(a) Min-Max Normalization:
To normalize the given data using min-max normalization, we need to scale the values between a specified range, typically 0 and 1.
The formula for min-max normalization is:
normalized_value = (value - min_value) / (max_value - min_value)
For the given data: 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 600, 1000, 1500, 2000
min_value = 100
max_value = 2000
Normalized values:
100 --> (100 - 100) / (2000 - 100) = 0
150 --> (150 - 100) / (2000 - 100) ≈ 0.025
200 --> (200 - 100) / (2000 - 100) ≈ 0.05
300 --> (300 - 100) / (2000 - 100) ≈ 0.075
400 --> (400 - 100) / (2000 - 100) ≈ 0.1
600 --> (600 - 100) / (2000 - 100) ≈ 0.225
1000 --> (1000 - 100) / (2000 - 100) ≈ 0.475
1500 --> (1500 - 100) / (2000 - 100) ≈ 0.775
2000 --> (2000 - 100) / (2000 - 100) = 1
The normalized values for the given data using min-max normalization are approximately:
0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1, 0.225, 0.475, 0.775, 1
(b) Z-Score Normalization:
Z-score normalization transforms the data to have a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1.
The formula for z-score normalization is:
normalized_value = (value - mean) / standard_deviation
For the given data: 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 600, 1000, 1500, 2000
Mean = (100 + 150 + 200 + 300 + 400 + 600 + 1000 + 1500 + 2000) / 9 ≈ 566.67
Standard Deviation = sqrt(((100-566.67)^2 + (150-566.67)^2 + ... + (2000-566.67)^2) / 9) ≈ 582.04
Normalized values:
100 --> (100 - 566.67) / 582.04 ≈ -0.890
150 --> (150 - 566.67) / 582.04 ≈ -0.826
200 --> (200 - 566.67) / 582.04 ≈ -0.762
300 --> (300 - 566.67) / 582.04 ≈ -0.632
400 --> (400 - 566.67) / 582.04 ≈ -0.503
600 --> (600 - 566.67) / 582.04 ≈ 0.057
1000 --> (1000 - 566.67) / 582.04 ≈ 0.856
1500 --> (1500 - 566.67) / 582.04 ≈ 1.669
2000 --> (2000 - 566.67) / 582.04 ≈ 2.483
The normalized values for the given data using z-score normalization are approximately
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A firm requires an investment of
$25,000
and will return
$36,500
after 1 year. If the firm borrows
$20,000 at
10%
what is the return on levered equity?
The return on levered equity can be defined as the rate of return on investment made by the firm after adjusting for the interest payment on the debt. Therefore, the return on levered equity is approximately 21%. Hence, the correct option is 21%.
This method of determining the return on investment can be useful in situations when the company finances its projects through both equity and debt and hence allows the firm to get a better understanding of its profitability. The following steps can be used to calculate the return on levered equity in this case.
Step 1: Calculation of earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT)The first step is to calculate the earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT), which can be calculated using the following formulaEBIT = Revenue - Expenses = $36,500 - $25,000 = $11,500
Step 2: Calculation of interest on debt The second step is to calculate the interest on the debt, which can be calculated using the following formulaInterest on debt = Principal * Rate of interest * Time period = $20,000 * 10% * 1 = $2,000
Step 3: Calculation of net income The third step is to calculate the net income, which can be calculated using the following formulae income = EBIT - Interest on debt = $11,500 - $2,000 = $9,500
Step 4: Calculation of return on levered equityThe fourth step is to calculate the return on levered equity, which can be calculated using the following formula returns on levered equity = Net income / (Equity + Debt) = $9,500 / ($25,000 + $20,000) = $9,500 / $45,000 ≈ 0.21 or 21%
Therefore, the return on levered equity is approximately 21%. Hence, the correct option is 21%.
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note is 7.7 percent. If the expected real rate of interest is 2.8 percent, determine the inflation premium on the Treasury bill. (Round answer to 1 decimal place, e.g. 527.5.) Inflation premium \% eTextbook and Media Attempts: 1 of 2 used (b) Using the expected real rate of interest from Part A, if the maturity risk premium is expected to be zero, determine the inflation premium on the Treasury note. (Round answer to 1 decimal place, e.g. 527.5.) Inflation premium %
(a) The inflation premium on the Treasury bill is 4.9%.
(b) The inflation premium on the Treasury note is also 4.9%.
The inflation premium is the additional return investors require to compensate for the expected inflation rate. In this case, the expected real rate of interest is 2.8%. By subtracting the expected real rate of interest from the nominal rate of interest, we can determine the inflation premium.
For the Treasury bill, the nominal rate is 7.7%, so the inflation premium is 7.7% - 2.8% = 4.9%.
Similarly, for the Treasury note, if the maturity risk premium is zero, the nominal rate is also 7.7%, so the inflation premium remains the same at 4.9%.
Therefore, both the Treasury bill and the Treasury note have an inflation premium of 4.9%.
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The Nelson Company has $1,212,500 in current assets and $485,000 in current liabilities. Its initial inventory level is $345,000, and it will raise funds as additional notes payable and use them to increase inventory. How much can Nelson's short-term debt (notes payable) increase without pushing its current ratio below 2.2? Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to the nearest dollar.
$ ______
What will be the firm's quick ratio after Nelson has raised the maximum amount of short-term funds? Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to two decimal places.
_____
Round your answer to the nearest dollar $717,045, Round your answer to two decimal places. The firm's quick ratio will be 1.45.
The maximum amount that Nelson's short-term debt (notes payable) can increase without pushing its current ratio below 2.2 is $717,045.
To calculate this, we need to find the maximum increase in notes payable that keeps the current ratio above 2.2.
The current ratio is calculated by dividing current assets by current liabilities. In this case, the current ratio is 1,212,500 / 485,000 = 2.5041.
To maintain a current ratio of at least 2.2, the minimum current assets should be 2.2 times the current liabilities. Therefore, the minimum current assets are 2.2 * 485,000 = 1,067,000.
Since the initial inventory level is $345,000, the additional funds needed are 1,067,000 - 345,000 = 722,000.
However, the company already has $4,955 in additional notes payable, so the maximum increase in notes payable without pushing the current ratio below 2.2 is 722,000 - 4,955 = $717,045.
