1) Money supply growth: Higher growth rate in Brazilian money supply leads to expected depreciation of Costa Rican colon.
2) Economic growth: Higher growth rate in Costa Rican economy relative to Brazil leads to expected depreciation of Costa Rican colon.
3) Inflation rates: Higher inflation rate in Costa Rica relative to Brazil leads to expected depreciation of Costa Rican colon.
1) In the monetary model, the exchange rate depreciation is influenced by the growth rate of the money supply. Given that the Costa Rican money supply grows at 6 percent and the Brazilian money supply grows at 10 percent, we can estimate the expected rate of depreciation in the Costa Rican colon. According to the monetary model, the higher the growth rate of the money supply, the higher the expected depreciation. Therefore, with a higher growth rate of the Brazilian money supply, we can expect the Costa Rican colon to depreciate against the Brazilian real.
2) In addition to the growth rates of the money supply, the expected depreciation in the Costa Rican colon can also be influenced by the growth rates of the economies. With a growth rate of 4 percent in the Costa Rican economy and a growth rate of 2 percent in the Brazilian economy, we can estimate the expected depreciation. According to the monetary model, a higher growth rate of the home country's economy relative to the foreign country's economy leads to a higher expected depreciation. Therefore, considering the given growth rates, we can expect the Costa Rican colon to depreciate against the Brazilian real.
3) Inflation rates also play a role in estimating the expected depreciation in the Costa Rican colon. With an inflation rate of 7 percent in Costa Rica and 2 percent in Brazil, we can estimate the expected depreciation. According to the monetary model, higher inflation in the home country relative to the foreign country leads to a higher expected depreciation. Therefore, considering the given inflation rates, we can expect the Costa Rican colon to depreciate against the Brazilian real.
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Question 2: Suggest a logical answer(s) why Free Cash flow
Approach is more problematic than Residual Income Model. (Do your
best, and any logical discussion will count.) (25
points)
The Free Cash Flow Approach is more problematic than the Residual Income Model.
It has the following issues:
1. Cash Flows from Operations are uncertain and difficult to predict: It is difficult to predict operating cash flows accurately. Any uncertainties in the operating cash flows will directly impact the free cash flows, resulting in inaccurate valuation.
2. Unreliable forecasts of Capital Expenditures: Capital expenditures are hard to predict, especially with long-term projects. If the firm is not able to predict capital expenditures, the free cash flow will be affected.
3. Difficulty in identifying the terminal value: The cash flows beyond the forecast horizon are used to calculate the terminal value, which is the value of a firm at the end of the forecast period. It is not always easy to estimate future cash flows and the expected growth rate beyond the forecast horizon. This issue affects the valuation of the firm using the Free Cash Flow Approach.
4. The use of WACC as a discount rate can be problematic: The discount rate used to calculate the present value of the free cash flows is WACC, which is the weighted average cost of capital. It assumes that the capital structure of the firm will remain constant over time, which may not be the case. Changes in the capital structure of the firm will affect the WACC and hence the valuation of the firm.
5. Problems with the residual income valuation: The residual income valuation involves subtracting the required return on equity from the net income to get the residual income. The residual income can be negative, resulting in a negative valuation.
6. Residual income is dependent on accounting numbers: The residual income model uses accounting numbers such as net income and the book value of equity, which are subject to manipulation by management.
The Residual Income Model, on the other hand, is less problematic. It avoids the issues mentioned above as it relies on the economic profit generated by the firm, rather than free cash flows. It also does not use WACC as a discount rate and is not dependent on accounting numbers. Therefore, it is a more accurate method of valuation.
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What is your take on the market equilibrium theory? Are markets
efficient? If so, what does that tell us about investing?
The market equilibrium theory is a concept used in economics to describe the state in which supply and demand are balanced and prices are stable. Markets are considered efficient if they reach this equilibrium state without interference from external factors such as government regulation or monopolies.
In an efficient market, prices reflect all available information and are determined by the interactions between buyers and sellers. This means that investors cannot consistently earn returns above the market average without taking on additional risk. Efficient markets also imply that stock prices follow a random walk and cannot be predicted based on past performance or trends.
For investors, the efficiency of markets has important implications. It suggests that active trading strategies, such as trying to time the market or picking individual stocks, are unlikely to outperform passive investing in a diversified portfolio of low-cost index funds.
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The value of the UK Pound Sterling is currently \$1.15 USD (United States Dollar). The average price of 1 liter of gasoline in London (from May 23 to Aug 29) was 1.81 U.K. Pound Sterling. How much (in USD) will it take to fill a car with a 13.0-gallon tank in London?
To fill a car with a 13.0-gallon tank in London, it would cost approximately $102.44 USD.
To calculate the cost in USD to fill a car with a 13.0-gallon tank in London, we need to convert the price of gasoline from UK Pound Sterling to USD and then multiply it by the number of gallons.
1 liter = 0.264172 gallons (approx.)
1 U.K. Pound Sterling = $1.15 USD
The average price of 1 liter of gasoline in London is 1.81 U.K. Pound Sterling. Converting it to USD:
1.81 GBP * $1.15 USD/GBP = $2.0795 USD/liter
Converting to gallons:
1 liter ≈ 0.264172 gallons
So, 13.0 gallons ≈ 13.0 / 0.264172 liters ≈ 49.2127 liters
Finally, we calculate the cost to fill a 13.0-gallon tank in USD:
Cost in USD = $2.0795 USD/liter * 49.2127 liters ≈ $102.44 USD
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What does direct labor costs plus Manufacturing Overhead equal? Conversion costs Operating costs Prime costs Question 12 (1 point) If all direct materials are added at the beginning of the production process, and the units have made it 50% of the way through the production process, then the percertage completion tor direct materials is 100% 50% 0 ∘
+
Direct labor costs plus Manufacturing Overhead equals Conversion costs. Explanation: In cost accounting, the production costs can be classified into two categories, direct costs, and indirect costs.
Direct costs can be directly linked to the production process, whereas indirect costs are not directly linked to the production process. Manufacturing overhead, which is considered an indirect cost, includes all the expenses that are incurred during the production process, such as rent, utilities, and depreciation of machinery and equipment.
Direct labor costs include all the expenses that are associated with the employees who are directly involved in the production process. The conversion costs include both direct labor costs and manufacturing overhead costs. In other words, Conversion costs are the costs that are incurred to convert the raw materials into finished goods.
