Use the appropriate standard reduction potentials below to determine the equilibrium constant at 261 K for the following reaction under acidic conditions. 4H+(aq) + MnO2 (s) + 2Fe2+ (aq) → Mn2+ (aq) +2Fe3+ (aq) + 2H2O(1) Standard reduction potentials: MnO2(s) + 4H+ (aq) + 2e → Mn2+ (aq) + 2H20(1) E° = 1.23 V Fe3+ (aq) +→ Fe2+ (aq) E° = 0.770 V

This equation represents the entropy change of the surroundings for an isothermal process, where AS is the entropy change of the surroundings, qsys is the heat absorbed or released by the system, and T is the temperature of the surroundings in kelvin. The correct answer is E) AS = -qsys/T.

The negative sign indicates that the entropy of the surroundings decreases for exothermic processes (qsys < 0) and increases for endothermic processes (qsys > 0).

This equation is derived from the second law of thermodynamics, which states that the total entropy of an isolated system always increases over time, and for reversible processes, the total change in entropy is zero.

Therefore, the entropy change of the surroundings is equal in magnitude and opposite in sign to the entropy change of the system.

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Correct answer is (A) very weak base. When an acid donates a proton, it forms its conjugate base. Strong acids are those that completely dissociate in water to form H+ ions, leaving almost no molecules of the acid in solution.

A conjugate base is a species formed by the removal of a proton from an acid, as in the reverse reaction it is able to gain a hydrogen ion. Because some acids are capable of releasing multiple protons, the conjugate base of an acid may itself be acidic.Therefore, their conjugate bases have a negligible tendency to accept protons and act as bases. They are weak bases. Examples of strong acids and their conjugate bases are HCl (chloride ion), HNO3 (nitrate ion), and H2SO4 (hydrogen sulfate ion).

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The ratio of hydronium ion concentrations in solution at the pH that results in the highest MP (Metalloprotein) activity to that which results in the lowest MP activity can be calculated using the equation for pH, which is -log[H+]. Since pH and [H+] are inversely proportional, a higher pH value indicates a lower [H+] concentration. Therefore, the ratio of hydronium ion concentrations would be the inverse of the ratio of pH values.

In simpler terms, if the pH resulting in the highest MP activity is 8 and the pH resulting in the lowest MP activity is 4, then the ratio of hydronium ion concentrations would be 10^-8/10^-4, which simplifies to 10^-4. This means that the hydronium ion concentration at the pH resulting in the lowest MP activity is 10,000 times higher than that at the pH resulting in the highest MP activity.

The reason for this is that metalloproteins are sensitive to changes in pH, as they rely on specific amino acids residues to bind to metal ions. A change in pH can disrupt these interactions and reduce MP activity. Therefore, maintaining a stable pH is crucial for optimal MP activity.

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The concentration of solution after dilution comes out to be 0.113 M as shown in the below section.

Using the dilution law, the concentration of the solution can be calculated as follows-

M₁ x V₁ = M₂ x V₂ ......(1)

Here, M signifies the concentration and V represents the volume.

It is given,

V₁ = 25 mL

V₂ = 100 mL

M₁ = 0.452 M

To calculate the concentration/molarity of solution on dilution, substitute the above values in the equation (1) as follows-

0.452 M x 25 mL = M2 x 100 mL

M2 = (0.452 M x 25 mL) / 100 mL

M2 = 0.113 M

Therefore, the concentration of solution after dilution comes out to be 0.113 M.

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When solid NH4NO3 is added to water, the pH becomes less than 7. This is because NH4NO3 is a salt that undergoes hydrolysis in water, which means it reacts with water to produce H+ and OH- ions.

NH4NO3 dissociates into NH4+ and NO3- ions in water, and NH4+ reacts with water to produce H3O+ (an acidic ion) and NH3. Since the NH4+ ion is an acid and produces H+ ions, the pH of the solution decreases, making it less than 7. The amount dissolved of NH4NO3 in water affects the concentration of the resulting ions and, therefore, the pH of the solution. So, the answer is not independent of the amount dissolved. Therefore, the correct answer is c. becomes less than 7.