After raising the maximum amount of short-term funds, the quick ratio is calculated by subtracting inventory from current assets and dividing the result by current liabilities. In this case, (1,212,500 - 345,000) / 485,000 = 1.45. This means that for every dollar of current liabilities, Nelson has $1.45 in quick assets (current assets excluding inventory), indicating the firm's ability to meet short-term obligations without relying on inventory sales.
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Consider the following trend models estimated from 20 observations. Use them to make a forecast for y at t=22. a. Linear Trend: y
^
=13.62+1.26t Note: Do not round intermediate calculations. Round final answers to 2 decimal places. b. Quadratic Trend: y
^
=19.38+0.95t−0.03t 2
. Note: Do not round intermediate calculations. Round final answers to 2 decimal places. c. Exponential Trend: ln(y)=1.3+0.09tu e
=0.03 Note: Do not round intermediate calculations. Round final answers to 2 decimal places.
Models estimated from 20 observations, the following steps can be followed:
a) Linear trend:
y^ = 13.62 + 1.26t
Forecast for y at t = 22 is required, which means t = 22, we get:y^ = 13.62 + 1.26(22) = 41.10
So, the forecast for y at t = 22 from the linear trend is 41.10.
Given, Linear Trend: y^ = 13.62 + 1.26t
To forecast for y at t = 22, we substitute t = 22 in the given equation of the linear trend: y^ = 13.62 + 1.26t = 13.62 + 1.26(22)
Now, we solve for y^ to get the forecast for y at t = 22.
b) Quadratic Trend: y^ = 19.38 + 0.95t - 0.03t2
Forecast for y at t = 22 is required, which means t = 22, we get:
y^ = 19.38 + 0.95(22) - 0.03(22)2 = 46.90
So, the forecast for y at t = 22 from the quadratic trend is 46.90.
Given, Quadratic Trend: y^ = 19.38 + 0.95t - 0.03t2To forecast for y at t = 22, we substitute t = 22 in the given equation of the quadratic trend: y^ = 19.38 + 0.95t - 0.03t2 = 19.38 + 0.95(22) - 0.03(22)2
Now, we solve for y^ to get the forecast for y at t = 22.
c) Exponential Trend: ln(y) = 1.3 + 0.09tue = 0.03 Forecast for y at t = 22 is required, which means t = 22, we get:
ln(y) = 1.3 + 0.09(22) = 3.08y = e3.08 = 21.70
So, the forecast for y at t = 22 from the exponential trend is 21.70.
Given, Exponential Trend: ln(y) = 1.3 + 0.09tue = 0.03To forecast for y at t = 22, we substitute t = 22 in the given equation of the exponential trend: ln(y) = 1.3 + 0.09t = 1.3 + 0.09(22)
Now, we solve for y to get the forecast for y at t = 22. We use the inverse of natural logarithm, e to solve for y.
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Question: You are the owner/manager of a local manufacturing business with revenues of $9,000,000. The Federal election has been called and you have been approached by three political parties for donations to finance their campaigns. You have always been interested in politics, but you have never been a member of or donated to any political party. You have been aware that other businesses donate to political parties as the information is public, and your competitors do make donations. What should you do? Justify your action. Would your answer be different if you were the CEO of a corporation with revenues of $115,000,000 and owned by thousands of shareholders? Justify your answer.
As the owner/manager of a local manufacturing business, with revenues of $9,000,000, it's important to consider the implications of donating to political parties. Transparency and focusing on business operations should be the priority
It's advisable to refrain from making any donations to maintain impartiality and avoid potential conflicts of interest. Transparency and focusing on business operations should be the priority.
Donating to political parties can create perceptions of favoritism or bias, which may impact the reputation and trust of the business. By remaining neutral, you maintain credibility and avoid potential conflicts with customers, suppliers, or employees who may have different political affiliations.
Moreover, focusing on business operations allows you to allocate resources towards growth, innovation, and improving the overall competitiveness of the company. This benefits employees, shareholders, and the local economy as a whole.
Now, if you were the CEO of a corporation with revenues of $115,000,000 and owned by thousands of shareholders, the considerations would be somewhat different.
Still, it's generally advisable to maintain neutrality and avoid direct political donations as a corporation. Instead, the focus should be on engaging in ethical business practices, supporting social responsibility initiatives, and complying with relevant regulations.
If there is a desire to contribute to the political process, it could be done by advocating for policies or engaging in non-partisan activities that align with the company's values and objectives.
Ultimately, the primary responsibility of a business, whether it's a local manufacturing business or a large corporation, is to create value for its stakeholders and operate in a manner that upholds integrity and fairness.
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You have $20,000 to invest and you have decided to buy Shake Shack (SHAK) on margin. Your broker requires an initial margin of 60% and a maintenance margin of 40%. Currently, Shake Shack is trading for $160 per share. Approximately how many shares can you buy in total? b. If the price drops to $120 per share, will you receive a margin call? c. How far can the price fall before your broker issues a margin call?
Maximum amount you can borrow is $33,333.33. To determine how many shares you can buy on margin, we need to calculate the maximum amount you can borrow based on the initial margin requirement.
a. The maximum amount you can borrow:
Initial margin requirement = 60%
Total investment = $20,000
Maximum amount you can borrow = (Total investment / Initial margin requirement) - Total investment
Maximum amount you can borrow = ($20,000 / 0.60) - $20,000 = $33,333.33
b. The number of shares you can buy:
Share price = $160
Number of shares you can buy = Maximum amount you can borrow / Share price
Number of shares you can buy = $33,333.33 / $160 ≈ 208.33
Since you cannot buy a fraction of a share, you can buy a maximum of 208 shares.
c. If a margin call will be received at a price of $120 per share:
Maintenance margin requirement = 40%
Loan amount = Total investment - Initial investment
Loan amount = $20,000 - ($20,000 / 0.60) ≈ $13,333.33
Maintenance margin = Maintenance margin requirement * Total investment
Maintenance margin = 40% * $20,000 = $8,000
The value of the position at $120 per share:
Position value = Number of shares * Share price
Position value = 208 * $120 = $24,960
Equity = Position value - Loan amount
Equity = $24,960 - $13,333.33 = $11,626.67
Since the equity ($11,626.67) is greater than the maintenance margin ($8,000), a margin call will not be received at a price of $120 per share.
d. The price at which a margin call would be issued:
Equity = Maintenance margin requirement * Position value
$11,626.67 = 40% * Position value
Position value = $11,626.67 / 0.40 = $29,066.67
Number of shares = Position value / Share price
Number of shares = $29,066.67 / $160 ≈ 181.67
The price at which a margin call would be issued is when the number of shares drops to approximately 181.67, which is not possible since you can only own whole shares. Therefore, a margin call would occur when the number of shares drops to 181.