Therefore, Direct labor costs plus Manufacturing Overhead equals Conversion costs. If all direct materials are added at the beginning of the production process, and the units have made it 50% of the way through the production process, then the percentage completion tor direct materials is 100%.
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A consumer lives on an island where she produces two goods, xand Y according to the production possibility frontier x2 + y2 < 200, and she consumes all the goods herself. Her utility function is U =xy' Opuunzaticn ProNlems The consumer also faces a environmental constraint o her total output of both goods. The environmental constraint is given by x + Y < 20. (a) Write out the Kuhn-Tucker first-order conditions: Find the consumer'$ optimal and y: Identify which constraints are binding:
The optimal values of x and y can be obtained by solving equations (i) and (ii) for x and y, then using the environmental constraint (iii) to solve for the optimal values.
Let’s derive the Kuhn-Tucker first-order conditions. The Lagrangian can be written
asL =xy' +λ(x + y − 20) +µ(200 − x2 − y2
)Differentiate L with respect to x, y, λ, and µ and set each of the resulting expressions equal to zero:
∂L/∂x = y' − 2µx + λ = 0 ∂L/∂y = x' − 2µy + λ = 0 ∂L/∂λ = x + y − 20 = 0 ∂L/∂µ = 200 − x2 − y2 = 0
The above equations are the first-order necessary conditions that should hold to achieve the optimal solution.
The above equations give the following Kuhn-Tucker conditions:
y' − 2µx + λ = 0...(i) x' − 2µy + λ = 0...(ii) x + y − 20 = 0...(iii)200 − x2 − y2 = 0...(iv
)In this case, there are two binding constraints; the non-negativity constraint and the environmental constraint.
The environmental constraint can be written as x + y ≤ 20 and equality holds at the optimal point. It is also clear from the inequality constraint that the maximum
level of utility that the consumer can get is constrained by the level of environmental resources available at 20 units.
The optimal values of x and y can be obtained by solving equations (i) and (ii) for x and y, then using the environmental constraint (iii) to solve for the optimal values.
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Q: Explain Key principles of economics.
(Words Limit : 120 Words only)
Economics is a social science that deals with the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The key principles of economics include the following:
1. People are rational: Individuals act rationally by weighing the costs and benefits of their choices before making a decision.
2. Incentives matter: Incentives, such as rewards and penalties, influence people's behavior and decisions.
3. Markets are efficient: Markets allocate resources in an efficient manner, which allows for the most efficient distribution of goods and services.
4. Trade-offs are necessary: People have unlimited wants but limited resources, which creates the need to make trade-offs when making decisions.
5. Opportunity cost: The opportunity cost of a decision is the value of the next best alternative that was foregone.
6. Marginal thinking: Economic decision-making is done by weighing the marginal costs and benefits of a decision, rather than the total costs and benefits.
7. Markets fail: Sometimes, markets fail to allocate resources efficiently, which can result in government intervention.
8. Specialization and division of labor: Specialization allows people to specialize in a particular task, which can result in increased efficiency.
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the greatest amount of responsibility for providing customer satisfaction falls on the shoulders of
Salespeople
I hope this helps you! Happy to help; have a great day! :)
The accounting profession has to follow the standards, rules and guidelines known as the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). What is GAAP? How does GAAP ensure uniformity in preparing and reporting the accounting information?
GAAP stands for Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. GAAP ensures uniformity in preparing and reporting accounting information by providing a comprehensive framework of principles.
It refers to a set of standards, rules, and guidelines that govern the accounting and financial reporting practices in a particular jurisdiction. GAAP provides a framework for preparing and presenting financial statements, ensuring consistency, comparability, and reliability of financial information across different entities. GAAP can be defined as a standardized set of accounting principles and guidelines that are widely recognized and accepted by the accounting profession. These principles and guidelines help ensure consistency and comparability in the preparation and presentation of financial statements. GAAP ensures uniformity in preparing and reporting accounting information in several ways. Firstly, GAAP provides a common language and framework for accountants and financial professionals to communicate financial information effectively. It establishes consistent terminology, definitions, and measurement techniques, which reduces ambiguity and allows for meaningful comparisons between different entities.
Secondly, GAAP sets forth specific rules and guidelines for recording and reporting transactions. These rules help ensure that financial information is captured accurately, consistently, and in accordance with the principles of relevance, reliability, and comparability. By following these rules, entities can provide reliable and transparent financial statements that are useful for decision-making by investors, creditors, and other stakeholders. Thirdly, GAAP is developed and maintained by authoritative accounting bodies, such as the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) in the United States. These bodies regularly review and update the standards to reflect changing business practices, economic conditions, and advancements in accounting principles. This ongoing process helps to keep GAAP relevant and responsive to the evolving needs of the business environment.
Overall, GAAP ensures uniformity in preparing and reporting accounting information by providing a comprehensive framework of principles, rules, and guidelines. By adhering to GAAP, entities can produce financial statements that are consistent, reliable, and comparable, promoting transparency and facilitating effective decision-making in the financial markets.
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discuss the below steps in the process of strategy evaluation
and control and give example of each
1.Conducting strategic marketing audit
2. Setting performance standards
3. Obtaining and analysing da
The following steps are included in the process of Strategy Evaluation and Control:
conducting strategic marketing audit: This is the initial step in the process of strategy evaluation. In this step, the company conducts an internal and external audit to recognize its current position and opportunities. It includes a thorough analysis of the firm's present and future situation. For example, an automobile company may conduct a strategic marketing audit to determine the factors that contribute to the low sales of its vehicles.Know more about Strategy Evaluation and Control here,
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1. . Outline the methodological issues involved in terms of interpreting evidence from obesity studies, sugar tax and the tax of SSBs
2. Explain why the reformulation of products caused by a tax may be problematical.
3. Outline the shortcomings of the current SDIL in the UK
4. A 2-litre bottle of a typical SSB currently costs about $2.30 in the US, Using the information above related to the 2015 study in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine, calculated the PED for SSBs in the US, assuming all the tax is passed on the consumer in the form of a higher price.
5. Assuming health care costs per person in the US are the same as for the UK, estimate the effect of such a tax on total health care costs in the UK.
1. Methodological issues involved in terms of interpreting evidence from obesity studies, sugar tax and the tax of SSBs: There are several methodological issues that can affect the interpretation of evidence from obesity studies, sugar tax, and SSBs. For example:Methodological issues in obesity studies:The relationship between obesity and sugar consumption is complex, and it is difficult to establish a causal link between the two. In addition, many studies rely on self-reported data, which can be inaccurate.
