In the Reich video, the degree predictions accurately reflected the outcomes achieved by the federal government economic conditions in the years from 2016 to 2019.
The Reich video focused on how the US economy is becoming highly unequal. For the first time since the Great Depression, the majority of Americans do not believe in the idea of the American dream. The American dream is no longer achievable for many people in the United States, which has caused a significant amount of social and economic issues.
The video accurately predicted that the federal government's economic policies would create a wide income gap between the rich and the poor. The video claimed that the tax cuts implemented in the years 2016-2019 would disproportionately benefit the wealthy, leading to a significant increase in income inequality.
The Reich video accurately depicted how the federal government's economic conditions from 2016 to 2019 would lead to a concentration of wealth among the top 1% of earners while the middle class would struggle to make ends meet. Therefore, the degree predictions made in the Reich video accurately reflected outcomes achieved by the federal government economic conditions in the years from 2019 to 2016.
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72,000 63,000 81,000 121,500 Notes Receivable Supplies & Inventory Prepaid expense Long-term investments Machines and tools 54,000 31,500 0 81,000 166,500 144,000 Accumulated depreciation equipment (63,000) (45.000) Total Asset $639.000 $477.000 Liabilities & Stockholders' Equity Accounts payable $ 76,500 $ 31,500 Honds payable (long-term) 166,500 211,500 Common Stock 180,000 103,500 Retained Earnings 216.000 130.500 Total Liabilities & Stockholders' Equity $.639.000 $477.000 Income Statement Information (2021); 1. Net income for the year ending December 31, 2021 is $130,500. 2. Depreciation expense is $18,000. 3. There is a loss of $9,000 resulted from the sale of long-term investment. Additional information (2021): 1. All sales and purchases of inventory are on account (or credit). 2. Received cash for the sale of long-term investments that had a cost of $81,000, yielding a $9,000 loss. 3. Cash dividends paid is $45,000. 4. The company purchased new machines and tools for $22,500 cash. Required: Prepare the FIRST (Operating) and the SECOND (Investing) sections of the statement of cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2021.
Statement of Cash Flows
For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
FIRST SECTION: Operating Activities
Net income $130,500
Adjustments for:
Depreciation expense $18,000
Changes in working capital:
Increase in accounts payable $45,000
Increase in accrued liabilities $18,000
Increase in prepaid expense $72,000
Increase in supplies & inventory ($31,500)
Net cash provided by operating activities $252,000
SECOND SECTION: Investing Activities
Sale of long-term investment ($9,000)
Purchase of machines and tools ($22,500)
Net cash used in investing activities ($31,500)
Note: The statement of cash flows includes the operating and investing sections. The financing section is not provided in the given information.
Explanation:
1. In the operating activities section, net income of $130,500 is adjusted for non-cash expenses such as depreciation expense of $18,000. Changes in working capital are considered, including an increase in accounts payable of $45,000, an increase in accrued liabilities of $18,000, an increase in prepaid expense of $72,000, and an increase in supplies & inventory of ($31,500). These adjustments result in net cash provided by operating activities of $252,000.
2. In the investing activities section, the sale of a long-term investment resulted in a loss of $9,000. The purchase of machines and tools required a cash outflow of $22,500. Therefore, the net cash used in investing activities is $31,500.
Please note that the financing activities section is not provided in the given information, so it cannot be included in the statement of cash flows.
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What is the key activities of Oxwhite? (business canvas
model)
webpage :
Oxwhite is an online direct-to-consumer apparel brand. Its key activities include designing and sourcing high-quality products, managing an e-commerce platform, marketing and brand building, and providing customer service and support.
Oxwhite operates as an online direct-to-consumer brand, focusing on providing high-quality apparel products to customers. The key activities of Oxwhite encompass various aspects of the business. Firstly, the company engages in designing its products, ensuring they meet quality standards and align with customer preferences. This involves staying up-to-date with fashion trends, conducting market research, and collaborating with suppliers and manufacturers. Secondly, Oxwhite manages an e-commerce platform where customers can browse and purchase its products. This includes maintaining a user-friendly website, optimizing the online shopping experience, managing product listings, and processing orders and payments securely.
Thirdly, Oxwhite emphasizes marketing and brand building activities to create awareness and attract customers. This involves implementing digital marketing strategies, such as social media campaigns, influencer collaborations, and content creation to engage with the target audience and build a strong brand image. Lastly, Oxwhite prioritizes customer service and support. This includes providing efficient and reliable customer service through various channels, addressing inquiries, managing returns and exchanges, and ensuring a positive overall customer experience. By focusing on these key activities, Oxwhite aims to deliver quality products, build a strong online presence, and establish lasting relationships with its customers in the competitive apparel industry.
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A book which analyzes how labor shortages in the early 1900s led to the development of ways to improve workers’ performance is a book about ___________________.
a. history and theory
b. theory
c. history
The correct answer is c. history.
A book that analyzes how labor shortages in the early 1900s led to the development of ways to improve workers' performance would primarily focus on historical events and developments. It would explore the specific circumstances and challenges faced during that time period, the impact of labor shortages on industries and organizations, and the strategies and approaches that were implemented to address these challenges. The book would delve into the historical context, examining the factors that influenced the need for improved worker performance and the historical outcomes and implications of those efforts. Therefore, the book would fall under the category of history rather than theory or a combination of history and theory.
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what issues should litchee take into consideration in her assessment of transportation risks for riot runners?
Litchee should consider security, logistics, and regulatory compliance when assessing transportation risks for Riot Runners to minimize potential risks.
Firstly, Litchee should evaluate the security measures in place for transporting goods. This includes assessing the risk of theft, vandalism, or damage to the products during transit. Implementing security protocols, such as GPS tracking systems, secure packaging, and reliable transportation partners, can help mitigate these risks.
Logistics is another important aspect to consider. Litchee should evaluate the reliability and efficiency of the transportation network, including the availability of different modes of transportation and their capacity to handle Riot Runners' shipping needs. Analyzing potential bottlenecks, route optimization, and contingency plans for unexpected events like natural disasters or labor strikes is crucial for maintaining smooth operations.
Additionally, Litchee should ensure compliance with transportation regulations and requirements. This involves understanding and adhering to local, regional, and international laws governing the transportation of goods, including permits, licenses, customs procedures, and safety regulations.
By carefully considering these factors, Litchee can effectively assess transportation risks for Riot Runners and implement strategies to mitigate potential challenges, ensuring the timely and secure delivery of their products to customers.