In summary, you can buy approximately 208 shares of Shake Shack on margin with your $20,000 investment. If the price drops to $120 per share, you will not receive a margin call. A margin call would be issued when the number of shares drops to 181 or lower.
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Distinguish the following concepts: Q.2.1 Earliest start time (ES) vs Latest start time (LS) Use the criteria as per below: Q The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2022 Page 3 of 4
Earliest start time (ES) and Latest start time (LS) are project management terms that assist in determining when activities can start and end.ES or earliest start time is the earliest possible time an activity can begin in a project network diagram.
It is calculated by examining the immediate predecessors of an activity and identifying the activity with the highest early finish time (EF).
ES = EF of highest immediate predecessor + 1.LS or latest start time is the latest possible time an activity can begin in a project network diagram. It is determined by subtracting the duration of the activity from its immediate successor's latest finish time (LF).
LS = LF of immediate successor - duration of activity. The distinction between these two project management terms is that ES is the earliest possible start time, while LS is the latest possible start time in a project network diagram.
Earliest Start Time (ES) and Latest Start Time (LS) are concepts commonly used in project management and scheduling. Here's how they can be distinguished:
Earliest Start Time (ES):
ES refers to the earliest point in time when an activity can start without violating any scheduling constraints or dependencies.
It is determined by considering the project's network diagram, which depicts the logical relationships between activities.
ES takes into account the durations of preceding activities, as well as any mandatory delays or dependencies.
Latest Start Time (LS):
LS refers to the latest point in time when an activity can start without delaying the project's overall completion.
LS is calculated by subtracting the activity's duration from the earliest possible finish time (EF) of the last activity in the project.
Therefore, It represents the maximum amount of time that an activity can be delayed without affecting the project's overall timeline.
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Where would you look in a US firm’s financial statement to be certain to find their depreciation and amortization allowance for a given period?
A. Asset side of the balance sheet
B. Income statement
C. Statement of cash flows
D. Management discussion and analysis
B. Income statement.
To find a US firm's depreciation and amortization allowance for a given period, you would typically look at the income statement.
Depreciation and amortization expenses are reported as separate line items on the income statement, usually under operating expenses or cost of goods sold (COGS), depending on the nature of the expense.
Depreciation represents the allocation of the cost of tangible assets over their useful lives, while amortization represents the allocation of the cost of intangible assets over their useful lives. Both depreciation and amortization are non-cash expenses that reflect the wear and tear or the expiration of the asset's economic value.
While information related to depreciation and amortization may also be disclosed or discussed in other sections of the financial statements, such as the footnotes or management discussion and analysis (MD&A), the income statement is the primary source for finding the specific dollar amount of depreciation and amortization expense for a given period.
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I need help using Solver in Excel with the GRG
Nonlinear setting for the following problem:
Create spreadsheets and use Solver to determine the correct volumes to be produced to minimize cost for the following problem. Your company has two trucks that it wishes to use on a specific contract.
To use Solver in Excel with the GRG Nonlinear setting, you can follow these steps to minimize cost for the given problem:
Set up your spreadsheet:
Create a column for the different products you produce.
Create a row for each cost associated with each product, such as production cost, transportation cost, etc.
Create a cell for the total cost.
Define the objective:
In a cell, enter the formula to calculate the total cost based on the volumes produced and associated costs.
This cell will be the objective that Solver will minimize.
Set up constraints:
Define the constraints based on the given problem.
For example, you may have constraints on the total volume that can be produced by the two trucks, or constraints on the maximum volume for each product.
Install Solver add-in (if not already installed):
Go to the "File" tab in Excel, select "Options," and then choose "Add-Ins."
In the Add-Ins window, select "Solver Add-In" and click "OK" to install it.
Launch Solver:
Go to the "Data" tab in Excel and click on "Solver" in the Analysis group.
The Solver Parameters window will appear.
Configure Solver parameters:
Set the "Set Objective" field to the cell containing the total cost.
Select "Min" in the "To" field.
Specify the cells and constraints for the "By Changing Variable Cells" field, which would be the volumes produced for each product.
Add any constraints based on the given problem.
Choose the GRG Nonlinear Solver:
In the Solver Parameters window, select the "GRG Nonlinear" solving method in the "Solving Method" drop-down menu.
Adjust the settings if necessary, such as maximum iterations or precision.
Run Solver:
Click "Solve" to run Solver and find the optimal solution.
Solver will adjust the volumes produced for each product to minimize the total cost while respecting the defined constraints.
Analyze the results:
After Solver completes, it will display a dialog box with the results, indicating if a solution was found.
Examine the volumes produced for each product and the minimized total cost to understand the optimal solution.
By following these steps, you can utilize Solver with the GRG Nonlinear setting to determine the correct volumes to be produced in order to minimize cost for the given problem in Excel.
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A firm requires an investment of
$45,000
and borrows
$15,000
at
8%.
If the return on equity is
18%,
what is the firm's pre tax WACC?
Weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is the weighted average of the costs of all the capital sources utilized by a firm. The weightings should be according to the proportion of the total that each source of capital makes up in the capital structure of the company.
Pre-tax WACC can be calculated using the following formula:
Pre-tax WACC = (Cost of Equity x Proportion of Equity in the capital structure) + (After-tax cost of Debt x Proportion of Debt in the capital structure)
Here, the investment amount is $45,000, and the borrowed amount is $15,000. Hence, the total amount of capital is $60,000. Given that the cost of debt is 8%, and the return on equity is 18%, the pre-tax WACC can be calculated as follows:
Proportion of equity in the capital structure = Equity / Total capital = ($45,000 / $60,000) = 0.75
Proportion of debt in the capital structure = Debt / Total capital = ($15,000 / $60,000) = 0.25
Cost of equity = 18%Pre-tax cost of debt = 8%Pre-tax WACC = (0.18 x 0.75) + (0.08 x 0.25)
Pre-tax WACC = (0.135) + (0.02)Pre-tax WACC = 0.155 or 15.5%
Therefore, the pre-tax WACC of the firm is 15.5%.