Methodological issues in sugar tax and SSBs: The impact of sugar tax on SSB consumption is difficult to measure accurately. In addition, the effectiveness of sugar tax can be influenced by a range of factors, including public awareness, product reformulation, and changes in consumer behavior.
2. The reformulation of products caused by a tax may be problematical:Reformulation can be problematical because it can affect the taste and texture of products. In addition, it can be difficult to find alternatives to sugar that are both healthy and appealing to consumers. Furthermore, companies may decide to reformulate their products by using artificial sweeteners, which may have health risks associated with them.
3. The shortcomings of the current SDIL in the UK: There are several shortcomings of the current SDIL in the UK. For example: SDIL only applies to drinks with added sugar and does not apply to fruit juices, which can also contain high levels of sugar.The threshold for the tax is set at 5g of sugar per 100ml, which means that some drinks with high sugar content are not covered by the tax. SDIL does not cover drinks sold in cafes, restaurants, and vending machines, which means that consumers can still purchase high-sugar drinks in these locations.
4. PED for SSBs in the US:The price elasticity of demand (PED) measures the responsiveness of demand to changes in price. The formula for calculating PED is:PED = (% change in quantity demanded) / (% change in price)According to the 2015 study in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine, a 20% tax on SSBs would result in a 15% reduction in consumption.
Using this information, the PED for SSBs in the US can be calculated as follows:-
PED = (-15%) / (20%)PED = -0.75 This means that for every 1% increase in the price of SSBs, the quantity demanded will decrease by 0.75%.5. The effect of such a tax on total health care costs in the UK: Assuming that health care costs per person in the US are the same as for the UK, a 20% tax on SSBs would result in a 15% reduction in consumption.
According to estimates from the British Heart Foundation, a 20% tax on SSBs could reduce the number of people with obesity in the UK by 1.3 million and save the NHS £10 million per year in healthcare costs associated with obesity. However, this is only an estimate, and the actual effect of the tax on healthcare costs will depend on a range of factors.
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Suppose the interest rate in the euro zone is 0.6% for the coming month, while it is 1% in UK. The exchange rate for euro and British pound is $1.1 and $1.2, respectively. To derive profit, you plan to borrow one million euro, convert it to British pound, lent it at 1% for one month, and then convert it to euro. Answer the following.
1. Convert one million euro to British pound (nearest whole number).
2. Lend it at 1% for one month. How much is your balance in British pound (nearest whole number)?
3. Convert the ending balance in British pound to euro. How much is it in euro (nearest whole number).
4. How much is your loan payment in euro (nearest whole number)?
5. How much is your carry trade profit in euro and in US$, respectively?
After executing the carry trade strategy, the estimated profit is -€87,819 (loss) in euros and -$96,601 (loss) in US dollars. This indicates that the trade would result in a negative return, leading to a loss for the investor.
To convert one million euros to British pounds, we use the exchange rate of 1 euro = $1.2.
Therefore, one million euros would be equivalent to £1,000,000.
By lending the converted amount at an interest rate of 1% for one month, we can calculate the balance in British pounds.
The interest earned would be £1,000,000 * 1% = £10,000.
Adding this interest to the principal, the balance after one month would be
£1,000,000 + £10,000 = £1,010,000 (rounded to the nearest whole number).
To convert the ending balance in British pounds (£1,010,000) back to euros, we use the exchange rate of 1 pound = $1.1.
Dividing £1,010,000 by $1.1, we find that it is approximately €918,181 (rounded to the nearest whole number).
The loan payment in euros can be calculated by adding the interest to the original loan amount.
The interest on one million euros at a rate of 0.6% would be €1,000,000 * 0.6% = €6,000.
Therefore, the loan payment would be
€1,000,000 + €6,000 = €1,006,000 (rounded to the nearest whole number).
The carry trade profit is the difference between the ending balance in euros and the loan payment in euros:
€918,181 - €1,006,000 = -€87,819 (rounded to the nearest whole number).
When converting this profit to US dollars using the exchange rate of 1 euro = $1.1, the carry trade profit is approximately -$96,601 (rounded to the nearest whole number).
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What is the primary reason for developing workforce diversity programs?
a. To meet legal requirements
b. To promote equality and inclusion
c. To enhance creativity and innovation
d. To improve customer satisfaction
Developing workforce diversity programs primarily serves to promote equality and inclusion in an organization.
Diversity programs are implemented to ensure that individuals from different backgrounds, such as race, gender, ethnicity, age, religion, and sexual orientation, are represented and included in the workforce. By embracing diversity, organizations aim to create a more equitable and inclusive environment where all employees feel valued and have equal opportunities for growth and success.
Promoting equality and inclusion through diversity programs is essential for several reasons. Firstly, it helps to foster a sense of belonging among employees, as they can see themselves represented and respected within the organization. This leads to increased employee morale, satisfaction, and productivity.
Secondly, diversity programs are crucial for creating a fair and unbiased workplace culture. By actively addressing and combating discrimination and bias, organizations can ensure that all employees are treated with respect and have access to the same opportunities for advancement.
Additionally, embracing diversity can enhance creativity and innovation within an organization. When people with different perspectives, experiences, and ideas collaborate, they bring a diverse range of insights and approaches to problem-solving. This diversity of thought can lead to more creative and innovative solutions, benefiting the organization as a whole.
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Cash balance, December 1,2016 is $18,200 Transactions Dec. 1 Common stock was issued to stockhalders for $8,100 cash. 7 Purchased equipment for $1,800 on account. 14 Paid $20,100 cash for land. 17 Paid cash expenses; office rent, $1,400; employees' salaries, $1,500; utilities $70. 23 Paid cash dividends of $2,400. 26 Earned service revenue for the month, $5,100, receiving cash.
The company started with a cash balance of $18,200 and had various transactions throughout December. The cash balance increased from the revenue earned and decreased from expenses paid and dividends distributed. The final cash balance would depend on the net effect of all these transactions.
On December 1, 2016, the cash balance was $18,200. Here is a breakdown of the transactions:
1. Common stock was issued to stockholders for $8,100 cash. This means that the company received $8,100 in cash in exchange for issuing stock to the stockholders.
2. On December 7, the company purchased equipment for $1,800 on account. This means that the company acquired equipment worth $1,800, but did not pay cash immediately. Instead, the payment will be made later.