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Paul's House of Music wants to purchase Transposelt, a system that transposes any song in its database and prints sheet music in the requested key. This system allows singers to obtain sheet music in keys that are suitable to their vocal range. The software for the system costs $10,800; a new computer and a laser printer costing $3,800 will be needed to run the system. Paul estimates that the system will generate additional annual sales revenue of $24,900 and that annual cash expenditures will be $18,518. Paul uses straight-line depreciation. The software, computer, and printer will have a useful life of 5 years. The system will have a $210 salvage value at the end of its 5-year useful life. (a) Your answer is incorrect. Calculate the annual net operating income generated by the system. Annual net operating income $
Net Operating Income is the difference between revenue generated and operating expenses. The operating expenses incurred to run Transpose lt include the cost of the system ($10,800), the cost of the new computer and laser printer ($3,800), and annual cash expenditures ($18,518).
The annual sales revenue generated by the system is $24,900. The straight-line depreciation method is used, and the software, computer, and printer will have a useful life of 5 years. The system will have a $210 salvage value at the end of its useful life.
The depreciation expense each year will be: Software, computer, and printer = (10,800 + 3,800 - 210) / 5= 14,180 / 5= $2,836Net Operating Income = Sales Revenue - Operating Expenses Sales Revenue = $24,900Operating Expenses = Depreciation Expense + Cash Operating Expenses Depreciation Expense = $2,836Cash Operating Expenses = $18,518Net Operating Income = $24,900 - ($2,836 + $18,518)= $3,546Therefore, the annual net operating income generated by the system is $3,546.
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List and discuss three aspects of non verbal communication and how they impact your overall communication success.
At least two paragraphs long.
It must be your original words not cut and pasted from online sources.
Nonverbal communication refers to any communication other than words. When we communicate with someone else, we give off nonverbal signals in addition to our words. These signals provide valuable insight into the other person's feelings, emotions, and intentions.
Here are three aspects of nonverbal communication and how they impact overall communication success:Body Language: Body language is a crucial part of nonverbal communication. It encompasses all of the ways that we use our bodies to communicate, including facial expressions, gestures, posture, and eye contact. Body language can convey a great deal about how we're feeling, including our confidence, our level of interest, and our level of comfort in a given situation. If we're not aware of our body language, we can send mixed signals to the person we're communicating with, which can lead to misunderstandings and miscommunications.Tone of Voice: The tone of our voice is another important aspect of nonverbal communication. The tone of our voice can convey a great deal about how we're feeling, including our level of enthusiasm, our level of confidence, and our level of interest in the conversation. A flat tone of voice can indicate boredom or disinterest, while a high-pitched tone of voice can indicate anxiety or nervousness. If we're not aware of our tone of voice, we can send unintended messages to the person we're communicating with, which can lead to misunderstandings and miscommunications.
Body Contact: Body contact is another aspect of nonverbal communication. Body contact refers to any physical contact between people, including handshakes, hugs, and high-fives. Body contact can convey a great deal about the nature of the relationship between two people. For example, a firm handshake can convey confidence and respect, while a weak handshake can convey uncertainty and discomfort. If we're not aware of the messages that body contact sends, we can inadvertently send the wrong message to the person we're communicating with. Overall, nonverbal communication plays a significant role in the success of communication. It is essential to understand that nonverbal communication is just as important as verbal communication. When we understand how nonverbal communication works, we can become more effective communicators. By being aware of our body language, tone of voice, and body contact, we can send clearer and more accurate messages, which can lead to more successful communication.
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Balance Sheet accounts
a.accumulate information for only a specific accounting period.
b.are referred to as temporary accounts.
c.are referred to as permanent accounts.
d."are referred to as temporary accounts" and "accumulate information for only a specific accounting period"
All income statement accounts are closed.
True
False
The last step of the accounting process would be
a.Prepare an income statement, a statement of owner's equity, and a balance
sheet.
b.Prepare a trial balance.
c.Prepare a post-closing trial balance.
d.None of these choices are correct.
Balance sheet accounts are referred to as permanent accounts. Permanent accounts are those that carry balances from one accounting period to another, reflecting the ongoing financial position of a company.
These accounts include assets, liabilities, and owner's equity accounts.
On the other hand, income statement accounts are temporary accounts. Temporary accounts are used to track revenue, expenses, gains, and losses for a specific accounting period. At the end of each period, these accounts are closed to a summary account called Retained Earnings or Owner's Capital.
Regarding the last step of the accounting process, :
c. Prepare a post-closing trial balance.
After preparing financial statements (Income statement, statement of owner's equity, and balance sheet), the next step is to close temporary accounts by transferring their balances to Retained Earnings or Owner's Capital. Once the closing entries have been made, a post-closing trial balance is prepared to ensure that all accounts are in balance and ready for the next accounting period.
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With reference to a project that you are familiar with, explain
any four (4) strategies that have been applied to realise the
project management objectives of cost, quality and time.
A project that I'm familiar with, where the project management objectives of cost, quality and time were realized, is the construction of a bridge over a river.
The following four strategies were implemented:1. PlanningIn the initial stage, the project team developed a comprehensive plan that included the scope of the project, costs, schedules, and other details. Furthermore, a risk assessment was conducted, and measures were taken to address any potential threats to the project's success.
2. Project Monitoring Throughout the execution of the project, the project team constantly monitored the work to ensure that it was progressing as planned. They tracked the costs of raw materials, labour, and other expenses to ensure that the project was completed within the budget. They also verified the quality of the work by conducting frequent inspections and tests.
3. Teamwork and Communication Collaboration and communication among team members was critical for the successful completion of the project. The project team was made up of engineers, architects, construction workers, and other specialists who collaborated to ensure that the project's objectives were met.
4. Contingency PlanIn addition to a comprehensive plan, the team developed a contingency plan to address any unexpected events that could arise during the project's execution. This included strategies to deal with unforeseen delays, increased costs, or other issues that could impact the project's progress.The above four strategies contributed to the successful completion of the project within budget, on schedule, and with the required quality standards.
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In your own words (explain it as if I have never taken this class), explain the concept of Elasticity of Demand.
Considering the Fed's article on the Elasticity of Demand for gasoline, explain whether or not gasoline is an inelastic or an elastic good.
Identify and explain a good/service that is elastic/inelastic that you use in your everyday life.
The concept of elasticity of demand measures the responsiveness of the quantity demanded of a good or service to changes in its price.
According to the Fed's article on the Elasticity of Demand for gasoline, it is stated that gasoline is generally considered to be an inelastic good. This means that changes in the price of gasoline have a relatively small effect on the quantity demanded.
