) Sodium butyrate is the salt formed when butyric acid is fully dissociated. In this case, since sodium butyrate is a strong electrolyte, it dissociates completely in water to form sodium ions (Na⁺) and butyrate ions (C₄H₇O₂⁻).
Since the butyrate ion is a conjugate base of the weak acid butyric acid, it will hydrolyze in water and react with water to reform butyric acid and release hydroxide ions (OH⁻).
The reaction can be represented as follows:
C₄H₇O₂⁻ + H₂O ⇌ C₄H₈O₂ + OH⁻.
The pOH can be calculated as the negative logarithm of the hydroxide ion concentration: pOH = -log [OH⁻].
pOH = -log (0.048) ≈ 1.32.
pH can be calculated as:
pH = 14 - pOH
pH = 14 - 1.32
≈ 12.69.
Therefore, the pH of the 0.048 M solution of sodium butyrate is approximately 12.69
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all of the options below are base ionization reactions except select the correct answer below: h2o nh−2↽−−⇀oh− nh3. cn− h2o↽−−⇀oh− hcn. h2o nh3↽−−⇀nh4 oh−. h2o hno3↽−−⇀h3o no−3.
A base is a substance that accepts protons in solution, and its ionization is a chemical reaction that leads to the formation of ions. The ionization of a base is also known as a base dissociation reaction. The correct answer is hno3 ↔ h3o + no3.
A base is a substance that accepts protons in solution, and its ionization is a chemical reaction that leads to the formation of ions. The ionization of a base is also known as a base dissociation reaction. A solution's basicity, or pH, is determined by the amount of hydroxide ions (OH-) it contains.
The correct answer is hno3 ↔ h3o + no3.
Nitric acid, or HNO3, is a strong acid, not a base. The ionization of a strong acid in water produces H3O+ and a conjugate base. H3O+ and NO3 are created when nitric acid ionizes. The other alternatives, H2O NH−2 ⇽−−⇀OH− NH3, CN− H2O ⇽−−⇀OH− HCN, and H2O NH3 ⇽−−⇀NH4 OH−, all involve the ionization of a base. In each of the given reactions, an ionizable base reacts with water to form its conjugate acid and hydroxide ions.
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Balance the following oxidation-reduction reactions:
a) CN- + MnO4- --->CNO- + MnO2 (in basic solution)
b) (Cr2O7)2- + (C2O4)2- --->Cr3+ + CO2 (in acidic solution)
c) H2(g) + Ni2+ (aq) ---> H+ (aq) + Ni(s)
The balanced oxidation-reduction reactions are:
a) 2CN⁻ + MnO₄⁻ + 4OH⁻ → 2CNO- + MnO₂ + 2H₂O
b) Cr₂O₇²⁻ + 14H⁺ + 2C₂O₄²⁻ → 2Cr₃⁺ + 7H₂O + 4CO₂
c) H₂(g) + 2Ni₂⁺ (aq) → 2H⁺ (aq) + 2Ni(s)
How to balance oxidation-reduction reactions?a) CN⁻ + MnO₄⁻ → CNO⁻ + MnO₂ (in basic solution)
The oxidation state of carbon in CN⁻ is -2, and the oxidation state of carbon in CNO⁻ is +1. This means that carbon is oxidized in this reaction. The oxidation state of manganese in MnO₄⁻ is +7, and the oxidation state of manganese in MnO₂ is +4. This means that manganese is reduced in this reaction.
The balanced equation is:
2CN⁻ + MnO₄⁻ + 4OH⁻ → 2CNO- + MnO₂ + 2H₂O
b) (Cr₂O₇)²⁻ + (C₂O₄)²⁻ → Cr₃⁺ + CO₂ (in acidic solution)
The oxidation state of chromium in (Cr₂O₇)²⁻ is +6, and the oxidation state of chromium in Cr₃⁺ is +3. This means that chromium is reduced in this reaction. The oxidation state of carbon in (C₂O₄)²⁻ is -2, and the oxidation state of carbon in CO₂ is +4. This means that carbon is oxidized in this reaction.
