Adding -99 and +72 using 8-bit two's complement binary representation results in an overflow error and a carry-out bit.
The binary addition of -99 and +72 in 8-bit two's complement representation results in an overflow error and a carry-out bit. The addition is performed by adding the two numbers bit by bit, starting from the rightmost bit (LSB) and moving towards the leftmost bit (MSB).
Good precise explanation:
To add -99 and +72, we first convert the numbers into their 8-bit two's complement binary representation. -99 is represented as 10010101 and +72 is represented as 01001000. When we add these two numbers using binary addition, the result is 11011101.
In two's complement representation, the leftmost bit is the sign bit. For positive numbers, the sign bit is 0, and for negative numbers, the sign bit is 1. In the result, the leftmost bit is 1, indicating that the result is a negative number.
An overflow error occurs when the addition of two numbers results in a value that cannot be represented within the given number of bits. In this case, the result of 11011101 is -55, which cannot be represented in 8-bit two's complement representation. Therefore, an overflow error occurs.
Additionally, there is a carry-out bit in the binary summation result. The carry-out bit indicates whether there is a carry from the most significant bit during the addition. In this case, the carry-out bit is 1, indicating that a carry occurred during the addition.
Conclusion:
The binary addition of -99 and +72 in 8-bit two's complement representation results in an overflow error because the result (-55) cannot be represented within the given number of bits. Additionally, there is a carry-out bit of 1, indicating a carry occurred during the addition. Therefore, the result of the binary summation has both an overflow error and a carry-out bit.
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A draw bench for precision forming and strengthening of carbon steel tubing has a cost of $1,020,000. It will have a salvage value of $90,000 after a useful life of 10 years. Part a Using the formulas, determine the depreciation charge for year 4 and the book value at the end of year 4 if straight-line depreciation is used. Depreciation $ charge: Book value: $ Carry all interim calculations to 5 decimal places and then round your final answers to a whole number. The tolerance is ±1.
The depreciation charge for year 4 is $93,000 and the book value at the end of year 4 is $648,000.
To calculate the depreciation charge for year 4 and the book value at the end of year 4 using straight-line depreciation, we'll use the following formulas:
Depreciation Charge = (Cost - Salvage Value) / Useful Life
Book Value = Cost - Accumulated Depreciation
Given data:
Cost = $1,020,000
Salvage Value = $90,000
Useful Life = 10 years
Let's calculate the depreciation charge for year 4 first:
Depreciation Charge = (Cost - Salvage Value) / Useful Life
Depreciation Charge = ($1,020,000 - $90,000) / 10
Depreciation Charge = $930,000 / 10
Depreciation Charge = $93,000
The depreciation charge for year 4 is $93,000.
Now, let's calculate the book value at the end of year 4:
Accumulated Depreciation = Depreciation Charge * Number of Years
Accumulated Depreciation = $93,000 * 4
Accumulated Depreciation = $372,000
Book Value = Cost - Accumulated Depreciation
Book Value = $1,020,000 - $372,000
Book Value = $648,000
The book value at the end of year 4 is $648,000.
Therefore, the depreciation charge for year 4 is $93,000 and the book value at the end of year 4 is $648,000.
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Explain the difference between digital and analog electronics. What are the benefits and disadvantages of each type of signal. Give examples.
Digital electronics are those that utilize digital signals and circuits, whereas analog electronics use analog signals. Digital electronics deal with discrete signals or values, while analog electronics deal with continuous signals or Digital signals can only have two possible states, 0 and 1, whereas analog signals can have an infinite number of states.
Benefits of Digital Electronics: They are more resistant to noise. They are more immune to interferences than analog electronics. They can be easily stored, processed, and transmitted. They are cheaper to develop and manufacture. They have a longer lifespan and need less maintenance. Examples include computers, digital watches, smartphones, and MP3 players. Benefits of Analog Electronics: They provide a more accurate representation of a real-world signal. They can be used for audio and video applications as they are more natural-sounding and visually appealing. They are less expensive for low-volume production runs. They are more efficient than digital electronics in some cases, particularly when dealing with signal processing and amplification. Examples include vinyl records, tape cassettes, and old radios.
Disadvantages of Digital Electronics: They require complex and expensive design processes. They are less intuitive and natural to use than analog electronics. They require more processing power and energy. They can produce errors and distortion when dealing with large numbers of signals or in the conversion process. Examples include digital cameras and TVs, CD players, and digital radios. Disadvantages of Analog Electronics: They are prone to noise and interference. They require more complex and expensive hardware to design and manufacture. They are less accurate than digital electronics. They are less efficient than digital electronics in some cases, particularly when dealing with storage and transmission. Examples include old TVs, cassette players, and analog radios.
In conclusion, the main difference between digital and analog electronics is the way they process signals. While digital electronics use discrete signals and values, analog electronics use continuous signals and values. Both types of electronics have their benefits and drawbacks, and their usage depends on the specific application.
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What do you think the graph would look like if the disturbing force exerted was constant and not an initial disturbance on a Mass-Damper-Spring System?
If the disturbing force exerted was constant and not an initial disturbance on a Mass-Damper-Spring System,
he Mass-Damper-Spring System is governed by the second-order linear homogeneous differential equation, which is represented as:$$m \frac{d^2x}{dt^2} + b \frac{dx}{dt} + kx = F(t)$$Where,$$m\text{: mass of the system}{: external force applied on the system}$$When there is a disturbance force applied on the Mass-Damper-Spring system,
The steady-state solution means that the system will oscillate indefinitely with the same amplitude, frequency, and phase angle.A graph of the steady-state solution of the Mass-Damper-Spring system would look like a sinusoidal wave with a constant amplitude and frequency.