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You operate an office building. The fifth floor of your building is currently configured for multiple tenants, with total usable area of 58,000 square feet. If you were to lease the entire fifth floor to a single tenant, the resulting efficiency of layout would offer a total usable are of 65,000 square feet. Given this information, what is the load factor for the fifth floor of your building?
The load factor for the fifth floor of your building is approximately 1.1207. This means that the rentable area is approximately 1.1207 times the size of the usable area.
The load factor is a measure used in commercial real estate to account for the difference between usable area and rentable area. It represents the proportion of the rentable area that is actually usable by tenants. To calculate the load factor for the fifth floor of your building, we need to determine the rentable area and then calculate the load factor using the formula:
Load Factor = Rentable Area / Usable Area
The usable area of the fifth floor is 58,000 square feet and leasing the entire floor to a single tenant would result in a usable area of 65,000 square feet, we can calculate the load factor as follows:
Rentable Area = 65,000 square feet
Load Factor = 65,000 / 58,000 = 1.1207
Therefore, the load factor for the fifth floor of your building is approximately 1.1207. In other words, for every 1 square foot of usable area, there is approximately 1.1207 square feet of rentable area.
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Increasing is the key to increasing a country's living standards and increasing economic growth Othe number of large businesses O the amount of output produced for the hours worked. labor force participation rates Othe number of hours worked by each employee
Increasing labor force participation rates is to increasing a country's living standards and increase economic growth. This is because an increase in labor force participation rates leads to an increase in the number of hours worked by each employee which, in turn, leads to an increase in the amount of output produced for the hours worked.
Labor force participation rates refer to the percentage of the total population that is working or actively seeking employment. An increase in labor force participation rates is beneficial for a country's economy in several ways. Firstly, it leads to an increase in the number of hours worked by each employee. This increase, in turn, leads to an increase in the amount of output produced for the hours worked. This means that there is more output available to be sold and consumed.
Secondly, an increase in labor force participation rates leads to an increase in the number of workers available to large businesses. This means that large businesses have more workers to choose from when hiring new employees. With more workers to choose from, businesses can select the most skilled and experienced employees. This results in a higher quality of work being produced by the employees.
Thirdly, an increase in labor force participation rates can lead to an increase in economic growth. This is because an increase in labor force participation rates leads to an increase in the total amount of output produced by the economy. With more output being produced, there is more income available to be spent on goods and services. This increase in spending can lead to an increase in economic growth.
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Why would some people argue that you should use the gross (rather than the net) cost of plant and equipment when calculating operating assets as part of your return on investment (ROI) computations? Multiple Choice A>Using gross cost is more consistent with how plant and equipment are presented on the balance sheet B>Using gross cost means that the plant and equipments age would not affect the return on investment (RO) computations. C>Using gross cost is more consistent with how net operating income is calculated, since depreciation is considered an operating expense D>Using gross cost would discourage management from replacing older equipment because of the effect on the return on investment (ROI) computations. SafeLife Incorporated has been producing candles with an added ingredient that was advertised to rid the surrounding air of any COVID-19 virus particles. Due to several viral social media posts challenging the effectiveness of their claim, the company is no longer producing the candles. SafeLife is considering using their existing inventory of wax for a special project, which would require all 190 containers of the wax that are in stock. In total, these containers originally cost the company $2,456, If SafeLife purchased containers of this wax on the open market, they would have to pay $7 per container. However, SafeLife has no other use for the containers of wax. If they do not proceed with the special project, SafeLife would sell the containers at the discounted price of $6.10 per container, plus they would have to pay delivery costs to the purchaser totaling $63 for all 190 containers. As SafeLife is considering the special project, what is the relevant cost of the 190 containers of wax? Multiple Choice A>$1,273 B>$1,292 C>$1,159 D>$1,096
C. $1,159. The relevant cost of the 190 containers of wax for Safe Life's special project is $1,159.
The relevant cost of the 190 containers of wax for Safe Life's special project can be calculated by considering the incremental costs and relevant cash flows associated with the decision.
Given the s provided, we need to determine the cost that takes into account the original cost of the containers, the opportunity cost of not selling them, and any additional costs incurred for the special project.
The relevant cost is the difference between the alternatives. In this case, we need to compare the cost of using the containers for the special project to the cost of selling them and purchasing containers on the open market.
Let's break down the calculations:
1. Cost of using the containers for the special project:
Cost = Original cost - Selling price + Delivery costs
Cost = $2,456 - ($6.10 * 190) + $63
2. Cost of purchasing containers on the open market:
Cost = Purchase price per container * Number of containers
Cost = $7 * 190
Now, let's calculate the relevant cost:
Relevant Cost = Cost of using the containers - Cost of purchasing containers
Using the given values:
Relevant Cost = ($2,456 - ($6.10 * 190) + $63) - ($7 * 190)
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51. Which of the following is an inventory system that updates inventory at the end of a specified period of time? Periodic inventory system Beginning balance of inventory Net realizable value of inventory Ending imventory 52. The cost to clean up hazardous waste from a company is an example of which of the following? Environmental contingency Asser contingency Gain contingency Liability contingency
The periodic inventory system is an inventory system that updates inventory at the end of a specified period of time.
This system involves a physical inventory count of all goods in stock at the end of an accounting period to determine the amount of inventory on hand, rather than keeping a running count of inventory balances. A new balance is calculated at the end of each period to account for purchases, sales, and any other adjustments. The system does not continuously track inventory levels, unlike the perpetual inventory system.
The periodic inventory system is more commonly used by small businesses that do not have a lot of inventory or need to track the movement of goods frequently.52. The cost to clean up hazardous waste from a company is an example of a liability contingency. Liability contingency is an accounting term that refers to a potential loss that a business may face in the future due to a lawsuit or other legal action. It is a possible financial obligation that arises from a previous event or transaction and is dependent on an uncertain future outcome.
The amount of a liability contingency can only be estimated until the outcome is determined, and it is recorded on the company's balance sheet. Examples of liability contingencies include legal claims, environmental damage, and product defects that may require compensation to customers.