3. On December 14, the company paid $20,100 in cash to acquire land. This means that the company used $20,100 of its cash to purchase land.
4. On December 17, the company paid cash for various expenses: office rent ($1,400), employees' salaries ($1,500), and utilities ($70). This means that the company used cash to cover these expenses.
5. On December 23, the company paid cash dividends of $2,400. This means that the company distributed $2,400 in cash to its shareholders as dividends.
6. On December 26, the company earned service revenue of $5,100 and received cash for it. This means that the company provided services and received $5,100 in cash as payment.
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Brad has worked in the marketing department of So Clean! for the past five years. So Clean is a company that produces household cleaners. Brad is an excellent employee and was recently promoted. Shortly after his promotion, Brad decided to reveal publicly that he is homosexual. His family and most of his co-workers have been very supportive.
Soon after his promotion and announcement that he is gay, Brad began having problems with his boss, Jennifer. She began asking Brad questions about his personal life. At first it was small things, such as asking Brad whether he was a smoker (he is, although only outside the workplace). Jennifer then began asking Brad very personal questions about his sexuality and told him she did not like weak men. The final straw for Brad occurred when Jennifer announced that she would cure his homosexuality and told him to come home with her that night after work or be fired. Jennifer was careful that there were never any witnesses around when she asked Brad personal questions or propositioned him. Brad refused Jennifer’s advances and was fired. He filed an administrative complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) alleging wrongful termination, retaliation, sexual harassment, and sexual discrimination. Jennifer’s response was that she fired Brad because of creative differences about how to run the marketing department and because he is a smoker. Jennifer denied Brad’s accusations about sexual discrimination and harassment.
What defenses does an employer have to a charge of discrimination?
Employers have a variety of defenses to a charge of discrimination. They can refute the employee's allegation of discrimination by proving that the alleged adverse employment decision was based on a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason.
This means that the employer can present evidence showing that there were valid business reasons for the decision and that it was not motivated by any form of discrimination.
In addition to disproving the employee's claim, an employer may also use affirmative defenses such as business necessity or a bona fide occupational qualification, depending on the type of discrimination alleged. These defenses allow the employer to justify certain employment practices or requirements if they are shown to be necessary for the legitimate operation of the business or if they are reasonably related to the job in question.
For example, if an employer is accused of age discrimination in a hiring decision, they may assert the defense of business necessity by showing that the age requirement was necessary for the job and supported by legitimate business reasons. Similarly, if a specific gender is required for a particular job due to its nature, the employer may use the defense of bona fide occupational qualification to justify the requirement.
Furthermore, an employer can defend themselves by asserting that the employee's termination was unrelated to any discriminatory factors. They can argue that the worker was fired due to poor work performance, violation of company policies, or any other legitimate reason. In such cases, the employer can present evidence demonstrating that the decision was based on factors unrelated to the employee's age, sex, religion, race, or any other protected characteristic.
In summary, an employer facing a charge of discrimination can defend themselves by providing evidence of a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the adverse employment decision, using affirmative defenses if applicable, and demonstrating that the decision was unrelated to any discriminatory factors.
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All organizations, regardless of their size, surely have a dedicated human resource department.
a. True
b. False
Question 29 In Canada, organizations are NOT allowed to discriminate on the basis of nationality and cultural background, while hiring employees.
a. True
b. False
Question 30 Some companies choose to advertise in buses, subway stations and commuter trains. This is an example of transit advertising.
a. True
b. False
All organizations, regardless of their size, surely have a dedicated human resource department. This statement is false.In Canada, organizations are NOT allowed to discriminate on the basis of nationality and cultural background, while hiring employees. This statement is true.Some companies choose to advertise in buses, subway stations, and commuter trains. This is an example of transit advertising. This statement is true.
In reality, not all organizations have a dedicated human resources department. In most smaller companies, for example, HR duties may be performed by other staff members or outsourced to a third-party provider.
Human rights legislation in Canada forbids employers from discriminating on the basis of nationality and cultural background when hiring staff. Employers must give equal treatment to all candidates who apply for jobs, regardless of their race, color, religion, ethnicity, and national origin.
Transit advertising is a form of out-of-home advertising that involves putting advertisements on buses, trains, subway stations, and other public transit systems. Because they can reach a large number of people, these ads are often effective for promoting local businesses, brands, and events.
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Required Information The Control Environment as it Reletes to Inventory Read the case and answer the questions that follow. The control environment reflects a company's overall attitude, awareness, and actions of both management and the Board of Directors concerning the importance of control and how it's used in the company. BACKGROUND: The control environment reflects the company's attitude, awareness, and actions of management and the board concerning the importance of control and how it is used. This is very relevant to an auditor's consideration of inventories and should include: a) commitment to competence and HR policies and practices; b) integrity and ethical values; and c) organizational structure and assignment of authortity and responsibility. Central Park Associates CPAs is conducting an audit of a U.S. manufacturing company. When reviewing the company's inventory policy and physical inventory policy, the auditors noted the following facts: 1) Physical inventory will be conducted this year by temporary workers, at a wage cheaper for management than the "regular" workers; 2) Approvals for purchase orders with discounts are not required any longer, 3) The shop manager is no longer responsible for the physical inventory, it is now the responsibility of the CFO; 4) The physical inventory will be held four days after year end. Required: For each of the following examples, name the aspect that is most affected by the decision made. Aspect choices: a) commitment to competence b) integrity and ethical values or c) organizational structure. Explain each answer using complete sentences. 1. What aspect of the control environment is affected by the company's decision to hire temporary workers? 2. What aspect of the control environment is affected by the company's decision to no longer require approvals for purchase order discounts? 3. What aspect of the control environment is affected by the company's decision to no longer have the shop manager in charge of inventory? 4. What aspect of the control environment is affected by the company's decision to hold the physical inventory four days after year end?
A delay in holding physical inventory can lead to issues and irregularities that may impact the company's financial reporting and internal controls.
The aspect of the control environment that is affected by the company's decision to hire temporary workers is the commitment to competence. The aspect of commitment to competence involves a company's policy towards training, staffing, and career growth opportunities. This aspect ensures that competent personnel is employed and helps to promote their development.
The aspect of the control environment that is affected by the company's decision to no longer require approvals for purchase order discounts is integrity and ethical values. This aspect deals with the company's values, ethics, and code of conduct. The company's actions should be ethical and transparent to the public. Approvals for purchase orders with discounts are crucial since discounts can be offered to favor certain clients, and this is an ethical issue.