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Design a synchronous counter that loops the sequence: 3 5 9 13 → 8 2 0 7 10 13 → using JK flip flops and some external gates. Simulate your design on OrCAD Lite. Submit both the schematic and the simulation output.
A synchronous counter is a device that counts the number of clock pulses that occur over time. The counter increments by 1 for each clock pulse received.
Here's how to design a synchronous counter that loops the sequence 3 5 9 13 → 8 2 0 7 10 13 using JK flip-flops and some external gates.
Steps to design a synchronous counter that loops the sequence: 3 5 9 13 → 8 2 0 7 10 13:
Step 1: Develop the state table. Since we have a sequence of 4 states, there will be 2 flip-flops in the counter. As a result, we can easily generate the state table shown below: State Q1 Q20 03 15 29 413 58 62 70 810 913 13
Step 2: Select the flip-flops. JK flip-flops are used in this case.
Step 3: Draw the Karnaugh maps. The Karnaugh maps are shown below for both flip-flops.
Step 4: Develop the equations for the flip-flops. The equations for the flip-flops are given below:J1 = Q0Q1' + Q0'Q1K1 = Q1J0 = Q0'Q1K0 = Q0Q1' + Q0'Q1'
Step 5: Make a truth table for the counter. The truth table for the synchronous counter is shown below:State Q1 Q0 K1 K00 0 0 1 10 0 1 1 01 1 0 0 11 1 1 1 0
Step 6: Create a circuit diagram. The circuit diagram for the synchronous counter is shown below: JK Flip Flop circuit Diagram
Step 7: Simulate your design on OrCAD Lite. Use Or CAD Lite to simulate your circuit. Use the values from the truth table for the counter. On the OrCAD Lite software, you can now create a new project. After the new project has been created, add the required libraries to it. Now that you have the library, you can select the flip-flops and external gates from it. Draw the circuit diagram shown in step 6 in the schematic section.
Simulate the circuit by selecting PSpice from the simulation menu. To obtain the simulation results, click the Run PSpice button. The simulation results for the design can be viewed in OrCAD Capture as shown below: Simulation output in OrCAD Lite You can save the simulation output, schematic, and all other relevant documents to a folder and submit them.
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If we construct a binary tree with 4 nodes, what is the minimum possible height of the tree?
In a binary tree, the number of nodes at each level doubles as we move down the tree. In a perfect binary tree, the number of nodes doubles at each level, and the bottom level is fully filled with nodes. In this type of binary tree, the minimum height is determined by the number of nodes present. If we build a binary tree with four nodes, the minimum possible height of the tree will be two. The following are the steps to creating a binary tree with four nodes:
Step 1: Begin with a single root node. This is the first node in the tree. Step 2: Insert the second node as the left child of the root node. Step 3: Insert the third node as the right child of the root node. Step 4: Finally, add the fourth node as the left child of the second node.
If we add the fourth node as the right child of the second node, it will create a binary tree with a height of three. Therefore, we will add it as the left child of the second node to create a binary tree with a minimum height of two. This binary tree will have a total of four nodes.
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Represent Graphically The Signal And Determine Its Fourier Transform Using The Derivation Method G. X(T)=T[O (T)-0 (1-
The given function is as follows:g(x) = x(t)[u(t) - u(t - 1)] where u(t) is a step function.Taking the Fourier transform of the given function, we getG(f) = F[g(t)] = ∫[g(t) * e^{-2πift}] dt
From the time-domain representation of g(t) we haveg(t) = x(t)[u(t) - u(t - 1)]It can be observed that u(t) - u(t - 1) is equal to a rectangular function in time domain.
Its Fourier transform is given by F(u(t) - u(t - 1)) = e^{-2πifT} sinc(πfT)
Using linearity property of Fourier transform, we haveF[g(t)] = x(t) * [e^{-2πifT} sinc(πfT)]Taking x(t) = t,
we have F[g(t)] = ∫ t * [e^{-2πifT} sinc(πfT)] dt
Integrating by parts, we have ∫ t * [e^{-2πifT} sinc(πfT)] dt = [-1 / (2πif)^2] * [t^2 e^{-2πifT} + (2πifT - 1) * te^{-2πifT}]
Therefore, we haveF[g(t)] = -[1 / (2πif)^2] * [t^2 e^{-2πifT} + (2πifT - 1) * te^{-2πifT}]
Therefore, the Fourier transform is given by the function G(f) = -[1 / (2πif)^2] * [t^2 e^{-2πifT} + (2πifT - 1) * te^{-2πifT}]The plot of the signal in time domain is shown below:Graph of given signal in time domainFrom the above graph, it is clear that the signal is a ramp signal which increases linearly from 0 to 1 within 1 second and remains constant beyond 1 second. Therefore, the signal is time limited and of finite energy.
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Consider a linear time-invariant system whose input has Fourier transform X (jw) a+5+jw (a+2+) and whose output is y(t) = e-(a+2)u(t). Use Fourier techniques to determine the impulse response h(t). Express answer in the form A8(t) + Be-tu(t). =
To determine the impulse response h(t) of the linear time-invariant system, we can use the inverse Fourier transform.
How to solveSince the input has a Fourier transform X(jω) = a + 5 + jω (a + 2), we can apply the inverse Fourier transform to obtain x(t) = aδ(t) + 5δ(t) + j(2 + a)e^j2πtδ(t).
Given that the output y(t) = e^-(a+2)u(t), we can equate it to the convolution of h(t) and x(t) and take the inverse Fourier transform to obtain the expression:
h(t) = [tex]Ae^8t + Be^(-t)u(t).[/tex]
Note: The specific values of A and B would depend on the precise calculations performed during the Fourier transform process.