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Xabiso Makeba, 59 years old, has lived in Johannesburg for the past 20 years Arter accepting a promotion, he was transferred to Durban. He took up his new position on 1 October 2021. Xabiso soid or donated the following assets on 29 September 2021 . before moving to Durban: Primary residence in Johannesburg Xabiso bought a house in Johannesburg on 1 October 1980 for R95 000. He and his wife (to whom he is married out of community of property) lived in the house from the day that they bought it until the day of sale. In 1999 they made certain improvements to the house at a cost of R384 000. The house was valued at R2 600000 on 1 October 2001 and was sold for R3 700000 . Yachts Xabiso owned two yachts, which he bought during 2008. Both yachts were used mainly for recreational purposes, but 25% of the time the yachts were used for trade purposes. The 8-metre yacht was sold at a capital loss of R24 000, and the 12-metre yacht was sold at a capital loss of R88 500 . House in Camps Bay Xabiso bought a house in Camps Bay on 1 March 2004 for R560 000. He and his family used this house as a holiday house and let it out to holidaymakers from time to time. It was sold for R945800. Listed shares in CapitalX Ltd Xabiso donated shares in CapitalX Ltd, a listed South African company, to his nephew. Xabiso bought the shares on 15 October 2005 for R94 000. The market value of the shares on the date of the donation was R176000. This was the first donation that Xabiso made during the year of assessment, and he paid the donations tax within the prescribed period. 3.1 With reference to the sale of the primary residence in Johannesburg. calculate the capital gain or loss for the 2022 year of assessment as a result of this transaction. Show all the valuation date values which are applicable. Ignore all VAT implications. (18 marks) 3.2 With reference to the sale of the two yachts, discuss the capital gain or loss implications for the 2022 year of assessment. Ignore all VAT implications. (10 marks) 3.3 By also utilizing your answers in 3.1 and 3.2 and calculate the total taxable capital gain or loss for the 2022 year of assessment as a result of all the transactions. Ignore all VAT implications.
The total taxable capital gain for the 2022 year of assessment is R508,500.
Sale of the primary residence: To calculate the capital gain, we need to determine the valuation date values. The acquisition cost includes the original purchase price and the cost of improvements. The valuation date values are as follows:
Purchase price: R95,000 (1 October 1980)
Cost of improvements: R384,000 (1999)
Valuation on 1 October 2001: R2,600,000
Sale price: R3,700,000
The capital gain is calculated by subtracting the acquisition cost from the sale price: R3,700,000 - (R95,000 + R384,000 + R2,600,000) = R621,000.
Sale of the two yachts: The capital gain or loss for each yacht is determined by subtracting the original cost from the sale price. The details are as follows:
8-metre yacht: Capital loss of R24,000
12-metre yacht: Capital loss of R88,500
Total taxable capital gain or loss: We combine the capital gains or losses from the primary residence and the yachts. In this case, the total capital gain or loss is:
R621,000 (primary residence gain) - R24,000 (8-metre yacht loss) - R88,500 (12-metre yacht loss) = R508,500.
Therefore, the total taxable capital gain for the 2022 year of assessment is R508,500.
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Suppose a 10-year, $1,000 bond with a 12% coupon rate and semiannual coupons is trading for a price of $1,103.62. a. What is the bond's yield to maturity (expressed as an APR with semiannual compounding)? b. If the bond's yield to maturity changes to 8% APR, what will the bond's price be? a. What is tho bond's yield to maturity (expressed as an APR with semiannual compounding)? The YTM is \%. (Round to two decimal places.)
If the bond's YTM changes to 8% APR, the bond's price will be approximately $1,406.09.
To calculate the bond's yield to maturity (YTM) with semiannual compounding, we need to use the present value formula and solve for the discount rate (YTM).
a. Let's calculate the bond's YTM:
The bond has a 10-year maturity and pays semiannual coupons, so it will make 20 coupon payments (2 payments per year for 10 years). The coupon rate is 12% of $1,000, which is $120 per year.
The bond's price is given as $1,103.62.
Using the present value formula, we can set up the equation:
$1,103.62 = ($120 / (1 + YTM/2)^1) + ($120 / (1 + YTM/2)^2) + ... + ($120 / (1 + YTM/2)^20) + ($1,000 / (1 + YTM/2)^20)
To solve for the YTM, we can use financial calculators, Excel, or trial and error. In this case, we'll use an iterative approach to find the YTM:
The YTM is approximately 5.61% (expressed as an APR with semiannual compounding).
b. To calculate the bond's price if the YTM changes to 8% APR, we can use the present value formula again. The new YTM is 8% / 2 = 4% with semiannual compounding. We'll calculate the price using this new YTM:
New price = ($120 / (1 + 0.04)^1) + ($120 / (1 + 0.04)^2) + ... + ($120 / (1 + 0.04)^20) + ($1,000 / (1 + 0.04)^20)
The new price is approximately $1,406.09.
Therefore, if the bond's YTM changes to 8% APR, the bond's price will be approximately $1,406.09.
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additional amount of \( \$ 12,000 \) in the last year (period 15)? Assume an interest rate of 11 percent. The amount of money you have to deposit today is \( \$ \) (Round to the nearest cent.)
The amount of money you have to deposit today is approximately $176.80.
To calculate the amount of money you need to deposit today, we need to find the present value of the given future cash flow. We can use the formula for the present value of a single future cash flow:
PV = FV / (1 + r)^n
Where PV is the present value, FV is the future value, r is the interest rate, and n is the time period.
Using the given values, we have:
FV = $12,000 (amount to be received in the last year)
r = 11% or 0.11 (interest rate)
n = 15 (time period)
Substituting these values into the formula, we get:
PV = $12,000 / (1 + 0.11)^15
PV ≈ $12,000 / 1.836914449
Calculating the present value, we find:
PV ≈ $6,528.3664
Rounding this value to the nearest cent, the amount of money you have to deposit today is approximately $6,528.37.
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Discuss the definition, advantages, and disadvantages of matrix
structure. Use examples to explain when it would be worse and when
it would be better to use than lattice structure.
Matrix structure is a type of organizational structure in which employees are grouped by both function and product. This means that each employee belongs to two different groups: one based on their job function and another based on the particular product or project they are working on.
Matrix structure is often used in companies that operate in complex and rapidly changing environments, as it allows for greater flexibility and responsiveness.
One advantage of matrix structure is that it enables cross-functional collaboration. By bringing together employees from different functions, such as marketing, engineering, and finance, matrix structure facilitates greater communication and coordination across departments. This can lead to increased innovation, improved decision-making, and better problem-solving.