To determine the elasticity of demand for gasoline, economists consider factors such as the availability of substitutes, the proportion of income spent on gasoline, and the time period under consideration.
Gasoline is often seen as an essential commodity, and in the short run, consumers have limited alternatives to reduce their demand significantly.
For example, if the price of gasoline increases by 10%, and as a result, the quantity demanded decreases by only 2%, we can calculate the elasticity of demand using the formula:
Elasticity of Demand = Percentage change in quantity demanded / Percentage change in price
In this case:
Percentage change in quantity demanded = (2% decrease)
Percentage change in price = (10% increase)
Elasticity of Demand = (-2% / 10%) = -0.2
Since the elasticity of demand is less than 1 in absolute value (-0.2), it confirms that gasoline is indeed an inelastic good.
In conclusion, gasoline is considered an inelastic good based on the Fed's article on the Elasticity of Demand. The relatively small change in quantity demanded in response to changes in price supports this classification. An inelastic good, like gasoline, is typically a necessity or has limited substitutes, leading to a less responsive demand to price fluctuations.
As for a good or service that I use in my everyday life, I would identify mobile phone data plans as an example of an elastic good. Mobile data plans typically have various providers offering different pricing options and packages.
If the price of a data plan increases, consumers have the flexibility to switch to a different provider, reduce their usage, or seek alternative ways to access the internet. This makes the demand for mobile data plans more responsive to changes in price, indicating an elastic good.
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According to Elinor Ostrom, which of the following statements about the problem of "tragedy of the commons" are correct?
Question 6 options:
a Agreements for cooperation must be enforced by governments.
b Even if all individuals were completely selfish, repeated interactions would definitely result in cooperative outcomes.
c Social norms can be drawn on to enforce sustainable resources, although it does not always succeed.
d Individuals care about trust and reciprocity.
Answer:
According to Elinor Ostrom, the correct statements about the problem of "tragedy of the commons" are:
b) Even if all individuals were completely selfish, repeated interactions would definitely result in cooperative outcomes.
d) Individuals care about trust and reciprocity.
Explanation:
Elinor Ostrom's work on common pool resource management challenged the notion that tragedy of the commons was an inevitable outcome. She emphasized that under certain conditions, individuals can develop mechanisms for self-governance and avoid the overexploitation of shared resources. She argued that repeated interactions among individuals, along with trust and reciprocity, can lead to cooperative outcomes, even without the need for government enforcement. While social norms can play a role in enforcing sustainable resource use, their success may vary depending on the specific context.
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You may need to use the appropriate appendix table or technology to answer this question. A simple random sample with n 56 provided a sample mean of 27.5 and a sample standard deviation of 4.4. (Round your answers to one decimal place.) (a) Develop a 90% confidence interval for the population mean.
(b) Develop a 95% confidence interval for the population mean. (c) Develop a 99% confidence interval for the population mean. (d) What happens to the margin of error and the confidence interval as the confidence level is increased? O As the confidence level increases, there is a smaller margin of error and a more narrow confidence interval, O As the confidence level increases, there is a larger margin of error and a more narrow confidence interval, As the confidence level increases, there is a larger margin of error and a wider confidence interval. As the confidence level increases, there is a smaller margin of error and a wider confidence interval.
a) Develop a 90% confidence interval for the population mean: The formula for calculating the confidence interval for the population mean μ is given by:CIμ = x ± zα/2 σ/√n Where, CIμ is the confidence interval for population mean, x is the sample mean, zα/2 is the z-critical value, σ is the population standard deviation and n is the sample size.
The sample mean is 27.5, sample size is 56, and population standard deviation is not given. So we will use t-distribution for developing confidence intervals. Degrees of freedom = n - 1 = 55The critical values for the t-distribution can be found using a t-distribution calculator or from the t-distribution table.
For 90% confidence level, α = 0.1/2 = 0.05 and the degrees of freedom = 55The critical value of t at the 0.05 level of significance with 55 degrees of freedom is 1.67.
Using the given values, we have the following:CIμ = x ± tα/2 S/√nCIμ = 27.5 ± 1.67 * 4.4 /√56CIμ = 27.5 ± 1.84CIμ = (25.66, 29.34)b) Develop a 95% confidence interval for the population mean:For 95% confidence level, α = 0.05/2 = 0.025 and the degrees of freedom = 55
The critical value of t at the 0.025 level of significance with 55 degrees of freedom is 2.009.Using the given values, we have the following:CIμ = x ± tα/2 S/√nCIμ = 27.5 ± 2.009 * 4.4 /√56CIμ = 27.5 ± 2.22CIμ = (25.28, 29.72)c)
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Your client is considering using their website to report on their social and environmental performance. You are required to explain why this might be a good idea. In your answer you should focus on three main reasons to report social and environmental performance. To provide your client with a strong argument you are required to give examples of each of the three reasons with reference to a 'real-life' organisation.
Reporting on social and environmental performance through a website can be a beneficial strategy for organizations for several reasons. Here are three main reasons with real-life examples:
Transparency and Accountability:
By reporting social and environmental performance on their website, organizations demonstrate transparency and accountability to their stakeholders, including customers, investors, and the general public. This helps build trust and credibility. An example of an organization that focuses on transparency is Patagonia. They have a dedicated section on their website called the "Footprint Chronicles" where they provide detailed information about their supply chain, materials used, and the environmental and social impact of their products.
Competitive Advantage and Reputation:
Reporting on social and environmental performance can provide a competitive advantage by showcasing the organization's commitment to sustainability and responsible practices. This can attract environmentally conscious customers and investors who prefer to support businesses that align with their values. Unilever is an excellent example of a company that highlights its sustainability efforts through its website. They provide comprehensive reports on their sustainable sourcing, waste reduction, and community engagement initiatives, which have helped build a positive reputation and differentiate themselves in the market.
Stakeholder Engagement and Communication:
Website reporting on social and environmental performance serves as a platform for effective stakeholder engagement and communication. It allows organizations to share their goals, progress, and future plans related to social and environmental initiatives. Interface, a global flooring manufacturer, is known for its sustainability reporting. Their website provides information on their commitment to eliminating their environmental footprint by 2020 and their progress in areas such as carbon emissions, waste reduction, and sustainable product design. This helps engage stakeholders and encourages dialogue around sustainability topics.
By reporting on social and environmental performance through their website, organizations can enhance their reputation, attract stakeholders with similar values, and foster transparency and engagement. Real-life examples like Patagonia, Unilever, and Interface demonstrate the benefits of website reporting in driving sustainability efforts and stakeholder relationships.