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Given the following business rules: 1. Each customer has several sales people who are assigned to that customer. Any one of those sales people can wait on that customer. 2. Each sales person has several customers whom they serve. 3. A customer places orders. 4. An order is placed by exactly one customer 5. When a customer places an order, exactly one sales person places the order. 6. Only a sales person who is assigned to that customer can place an order from that customer. Upload your drawio file into this quiz with the following: 1.2 points - The UML model 2.2 points. The relation scheme diagram 3.2 points - Indicate on the relation scheme diagram where you implement each of the business rules listed above. All that you have to do is put the number(s) of the business rule(s) that you implement next to the part of the model where you implement that business rule.
The details of how each of the business rules is implemented in the relation scheme diagram are mentioned below: Each customer has several salespeople who are assigned to that customer.
Any one of those salespeople can wait on that customer.In the Customer table, Salesperson_Id is a foreign key that references the Salesperson table. This will implement the first business rule. Each salesperson has several customers whom they serve. In the Salesperson table, Customer_Id is a foreign key that references the Customer table.
This will implement the second business rule. A customer places orders .An Order table is created to implement this business rule. An order is placed by exactly one customer. In the Order table, Customer_Id is a foreign key that references the Customer table.
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To solve this problem, we need to develop a UML model and relation scheme diagram as well as identify the place of each of the business rules. The details are mentioned below:
UML Model: The UML model of the given business rules is as follows:Here, the rectangles represent entities, and the diamonds show the relationship between those entities.Relational Scheme Diagram: The relational scheme diagram of the given business rules is as follows:Business Rules and Their Implementation:
Here are the business rules listed with their implementation numbers:Each customer has several salespeople who are assigned to that customer. Any one of those salespeople can wait on that customer.(3,4)Each salesperson has several customers whom they serve.(1,2)A customer places orders.(5)An order is placed by exactly one customer.(3)When a customer places an order, exactly one salesperson places the order.(5)Only a salesperson who is assigned to that customer can place an order from that customer.
(6)Hence, the business rules listed above are implemented in the given UML model and relational scheme diagram as per the given rule numbers.
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Examine the location of the telecom closet in the blueprint in Figure 1. Why is it common for IT departments to have closets that they do not share with other groups inside the same company?
What is the minimum level of security that you would expect a telecom closet to have?
In many businesses, it is common to have a keycard style access control to get in and out of the building or into other sections of the building. What major benefit does this type of centralized access control system offer that simple locks and keys cannot?
Figure 2 shows a typical server room. How many ways can you get into the server room?
IT departments often have dedicated telecom closets that are not shared with other groups within the same company for security and control purposes. By having their own separate closets, IT departments can ensure that only authorized personnel have access to critical network infrastructure and equipment.
It helps in maintaining the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of the network resources without interference or unauthorized access from other departments.
The minimum level of security expected in a telecom closet would include physical access controls such as locking mechanisms (e.g., key lock or electronic lock), restricted access to authorized personnel only, surveillance cameras, and environmental controls (e.g., temperature and humidity monitoring). These measures help protect the sensitive equipment, network connections, and data housed within the telecom closet from unauthorized access, tampering, theft, or damage.
A major benefit of a centralized access control system with keycard style access is the ability to manage and monitor access centrally. With simple locks and keys, it becomes challenging to track who has access and when. Keycard access control systems provide the capability to grant or revoke access privileges for individuals or groups centrally, track access logs, and restrict access to specific areas based on roles or time schedules. It offers greater control, convenience, and security compared to traditional locks and keys.
From Figure 2, it is not possible to determine the exact number of ways to enter the server room without additional information or a detailed view of the room. The number of entry points can vary based on the specific design and layout of the server room.
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if (strcmp (tbuy, title) == 0 && strcmp (abuy, author) == 0) //If statment
The given code snippet is a conditional statement or if statement that compares two strings(tbuny and title, abuy and author) for equality. If both strings are equal, the code block inside the if statement is executed.
In the given code snippet, strcmp() function is used to compare two strings, i.e., tbuy with the title and abuy with the author. If both of the comparisons return 0, then the condition of the if statement is true, and the code inside the curly braces is executed. If not, then the program skips over the block of code enclosed in the if statement. Note that the function strcmp() compares two strings lexicographically, which means that it compares the ASCII values of the characters in the strings. The "==" operator is used to test whether two strings are equal or not.
It returns 1 if both strings are equal and 0 otherwise. The strcmp() function returns 0 if the two strings are identical. Therefore, the condition in the if statement is true when both comparisons of tbuy with title and abuy with author returns 0, which means they are the same.
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A sample of soil which is fully saturated has a mass of (1100g) in its natural state, and (994g) after oven drying, Calculate the natural water content of the soil.
The natural water content of the soil is approximately 10.66%. the natural water content of the soil is 106gdivided by 994g, multiplied by 100 to express it as a percentage.
The natural water content of the soil is **calculated by dividing the weight of water in the soil by the weight of the soil solids**. In this case, the initial mass of the soil in its natural state is 1100g, and the mass of the oven-dried soil is 994g. By subtracting the mass of the oven-dried soil from the initial mass, we can determine the weight of water lost during drying, which is 1100g - 994g = 106g.
To calculate the natural water content, we divide the weight of water by the weight of the soil solids. Therefore, the natural water content of the soil is 106g (weight of water) divided by 994g (weight of oven-dried soil), multiplied by 100 to express it as a percentage.
Natural water content = (weight of water / weight of soil solids) × 100
= (106g / 994g) × 100
≈ 10.66%
Therefore, the natural water content of the soil is approximately 10.66%.
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Question 6 (10%) We are now working on a 3-color map coloring problem for Guangdong cities. (a) Draw the constraint graph for the following cities in Guangdong: Guangzhou, Dongguan, Shenzhen, Huizhou and Zhongshan (b) Which city should we start for a map coloring problem and why? (c) Find a solution for this problem with {red, blue, green} as possible colors using the degree heuristic.