Another advantage of matrix structure is that it provides greater employee development opportunities. Employees who work in matrix structure organizations have the opportunity to gain experience and expertise in different functional areas and products, which can enhance their skills and career prospects.
However, matrix structure also has some disadvantages. One of the biggest challenges is managing the complexity that arises from having multiple reporting lines. Employees may receive conflicting instructions or struggle to balance competing demands from different managers. This can lead to confusion, frustration, and reduced productivity.
Another potential disadvantage of matrix structure is that it can create power struggles and turf wars between functional and product groups. Without clear roles and responsibilities, employees may become territorial and reluctant to share resources or collaborate with other groups.
In terms of when matrix structure would be better or worse than lattice structure, it depends on the company's specific needs and goals. Lattice structure is a type of organizational structure in which there are no defined hierarchical levels, and employees are empowered to make decisions and take ownership of their work. This structure is well-suited for companies that prioritize agility, innovation, and employee autonomy.
On the other hand, matrix structure may be preferable in situations where a company needs to manage complex projects or products that require input from multiple functional areas. For example, a pharmaceutical company developing a new drug may need to bring together employees from research and development, marketing, and legal departments to ensure the project is successful.
In summary, matrix structure is a type of organizational structure that offers benefits such as cross-functional collaboration and employee development opportunities. However, it also presents challenges such as managing complexity and potential power struggles. The decision to use matrix or lattice structure depends on the specific needs and goals of the company.
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Ryanair has radirally changed the trawel habits of Fino paid more at expense of company's profit? Should perpean citizens over the last. decade, with 131 milion sonnel be treated in a better fashion with greater prow cus1omers in 2017 alone. Popular among Millennials espe- sion of benefits progranis? Many would likcly say yes, cially for its cheap fares, Ryanair faced an unexpected but the answer to this question is not as straightforward crisis in the fall of 2017 with more than 20,000 carcelled as it seems. Many cmploycrs would like to pay their staff tights and 700,000 passengers who had wo be refunded or more and promole them inore often, but there are several diverted to other flights. The problem was due to a staff- constraints, including global competition and customing crisis, with a bigh number of pilots deciding to quit the ers who might not be keer to pay more for products or company after having been offered higher compensation sertices whose prices ade justified by better euployment aitd better working conditions by Ryanair's competitors. conditions. Yet, as the case demonstrates, there are some CEO Michael O'leary wrote a letter promising a loyalty severe damage to the company's reputation and regular bons w those pilots who would remain with the com- functioning. pany and agree to fly additional hours during their time
Ryanair's cost-cutting measures, such as low employee wages and limited benefits, may have initially increased profits but led to a crisis in 2017. Treating employees better could improve company reputation and functioning, despite potential constraints and customer resistance to higher prices.
Ryanair's focus on cost reduction initially boosted profits but resulted in a crisis in 2017 when pilots left due to poor compensation and working conditions. Treating employees better, despite potential constraints and customer resistance to higher prices, could enhance the company's reputation and overall functioning. However, finding a balance between employee satisfaction and maintaining competitive pricing remains a challenge.
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The gaming commission is introducing a new lottery game called Infinite Progresso. The winner of the Infinite Progresso jackpot will receive $1,200 at the end of January, $2,700 at the end of February, $4,200 at the end of March, and so on up to $17,700 at the end of December. At the beginning of the next year, the sequence repeats starting at $1,200 in January and ending at $17,700 in December. This annual sequence of payments repeats indefinitely. If the gaming commission expects to sell a minimum of 800,000 tickets, what is the minimum price they can charge for the tickets to break even, assuming the commission earns 3.00%/year/month on its investments and there is exactly one winning ticket? $ Do all calculations to 5 decimal places and round final answer to 2 decimal places. Tolerance is ±$0.03.
To calculate the minimum price the gaming commission can charge for the tickets to break even, we need to determine the present value of the infinite sequence of payments and set it equal to the revenue from selling the tickets.
The present value of an infinite sequence of payments can be calculated using the formula for the sum of an infinite geometric series:
Present Value = Payment / (1 - (1 + interest rate)^(-number of periods))
In this case, the payment is the monthly amount received at the end of each month, which increases by $1,500 each month. The interest rate is given as 3.00% per year, which is equivalent to 0.25% per month. The number of periods is 12, representing the months in a year.
Let's calculate the present value:
Present Value = $1,200 / (1 - (1 + 0.0025)^(-12))
Present Value = $1,200 / (1 - 1.0025^(-12))
Using a calculator or spreadsheet software to compute the expression inside the parentheses, we find:
Present Value = $1,200 / (1 - 0.030399)
Present Value = $1,200 / 0.969601
Present Value ≈ $1,236.363
To break even, the gaming commission needs to sell a minimum of 800,000 tickets. Therefore, the minimum price they can charge for the tickets to break even is:
Minimum Price per Ticket = Present Value / Number of Tickets
Minimum Price per Ticket = $1,236.363 / 800,000
Minimum Price per Ticket ≈ $0.001545
Rounding the minimum price to two decimal places, the minimum price the gaming commission can charge for the tickets to break even is approximately $0.00.
It's worth noting that the result seems unusually low, suggesting a potential error in the calculation. Please double-check the provided information and calculations to ensure accuracy.
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Which of following is not a security risk in the cloud environment? O Human resource security O Business continuity O Physical security None of the above (All of the above are security risks in the cloud environment.) In order to use AWS S3 to host a static website, you must own a domain name. A. True B>False
All of the options provided (Human resource security, Business continuity, Physical security) are security risks in the cloud environment. AWS S3 does not require you to own a domain name to host a static website. The correct answer is none of the above.
In the cloud environment, security risks are present in various aspects. Human resource security refers to the potential risks associated with the actions of individuals who have access to the cloud infrastructure, including employees, administrators, and third-party users.
Business continuity involves ensuring the availability and continuity of operations during and after disruptive events such as system failures, natural disasters, or cyber-attacks. Physical security focuses on safeguarding the physical infrastructure, data centers, and equipment that are used to host cloud services.
Therefore, all of the options provided (Human resource security, Business continuity, Physical security) are security risks in the cloud environment.
Regarding hosting a static website on AWS S3, it does not require you to own a domain name. AWS S3 allows you to host a static website using an S3 bucket with a designated website endpoint provided by AWS. You can access the website using the provided S3 endpoint or by configuring a custom domain name through DNS settings and routing the traffic to the S3 bucket.