The balanced equation is:
Cr₂O₇²⁻ + 14H⁺ + 2C₂O₄²⁻ → 2Cr₃⁺ + 7H₂O + 4CO₂
c) H₂(g) + Ni₂⁺ (aq) → H⁺ (aq) + Ni(s) (in acidic solution)
The oxidation state of hydrogen in H₂ is 0, and the oxidation state of hydrogen in H⁺ is +1. This means that hydrogen is oxidized in this reaction. The oxidation state of nickel in Ni₂⁺ is +2, and the oxidation state of nickel in Ni(s) is 0. This means that nickel is reduced in this reaction.
The balanced equation is:
H₂(g) + 2Ni₂⁺ (aq) → 2H⁺ (aq) + 2Ni(s)
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If x represents the molar solubility of Ba3(PO4)2, what is the correct equation for the Ksp? Select one: O Ksp = (3.c)2(2x)3 Ksp = (3x) (2x) O Ksp = (x)3(x)2 Ksp = (3x)3(2x)2 ОКsp
If x represents the molar solubility of Ba3(PO4)2, the correct equation for the Ksp is: Ksp = (9x5)(4x3) or Ksp = 6.84 × 10⁻²⁵.
Given that the molar solubility of Ba3(PO4)2 is x.To write the solubility product expression (Ksp) for Ba3(PO4)2, first, let's write the balanced chemical equation for the dissolution of Ba3(PO4)2 in water.3Ba3(PO4)2(s) ⇌ 9Ba²⁺(aq) + 2PO₄³⁻(aq)Ksp expression for Ba3(PO4)2 is given by:Ksp = [Ba²⁺]³[PO₄³⁻]²Now we need to determine the concentration of Ba²⁺ and PO₄³⁻ ions in the solution in terms of x because we don't know their exact values.
From the balanced chemical equation, we know that every mole of Ba3(PO4)2 that dissolves will produce 9 moles of Ba²⁺ and 2 moles of PO₄³⁻ ions.So, the molar solubility of Ba3(PO4)2 is:x mol/L Ba3(PO4)2(s) → 9x mol/L Ba²⁺(aq) and 2x mol/L PO₄³⁻(aq)Therefore, the Ksp expression is:Ksp = [9x]³[(2x)]² = (9³x⁵)(4³x³)/27 = 6.84 × 10⁻²⁵Therefore, the correct equation for the Ksp is: Ksp = (9x5)(4x3) or Ksp = 6.84 × 10⁻²⁵.
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Name the element in the fourth period of the periodic table with:
(a) 5 valence electrons
(b) a total of four 4p electrons
(c) a total of three 3d electrons
(d) a complete outer shell
(a) 5 valence electrons - Nitrogen
(b) a total of four 4p electrons - Sulfur
(c) a total of three 3d electrons - Scandium
(d) a complete outer shell - Argon
(a) The element in the fourth period of the periodic table with 5 valence electrons is nitrogen (N). Nitrogen is located in Group 15, so it has 5 valence electrons in its outermost energy level.
(b) The element in the fourth period of the periodic table with a total of four 4p electrons is sulfur (S). Sulfur is located in Group 16, and its electron configuration is [Ne] 3s² 3p⁴. In the fourth period, the 4p sublevel can accommodate up to 6 electrons, but sulfur has only four electrons in its 4p orbital.
(c) The element in the fourth period of the periodic table with a total of three 3d electrons is scandium (Sc). Scandium is located in Group 3, and its electron configuration is [Ar] 3d¹ 4s². In the fourth period, the 3d sublevel starts to fill with electrons, and scandium has three electrons in its 3d orbital.
(d) The element in the fourth period of the periodic table with a complete outer shell is argon (Ar). Argon is located in Group 18 (noble gases), and its electron configuration is [Ne] 3s² 3p⁶. It has a complete outer shell with a total of 8 valence electrons, making it stable and unreactive.
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does chlorine or bromine have a more negative electron affinity
Chlorine has a lower electron affinity than bromine because it has a smaller nuclear charge and a larger atomic radius. This makes it less able to attract electrons to itself, whereas bromine has a larger nuclear charge and a smaller atomic radius, making it more effective at attracting electrons towards itself. Hence, the electron affinity of bromine is more negative than that of chlorine.