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Determine whether the following actions would be found illegal under the antitrust acts in the United States. a. The two largest software firms decide to merge; together they would control nearly 60% of the market: (Click to select) b. Two of the largest firms in the car industry decide to reduce output in order to increase prices in the market: (Click to select) c. Firms in the peanut industry decide to pool funds to start an "Eat More Peanuts" campaign: (Click to select) d. Firms operating in the market for breakfast cereal use nonprice competition, such as increasing advertising, in order to gain increased market shares: (Click to select) e. A firm in the market for rubies purchases all the ruby mines in the world. It now controls the entire ruby market:
a. The two largest software firms decide to merge; together they would control nearly 60% of the market: Answer: This would be investigated as a possible violation of antitrust law since merging could lead to domination of a significant share of the market.
b. Two of the largest firms in the car industry decide to reduce output in order to increase prices in the market: This is a violation of antitrust law. It is illegal for two or more firms to form an agreement to restrain trade, such as reducing output, which would lead to higher prices. c. Firms in the peanut industry decide to pool funds to start an "Eat More Peanuts" campaign: This is not a violation of antitrust law since it is not an anticompetitive practice and would not lead to any harm to competition.
d. Firms operating in the market for breakfast cereal use nonprice competition, such as increasing advertising, in order to gain increased market shares: This is not a violation of antitrust law as long as it is not an anticompetitive practice and would not lead to any harm to competition. e. A firm in the market for rubies purchases all the ruby mines in the world. It now controls the entire ruby market: This is a violation of antitrust law. It is illegal for one firm to have complete control over a market and can lead to the formation of monopolies, which would lead to anticompetitive practices Antitrust laws are laws that seek to promote competition in the marketplace by prohibiting anticompetitive practices such as monopolies, price-fixing, and mergers that lead to market dominance. The actions described in the question can be evaluated on whether they would be found illegal under antitrust laws in the United States. The first action involves a merger of two large software firms, which would control nearly 60% of the market. This would be investigated as a possible violation of antitrust law since merging could lead to domination of a significant share of the market, which would lead to anticompetitive practices such as higher prices and reduced innovation. The second action involves two of the largest firms in the car industry deciding to reduce output to increase prices in the market. This is a violation of antitrust law. It is illegal for two or more firms to form an agreement to restrain trade, such as reducing output, which would lead to higher prices. The third action involves firms in the peanut industry pooling funds to start an "Eat More Peanuts" campaign. This is not a violation of antitrust law since it is not an anticompetitive practice and would not lead to any harm to competition. The fourth action involves firms in the market for breakfast cereal using nonprice competition, such as increasing advertising, in order to gain increased market shares. This is not a violation of antitrust law as long as it is not an anticompetitive practice and would not lead to any harm to competition. The fifth action involves a firm in the market for rubies purchasing all the ruby mines in the world, which would lead to complete control over the entire ruby market. This is a violation of antitrust law. It is illegal for one firm to have complete control over a market and can lead to the formation of monopolies, which would lead to anticompetitive practices.
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David Drummond and Edward Engels exchange business cars. David gives Edward a car with a basis c $15,000 and a fair market value of $21,500. David receives from Edward a car with a basis of $12,500 (fair market value of $17,000) and $4,500 cash. What is David's recognized gain and basis in the new car? $0 and $10,500 $6,500 and $17,000 $2,000 and $12,500 $4,500 and $15,000
David's recognized gain and basis in the new car are $6,500 and $17,000 respectively. When David Drummond and Edward Engels exchange business cars, David gives Edward a car with a basis of $15,000 and a fair market value of $21,500.
David receives from Edward a car with a basis of $12,500 and $4,500 cash. To determine David's recognized gain and basis in the new car, we need to calculate the gain on the car that David gave away and the adjusted basis of the car he received. In this situation, David gave a car worth $21,500 (fair market value) and with a basis of $15,000 in exchange for a car with a fair market value of $17,000 and a basis of $12,500.
Hence, the gain on the car that David gave away is $21,500 − $15,000 = $6,500. However, since this transaction qualifies as a like-kind exchange, it is not a taxable event for David, and thus, his recognized gain is $0. The adjusted basis of the car David received is the basis of the car he gave away, plus any additional boot (cash or other non-like-kind property) he received. Thus, the adjusted basis of the car David received is $15,000 + $4,500 = $19,500. Therefore, David's recognized gain is $0, and his basis in the new car is $19,500 − $6,500 = $13,000. However, David's basis in the new car cannot be greater than the fair market value of the car he received ($17,000), so his basis in the new car is $17,000 if this is the lower amount. In conclusion, David's recognized gain and basis in the new car are $6,500 and $17,000 respectively. $6,500 and $17,000
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The great diversity of the angiosperms is most likely driven by:
The evolution of double fertilization
The evolution of fruit that allows wind, water and animal dispersal
The evolution of pollinator mutualisms
The evolution of spores with sporopollenin
None of these answers are correct
Angiosperms, also known as flowering plants, are the most diverse group of plants on earth. They can grow in a variety of habitats and have adapted to numerous ecological niches. The diversity of angiosperms is attributed to the evolution of pollinator mutualisms.
Angiosperms are a diverse group of plants that have adapted to various ecological niches, from deserts to tropical rainforests. Angiosperms have undergone a variety of evolutionary adaptations that have resulted in their diversity. One of the main reasons for the diversity of angiosperms is the evolution of pollinator mutualisms.Pollinators are animals that move pollen from one plant to another, allowing for fertilization to occur. Many angiosperms rely on pollinators, such as bees, butterflies, and hummingbirds, for fertilization. This reliance on pollinators has led to the evolution of traits that attract pollinators, such as brightly colored flowers, sweet nectar, and strong scents. In turn, pollinators have evolved to be more efficient at collecting pollen, which has further driven the evolution of angiosperms.Angiosperms have also evolved fruit that allows wind, water, and animal dispersal. Fruits can help plants spread their seeds to new areas and can allow for the establishment of new populations. The evolution of double fertilization has also played a role in the diversification of angiosperms. Double fertilization occurs when two sperm cells fertilize an egg cell and a polar cell, resulting in the formation of an embryo and endosperm. This process has allowed angiosperms to produce seeds that contain both a nutrient-rich endosperm and a growing embryo, which has contributed to their success.None of these answers are correct because pollinator mutualisms are the most likely drivers of angiosperm diversity. The evolution of pollinator mutualisms has allowed angiosperms to develop a range of traits that attract pollinators, which has driven their diversification.