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The compounds named are all metal hydroxides. These compounds are all formed by the reaction of a metal oxide or metal with water.

The compounds named are all metal hydroxides. NaOH is sodium hydroxide, KOH is potassium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2 is calcium hydroxide, Sr(OH)2 is strontium hydroxide, and Ba(OH)2 is barium hydroxide.

These compounds are all formed by the reaction of a metal oxide or metal with water. They are strong bases that can dissociate in water to form hydroxide ions (OH-) and metal cations. Sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide are commonly used in the production of soaps, detergents, and other chemicals. Calcium hydroxide is used in the production of cement, while strontium hydroxide and barium hydroxide are used in the production of ceramic materials and glass.

These metal hydroxides are also important in various industrial processes, such as in the production of paper, textiles, and food products. They can also be used as strong bases in chemical reactions and in laboratory experiments.

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The most significant part of the mining cycle is the rock cycle, which involves an estimated 1 billion metric tons of the element.

The mining cycle refers to the process of extracting valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth. However, the rock cycle is the geological process that describes how rocks are formed and transformed over time. It involves the continuous cycling of rock materials through processes such as weathering, erosion, and tectonic activity. The element referred to in the question is not specified, but finding an economically feasible way to retrieve it from the rock cycle is indeed a major challenge due to the complex nature of the geological processes involved.

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that the original piece of wood was made approximately 17,190 years ago.

that the half-life of c-14 is 5730 years, which means that after this amount of time, half of the original amount of c-14 in a sample will have decayed. In this case, scientists determined that only 1/8th of the of c-14 remained, which is equivalent to 3 half-lives of c-14 (since 1/2 x 1/2 x 1/2 = 1/8). Therefore, we can calculate the age of the wood by multiplying the half-life by the number of half-lives, which gives us 5730 x 3 = 17,190 years.

based on the given information about the amount of c-14 remaining in a sample of wood, we can estimate that the original piece of wood was made approximately 17,190 years ago.


1. Given that 12.5% or 1/8th of the original amount of C-14 remains, this indicates that the sample has gone through three half-lives.
2. The half-life of C-14 is 5730 years.
3. To calculate the total elapsed time, multiply the number of half-lives (3) by the half-life of C-14 (5730 years): 3 * 5730 = 17,190 years.

Based on the given information, the original piece of wood was made about 17,190 years ago.

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Heating mantles are commonly used in laboratories for heating and maintaining the temperature of a reaction mixture.

They are designed to safely and efficiently heat flasks or vessels containing liquids or solids. However, there are certain things that should never be done with a heating mantle to avoid accidents and ensure safety in the laboratory:

1. Never use a damaged or faulty heating mantle: Damaged heating mantles can cause electrical shorts or fires, which can be dangerous. Always inspect the heating mantle for any visible signs of damage or wear and tear before use.

2. Never leave the heating mantle unattended: Leaving the heating mantle unattended can result in overheating, which can cause fires or explosion. Always monitor the heating mantle and the reaction mixture closely while it is heating.

3. Never exceed the maximum temperature rating: Each heating mantle has a maximum temperature rating, which should not be exceeded to prevent damage to the equipment and ensure safety. Always check the maximum temperature rating of the heating mantle and adjust the temperature accordingly.

4. Never use flammable or volatile solvents: Heating mantles should not be used with flammable or volatile solvents such as ether, benzene, or alcohol as these solvents can easily catch fire or explode under certain conditions. Use appropriate heating methods for these solvents.

5. Never touch the heating mantle while it is hot: The heating mantle can become very hot during use, and touching it can cause burns or injuries. Always allow the heating mantle to cool down completely before handling it.

Overall, it is important to follow proper safety procedures and manufacturer's instructions when using a heating mantle to prevent accidents and ensure safe laboratory practices.

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The equilibrium constant for a reaction can be calculated using the following equation: K = [N2]3[H2]2/[NH3]2. K = (0.280^3)(0.310^2)/(0.220^2) = 1.43.