The electron affinity is defined as the energy required for an isolated gaseous atom to gain an electron to form a negative ion. Both chlorine and bromine are halogens, and they are located in the same group of the periodic table, meaning they have the same number of valence electrons. Nonetheless, bromine has a more negative electron affinity than chlorine, implying that it is more effective at attracting electrons towards itself than chlorine.Let's look at the explanations of why chlorine or bromine has a more negative electron affinity:The electron affinity of an atom increases as it becomes more difficult to add an electron to it, i.e., when the atom's atomic radius decreases. Bromine's atomic radius is greater than chlorine's, making it more difficult for bromine to attract electrons to itself. Despite this, bromine has a more negative electron affinity than chlorine, indicating that its nucleus has a greater hold over the added electrons.Chlorine has a lower electron affinity than bromine because it has a smaller nuclear charge and a larger atomic radius. This makes it less able to attract electrons to itself, whereas bromine has a larger nuclear charge and a smaller atomic radius, making it more effective at attracting electrons towards itself. Hence, the electron affinity of bromine is more negative than that of chlorine.
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what is the minimum number of moles of sodium hydroxide required for this hydrolysis reaction to go to completion?
The minimum number of moles of sodium hydroxide required for the hydrolysis reaction to go to completion depends on the stoichiometry of the reaction and the amount of the reactant being hydrolyzed.
In order for a hydrolysis reaction to go to completion, a sufficient amount of the hydrolyzing agent, in this case, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), needs to be present. The minimum number of moles of NaOH required can be determined using the stoichiometry of the reaction. The balanced chemical equation for the hydrolysis reaction should be known, which will provide the molar ratios between the reactants and products.
For example, if the hydrolysis reaction is represented by the equation:
A + NaOH → B + C
where A is the reactant being hydrolyzed, and B and C are the products, the stoichiometry shows that for every one mole of A, one mole of NaOH is required. Therefore, the minimum number of moles of NaOH required for complete hydrolysis would be equal to the number of moles of A present in the reaction.
To calculate the exact amount of NaOH required, the molar amount of the reactant A must be known. This can be determined using the given mass or volume of A and its molar mass or concentration, respectively. By multiplying the molar amount of A by the stoichiometric ratio between A and NaOH, the minimum number of moles of NaOH required can be obtained.
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the tosylate of a primary alcohol normally undergoes an sn2 reaction with hydroxide ion to give a primary alcohol. reaction of this tosylate, however, gives a compound of molecular formula . c9h16o
The tosylate of a primary alcohol normally undergoes an sn2 reaction with hydroxide ion to give a primary alcohol. Reaction of gives a compound of molecular formula . c9h16o.The tosylate of a primary alcohol usually undergoes an SN2 reaction with the hydroxide
ion to give a primary alcohol. The reaction of this tosylate results in a compound with a molecular formula of C9H16O. This answer can be referred to as the Now, let us move to a long answer. The reaction of tosylate of primary alcohol usually results in the formation of primary alcohol through SN2 reaction with hydroxide ion. In this reaction, a hydroxide ion is used as a nucleophile to attack the tosylate from the back side of the molecule, displacing the tosylate ion,
which is a good leaving group .In the given reaction we have a compound with the molecular formula of C9H16O. This compound is a tertiary alcohol that has a total of four carbons, one tertiary carbon, and one alcohol group. It is important to note that a tosylate of tertiary alcohol is less reactive than the tosylate of primary alcohol. Therefore, an SN1 reaction takes place and tertiary alcohol is formed as a final product. In SN1 reaction, tosylate acts as a leaving group and detaches from the molecule. The tertiary carbocation is formed as an intermediate, which is relatively stable. Then, an alcohol group acts as a nucleophile and attacks the carbocation at the site of the most substitution. Therefore, the compound with molecular formula C9H16O is a tertiary alcohol and is formed by the reaction of tosylate with hydroxide ion in an SN1 reaction mechanism.
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