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Which of the following items are usually reported as current liabilities in the statement of financial position (Select all that apply) Trade and other payables. Current portion of long-term note. Non-current portion of long-term nobe. Income tax payable. Short-term borrowings. Deferred tax liability expected to moverse next year.
The items that are usually reported as current liabilities in the statement of financial position are Trade and other payables, Income tax payable, and Short-term borrowings.
Current liabilities are obligations that are expected to be settled within the normal operating cycle of a business, typically within one year. Trade and other payables refer to amounts owed to suppliers and vendors for goods and services received. These are short-term obligations that need to be paid within the operating cycle.
Income tax payable represents the taxes owed to the government based on the taxable income generated by the company. It is a current liability because it is expected to be paid within the next year.
Short-term borrowings refer to any loans or credit facilities that are due for repayment within one year. These can include bank loans, lines of credit, or other forms of short-term financing.
On the other hand, the Current portion of long-term note, Non-current portion of long-term note, and Deferred tax liability expected to reverse next year are not reported as current liabilities. The current portion of long-term notes represents the portion of a long-term loan that is due within the next year, and it is reported separately from current liabilities. The non-current portion of long-term notes is reported as long-term liabilities. The deferred tax liability expected to reverse next year is also classified as a long-term liability, as it represents tax obligations that will be realized beyond the next year.
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dentify three related goods. Demonstrate ONE change that causes
a movement along a demand curve and the SAME CHANGE, which causes
shifts of the demand curve in two other markets in TWO different
ways
Goods are items that satisfy human wants and needs. Most goods can be related to one another. In this case, three related goods are jeans, khaki pants, and shorts is the answer.
An increase in the price of jeans from $30 to $40 will cause a movement along the demand curve of jeans. There will be a decrease in the quantity demanded jeans due to the change in price, which is known as a change in quantity demanded. The other two markets are khaki pants and shorts, which are substitutes for jeans. The same change, which is an increase in price, will shift the demand curve of khaki pants and shorts to the right as consumers would opt for a more affordable substitute. This is known as an increase in demand. Khaki pants and shorts are affected by the price change in jeans due to the availability of substitutes. If the price of jeans increases, it will make khaki pants and shorts more attractive to consumers as they offer more value for their money. Therefore, there will be an increase in demand for khaki pants and shorts.
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Flawed ways to pursue competitive efforts that will successfully differentiate a company's branded footwear from the branded offerings of rival companies include
A. not charging prices for branded footwear price that are slightly below the industry-average wholesale price and the industry-average Internet retail price in all four geographic regions.
B. failing to spend heavily on best practices training in all of the company’s production facilities.
C. striving only to achieve weak differentiation (as opposed to strong differentiation) from the branded footwear offerings of other companies also pursuing competitive efforts to differentiate their product offerings.
D. failing to spend more on mail-in rebates than any other rival in each of the four geographic regions and underspending on efforts to secure celebrity endorsement contracts.
E. failing to have a product line that includes 500 models/styles of branded footwear, underspending on branded and search engine advertising in all four regions, and charging Internet and wholesale prices that are too high to enable the company to be the market share leader in these two segments in at least 2 of the 4 geographic regions.
The correct answer is: A. not charging prices for branded footwear that are slightly below the industry-average wholesale price and the industry-average Internet retail price in all four geographic regions.
Differentiating a company's branded footwear from rival offerings requires strategic decisions and actions. Option A suggests not charging prices that are slightly below the industry-average wholesale price and the industry-average Internet retail price in all four geographic regions. This approach is flawed because setting prices above the industry average can make the company's footwear less attractive to customers. By not offering competitive pricing, the company may struggle to differentiate its product and may lose potential customers to rivals.
Options B, C, D, and E do not address pricing strategies directly and focus on other factors such as training, differentiation level, spending on rebates and celebrity endorsements, product line variety, and advertising. While these factors can impact differentiation, the question specifically asks about flawed ways to pursue competitive efforts related to pricing and differentiation.
Therefore, the flawed way to pursue competitive efforts that will successfully differentiate a company's branded footwear is not charging prices for branded footwear that are slightly below the industry-average wholesale price and the industry-average Internet retail price in all four geographic regions (Option A).
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When is it appropriate to include sunk costs in the evaluation of a project? Include sunk costs if they are considered to be overhead costs Include sunk costs if they improve the project's NPV It is never appropriate to include sunk costs Include sunk costs when they are relatively large
When it comes to evaluation of a project, sunk costs should be included only if they are considered to be overhead costs. The appropriate time to include sunk costs in the evaluation of a project is when they are considered to be overhead costs.
Sunk costs are past expenses that cannot be reversed or recovered. Sunk costs can include previous investments, research and development expenditures, and infrastructure. It is essential to understand that these costs cannot be recovered, no matter how good a project performs. Sunk costs can, however, influence future business decisions. Despite being irrelevant for future expenses and earnings, sunk costs should not be ignored completely as they can provide insights and lessons learned that can be useful in improving future decision making.When are sunk costs appropriate.The appropriate time to include sunk costs in the evaluation of a project is when they are considered to be overhead costs. This is because overhead costs do not affect the outcome of the project and are included in the production cost of the product. Therefore, they cannot be eliminated by terminating the project. As a result, they should be included in the project evaluation.
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BUSINESS MANAGMENT
17. All of us have developed conceptual blocks in our problem-solving activities. We are mostly unaware of them.
TRUE OR FALSE
True. All of us have developed conceptual blocks in our problem-solving activities. We are mostly unaware of them.
It is common for individuals to have conceptual blocks or mental barriers that hinder their problem-solving abilities, and many of these blocks go unnoticed or unrecognized. These blocks can be in the form of biases, assumptions, preconceptions, or fixed ways of thinking that limit our creativity and prevent us from considering alternative solutions. Recognizing and addressing these blocks is an important step in improving problem-solving skills.
Conceptual blocks refer to cognitive obstacles or barriers that hinder our ability to think creatively and effectively solve problems. These blocks can manifest as biases, assumptions, preconceptions, fixed mindsets, or rigid thinking patterns that limit our perspective and inhibit the generation of innovative solutions.
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Economists use the model of aggregate supply and aggregate demand (AS-AD model) to explain short run fluctuations of GDP around its long run trend. i) In the context of the AS-AD model, explain which curve(s) the following events would shift, which way, and why: a. The government increases income tax in their budget b. An improvement in existing technology c. There is a change in expectations and firms expect the price level to be higher in the future d. Consumers sentiment changes and they feel more pessimistic about the economy e. The central bank engages in open market operations and buys bonds from the public.