The constraint graph for the Guangdong cities (Guangzhou, Dongguan, Shenzhen, Huizhou, and Zhongshan) is shown, and using the degree heuristic, the solution for the 3-color map coloring problem with {red, blue, and green} as possible colors are provided.
(a) The constraint graph for the given cities in Guangdong (Guangzhou, Dongguan, Shenzhen, Huizhou, and Zhongshan) can be represented as follows:
Guangzhou --- Dongguan
| |
| |
Shenzhen Huizhou
| |
| |
Zhongshan
In this graph, the cities are represented as nodes, and the edges between the nodes represent the adjacency or connectivity between the cities.
(b) The choice of the starting city for a map coloring problem can vary. However, a common approach is to select the city with the highest degree (maximum number of connections with other cities) as the starting point. This is because starting with a highly connected city provides a higher chance of finding a solution and reduces the overall complexity of the problem.
In the given constraint graph, Guangzhou has the highest degree as it is connected to three other cities (Dongguan, Shenzhen, and Zhongshan). Hence, Guangzhou would be a suitable choice to start the map coloring problem.
(c) Using the degree heuristic, we can proceed with the following solution for the 3-color map coloring problem with {red, blue, and green} as possible colors:
Start with the city Guangzhou and assign it the color red.
Move to the neighboring city Dongguan. Check the colors assigned to its adjacent cities.
Since Guangzhou is colored red, Dongguan can be assigned the color blue.
Move to the neighboring city Shenzhen. Check the colors assigned to its adjacent cities.
Both Guangzhou and Dongguan are colored, so we can assign Shenzhen the remaining color, which is green.
Move to the neighboring city Huizhou. Check the colors assigned to its adjacent cities.
Guangzhou is colored red and Shenzhen is colored green, so Huizhou can be assigned the remaining color, which is blue.
Finally, move to the neighboring city Zhongshan. Check the map colors assigned to its adjacent cities.
Guangzhou is colored red and Shenzhen is colored green, so Zhongshan can be assigned the remaining color, which is blue.
The final solution for the 3-color map coloring problem with {red, blue, and green} as possible colors, using the degree heuristic, is:
Guangzhou - Red
Dongguan - Blue
Shenzhen - Green
Huizhou - Blue
Zhongshan - Blue
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Part 1 Find an old computer you can install Linux on, and determine its hardware Note: If you do not do Part 1, you are not eligible to do any of the following parts! A. Old computers which are too slow for Windows often make great *nix boxes. B. Find one in your garage, from a neighbor or family member, or at a garage sale. C. You will need system unit, keyboard, mouse, monitor & [optional-network card] D. If it used to run Windows, it should be fine E. Determine what hardware it has, including a CPU speed, # of cores, etc. b. Memory c. Hard drive space and interface (SATA, PATA, SCSI) d. Network card ethernet? 100Mbps? Gbps? F. If you have trouble determining what hardware you have, hit the discussion board. G. Submit brand & specs in the link under the weekly Content folder for credit Part 2-Select a Linux, UNIX, or BSD OS and verify that your hardware will support it A. This is strictly research. Find a *nix flavor with which you are unfamiliar! B. Look up the hardware compatibility specs to verify that your system will support the OS you have selected. Again, visit the discussion board as needed. C. Submit your selected flavor, and state that your hardware will support it Part 3-Download and prepare the OS software A. Download the iso file to the computer you will use to burn a disc or USB drive on. B. If your target has no optical drive, make a bootable USB https://rufus.akeo.ie/ C. For optical disc, you will need image burning software and a drive to burn a disc. D. Burn the iso image file onto the USB or disc, and label it with all pertinent info. E. State any issues you had when you submit your "Part 3 completed" statement. Part 4-Installation & Configuration A. Prepare the old computer. I recommend wiping everything from the hard drive first, but make sure you have removed all important data first! B. Disconnect any network cables, and install the OS from the disc or USB you made. C. You will have to enter configuration parameters, such as IP addresses, etc. D. I recommend starting early, so you can visit the discussion board. E. In the Discussion Board, submit a photo of your "nix box with the OS up and running DA
Part 1: Find an old computer you can install Linux on, and determine its hardware
Part 2: Select a Linux, UNIX, or BSD OS
Part 3:Download and prepare the OS software Download
Part 4:Installation & Configuration
Part 1: Find an old computer you can install Linux on, and determine its hardware
If you don't do Part 1, you won't be able to do any of the following parts. Old computers that are too slow for Windows can make great *nix boxes. You may look for one in your garage, from a neighbor or family member, or at a garage sale.You will need a system unit, keyboard, mouse, monitor & [optional-network card]. If it previously ran Windows, it should be okay. Determine what hardware it has, including the CPU speed, # of cores, etc.
b. Memory
c. Hard drive space and interface (SATA, PATA, SCSI)
d. If you're having trouble determining what hardware you have, visit the discussion board and submit brand & specs in the link under the weekly Content folder for credit.
Part 2: Select a Linux, UNIX, or BSD OS and verify that your hardware will support it
This is solely research. Look for a *nix flavor with which you are not familiar! Look up the hardware compatibility specifications to ensure that your system can handle the OS you've selected. As required, consult the discussion board.Submit your selected flavor and state that your hardware can handle it.
Part 3:Download and prepare the OS software Download the iso file to the computer you will use to burn a disc or USB drive on.If your target has no optical drive, create a bootable USB with Rufus.For optical disc, you'll need image burning software and a disc burner. Burn the iso image file onto the USB or disc, and label it with all pertinent info. When you submit your "Part 3 completed" statement, state any problems you had.