The aspect of the control environment that is affected by the company's decision to no longer have the shop manager in charge of inventory is the organizational structure. This aspect deals with how power and authority are distributed in an organization. It specifies the lines of responsibility and reporting in a company. The CFO taking over inventory from the shop manager indicates a lack of organizational structure.
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think about an example process you are familiar with, in the context of the "POETIC" process model (IGOE Model) discussed in Unit #1. Share an example with the class by answering the following in regard to your example:
What is the process name (Remember verb-noun)?
What is the trigger that initiates the process?
What inputs does it take?
Summarize the steps of the process (throughput) Note steps shousld be numbered since they have an order.
What output(s) does the process produce?
What is the process outcome (Intended outcome)?
Who is the customer(s) for the process (i.e. who is the output produced for)?
Identify any Guides or Controls for the process?
Identify any Enablers for the process?
Is there anything about this process that you think needs to be improved? How do you come to this conclusion? (That it needs to be improved)?
By integrating inventory updates in real-time, the process can provide customers with accurate availability information upfront, leading to smoother order fulfillment and better customer experience.
Example Process: "Order Fulfillment"
Process Name: Fulfill Customer Orders
Trigger: Customer places an order.
Inputs:
Customer order details (products, quantities, shipping address, etc.)
Inventory information
Shipping and delivery requirements
Steps of the process:
Receive customer orders and verify payment.
Check inventory availability for each item in the order.
If all items are in stock, proceed to step 5. Otherwise, proceed to step 4.
Notify customers of any out-of-stock items and provide alternative options.
Pack the items from the order.
Generate shipping labels and prepare the package for shipment.
Hand over the package to the shipping carrier.
Provide the customer with tracking information.
Output(s):
Shipped package(s) containing the ordered items.
Tracking information for the customer.
Process Outcome: Successfully fulfill customer orders by delivering the requested items to the customer's specified address within the specified timeframe.
Customer(s): The customer(s) for the process are the individuals or organizations who placed the order and are expecting to receive the products.
Guides/Controls: Quality checks to ensure accurate order fulfillment, verification of payment, inventory management system, shipping carrier guidelines and processes.
Enablers: Efficient order processing system, well-organized inventory management, reliable shipping carriers, and accurate tracking systems.
By integrating inventory updates in real-time, the process can provide customers with accurate availability information upfront, leading to smoother order fulfillment and better customer experience.
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1) Bernice's preferences can be represented by u(x, y) = min{x, y} where x is pairs of earrings and y is dollars to spend on other things. The price of earrings is p* = 2, and y is already measured in dollars so py 1. Bernice's income is 12. (a) What bundle will Bernice choose? (b) Suppose the price of earrings increases to 3. What will be Bernice's optimal bundle then? (c) What bundle would Bernice choose if she faced the original prices and had just enough income to reach the new indifference curve? How much income would she need to have this bundle at the original prices? (d) What is the maximum amount Bernice would be willing to pay to avoid the price increase? Notice this is the Equivalent Variation. (e) What bundle would Bernice choose if she faced the new prices and had just enough income to reach her original indifference curve? How much income would Bernice need to achieve this bundle at the new prices? In order to be as well-off as she initially was, how much income should Bernice be given? Notice this is the Compensating Variation.
Bernice's preferences can be represented by u(x, y) = min{x, y} where x is pairs of earrings and y is dollars to spend on other things. The price of earrings is p* = 2, and y is already measured in dollars so py = y. Bernice's income is 12.(a) Bernice's bundle can be found by using the method of Lagrange multipliers.
Therefore, we maximize the objective function u(x,y) subject to the budget constraint y + p*x = I. Let L = u(x,y) - λ(I - y - p*x), where λ is the Lagrange multiplier. We have u(x,y) = min{x, y} and the budget constraint y + p*x = I. Hence, we get L = min{x, y} - λ(I - y - p*x). In order to solve this, we need to take the partial derivatives of L with respect to x, y, and λ. We get the following equations.∂L/∂x = 0 => λp - δ = 0∂L/∂y = 0 => λ - δ = 0y + p*x = I => δ = y + p*x - IFrom equations (1) and (2), we get λp = λ, or λ = 0 or p = 1. If λ = 0, then y + p*x = I. We need to solve this equation using the given values of p = 2 and I = 12. We get x = 5 and y = 2.5. If p = 1, then we have x = y. Hence, we get x = y = 6.(b) When the price of earrings increases to 3, we have p = 3.
Using the method of Lagrange multipliers, we maximize u(x,y) subject to the budget constraint y + p*x = I. We have L = u(x,y) - λ(I - y - p*x) = min{x, y} - λ(I - y - 3x). Taking the partial derivatives of L with respect to x, y, and λ, we get the following equations.∂L/∂x = 0 => λ3 - δ = 0∂L/∂y = 0 => λ - δ = 0y + 3x = 12 => δ = y + 3x - 12From equations (1) and (2), we get λ3 = λ, or λ = 0 or p = 1/3. If λ = 0, then y + 3x = 12. We need to solve this equation using the given value of I = 12. We get x = 4 and y = 0. If p = 1/3, then we have x = y. Hence, we get x = y = 3.(c) If Bernice had just enough income to reach the new indifference curve, then her income would be equal to the cost of her optimal bundle at the new prices. At the new prices, her optimal bundle is (3, 3).
Therefore, her income would be I' = p*x + y = 3*3 + 3 = 12. If she had this bundle at the original prices, then her income would be equal to the cost of her optimal bundle at the original prices. At the original prices, her optimal bundle is (5, 2.5). Therefore, her income would be I" = p*x + y = 2*5 + 2.5 = 12.5.(d) The maximum amount Bernice would be willing to pay to avoid the price increase is given by the difference between her original and new income. That is, EV = I' - I" = 12 - 12.5 = -0.5.
(e) If Bernice faced the new prices and had just enough income to reach her original indifference curve, then her income would be equal to the cost of her optimal bundle at the new prices. At the new prices, her optimal bundle is (3, 3). Therefore, her income would be I' = p*x + y = 3*3 + 3 = 12. In order to be as well-off as she initially was, Bernice should be given an income of I" = p*x + y = 2*5 + 2.5 = 12.5. Therefore, Bernice should be given an additional income of 0.5.
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A stock has a Beta of 1.2, the expected return of the market is
10.3%, and the risk-free rate is 3.1%. What is the expected return
of the stock?
The expected return of the stock, based on the given information, is 11.74%.