Equilibrium is a state of balance or a situation in which opposing forces or influences are equal or in balance. It is a state of rest or balance due to the equal action of opposing forces. In economics, equilibrium refers to a situation in which the supply of goods and services is equal to the demand for them, resulting in a stable price level and no tendency for it to change. In chemistry, equilibrium is a state in which the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction. In physics, equilibrium is a state of rest or balance due to the equal action of opposing forces.

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Answer:

5.7dm³

Explanation:

H2SO4 + 2NAOH =>>> NA2SO4 +2H20

77.7g of NaOH divided by 40g/mol = 1.9425moles

if 1 moles of H2SO4 reacts with 2 moles NaOH

then x will be formed when 1.9425 moles of NaOH

x = 0.97125 moles of H2SO4

n = concentration × volume

0.97125 = 0.17M × volume

volume = 5.7dm³

It is difficult to predict the exact time, but it would likely take longer for 2-bromobutane to produce a precipitate with AgNO3 in a 50% ethanol/50% water mixture compared to pure ethanol.

Explanation: In pure ethanol, 2-bromobutane can readily react with AgNO3 to produce a precipitate due to the excellent solubility of the reactants.

However, when water is introduced into the mixture, the solubility of AgNO3 decreases, thus slowing down the reaction rate between 2-bromobutane and AgNO3.

Summary: Although an exact time cannot be provided, the reaction between 2-bromobutane and AgNO3 in a 50% ethanol/50% water mixture will likely take longer than in pure ethanol due to decreased solubility of the reactants.

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Urine concentration and volume depend on water reabsorption in the nephrons, specifically within the loop of Henle and collecting ducts in the kidneys.

The kidneys contain millions of functional units called nephrons, which play a crucial role in filtering blood and producing urine. The loop of Henle and the collecting ducts are the key regions involved in water reabsorption. As the filtrate (the liquid formed after initial filtering of blood) passes through the loop of Henle, water is reabsorbed into the surrounding tissue. This process concentrates the filtrate, which later passes into the collecting ducts.

The amount of water reabsorbed in the collecting ducts is regulated by the hormone vasopressin (also known as antidiuretic hormone or ADH). When the body needs to conserve water, vasopressin increases water reabsorption in the collecting ducts, resulting in a lower urine volume and higher concentration. Conversely, when the body has excess water, less vasopressin is released, leading to less water reabsorption and a higher urine volume with lower concentration.

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The concentration of calcium ions is 10629 ppm.

The concentration of calcium ions in parts per million (ppm) in the given pill can be calculated as shown below.

concentration in ppm = (mass of solute/mass of solution) x [tex]10^6[/tex]

Here, the mass of the solute is given as 42.2 mg of Ca2+, and the mass of the solution is given as 3.97 g. We first need to convert the mass of the solute to grams:

mass of solute = 42.2 mg = 0.0422 g

Substitute these values into the above formula.

concentration in ppm = (0.0422 g / 3.97 g) x [tex]10^6[/tex] = 10629.7 ppm

Rounding off to 0 decimal places as required, the concentration of calcium ions in the given pill is 10629 ppm.

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A) They all behave like metals under certain conditions.

Alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and halogens are all elements in the periodic table, but they are not all in the same group. Alkali metals are in group 1, alkaline earth metals are in group 2, and halogens are in group 17. Despite being in different groups, these elements do share some common properties. One such property is that they all exhibit metallic behavior under certain conditions. Alkali metals and alkaline earth metals are both highly reactive metals, while halogens are highly reactive non-metals. However, all three groups can conduct electricity, form cations with a +1 or +2 charge, and have relatively low ionization energies.

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The student should record the volume of NaOH delivered to the flask as 17.5 mL.

To explain in detail, we can refer to the attached image which shows the titration curve. The curve indicates that the equivalence point occurs at around 17.5 mL of NaOH added to the flask. At this point, all the acetic acid in the vinegar has reacted with the NaOH, resulting in a neutral solution.