In the AS-AD model, the aggregate supply (AS) curve and the aggregate demand (AD) curve represent the relationship between the price level and the level of real GDP in the economy.
a. The government increases income tax in their budget:
This event would shift the aggregate demand (AD) curve to the left. Higher income taxes reduce consumers' disposable income, leading to a decrease in consumption spending. As a result, aggregate demand decreases, causing a leftward shift in the AD curve.
b. An improvement in existing technology:
An improvement in technology increases productivity and lowers production costs, leading to an increase in aggregate supply (AS). This event would shift the aggregate supply (AS) curve to the right. With more efficient production, firms can supply a greater quantity of goods and services at each price level, resulting in an outward shift of the AS curve.
c. There is a change in expectations, and firms expect the price level to be higher in the future:
When firms expect the price level to be higher in the future, they may adjust their behavior accordingly. They may increase prices now to anticipate future inflation, which leads to a decrease in the short-run aggregate supply (AS). This event would shift the short-run AS curve to the left.
d. Consumer sentiment changes, and they feel more pessimistic about the economy:
When consumers become more pessimistic about the economy, they tend to reduce their spending. This decrease in consumption leads to a decrease in aggregate demand (AD). As a result, the aggregate demand (AD) curve shifts to the left.
e. The central bank engages in open market operations and buys bonds from the public:
When the central bank buys bonds from the public through open market operations, it injects money into the economy. This increases the money supply, leading to an increase in aggregate demand (AD). As a result, the aggregate demand (AD) curve shifts to the right.
To summarize:
a. Government increases income tax: AD curve shifts left.
b. Improvement in existing technology: AS curve shifts right.
c. Change in expectations, firms expect higher future prices: SRAS curve shifts left.
d. Consumer sentiment becomes more pessimistic: AD curve shifts left.
e. Central bank buys bonds through open market operations: AD curve shifts right.
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Give examples of recent ethical cases in accounting within the last three years.
Kraft Heinz: In September 2021, Kraft Heinz agreed to pay $62 million to settle charges with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) that it had improperly inflated its earnings over a three-year period.
Wells Fargo: In February 2020, Wells Fargo agreed to pay $3 billion to settle charges with the SEC and other regulators that it had created millions of unauthorized customer accounts in order to meet sales goals. The SEC alleged that Wells Fargo employees had opened the unauthorized accounts without customer knowledge or consent, and then used the accounts to generate fees and commissions.
WeWork: In September 2019, WeWork, a shared workspace company, withdrew its planned initial public offering (IPO) after it was revealed that the company had engaged in a number of questionable accounting practices. The company's valuation had been as high as $47 billion, but it fell to just $8 billion after the IPO was withdrawn.
Theranos: In June 2018, Theranos, a blood testing company, was dissolved after it was revealed that its blood testing technology was not accurate. The company's founder, Elizabeth Holmes, was charged with fraud and conspiracy to commit fraud.
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Fiscal Policy Homework: 1. Define Fiscal Policy. 2. What is expansionary fiscal policy? Explain how expansionary fiscal policy might affect the equilibrium price level and total output? 3. If equilibrium GDP was $1 trillion below Potential (Full Employment) GDP, why would an increase in government spending need to be less than $1 trillion to close this GDP gap? 4. Define the fiscal policy (spending) multiplier. 5. Explain why the timing of fiscal policy limits its effectiveness.
Fiscal policy refers to the use of government spending, taxation, and borrowing to influence the economy.
It is one of the main tools that governments use to stabilize the economy and achieve macroeconomic objectives such as full employment, price stability, and economic growth.
Expansionary fiscal policy involves increasing government spending or reducing taxes in order to stimulate economic activity and increase aggregate demand. This can lead to an increase in the equilibrium price level and total output. When the government increases its spending, there is more money in the economy, which can increase consumer and business spending. As a result, businesses may increase their production to meet the higher demand, leading to an increase in total output. The increase in demand can also push up prices, leading to an increase in the equilibrium price level.
An increase in government spending does not need to be equal to the GDP gap to close it because of the multiplier effect. The multiplier effect refers to the idea that an initial increase in government spending will have a larger impact on the economy than the initial amount spent. For example, if the government spends $100, the resulting increase in aggregate demand might be $150 due to the multiplier effect. Therefore, a smaller increase in government spending may be sufficient to close the GDP gap if the multiplier effect is strong enough.
The fiscal policy multiplier refers to the amount by which a change in government spending or taxation affects the economy. A multiplier greater than 1 indicates that the impact on the economy is larger than the initial change in spending or taxation. The multiplier depends on various factors such as the level of government spending, the marginal propensity to consume, and the degree of crowding-out.
The timing of fiscal policy limits its effectiveness because of lags in implementation. It takes time for the government to decide on and implement fiscal policy measures. By the time the policy is put into effect, the economy may have already changed and the policy may no longer be appropriate. Additionally, there is a lag between the time that fiscal policy measures are implemented and when they have an impact on the economy. This lag can be several months or even years, which makes it difficult for policymakers to time their actions correctly.
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I. In the Market for Loanable Funds:
a. Choose the correct answer for the highlighted parts:
1. Decrease in Government Spending increased/decreased/does not change (your answer increasedecreaseunchangedDemandSupplyleftright) the Demand/Supply (your answer increasedecreaseunchangedDemandSupplyleftright) of Loanable Funds
2. Demand/Supply (your answer increasedecreaseunchangedDemandSupplyleftright) curve shifted to the left/right/ or unchanged (your answer increasedecreaseunchangedDemandSupplyleftright)
3. Equilibrium Interest Rate increased/decreased/unchanged (your answer increasedecreaseunchangedDemandSupplyleftright); Equilibrium Quantity of Loanable Funds increased/decreased/unchanged (your answer increasedecreaseunchangedDemandSupplyleftright)
b. Show the market outcome of decreasing government spending on Figure 1(a) (make sure you label the lines and dots you draw)
II. In the Relationship of Net Capital Outflow:
a. Choose the correct answer for the highlighted parts:
1. NCO curve shifts to the left/right/ or unchanged (your answer increasedecreaseunchangedDemandSupplyleftright)
2. RealInterest Rate increased/decreased/unchanged (your answer increasedecreaseunchangedDemandSupplyleftright); Quantity of Net Capital Outflow increased/decreased/unchanged (your answer increasedecreaseunchangedDemandSupplyleftright)
b. Show the market outcome of decreasing government spending on Figure 1(b) (make sure you label the lines and dots you draw)
III. In the Market for Foreign-Currency Exchange:
a. Choose the correct answer for the highlighted parts:
1. Decrease in Government Spending increased/decreased/does not change (your answer increasedecreaseunchangedDemandSupplyleftright) the Demand/Supply (your answer increasedecreaseunchangedDemandSupplyleftright) of Loanable Funds
2. Demand curve shifted to the left/right/ or unchanged (your answer increasedecreaseunchangedDemandSupplyleftright)
3. Supply curve shifted to the left/right/ or unchanged (your answer increasedecreaseunchangedDemandSupplyleftright)
3. Equilibrium Real Exchange Rate increased/decreased/unchanged (your answer increasedecreaseunchangedDemandSupplyleftright); Equilibrium Quantity of Dollars increased/decreased/unchanged (your answer increasedecreaseunchangedDemandSupplyleftright)
In the Market for Loanable Funds:a. Choose the correct answer for the highlighted parts:1. Decrease in Government Spending decreases the Demand of Loanable Funds2. Demand curve shifted to the left3.