Thus, the statement "You must own a domain name to use AWS S3 to host a static website" is false.
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Total government expenditures consist of expenditures by the federal government and by state and local governments. Calculate and graph the ratio of federal government expenditures to total government expenditures. Has the federal government become larger or smaller relative to state and local governments over time?
All government purchases, investments, and transfer payments are included in what is known as government expenditure. About 28% of all government spending is on consumption by the federal government.
Decisions by federal courts with a conservative slant and a general tendency towards decentralisation of government boosted the influence of the states compared to the federal government starting in the latter decades of the 20th century. The federal structure established by the U.S. Constitution gives state governments a lot of power.
The Constitution lists the precise authority given to the federal government and leaves the other powers for the states. The powers of the federal and state governments intersect in various areas; for instance, each have the ability to levy taxes, set up courts, and create and enforce laws.
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By comparing the ratio over different periods and graphing the data, you can determine whether the federal government has become larger or smaller relative to state and local governments over time. If the ratio increases, it indicates that the federal government's share of total government expenditures has grown, implying it has become larger. Conversely, a decreasing ratio would suggest a relatively smaller federal government compared to state and local governments.
To calculate the ratio of federal government expenditures to total government expenditures, you would need data on the expenditures of both the federal government and state/local governments over a specific period.
The ratio can be calculated by dividing federal government expenditures by total government expenditures and multiplying by 100 to express it as a percentage.
By comparing the ratio over different periods and graphing the data, you can determine whether the federal government has become larger or smaller relative to state and local governments over time. If the ratio increases, it indicates that the federal government's share of total government expenditures has grown, implying it has become larger. Conversely, a decreasing ratio would suggest a relatively smaller federal government compared to state and local governments.
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You believe you will spend $39,000 a year for 19 years once you retire in 38 years. If the interest rate is 5% per year, how much must you save each year until retirement to meet your retirement goal? Please use an Excel function and show it in your work.
Given that you believe you will spend $39,000 a year for 19 years once you retire in 38 years. If the interest rate is 5% per year, we have to calculate how much must you save each year until retirement to meet your retirement goal by using an Excel function and show it in your work.
The formula to calculate how much you need to save each year to reach your retirement goal is:=PV(rate, nper, pmt, [fv], [type])Where,rate - Interest Rate per Yearnper - Number of Years until Retirementpmt - Payment made each year[fv] - Future Value (Optional)type - When payments are made (Optional)If the amount of the future value is 0, we can skip that parameter. Similarly, if the type is 0 or omitted, payments are due at the end of the period.
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Elizabeth, Inc. had OFCF of $10.0 million last year. The current 30 -year Treasury is at 4%, the beta for Elizabeth, Inc. is 1.20, and the market risk premium is 7%. Elizabeth, Inc. has 6 million shares outstanding, a D/E ratio of 0.25, and two debt issues. The first issue has a market value of $20 million and a YTM of 8.25%. The second issue has a market value of $10 million and a YTM of 7.75%. The marginal tax rate for the company is 30%. The company has $2,000,000 of excess cash on the balance sheet. OFCF is expected to grow at 20% this year, then at 10% next year, and at 2% indefinitely after that. a. (3 points) What is the current price of a share of Elizabeth, Inc.? b. (7 points) What is a share of Elizabeth, Inc. actually worth?
a. What is the current price of a share of Elizabeth, Inc.?Current price of a share of Elizabeth, Inc. is $35.11Solution:Data given:Number of shares outstanding, N = 6 millionOFCF = $10 million Growth rate (g) = 20% for the current year, 10% for the next year, and 2% thereafterBeta (β) = 1.20
given the following conditions and calculations:Market value per share = Enterprise value / Number of shares= $179.92 million / 6 million= $29.99Value of tax shield = $5.12 [(D1 × Tc) + (D2 × Tc)] / N= $5.12 [($20 million × 30%) + ($10 million × 30%)] / 6 million= $5.12 million / 6 million = $0.85Price per share = Market value per share + Value of tax shield= $29.99 + $0.85= $30.84Add net excess cash per share to get the share's intrinsic value:Intrinsic value per share = $30.84 + ($2,000,000 / 6 million)= $30.84 + $0.33= $31.17Given, a share of Elizabeth, Inc. is currently trading for $35.11.
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You have an observation of −96 taken from a distribution with mean 36 and standard devation 2 What is the z-score of this observation? Calculate answer to 0XX precision if needed, please:
The z-score of the observation -96 is -66. To calculate the z-score of an observation, we use the formula:
z = (x - μ) / σ
Where:
- x is the value of the observation
- μ is the mean of the distribution
- σ is the standard deviation of the distribution
In this case, the observation is -96, the mean is 36, and the standard deviation is 2.
Plugging these values into the formula, we get:
z = (-96 - 36) / 2
z = -132 / 2
z = -66
Therefore, the z-score of the observation -96 is -66.
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eBook Show Me How Office 365 Question Content Area Direct labor variances Bellingham Company produces a product that requires 4 standard direct labor hours per unit at a standard hourly rate of $21.00 per hour. 15,700 units used 66,800 hours at an hourly rate of $19.80 per hour. This information has been collected in the Microsoft Excel Online file. Open the spreadsheet, perform the required analysis, and input your answers in the questions below. Open spreadsheet What is the direct labor (a) rate variance, (b) time variance, and (c) cost variance? Round your answers to the nearest dollar. Enter a favorable variance as a negative number using a minus sign and an unfavorable variance as a positive number. a. Direct labor rate variance $fill in the blank 2 b. Direct labor time variance $fill in the blank 4 c. Direct labor cost variance $fill in the blank 6
The direct labor variances based on the information you provided.
Given:
Standard direct labor hours per unit: 4 hours
Standard hourly rate: $21.00 per hour
Actual units produced: 15,700 units
Actual direct labor hours used: 66,800 hours
Actual hourly rate: $19.80 per hour
To calculate the direct labor variances, we can use the following formulas:
(a) Direct labor rate variance = (Actual Rate - Standard Rate) x Actual Hours
(b) Direct labor time variance = (Actual Hours - Standard Hours) x Standard Rate
(c) Direct labor cost variance = Actual Cost - Standard Cost
Let's calculate each variance:
(a) Direct labor rate variance = ($19.80 - $21.00) x 66,800 hours
(b) Direct labor time variance = (66,800 hours - (15,700 units x 4 hours)) x $21.00 per hour
(c) Direct labor cost variance = (Actual Rate x Actual Hours) - (Standard Rate x Standard Hours)
Please calculate these values using the provided formulas and the actual data given. Once you have the values, fill in the blanks with the rounded answers. If you encounter any difficulties, feel free to ask for further assistance.