Therefore, the volume of NaOH added at the equivalence point represents the amount needed to neutralize the acetic acid in the sample. This value should be recorded as the volume of NaOH delivered to the flask.

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When lithium is heated in the presence of oxygen, it undergoes a redox reaction to form lithium oxide,[tex]Li$_2$O[/tex]. This reaction involves the transfer of electrons from the lithium atoms to the oxygen atoms to form a stable compound.

The balanced chemical equation for this reaction is:

[tex]4 Li + O$_2$ → 2 Li$_2$O[/tex]

In this reaction, four lithium atoms react with one molecule of oxygen to produce two molecules of lithium oxide. Lithium oxide is a white crystalline solid that is insoluble in water and is a powerful reducing agent.

It is commonly used in the production of ceramics, glasses, and lithium-ion batteries. The formation of lithium oxide is an important reaction, and it is utilized in many industrial and technological processes.

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Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and Methane (CH4) are greenhouse gases that contribute to the phenomenon of global warming. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to an increase in the planet's average temperature. The correct answer is 1.

Carbon dioxide is produced by the burning of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and gas, as well as deforestation and other land use changes. Methane is mainly produced by natural processes such as wetland formation, as well as human activities such as agriculture, livestock farming, and oil and gas production. The concentration of these gases in the atmosphere has been steadily increasing over the past few centuries, leading to significant impacts on planet's climate and ecosystems. Hence correct answer :1.

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a) The explosiveness of hydrogen gas is a chemical property.

b) The bronze color of copper is a physical property.

c) The shiny appearance of silver is a physical property.

d) The ability of dry ice to sublime (change from solid directly to vapor) is a physical property.

Chemical properties are properties that describe the behavior of a substance during a chemical reaction or a chemical change. Explosiveness of hydrogen gas is an example of a chemical property because it describes how hydrogen gas reacts with oxygen to form water and how the reaction releases a large amount of energy in the form of an explosion.

Physical properties, on the other hand, are properties that describe the characteristics of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the composition of the substance. Examples of physical properties include the color, texture, and melting point of a substance. The bronze color of copper and the shiny appearance of silver are both examples of physical properties.

The ability of dry ice to sublime (change from solid directly to vapor) is also a physical property because it describes a physical change that occurs when dry ice is heated or exposed to high pressure.

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The strength of a bond between similar types of atoms, such as two hydrogen atoms or two chlorine atoms, is determined by the distance between the nuclei of the two atoms, also known as the bond length. As the bond length increases, the strength of the bond decreases.

Another possible explanation is the effect of electronegativity. Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract electrons towards itself in a chemical bond. When two atoms with similar electronegativities form a bond, the electrons are shared equally between them, resulting in a nonpolar covalent bond. However, if the electronegativity of one atom is higher than the other, the electrons are not shared equally, resulting in a polar covalent bond. The strength of a polar covalent bond is influenced by the size of the dipole moment, which increases as the bond length decreases. Therefore, as the bond length increases, the strength of a polar covalent bond decreases.

In summary, the strength of a bond between similar types of atoms is influenced by the distance between the nuclei, which is determined by the size of the atoms and the electronegativity of the atoms. As the bond length increases, the strength of the bond decreases, due to the decreased attraction between the valence electrons of the two atoms and the decreased dipole moment in polar covalent bonds.

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The concentration of the perchloric acid in the solution when neutralized by lithium hydroxide is 0.76 mol/L

Concentration in chemistry is calculated by dividing a constituent's abundance by the mixture's total volume. Mass concentration, molar concentration, number concentration, and volume concentration are four different categories of mathematical description. Any type of chemical mixture can be referred to by the term "concentration," but solutes and solvents in solutions are most frequently mentioned.

There are many types of molar (quantity) concentration, including normal concentration and osmotic concentration. By adding a solvent to a solution, for example, dilution is the lowering of concentration. The opposite of dilution is concentration increase, which is the meaning of the word concentrate.