Equilibrium Interest Rate decreased; Equilibrium Quantity of Loanable Funds decreasedb. Show the market outcome of decreasing government spending on Figure 1(a) (make sure you label the lines and dots you draw)II. In the Relationship of Net Capital Outflow:a. Choose the correct answer for the highlighted parts:1.
Show the market outcome of decreasing government spending on Figure 1(b) (make sure you label the lines and dots you draw)III. In the Market for Foreign-Currency Exchange:a. Choose the correct answer for the highlighted parts:1. Decrease in Government Spending does not change the Demand of Loanable Funds2. Demand curve shifted to the left3. Supply curve shifted to the right.
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Powder Mountain (PM) ski resort is currently using a Skidata barcode ticketing system. PM purchased the system three years ago for $1 million. The system includes barcode scanners and point-of-sale computers. If sold today, the barcode scanning equipment could be sold for $500,000. If kept for another two years, it would be worth only $100,000. The financial manager at PM, Wayne Wong, is considering upgrading the ticketing system to the Skidata Easy.Gate system. With EasyGate, customers purchase an RFID ticket, and each ski lift is equipped with turnstiles that are controlled by RFID ticket detectors. The Easy. Gate system costs $3.92 million. The Easy. Gate equipment can be sold for $1.5 million in two years. All of the ticketing equipment is in Class 43 with a 30% depreciation rate. The Easy. Gate system slightly reduces the number of employees needed for ticketing, and more importantly, significantly reduces loss due to fraud. The increase in EBITDA is expected to be $1.1 million in each of the next two years. If PM buys the EasyGate system, it will need to purchase an inventory of parts worth $100,000. Assume that investment cash flows occur immediately, and that sales and production costs occur at the end of the year. PM's cost of capital is 11% and the tax rate is 25%.
Answer the following questions.
Part 1 What are the initial cash flows?
Part 2 What are the operating cash flows at the end of the first year? Part 3 What are the terminal year cash flows?
The initial cash flows for Powder Mountain (PM) ski resort include the purchase of the Skidata Easy.Gate system for $3.92 million and an inventory of parts worth $100,000. Additionally, PM would sell the current barcode scanning equipment for $500,000. Therefore, the initial cash flows consist of the cost of the Easy.Gate system ($3.92 million), the cost of the inventory of parts ($100,000), and the proceeds from the sale of the barcode scanning equipment ($500,000).
The initial cash flows can be calculated as follows:Initial cash flows = Cost of Easy.Gate system + Cost of inventory of parts - Proceeds from sale of barcode scanning equipment
= $3.92 million + $100,000 - $500,000
= $3.52 million
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Digital marketing leveragez digital channels to spread messages
about products, goods or services. Please name three digital
marketing tactics.
A digital marketing strategy is a plan that outlines how our business will achieve its marketing pretensions via online channels and social media. Three digital marketing tactics include social media campaign, Content marketing and Affiliate marketing.
The creation of brands via the Internet and other digital communication channels is known as digital marketing, occasionally known as online marketing.
This comprises textbook and multimedia dispatches as well as, social media, and web- grounded advertising as a marketing channel. Both B2C (business to consumer) and B2B (business to business) organizations can benefit from digital marketing techniques.
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Airiel manages a team of 19 people in an in-store bakery. One of the key challenges of Airiel's job is to ensure his team produces the right products to meet demands at key times. His usual management approach is to allow the team to take responsibility for achieving the desired results. In this way, the team not only buys into the activity but also develops new skills
For example, when the bakery expanded its product range. Airiel needed to think of a way to ensure that all the products would be on the shelves by 8:00 am. However, rather than enforcing a solution, Airiel turned to his team for ideas. He asked them to generate as many ideas as they could to solve this issue. The team managed to solve the problem by agreeing to split break times, so that productivity could be maintained. Airiel's approach produced a positive outcome and increased the team's motivation
On the other hand, Sarah is a talented sales representative. She is quick to close sales deals but she has a habit of answering the telephone in an unprofessional manner. Sometimes when she has no idea what a customer wants, instead of trying to remain patient and professional by saying, 'Let me look into it for you and get back to you,’ she would simply reply, ‘I don't know’. This clearly demonstrates her lack of interest and unwillingness to help, which make many customers frustrated and angry.
Sarah's boss is aware of this behaviour, but he is waiting for her year-end performance review to tell her where she is going wrong. Unfortunately, this means that Sarah will continue putting potential customers off. Meanwhile, as Sarah's boss waits to provide her with feedback, the rate of customer complaints has increased and this has tarnished the image of the organization as a whole.
1. identify the leadership skills does Airiel use in handling the problem. Explain your answer in detail. based on situation above, which leader would you choose to work with? why
2. Do you think Sarah's problem can be resolved? what should her bos do after getting to know about this situation?
Sarah's problem can be resolved if her boss takes immediate action after getting to know about the situation. Sarah's boss is aware of Sarah's behavior, but he is waiting for her year-end performance review to tell her where she is going wrong, which is not appropriate.
The rate of customer complaints has increased, and this has tarnished the image of the organization as a whole. Therefore, Sarah's boss should take action immediately after getting to know about the situation.Sarah's boss should provide her with feedback as soon as possible instead of waiting for the year-end performance review. Her boss should schedule a meeting with her and tell her what she is doing wrong and suggest ways to improve her performance. This will help Sarah to correct her mistakes and learn from them. Her boss should monitor her performance and give her regular feedback and support. He should also make her aware of the consequences of her actions and the impact it has on the organization as a whole. This will make her more accountable for her actions, and she will be more careful in the future. Her boss should also provide her with the necessary training and resources to help her improve her skills and performance.In conclusion, Sarah's problem can be resolved if her boss takes immediate action. Waiting for the year-end performance review is not appropriate as it can lead to a decline in the organization's performance and tarnish its image. Providing feedback and support will help Sarah to improve her performance and become more accountable for her actions.For such more question on consequences
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targeting strategy of the company (paperchase.com UK) how do they conduct their target audience?