Part 4:Installation & Configuration
Before installing the OS, prepare the old computer. I suggest wiping everything from the hard drive first, but make sure you've backed up all essential data. Disconnect any network cables, and install the OS from the disc or USB you made.You'll need to input configuration parameters like IP addresses. I recommend starting early so you can visit the discussion board.Submit a picture of your "nix box with the OS up and running" in the Discussion Board.
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a) Suppose the bit rate in a wireless communication system is 10 Mbps. What is the symbol rate if the modulation scheme is i) ii) QPSK iii) 16-PSK iv) 64-QAM BPSK
The symbol rates for different modulation schemes with a bit rate of 10 Mbps are:
i) QPSK: 5 MSymbols/s
ii) 16-PSK: 2.5 MSymbols/s
iii) 64-QAM: 1.67 MSymbols/s
iv) BPSK: 10 MSymbols/s
How to determine the symbol rate if the modulation schemeTo determine the symbol rate for different modulation schemes with a given bit rate, we need to consider the number of bits per symbol (bps) used by each scheme.
The formula to calculate the symbol rate is:
Symbol Rate = Bit Rate / Number of bits per symbol
Let's calculate the symbol rate for each modulation scheme:
i) QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying):
QPSK uses 2 bits per symbol, as it has 4 possible phase shifts (0, 90, 180, and 270 degrees).
Symbol Rate = 10 Mbps / 2 bps per symbol = 5 MSymbols/s (mega-symbols per second)
ii) 16-PSK (16-Phase Shift Keying):
16-PSK uses 4 bits per symbol, as it has 16 possible phase shifts (0, 22.5, 45, 67.5, ..., 337.5 degrees).
Symbol Rate = 10 Mbps / 4 bps per symbol = 2.5 MSymbols/s
iii) 64-QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation):
64-QAM uses 6 bits per symbol, as it has 64 possible amplitude and phase combinations.
Symbol Rate = 10 Mbps / 6 bps per symbol = 1.67 MSymbols/s
iv) BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying):
BPSK uses 1 bit per symbol, as it has 2 possible phase shifts (0 and 180 degrees).
Symbol Rate = 10 Mbps / 1 bps per symbol = 10 MSymbols/s
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Assignment (Part 1) 5 Favorite Applications Port Address If information is available, identify TCP or UDP or a new type of protocol Example 1: League of Legends (Port 5000-5020) TCP Example 2: XXX (No Port Address) New Type of Protocol: Y protocol Can be computerized 0 1. Identify the extension name of each protocol. (Example: HTTP is HyperText Transfer Protocol) 2. Briefly define each, focus on its function (2-3 sentences) 3. What port number does the protocol use?
Extension Name of each Protocol, their definition, and the Port Number used by the protocols are as follows:Protocol 1: HTTPHTTP stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol. It is an application layer protocol that enables communication between clients and servers. Its primary function is to transfer hypertext documents from the server to the client.
It operates on port number 80.TCP/UDP: TCPProtocol 2: FTPFTP stands for File Transfer Protocol. FTP is an application layer protocol that transfers files from a client to a server or vice versa. It is commonly used for downloading/uploading files from a web server. It operates on port number 21.TCP/UDP: TCPProtocol 3: SMTPSMTP stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.
It is an application layer protocol that is used for transmitting email messages over the internet. Its primary function is to transfer the email from the client's computer to the recipient's mail server. It operates on port number 25.TCP/UDP: TCPProtocol 4: POP3POP3 stands for Post Office Protocol version 3. It is an application layer protocol that is used for retrieving email messages from the mail server. It is used for receiving emails from a mail server. It operates on port number 110.TCP/UDP: TCPProtocol 5: IMAPIMAP stands for Internet Message Access Protocol. It is an application layer protocol that is used for retrieving email messages from the mail server. It provides more advanced functionality than POP3. It operates on port number 143.TCP/UDP: TCPExplanation:The extension name of each protocol along with its definition and the port number used by each protocol is listed above. All these protocols come under the Application layer of the TCP/IP model. They play a significant role in internet communication. Port numbers are used to route incoming and outgoing data from the internet to the correct process.
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Draw the functional block diagram of a measurement system.
Describe briefly the function of each block.
Define transducer and give an example.
A temperature-sensitive transducer is subjected to a sudden temperature change. It takes 10 s for the transducer to reach equilibrium condition (5 times constant). How long will it take for the transducer to read half of the temperature difference?
A measurement system comprises a sensor, signal conditioner, processing section, and output section. Additionally, a transducer converts energy types, and a temperature-sensitive transducer takes 1.386 seconds to read half the temperature difference.
A measurement system's functional block diagram consists of a sensor, signal conditioner, processing section, and output section. The sensor detects and converts the measured quantity into an electrical signal. The signal conditioner amplifies and filters the sensor signal.
The processing section applies digital signal processing algorithms for measurement. The output section presents the sensor signal in a user-understandable or automated control system format. Additionally, a transducer is a device that converts energy types.
If a temperature-sensitive transducer has a time constant of 5 times constant, it will take 1.386 seconds to read half of the temperature difference.
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Given The System Below, Find The Steady-State Error If (S) = Y(S) 5 R(S)52 + 7s + 10
The steady-state error for the given system is 0.75. Given the system and the transfer function, the steady-state error can be determined. Given the system below, find the steady-state error if (s) = Y(s) 5 R(s) 52 + 7s + 10.
System DiagramThe transfer function of the system is given by;G(s) = Y(s) / R(s)The open-loop transfer function is;G(s) = 5 / (s2 + 7s + 10)
The closed-loop transfer function with unity negative feedback is;T(s) = G(s) / (1 + G(s))Where T(s) is the transfer function of the closed-loop system.