The most common way to solve this problem is to use the formula

c₁V₁=c₂V₂

In your problem,

c₁ = 4.2 mol/L; V₁ = 45.0 mL

c₂ = ?; V₂ = 250 mL

c₂ = c₁ × V₁V₂ = 4.2 mol/L × 45.0mL250mL = 0.76 mol/L.

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Mn is an element from the periodic table with an atomic number of 25. This means it has 25 protons and 25 electrons. The ground-state electron configuration for Mn is [Ar]4s⁴ 3d⁵, which means it has two electrons in the 4s orbital and five electrons in the 3d orbital.

Atomic number is a numerical value that is used to represent the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. It is a unique identifier for each element that can be used to classify the elements and determine the chemical properties of an atom. The atom with the lowest atomic number is hydrogen, which has an atomic number of 1. The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of that element. The number of neutrons in the nucleus can vary, so the atomic number is used to determine the element and its chemical properties.

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0.109 grams of bicarbonate will produce 40 mL of CO2 gas when reacted with an acid.

The number of grams of bicarbonate that will produce 40 mL of CO2 gas depends on the reaction being considered. The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between bicarbonate (HCO3-) and an acid to produce CO2 gas is:

HCO3- + H+ -> CO2 + H2O

In this reaction, one mole of HCO3- produces one mole of CO2. The volume of one mole of any gas at standard temperature and pressure (STP) is 22.4 liters, or 22,400 mL. Therefore, one mole of CO2 gas occupies 22,400 mL at STP.

To calculate the number of moles of CO2 gas produced by 40 mL of CO2 gas, we can use the following conversion factor:

1 mol CO2 / 22,400 mL CO2 = x mol CO2 / 40 mL CO2

Solving for x, we get:

x = 40 mL CO2 x (1 mol CO2 / 22,400 mL CO2) = 0.00179 mol CO2

Since one mole of HCO3- produces one mole of CO2, we need 0.00179 moles of HCO3- to produce 40 mL of CO2 gas. The molar mass of HCO3- is 61.01 g/mol, so 0.00179 moles of HCO3- is equal to:

0.00179 mol HCO3- x 61.01 g/mol = 0.109 g HCO3-

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The effect on pressure if the volume of a gas sample doubles yet the temperature of the sample decreases by half is [tex]P_{Final} = 1/4\ P_{Initial}[/tex], option A.

In the physical sciences, pressure is defined as the perpendicular force per unit area or the stress at a point within a confined fluid. A 42-pound box with a base area of 84 square inches will force tension on a surface equivalent to the power partitioned by the area it is applied to, or a portion of a pound for every square inch.

The weight of the atmosphere pressing down on each unit area of the Earth's surface is referred to as atmospheric pressure, and it is approximately 15 pounds per square inch at sea level. In SI units, pressure is expressed in Pascals; One newton per square meter is equivalent to one pascal. There is nearly 100,000 pascals of atmospheric pressure here.

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Complete question:

What is the effect on pressure if the volume of a gas sample doubles yet the temperature of the sample decreases by half?

The correct answer is option C.
The molar solubility of Fe(OH)2 in pure water is 1.62 × 10^-17 M.

The molar solubility of Fe(OH)2 in pure water can be determined using the solubility product constant (Ksp) for the compound. The equation for the dissolution of Fe(OH)2 in water is:

Fe(OH)2 (s) ⇌ Fe2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq)

The Ksp expression for this reaction is:

Ksp = [Fe2+][OH-]^2

Substituting the value of Ksp given (4.87 × 10^-17) and assuming that x is the molar solubility of Fe(OH)2, we can write:

4.87 × 10^-17 = x(2x)^2

Solving for x, we get:

x = 1.62 × 10^-17 M

Therefore, the molar solubility of Fe(OH)2 in pure water is 1.62 × 10^-17 M. The correct answer is option C.

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The gravimetric analysis of the mixture is 37.0% N₂ and 63.0% CO₂. The molar mass of the mixture is 0.3629 g/mol, and the gas constant is 22.89 kJ/kg-K.