To calculate the expected return of the stock using the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), we can use the following formula:
Expected Return = Risk-Free Rate + Beta * (Expected Market Return - Risk-Free Rate)
Given the information provided:
Risk-Free Rate = 3.1%
Beta = 1.2
Expected Market Return = 10.3%
Plugging in the values into the formula:
Expected Return = 3.1% + 1.2 * (10.3% - 3.1%)
Expected Return = 3.1% + 1.2 * 7.2%
Expected Return = 3.1% + 8.64%
Expected Return = 11.74%
Therefore, the expected return of the stock is 11.74%.
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in the united states, the money supply is determined
In the United States, the money supply is determined by the Federal Reserve System (also known as the Fed), through its monetary policy tools and operations.
Monetary policy refers to the actions taken by the central bank (Federal Reserve System in the US) to regulate and control the supply and cost of money and credit in the economy to achieve macroeconomic goals like price stability, full employment, and economic growth. It is the process by which the central bank manages the money supply, interest rates, and credit availability to influence economic activity and the behavior of financial markets. In the US, the Federal Reserve System has several tools and operations it can use to affect the money supply. These tools include: Open market operations: This involves buying or selling government securities on the open market to influence the federal funds rate (the rate at which banks lend and borrow funds from each other overnight).Discount rate: This is the interest rate at which banks can borrow funds directly from the Fed. By changing this rate, the Fed can influence the cost of borrowing for banks and hence the level of lending in the economy. Reserve requirements: These are the amount of funds that banks are required to hold in reserve (in the form of deposits with the Fed) against their deposits. By changing the reserve requirements, the Fed can influence the amount of funds banks have available for lending and hence the money supply. The Fed uses these tools to implement monetary policy in order to achieve its macroeconomic goals.
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(Static) (LO 2-4, 2-5, 2-6a) Allerton Company Acquires All Of Deluxe Company's Assets And Liabilities For Cash On
Allerton Company acquires all of Deluxe Company's assets and liabilities for cash. The term "static" refers to financial statements, where the current level of activity is stable over time. The effect of the transaction on the Allerton Company's financial statements can be seen as follows:
1. Balance Sheet:
As a result of the transaction, the Allerton Company's balance sheet will reflect the value of the acquired assets and liabilities. The total amount of cash spent on the purchase will be recorded as a decrease in cash and a corresponding increase in assets.
2. Income Statement:
The Allerton Company's income statement will not be affected by the transaction because it is static. The statement would only show revenue and expenses if there was a change in activity over time.
3. Statement of Cash Flows:
The Allerton Company's statement of cash flows would show a decrease in cash for the purchase price and an increase in investing activities for the acquisition.
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The primary purpose of which standard is to ensure that the electronic health records across the nation meet an adequate standard for performance and that this standard increases in complexity over time to meet the expanded needs of the nation?
Group of answer choices
A) Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
B) Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
C) National Quality Strategy
D) Meaningful use
The primary purpose of the d) Meaningful Use standard is to ensure that electronic health records (EHRs) across the nation meet adequate performance standards and increase in complexity over time to meet the nation's expanding healthcare needs.
The Meaningful Use standard, also known as the Medicare and Medicaid EHR Incentive Programs, was established as part of the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act in 2009.
The goal of this standard is to encourage healthcare providers to adopt and effectively use certified EHR technology to improve the quality, safety, and efficiency of healthcare delivery.
Meaningful Use sets specific criteria and objectives that healthcare providers must meet to qualify for financial incentives offered by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). The standard focuses on the meaningful utilization of EHRs to enhance patient care, promote interoperability, and ensure the privacy and security of health information.
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A newspaper provided the following midpoint spot exchange rates. Compute all the exchange rates based on these quotes:
€ : S = 0.9119
$ : SFr = 1.5971
$ : ¥ = 128.17
How do I know that I have to calculate:
(a) SFr / € OR € / SFr?
(b) ¥ / € OR € / ¥?
(c) SFr / ¥ OR ¥ / SFr?
You need to calculate the reciprocal of the exchange rate to obtain SFr/$ which is then multiplied by the exchange rate of = 0.0055
In order to know whether to calculate SFr/€ or €/SFr, you should check which currency is in the numerator of the given exchange rate.
If the currency is in the numerator, then you would use the reciprocal (inverse) of the exchange rate to calculate the other currency exchange rate.
In this case, the exchange rate given is €: S = 0.9119 which means that € is in the numerator.
Therefore, you will calculate the reciprocal of the exchange rate to get SFr/€:
SFr/€ = 1/0.9119
= 1.0969
To determine whether to calculate ¥/€ or €/¥, you need to check which currency is in the denominator of the exchange rate.
In this case, $:¥ = 128.17, and ¥ is in the denominator.
So, to calculate the exchange rate of ¥ to €, we need to first calculate the exchange rate of $ to € and then multiply that by the exchange rate of $ to ¥.
Therefore, ¥/€ = (1/128.17) × (0.9119/1) = 0.0071
Finally, to calculate SFr/¥, you need to check which currency is in the numerator of the exchange rate.
In this case, $: SFr = 1.5971 and S
Fr is in the denominator of the given exchange rate.
Therefore, you need to calculate the reciprocal of the exchange rate to obtain SFr/$ which is then multiplied by the exchange rate of $: ¥.SFr/¥ = (1/1.5971) × (1/128.17) = 0.0055
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Assume today is December 31, 2019. Imagine Works Inc. just paid a dividend of $1.30 per share at the end of 2019. The dividend is expected to grow at 12% per year for 3 years, after which time it is expected to grow at a constant rate of 6% annually. The company's cost of equity (rs) is 10%. Using the dividend growth model (allowing for nonconstant growth), what should be the price of the company's stock today (December 31, 2019)? Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to the nearest cent.
$ per share
The price of the company's stock on December 31, 2019, using the dividend growth model, should be approximately $20.82 per share.
To calculate the stock price using the dividend growth model, we need to consider the dividend growth rates and the cost of equity. In this case, the dividend is expected to grow at a 12% rate for the first three years and then at a constant rate of 6% annually.
First, we calculate the dividends for the next three years using the formula:
Dividend at Year t = Dividend at Year t-1 * (1 + Dividend Growth Rate)
Using this formula, we find the dividends at Year 1, Year 2, and Year 3 to be $1.46, $1.63, and $1.82, respectively.