Substituting G(s) into the expression for T(s), we have;T(s) = [5 / (s2 + 7s + 10)] / [1 + 5 / (s2 + 7s + 10)]
Simplifying,T(s) = 5 / (s2 + 7s + 15)For a type-1 system (unity feedback system), the steady-state error can be determined as follows;
For unit step input, the steady-state error is; E(s) = 1 / [1 + T(s)]Where E(s) is the Laplace transform of the steady-state error.Substituting T(s), we have;E(s) = 1 / [1 + 5 / (s2 + 7s + 15)]
Simplifying,E(s) = (s2 + 7s + 15) / (s2 + 7s + 20)
Taking the inverse Laplace transform of E(s), we have the steady-state error; e(t) = lim_{s \to 0} sE(s)Taking the limit;e(t) = lim_{s \to 0} s[(s2 + 7s + 15) / (s2 + 7s + 20)]
Simplifying;e(t) = 0.75
Therefore, the steady-state error for the given system is 0.75.
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Marked out of 5.00 PFlag question Temporary Employment Corporation (TEC) places temporary workers in companies during peak periods. TEC's manager gives you the following description of the business: TEC has a file of candidates who are willing to work. If the candidate has worked before, that candidate has a specific job history. Each candidate has several qualifications. Each qualification may be earned by more than one candidate. TEC also has a list of companies that request temporaries. Each time a company requests a temporary employee, TEC makes an entry in the openings folder. This folder contains an opening number, company name, required qualifications, starting date, anticipated ending date, and hourly pay. Each opening requires only one specific or main qualification. When a candidate matches the qualification. (s)he is given the job, and an entry is made in the Placement Record folder. This folder contains an opening number, candidate number, total hours worked, and so on. In addition, an entry is made in the job history for the candidate. TEC uses special codes to describe a candidate's qualifications for an opening. Construct an E-R diagram (based on a Chen's model) to represent the above requirements. Make sure you include all appropriate entities, relationships, attributes, and cardinalities.
An entity-relationship diagram (ERD) is a visual representation of the information domain that identifies relationships between entities. It is a useful tool for designing and developing a database.
The ER diagram represents entities as rectangles, attributes as ovals, and relationships as lines connecting entities. Chen's model is one of the most popular ERD models. Based on the given description, the following ERD can be constructed.ER Diagram based on Chen's model: Explanation of the diagram.
The entities in the diagram are Candidate, Job, Qualification, Company, and Opening. Each entity has its own set of attributes. The relationships between entities are represented by the lines connecting them. The cardinality is also included in the diagram.
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If the quality of received video degrades one of the standard method employed is to reduce the transmission data rate (this is applicable in all types of digital communication). Why do you think it improves signal quality?
Reducing the transmission data rate can improve signal quality in digital communication. Firstly, it increases the available bandwidth for each transmitted signal. With more bandwidth, the signal experiences reduced interference and a better signal-to-noise ratio, resulting in improved quality.
Secondly, lower data rates help reduce the impact of channel noise. By transmitting less data per unit of time, the effects of noise on the signal are minimized, leading to fewer errors and improved signal quality.
Thirdly, lower data rates allow error correction techniques to operate more effectively. With more time available for error correction algorithms to analyze and correct errors, the overall signal quality is improved.
Lastly, lower data rates enable the receiver to operate with higher sensitivity. This allows the receiver to accurately detect and decode the received signal, leading to improved quality and reduced errors.
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By using python
-Create a function that takes a list as its parameter.
- The function returns the list after deleting its last element.
- Create a list of your choice test the function.
- Show me the output of the function.
We create a list called `my_list` with values `[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]` and pass it to the `delete_last_element()` function. The function removes the last element (5) from the list, and the modified list `[1, 2, 3, 4]` is printed as the output.
Here's a Python function that takes a list as its parameter, deletes its last element, and returns the modified list:
```python
def delete_last_element(lst):
if len(lst) > 0:
lst.pop()
return lst
# Testing the function
my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
result = delete_last_element(my_list)
print(result)
```
Output:
```
[1, 2, 3, 4]
```
In this example, the function `delete_last_element()` takes a list `lst` as a parameter. It checks if the length of the list is greater than zero to ensure there is at least one element. If there are elements in the list, the function uses the `pop()` method to remove the last element. Finally, the modified list is returned.
We create a list called `my_list` with values `[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]` and pass it to the `delete_last_element()` function. The function removes the last element (5) from the list, and the modified list `[1, 2, 3, 4]` is printed as the output.
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Q1: (6 marks) Find the basis functions of the two signals Givauschmitt Pro St=1 S. (C)=e' OSISI 0S131
To find the basis functions of the two signals Givauschmitt Pro St=1 S. (C)=e' OSISI 0S131, we need to begin by understanding the concept of basis functions.
Definition of Basis Functions: Basis functions are the set of functions that form a basis for a signal space. A signal space can be viewed as a vector space, with basis functions as vectors, and signals as points in the space that are represented by linear combinations of basis functions.
Mathematically, for a set of basis functions, {ϕi(t)}, the signal s(t) is expressed as a linear combination of basis functions: s(t) = Σi=1 to ∞ ci ϕi(t), where ci are the coefficients of expansion.
The main goal of the basis function is to represent a signal in a concise and efficient way.
Basis Functions of the two signals Givauschmitt Pro St=1 S. (C)=e' OSISI 0S131.
The two signals Givauschmitt Pro St=1 S. (C)=e' OSISI 0S131 can be represented as follows:
For Givauschmitt Pro St=1:St=1 = S.(t) + S(t - τ)where S(t) = e^(-αt), τ = 1/β and α = β ln (2).
For S. (C) = e' OSISI 0S131:S. (C) = S(t) cos (ωct + φ) where ωc is the carrier frequency and φ is the phase of the carrier signal.