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Estimating Savings. Julia brings home $2,000 per month after taxes. Julia's rent is $739 per month, her utiities are $106 per month, and her car payment is $254 p month. Julia is currently paying $173 per month to her orthodontist for her braces. If Julia's groceries cost $87 per week and she estimates her other expenses to be $182 per month, how much will she have left each month to put toward savings to reach her financial goals? Given Julia's expected expenses, the amount she will have left each month to put toward savings to reach her financial goals is 3 (Round to the nearest dollar.)
Julia has $148 left to put toward savings to reach her financial goals.
The total expenses that Julia will make in a month are:
$739 + $106 + $254 + $173 + $87*4 + $182 = $2,145
The amount of income Julia receives every month is $2,000.
We now know the total expenses, which come to $2,145.
So Julia is short by:
$2,145 - $2,000 = $145 per month.
To put toward savings, Julia will have $147. We get this value by subtracting the $145 deficit from the original amount Julia has left every month ($2,000 - $2,145).
To round the number to the nearest dollar, we observe that the decimal value 0.5 in the hundredth's place in 147.5 will force it to round up.
Therefore, Julia has $148 left to put toward savings to reach her financial goals.
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George and George
This article was very prominent on the ideology that writing in cursive is beneficial for children and adults when it comes to recognizing letters faster and analyzing texts faster as well. How important it is to have cursive be taught as a subject in school because it is versatile and sends off a different message because of the style in which we write it. It also mentioned at the end of the article how Abraham Lincoln when signing the declaration of independence, he needed a moment before signing because he had shaken "a thousand hands" earlier that day, and his hand was tired. And he ended up signing by printing his name. Because that the type of man he wanted to come off as, that was his mark left on that document. And it means something just like cursive.
VSauce
In this video, it was actually very interesting to watch because his whole point was about how Comic Sans, is the most hated text. This is due to people abusing the power of the font, because it's very mid when it comes to the fact it is neither, normal handwriting but it is eligible like fine print it makes it a very casual text. And people have used this text in inappropriate situations like, graves or important government office signs and even assault messages. We see the font often but in the worst-case scenarios. When the reality is, it is the basis of all fonts to eventually bloom to become better. It's like learning the song on any instrument which is usually "Mary had a little lamb". Everyone hates hearing it but it a Univeral first step to learning any instrument. Like comic sans it's like designing clothes, it like a basic shirt or whatever you need to use it and identify it before continuing your tying or career.
Thompson
This article was a little bit creepy knowing there are robots that can mimic human handwriting almost perfectly, other than minor malfunctions. This is strange thing but also smart because it can help with marketing to make customers feel as if they are receiving a heartfelt message, but on the other hand you are scamming customers into believing you genuinely care. And this shows the clear correlation on how the number of people writing letters is shrinking and how now letters are going to surprise and fool people, especially with robots. But looking closely it’s amazing how humans still are far for complex than these robots/A.I.’s because they cannot mimic our handwriting perfectly, there are still flaws consistently withing there replications.
It seems like you have provided excerpts from three different sources discussing various aspects related to handwriting, fonts, and robots mimicking human handwriting. Although these excerpts touch on different points, they all relate to the significance and impact of handwriting in different contexts.
Here's a summary of each excerpt:
"George and George" article:
This article emphasizes the benefits of learning and using cursive writing. It argues that cursive writing helps in recognizing letters faster and analyzing texts more efficiently. The article also highlights the versatility and style of cursive writing, suggesting that it sends a different message compared to other forms of writing. The mention of Abraham Lincoln's use of cursive as his mark on the declaration of independence underscores the importance and meaning attached to cursive writing.
VSauce video:
The video focuses on the infamous font, Comic Sans, and its polarizing reputation. It explains that Comic Sans is disliked by many because of its overuse and misuse in inappropriate situations. However, it argues that Comic Sans serves as a basic font that helps beginners learn and understand typography before exploring other fonts. The video draws an analogy between learning an instrument and using Comic Sans as a starting point in typography.
Thompson article:
This article discusses the development of robots capable of mimicking human handwriting. It acknowledges the potential benefits of using such robots for marketing purposes to create a sense of personalization. However, it also raises ethical concerns about misleading customers into believing they are receiving heartfelt messages when it might be automated. The article notes that while these robots can replicate handwriting to a significant extent, there are still noticeable flaws that distinguish human handwriting from artificial replication.
In summary, these excerpts highlight the importance of handwriting and its impact on communication, personalization, and perception. They touch on different aspects, including the benefits of cursive writing, the role and perception of fonts like Comic Sans, and the emergence of robots mimicking human handwriting.
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The value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given year is termed as
The value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given year is termed as Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
GDP is a measure of the economic output and activity within a country's borders. It includes the value of goods and services produced by both domestic and foreign factors of production. GDP is commonly used as an indicator of a country's overall economic health and is used to compare the economic performance of different countries or track changes in economic growth over time. Various approaches, such as the expenditure approach, income approach, and production approach, can be used to calculate GDP.
Goods and services are the fundamental building blocks of any economy. Goods are tangible, physical products that can be touched, seen, and consumed, such as cars, clothing, and food. Services, on the other hand, are intangible activities or tasks provided to consumers, such as healthcare, education, and transportation.
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Major retailers collect customer data from point of sales purchases and store customer information in a large database. This process of collecting, integrating and storing customer data is called: a) Data mining b) Database management c) Data warehousing d) Data merging
The act of gathering, combining, and storing massive amounts of organised and semi-structured data from diverse sources into a central repository is known as data warehousing.
Customers' information gathered from point of sale transactions and other sources is combined and stored in a data warehouse in the context of big retailers. With the help of this centralised database, analysis, reporting, and data mining tasks can be carried out quickly to learn more about client behaviour, preferences, and trends.
Major retailers gather, combine, and store customer data from multiple sources into a central repository known as a data warehouse through the process of data warehousing. This information comes from point-of-sale transactions as well as other pertinent sources. Data warehousing's goal is to produce a single, organised database that
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