Next, we calculate the present value of these dividends using the cost of equity of 10%. The present value formula is:
Present Value = Dividend / (1 + Cost of Equity)^(Year - Current Year)
Calculating the present values of the dividends at Year 1, Year 2, and Year 3, we find $1.33, $1.38, and $1.43, respectively.
Finally, we calculate the terminal value of the stock, which is the perpetuity value of the dividend at the constant growth rate. The terminal value formula is:
Terminal Value = Dividend at Year 4 / (Cost of Equity - Growth Rate)
Plugging in the values, we find the terminal value to be $45.33.
To calculate the stock price, we sum up the present values of the dividends for the next three years and the terminal value:
Stock Price = Present Value of Year 1 Dividend + Present Value of Year 2 Dividend + Present Value of Year 3 Dividend + Terminal Value
After summing these values, we find the stock price on December 31, 2019, to be approximately $20.82 per share.
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Juarez Builders incurred $285,000 of labor costs for construction jobs completed during the month of August, of which $212.000 was direct and $73,000 was indirect supervisory costs. The correct journal entry to record the direct labor for the month is: Multiple Choice Debit Work in Process Inventory $285,000; credit Factory Wages Payable $285,000. Debit Factory Woges Payable $285,000; credit Work in Process inventary $212,000 Debit Payroll Expense \$212.000; eredit Cash \$212.000 Dobit Work in Process inventory $212,000; cedit Cash $285,000 Debit Work in Process Inventory $212,000; credit Factory Wages Payable $212,000
The correct journal entry to record the direct labor for the month is Debit Work in Process Inventory 212,000; credit
Factory Wages Payable 212,000.
Explanation: Direct labor refers to the payment made to the workers for their services in the factory. It does not include any other indirect costs like the salaries of the office staff, etc.
Juarez Builders incurred 285,000 of labor costs for construction jobs completed during the month of August, of which 212.000 was direct and 73,00 was indirect supervisory costs.
The correct journal entry to record the direct labor for the month is Debit Work in Process Inventory 212,000; credit
Factory Wages Payable 212,000.
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define what it means to be polycentric, geocentric, and ethnocentric. Define all three. Then describe which of the three that managers usually use when operating on the global stage. Give an example of what that successful approach would look like in the workplace.
Polycentric: Polycentric refers to an approach in which a company or organization adopts a local or host country-oriented perspective when operating in international markets.
Ethnocentric: Ethnocentric refers to an approach in which a company or organization primarily focuses on the home country's norms, values, and practices when operating in international markets. It involves a belief that the home country's way of doing business is superior and should be applied universally. Ethnocentric organizations typically send expatriate managers from the home country to oversee operations in foreign markets and maintain centralized decision-making.
Managers operating on the global stage usually adopt a geocentric approach, combining elements of both polycentric and ethnocentric perspectives. They recognize the importance of local adaptation and responsiveness while also valuing global integration and efficiency. This approach allows managers to leverage the strengths and expertise of local teams while promoting a cohesive global strategy.
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Johm Deere Case Study Deere & Company (brand name John Deere) is famed for the manufacture and supply of machinery used in agriculture, construction, and forestry, as well as diesel engines and lawn care equipment. In 2014, Deere & Company was listed 80 th in the Fortune 500 America's ranking and was 307 th in the 2013 Fortune Global 500 ranking. The company has a diverse product range, which includes a mix of heavy machinery for the consumer market, and industrial equipment, which is made to order. Retail activity is extremely seasonal, with the majority of sales occurring between March and July. The company was replenishing dealers' inventory weekly, using direct shipment and cross-docking operations from source warehouses located near Deere & Company's manufacturing facilities. This operation was proving too costly and too slow, so the company launched an initiative to achieve a 10% supply chain cost reduction within four years. Q1: Based on class discussions and your readings, describe the rationale and role of purchasing department in this case, and how it can contribute to the organization goals. Q2: Identify the potential cost reduction methos that can supply chain manager and purchasing manager can apply to support the organization goals.
1: The purchasing department plays a crucial role in achieving the organization's goals by managing procurement and ensuring timely delivery.
2: Potential cost reduction methods include supplier consolidation, lean practices, supply chain optimization, and contract renegotiation.
1: The purchasing department in this case plays a critical role in achieving the organization's goals by managing the procurement of materials, components, and equipment needed for production and distribution.
By strategically selecting suppliers and optimizing the procurement process, the purchasing department can contribute to cost reduction, supply chain efficiency, and overall operational performance.
It plays a vital role in maintaining strong supplier relationships, managing risks, and ensuring the availability of materials to support production schedules and meet customer demands.
2: The potential cost reduction methods that the supply chain manager and purchasing manager can apply to support the organization's goals include:
1. Supplier consolidation and strategic sourcing: By reducing the number of suppliers and strategically partnering with key suppliers, the company can negotiate better pricing, volume discounts, and favorable terms. This consolidation can lead to cost savings through economies of scale and improved supplier relationships.
2. Lean and just-in-time practices: Implementing lean manufacturing principles and adopting just-in-time inventory management can minimize waste, reduce inventory carrying costs, and improve operational efficiency.
This involves streamlining processes, reducing lead times, and improving coordination with suppliers to ensure timely delivery of materials.
3. Supply chain optimization: Analyzing and optimizing the supply chain network can help identify opportunities for cost savings. This includes evaluating transportation routes, warehouse locations, and distribution strategies to minimize transportation costs, improve inventory management, and enhance overall supply chain efficiency.
4. Contract renegotiation: Regularly reviewing and renegotiating contracts with suppliers can help secure more favorable pricing, terms, and conditions.
This can involve benchmarking prices, exploring alternative suppliers, and leveraging the company's purchasing power to negotiate better deals.
By implementing these cost reduction methods, the supply chain manager and purchasing manager can contribute to achieving the organization's goals of reducing supply chain costs and improving overall operational performance.
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Crown Limited has net accounts receivable balance of $25,000 (the allowance for doubtful debt balance is $5,000) as shown in their balance sheet. The tax rate is 30%. The deferred tax item to be recognised by Crown Limited is: Select one: a. Deferred tax asset of $1,500. b. Deferred tax asset of $5,000. c. Deferred tax liability of $1,500. d. Deferred tax liability of $25,000. 2. A deductible temporary difference leads to the payment of: Select one: a. less tax in the future and gives rise to a deferred tax asset. b. less tax in the future and gives rise to a deferred tax liability. c. more tax in the future and gives rise to a deferred tax liability. d. more tax in the future and gives rise to a deferred tax asset. 3. As defined by AASB 13/IFRS 13 Fair Value measurement, the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability is called the: Select one: a. net realisable value b. current exit price c. market price d. entry price 4. Quoted prices for identical items in inactive markets are called: Select one: a. Level 2 inputs b. Level 1 inputs c. Level 3 inputs d. Unobservable inputs 5. Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities are called: Select one: a. Unobservable inputs b. Level 3 inputs c. Level 1 inputs d. Level 2 inputs
The deferred tax item to be recognized by Crown Limited is: a. Deferred tax asset of $1,500.