The basis functions of the two signals are, therefore, given by:{e^(-αt), e^(-α(t-τ)), cos (ωct + φ)}.
In conclusion, the basis functions of the two signals Givauschmitt Pro St=1 S. (C)=e' OSISI 0S131 are {e^(-αt), e^(-α(t-τ)), cos (ωct + φ)}.
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2. Buses come to a garage for repairs. A mechanic and helper perform the repair, record the reason for the repair and record the total cost of all parts used on a Shop Repair Order. Information on labor, parts and repair outcome is used for billing by the Accounting Department, parts monitoring by the inventory management computer system and a performance review by the supervisor.
a. In the context outline the above scenario to draw a context-level data flow diagram and discuss the component are used to draw the diagram.
b. Draw a use case diagram representing a system used to plan a conference. Characterize the three main parts of a use case scenario.
The scenario is about buses that come to a garage for repairs. The mechanic and the helper repair the bus, noting down the reason for the repair and the total cost of the parts that have been used for the repair.
The Accounting Department uses the information on labor, parts, and repair outcomes for billing purposes, the inventory management computer system uses the information for parts monitoring, and the supervisor uses the information for performance review.
To draw a context-level data flow diagram for the above scenario, we can use the following components:External Entity: This is used to represent an external agent that interacts with the system. For example, in this case, the external entity could be the buses that come to the garage for repairs.
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One of the challenges with ICT security is ‘selling’ the notion of investing in ICT security. One approach is to use a traditional return on investment approach with an emphasis on information security issues. This is referred to as a Return on Security Investment (ROSI) and ROSI calculations can be presented to management to justify security investments.
The ROSI elements discussed during the semester included the following formula components: Single Loss Expectancy (SLE); Annual Rate of Occurrence (ARO); Annual Loss Expectancy (ALE) which is calculated: ALE = ARO * SLE; Modified Annual Loss Expectancy (MALE) (this is the ALE after the implementation of the proposed security controls). The ROSI takes account of the ALE, the MALE and the cost of the proposed controls.
Considering the following scenario involving the help desk staff responsible for providing support to the HRM system from question 1:
The help desk staff reset hundreds of passwords annually for various reasons. On average the help desk staff reset 10 passwords annually without properly verifying the staff member’s identity correctly and provide access to the wrong person. The damages in reputational and privacy breaches is estimated to cost $10,000 per incident. By implementing a verification software package with a licence cost of $5,000 per annum, the loss expectancy would be reduced by 75%.
Calculate the ROSI for this scenario.
Given this scenario, discuss the limitations with using a ROSI calculation in this manner. You should provide 5 issues that highlight limitations with the application of a ROSI used as a primary means to justify this control.
Part (b) (10 marks)
Your information security section within the university (as per Q1) conducts a series of rolling security evaluations of its general IT environment and specific core application systems. You have been allocated the task of conducting the evaluation of the baseline controls in the general IT environment. An activity early in this process is the construction of a suitable normative model for the evaluation.
Using the ISO 27002 information security framework discussed during the semester, identify 5 controls that would be important elements of the normative model. It is quite likely that there will be many more than 5 controls relevant to this baseline security situation, but you should try to select 5 of the more important controls.
You should provide a brief rationale for the selection of the controls for the normative model.
ROSI or Return on Security Investment is a method to justify security investments. The following formula components are used to calculate ROSI: SLE (Single Loss Expectancy)ARO (Annual Rate of Occurrence)
The help desk staff reset hundreds of passwords annually for various reasons. On average the help desk staff reset 10 passwords annually without properly verifying the staff member’s identity correctly and provide access to the wrong person. The damages in reputational and privacy breaches are estimated to cost $10,000 per incident.
Implementing a verification software package with a license cost of $5,000 per annum, the loss expectancy would be reduced by 75%.So, the current loss expectancy (ALE) is calculated as: ALE = ARO * SLEALE = (10/100) * ($10,000)ALE = $1000MALE is the ALE after the implementation of the proposed security controls. Therefore, MALE would be: MALE = ALE - (ALE * reduction percentage)MALE = $1000 - ($1000 * 0.75)MALE = $250Therefore, ROSI would be calculated as: ROSI = (ALE – MALE) / investment cost ROSI = ($1000 - $250) / $5000ROSI = 0.15 or 15%.
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Discuss the deterioration models, expected service life for the CSP(Corrugated Steel Pipe), and open and box culverts.?
Deterioration models, expected service life, and the performance of Corrugated Steel Pipe (CSP), open culverts, and box culverts are crucial factors in assessing the longevity and maintenance needs of these structures.
Deterioration Models:
Deterioration models are used to predict the degradation and performance of infrastructure over time. For CSP, common deterioration modes include corrosion, abrasion, and deformation. Corrosion occurs due to exposure to moisture and aggressive substances, leading to the loss of structural integrity. Abrasion can result from the movement of water, sediment, or debris within the pipe, causing erosion and reduced capacity. Deformation may occur due to external forces, such as soil movement or heavy loads, leading to changes in shape or structural damage. Deterioration models consider these factors to estimate the service life of CSP and inform maintenance and replacement strategies.
Expected Service Life:
The expected service life of CSP, open culverts, and box culverts depends on various factors, including material quality, installation practices, environmental conditions, and maintenance. CSP's service life can be influenced by the thickness of the steel, protective coatings, and proper drainage. With proper design, installation, and maintenance, CSP can last for several decades. The service life of open culverts and box culverts can vary depending on the material used, such as concrete or metal, as well as the design and load-bearing requirements. Generally, open and box culverts are designed to have a service life of 50 to 100 years or more when maintained properly.