The gravimetric analysis of a gas mixture is the determination of its composition based on the weights of its components. In this case, we know that the gas mixture contains 48% nitrogen (N₂) and 52% carbon dioxide (CO₂) on a mole basis.

To determine the gravimetric analysis of the mixture, we need to calculate the mass of each component. Assuming we have 100 moles of the mixture, we have 48 moles of N₂ and 52 moles of CO₂.

The molar mass of N₂ is 28.02 g/mol and the molar mass of CO₂ is 44.01 g/mol. Therefore, the mass of N₂ in the mixture is (48/100) × 28.02 g = 13.45 g, and the mass of CO₂ in the mixture is (52/100) × 44.01 g = 22.88 g.

The total mass of the mixture is the sum of the masses of N₂ and CO₂, which is 13.45 g + 22.88 g = 36.33 g.

The molar mass of the mixture is the total mass divided by the total number of moles:

Molar mass = (13.45 g + 22.88 g) / 100 mol = 0.3629 g/mol.

Finally, the gas constant can be calculated using the universal gas constant and the molar mass:

R = Ru / M = 8.314 kJ/kmol-K / 0.3629 g/mol = 22.89 kJ/kg-K.

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According to the question the chemist should use 55.5 g of CaCl₂.

A chemist is a scientist who specializes in the study of matter and its interactions with other matter and energy. Chemists use a variety of tools and techniques to study and manipulate matter, including chemical reactions, spectroscopy, chromatography, and crystallography.

To determine the mass of CaCl₂ needed, the chemist should first calculate the molar mass of CaCl₂, which is 110.98 g/mol. Then, the chemist should determine the number of moles of CaCl₂ required.
Once these values have been determined, the chemist can then calculate the mass of CaCl₂ needed in grams.
For example, if the chemist needs 0.5 moles of CaCl₂, then the mass of CaCl₂ needed would be 55.49 g (0.5 mol x 110.98 g/mol = 55.49 g).
Therefore, the chemist should use 55.5 g of CaCl₂.

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Complete Question:
A chemist wants to make 6.5 L of a 0.340 M CaCl2 solution. Part A What mass of CaCl2 (in g) should the chemist use? Express your answer using two significant figures.

Solubility is the amount of a material that can be dissolved in a liquid to form a solution; it is often represented as grammes of solute per litre of liquid. One fluid's (liquid or gas) solubility in another can be entire (e.g., methanol and water are completely miscible) or partial (e.g., oil and water hardly mix). Generally speaking, "like dissolves like" (for instance, aromatic hydrocarbons dissolve in one another but not in water). A material's solubility in two solvents is measured by the distribution coefficient, which is used in several separation techniques (such as absorption and extraction).

In general, as temperature rises, so do the solubilities of solids in liquids, while they fall as temperature rises and rise with pressure for gases. At a specific temperature and pressure, a solution is said to be saturated when no additional solute can be dissolved in it (see saturation).

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Effect of decreased ocean pH on marine organisms such as coral :

1. CO₂(aq) + H₂O(l) → H₂CO₃(aq)
2. H₂CO₃(aq) → H⁺(aq) + HCO₃⁻(aq)
3. Ca²⁺(aq) + CO₃²⁻(aq) → CaCO₃(s)
4. H⁺(aq) + CO₃²⁻(aq) → HCO₃⁻(aq)

Decreased ocean pH affects marine organisms such as coral through the following steps in this order:

1. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) dissolves in water (H₂O) to form carbonic acid (H₂CO₃).
2. Carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) dissociates into a hydrogen ion (H⁺) and a bicarbonate ion (HCO₃⁻).
3. Calcium ions (Ca²⁺) combine with carbonate ions (CO₃²⁻) to form calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), the primary building material of coral skeletons.
4. Increased hydrogen ions (H⁺) in the water react with carbonate ions (CO₃²⁻) to form more bicarbonate ions (HCO₃⁻), reducing the availability of carbonate ions needed for coral growth.

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