How to find?To calculate the deferred tax item, we need to find the temporary difference between the carrying amount of the accounts receivable ($25,000) and the tax base (which is $25,000 - $5,000 = $20,000).
The temporary difference of $5,000 ($25,000 - $20,000) multiplied by the tax rate of 30% gives us a deferred tax asset of $1,500.
2. A deductible temporary difference leads to the payment of: b. less tax in the future and gives rise to a deferred tax liability.
A deductible temporary difference means that the tax base is greater than the carrying amount.
This will result in less taxable income in the future, which means less tax will be paid.
Therefore, it gives rise to a deferred tax liability.
3. As defined by AASB 13/IFRS 13 Fair Value measurement, the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability is called the: b. current exit price.
The price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability is called the current exit price.
It represents the amount that would be received in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.
4. Quoted prices for identical items in inactive markets are called: c. Level 3 inputs.
Quoted prices for identical items in inactive markets are considered Level 3 inputs.
Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs that require significant judgement or estimation to determine fair value.
5. Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities are called: c. Level 1 inputs.
Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities are considered Level 1 inputs.
Level 1 inputs are observable inputs that can be directly obtained from active markets.
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Every possible crime under Indiana law is defined in the Indiana
Code as adopted by the Indiana legislature.
Group of answer choices
True
False
The given statement "Every possible crime under Indiana law is defined in the Indiana Code as adopted by the Indiana legislature" is True.
Indiana Code is a code of Indiana’s law. It is a set of all statutes that are valid and in effect in the state of Indiana. Indiana Code is a written law, a codification of all the general and permanent laws of Indiana, its legal system, and its court systems. Criminal laws in Indiana are laid down in Indiana Code 35-50 and cover a wide range of offenses, from minor mis demeanours to major crimes. Examples of criminal law in Indiana include but are not limited to: Murder Sexual offenses Drug offenses Theft Assault and battery Intimidation Domestic violence DUI/DWI, and so on.
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XYZ stock price and dividend history are as follows:
Year Beginning-of-Year Price Dividend Paid at Year-End
2010 $ 124 $ 4
2011 $ 135 $ 4
2012 $ 115 $ 4
2013 $ 120 $ 4
An investor buys six shares of XYZ at the beginning of 2010, buys another two shares at the beginning of 2011, sells one share at the beginning of 2012, and sells all seven remaining shares at the beginning of 2013.
a.
What are the arithmetic and geometric average time-weighted rates of return for the investor?
b-1.
Prepare a chart of cash flows for the four dates corresponding to the turns of the year for January 1, 2010, to January 1, 2013. (Negative amounts should be indicated by a minus sign.)
Date Cash Flow
1/1/2010 $
1/1/2011
1/1/2012
1/1/2013
b-2.
What is the dollar-weighted rate of return?
The arithmetic average time-weighted rate of return for the investor is approximately 2.42%, and the geometric average time-weighted rate of return is approximately 2.57%. The dollar-weighted rate of return, taking into account the timing and amount of cash flows, is approximately 11.18%. These rates of return reflect the performance of the investor's investments in XYZ stock over the specified period.
a. The arithmetic average time-weighted rate of return for the investor can be calculated by taking the average of the annual rates of return. To calculate the annual rates of return, we need to consider the dividends received and the change in stock price for each year. The geometric average time-weighted rate of return can be calculated using the formula:
(Ending Value / Beginning Value) ^ (1 / Number of Years) - 1
Let's calculate the rates of return for each year:
Year 2010:
- Shares owned: 6
- Initial investment: 6 * $124 = $744
- Dividend received: 6 * $4 = $24
- Ending value: 6 * $124 + $24 = $768
- Rate of return: ($768 - $744) / $744 = $24 / $744 ≈ 0.0323 or 3.23%
Year 2011:
- Shares owned: 6 + 2 = 8
- Initial investment: 8 * $135 = $1,080
- Dividend received: 8 * $4 = $32
- Ending value: 8 * $135 + $32 = $1,112
- Rate of return: ($1,112 - $1,080) / $1,080 = $32 / $1,080 ≈ 0.0296 or 2.96%
Year 2012:
- Shares owned: 8 - 1 = 7
- Initial investment: 7 * $115 = $805
- Dividend received: 7 * $4 = $28
- Ending value: 7 * $115 + $28 = $833
- Rate of return: ($833 - $805) / $805 = $28 / $805 ≈ 0.0348 or 3.48%
Year 2013:
- Shares owned: 0
- Initial investment: 0
- Dividend received: 0
- Ending value: 0
- Rate of return: 0
Arithmetic average time-weighted rate of return:
(0.0323 + 0.0296 + 0.0348 + 0) / 4 ≈ 0.0242 or 2.42%
Geometric average time-weighted rate of return:
((768 / 744) * (1,112 / 1,080) * (833 / 805) * (0 / 833)) ^ (1 / 4) - 1 ≈ 0.0257 or 2.57%
b-1. Here is the chart of cash flows for the four dates corresponding to the turns of the year:
Date Cash Flow
1/1/2010 -$744
1/1/2011 -$1,080
1/1/2012 $115 (sale proceeds from selling one share)
1/1/2013 $833 (sale proceeds from selling remaining shares)
b-2. To calculate the dollar-weighted rate of return, we need to consider the timing and amount of cash flows. The dollar-weighted rate of return takes into account the actual investment amounts and the timing of those investments. In this case, the investor initially invests $744, then an additional $1,080, and receives $115 and $833 from selling shares.
To calculate the dollar-weighted rate of return, we can use the following formula:
Dollar-weighted rate of return = (Ending value - Total investment) / Total investment
Total investment = $744 + $1,080
Ending value = $115 + $833
Dollar-weighted rate of return = ($
115 + $833 - ($744 + $1,080)) / ($744 + $1,080) = $204 / $1,824 ≈ 0.1118 or 11.18%
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