Paperchase.com employs a combination of geographic, demographic, and psychographic targeting strategies to identify and reach its ideal customers. By doing this, the company can ensure that its marketing campaigns are effective and relevant to its target audience.
Paperchase.com is a UK-based company that specializes in selling stationary, cards, and gift items. The company has been in existence for more than 50 years and has gained a reputation for its unique products that appeal to a diverse customer base. To reach its customers, the company has employed several targeting strategies, which help it to identify its ideal customers. Some of these strategies include:
1. Geographic targeting: Paperchase.com uses geographic targeting to identify the location of its customers. By doing this, the company can tailor its marketing campaigns to specific regions or locations where its customers are located. This helps to increase the effectiveness of the marketing campaigns while reducing the cost of advertising.
2. Demographic targeting: The company also uses demographic targeting to identify the characteristics of its customers. By doing this, the company can tailor its marketing campaigns to specific groups of people based on their age, gender, income, and other demographic factors. This helps to ensure that the marketing messages are relevant and appealing to the target audience.
3. Psychographic targeting: Paperchase.com also uses psychographic targeting to identify the lifestyle, interests, and values of its customers. By doing this, the company can tailor its marketing campaigns to specific groups of people based on their personality, values, and interests. This helps to ensure that the marketing messages resonate with the target audience.
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Current Attempt in Progress Your answer is partially correct. Crane Sports sells volleyball kits that it purchases from a sports equipment distributor. The following static budget based on sales of 2,600 kits was prepared for the year. Fixed operating expenses account for 75% of total operating expenses at this level of sales. Sales $ 260,000 Cost of goods sold (all variable) 182,000 Gross margin 78,000 Operating expenses 40,000 Operating income $ 38,000 Assume that Crane Sports actually sold 2,300 volleyball kits during the year at a price of $102 per kit. Calculate the sales volume variance for sales revenue and cost of goods sold. (If variance is zero, select "Not Applicable and enter O for the amounts) Assume that Crane Sports actually sold 2,300 volleyball kits during the year at a price of $102 per kit. Calculate the sales volume variance for sales revenue and cost of goods sold. (If variance is zero, select "Not Applicable and enter 0 for the amounts.) Flexible Budget Sales Volume Variance Static Budget Unit Sales Sales revenue Cost of goods sold eTextbook and Media $ 2300 230000 161000 $
Calculation of sales volume variance for sales revenue and cost of goods sold Given that static budget based on sales of 2,600 kits was prepared for the year. Hence, static budget sales revenue for 2,600 kits = $260,000Dividing by the sales volume (2,600 kits), sales price per unit = $260,000/2,600 = $100Also, given that Crane Sports actually sold 2,300 volleyball kits during the year at a price of $102 per kit Flexible Budget:
Sales Revenue Crane Sports actually sold 2,300 volleyball kits during the year at a price of $102 per kit. Flexible Budget Sales revenue for 2,300 kits = $102 × 2,300 = $234,600Flexible Budget: Cost of Goods Sold Given that Cost of goods sold (all variable) for 2,600 kits = $182,000Dividing by the sales volume (2,600 kits), variable cost per unit = $182,000/2,600 = $70Flexible Budget Cost of Goods Sold for 2,300 kits = $70 × 2,300 = $161,000Sales Volume Variance The difference between static budget sales revenue and flexible budget sales revenue is the sales volume variance. Sales volume variance = Static Budget Sales Revenue - Flexible Budget Sales Revenue Sales volume variance = $260,000 - $234,600 = $25,400The difference between static budget cost of goods sold and flexible budget cost of goods sold is the cost of goods sold volume variance. Cost of goods sold volume variance = Static Budget Cost of Goods Sold - Flexible Budget Cost of Goods Sold Cost of goods sold volume variance = $182,000 - $161,000 = $21,000
Therefore, the sales volume variance for sales revenue and cost of goods sold is $25,400 and $21,000, respectively.
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By giving examples, briefly discuss i) the limitations of unit roots & cointegration approach and ii) TWO reasons (related to the specification) for the lack of cointegration.
While unit roots and cointegration tests are useful tools for examining the long-term relationship between variables, they have limitations. The lack of cointegration can occur due to the omission of important variables or misspecification of the functional form.
i) Limitations of unit roots and cointegration approach:
Spurious regression: Unit root tests are susceptible to producing spurious results, meaning they may indicate the presence of a unit root when there is none. This can lead to misleading conclusions about the long-term relationship between variables. Cointegration tests aim to address this issue, but they also rely on certain assumptions and can still produce incorrect results if the underlying assumptions are violated.
Sensitivity to model specification: Unit root and cointegration tests are sensitive to the choice of variables and the specification of the model. The results can vary depending on the specific variables included in the analysis and the lag lengths chosen. This sensitivity can make it challenging to obtain robust and reliable results.
Ignoring structural breaks: Unit root and cointegration tests assume that the underlying relationship between variables is stable over time. However, if there are structural breaks or significant changes in the relationship, these tests may fail to capture them. Ignoring structural breaks can lead to incorrect conclusions about the long-term relationship between variables.
ii) Reasons for the lack of cointegration due to specification:
Omitted variables: If important variables that have a long-term relationship with the variables under consideration are omitted from the model, it can lead to the lack of cointegration. Omitted variables can introduce bias and affect the estimated relationship between the variables, making it difficult to find evidence of cointegration.
For example, when examining the relationship between inflation and wages, omitting variables such as productivity growth or labor market institutions can result in a lack of cointegration between inflation and wages.
Misspecified functional form: If the chosen functional form of the model is inappropriate or misspecified, it can lead to the lack of cointegration. Using a linear model when the true relationship is nonlinear, or vice versa, can result in a failure to find evidence of cointegration.
For instance, if the relationship between two variables is better represented by a logarithmic or exponential form rather than a linear form, estimating a linear model can lead to the lack of cointegration.
While unit roots and cointegration tests are useful tools for examining the long-term relationship between variables, they have limitations. They can produce spurious results, are sensitive to model specification, and may not capture structural breaks. Additionally, the lack of cointegration can occur due to the omission of important variables or misspecification of the functional form. Researchers should carefully consider these limitations and reasons for the lack of cointegration when conducting their analysis and interpreting the results.
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