Performance of CSP, Open Culverts, and Box Culverts:
CSP, open culverts, and box culverts are commonly used in drainage and transportation infrastructure. The performance of these structures is assessed based on their hydraulic efficiency, structural integrity, and durability. Proper design, installation, and maintenance are critical to ensuring optimal performance and longevity. Regular inspections, cleaning, and repairs are necessary to mitigate deterioration and maintain the functionality of these structures. Factors such as water flow velocity, sediment transport, and surrounding soil conditions can impact performance and should be considered during design and maintenance.
In summary, deterioration models provide insights into the aging and degradation processes of CSP, open culverts, and box culverts. The expected service life of these structures depends on factors such as material quality, installation practices, and maintenance efforts. Proper design, installation, and maintenance are vital to ensure the longevity and optimal performance of these drainage and transportation infrastructure components.
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Write a program that create a class called Professors that would contain these attributes: Professor Name, Course_ID, Description, and Location. Create a method named showResults that will display up to five records. Your program can include your favorite instructors. Below is a sample output. Sample Output: Course ID Location wenn Description Python 1234 Anytown, USA Professor Name Jim Bob
The program creates a class called "Professors" with attributes for professor information and includes a method to display up to five professor records. The sample output demonstrates the details of five professors, including their Course ID, Location, and Description, with one professor named "Jim Bob."
What does the given program do and what is the sample output?The given program creates a class called "Professors" with attributes such as Professor Name, Course_ID, Description, and Location. It also includes a method called "showResults" that displays up to five records. The program allows the inclusion of favorite instructors and generates a sample output.
The sample output shows the details of five professors, including their Course ID, Location, and Description. In this case, the Professor Name is "Jim Bob" and the Course ID is "Python 1234." The Location is specified as "Anytown, USA."
This program provides a basic framework for managing professor information and displaying the relevant details. It can be extended to include more functionality, such as adding additional records, searching for specific professors, or modifying existing information. The "showResults" method can be modified to accommodate specific requirements or to display a different number of records.
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Task 1- Binary Phase Shift-Keying (BPSK) In light of what you have learnt about polar and unipolar signalling, write about binary phase shift- keying (BPSK). Explain the principles of BPSK. Discuss various aspects such as modulation, demodulation, implementation, BER, spectrum efficiency, etc. Make comparison to polar and unipolar when appropriate. Use of diagrams and illustrations is strongly recommended.
Binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) is a digital modulation technique that uses phase modulation. It's a modulation technique used to transmit digital information over a radio frequency carrier wave.
Binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) is a digital modulation technique that uses phase modulation. It's a modulation technique used to transmit digital information over a radio frequency carrier wave. This form of modulation is commonly used in wireless communication applications and is an important building block for other modulation schemes like quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) and 16-Quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM).
Principles of BPSK
The BPSK modulation technique involves representing digital data using the phase of the carrier wave. BPSK uses a sine wave as the carrier, and the digital data is represented as a binary code where a 1 is a positive sine wave and a 0 is a negative sine wave.
BPSK Modulation
To transmit digital information through BPSK, a sine wave carrier is shifted to 0 degrees for binary digit 0 and to 180 degrees for binary digit 1.
BPSK Demodulation
To recover digital information from a BPSK signal, the received signal is multiplied with the reference sine wave carrier. This creates a product output that is low-pass filtered. The filtered output is then compared with a threshold value, and a binary decision is made.
BPSK Implementation
To implement BPSK, one approach is to use a frequency synthesizer to generate the sine wave carrier, a mixer to multiply the carrier with the binary data, and a low-pass filter to extract the binary data from the modulated signal. The implementation of BPSK is quite simple and cost-effective.
BER and Spectrum Efficiency
BPSK has a Bit Error Rate (BER) of 0.5, which is quite high. However, BPSK's spectrum efficiency is good, making it a useful modulation scheme in low-bandwidth applications like satellite communication. As compared to unipolar and polar signaling, BPSK has a better spectral efficiency.
Diagrams
A simple block diagram for BPSK modulation and demodulation is shown below:
Figure 1: BPSK Modulation and Demodulation Block Diagram
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Consider the below company members where each one of them should be considered in the design of the active directory. Bill Gates : CEO Alan Alsop : IT manager Adam Abraham: Accountant Tina Ken : Engineer Sandra Kehl: Salesman Anthony Avery: Visitor Alexander Baker : Visitor Each User above has a dedicated PC to access on, where only visitors has a shared PC. How many PCs should we add to the company domain? * O 3 O 5 O 6 04 5 points 28 points Based on the provider users' descriptions, to which group should each one be allocated to? Domain Admin Domain User Bill Gates Alan Alsop Adam Abraham O O Tina Ken Sandra Kehl Anthony Avery O O Alexander Baker How can we prevent the visitors from logging in to different PCs than the * 5 points dedicated one for visitors. Your answer Domain Guest O Assume we want to allow Tine Ken to reset the passwords of the visitors, what is the required procedure? Your answer 5 points
a) We should add a total of 6 computers.
b) Allocation of user :
Domain Admin: Bill Gates, Alan Alsop
Domain User: Adam Abraham, Tina Ken, Sandra Kehl
Domain Guest: Anthony Avery, Alexander Baker
c) We can prevent them from logging in to different PCs by allocating them to the Domain Guest group.
To design the active directory, the users need to be allocated to the respective group according to their job description. Below is the allocation of the users to the domain group.
Bill Gates: Domain Admin
Alan Alsop: Domain Admin
Adam Abraham: Domain User
Tina Ken: Domain User
Sandra Kehl: Domain User
Anthony Avery: Domain Guest
Alexander Baker: Domain Guest
Since each user has a dedicated PC, except for visitors who have a shared PC, we can add a total of 6 PCs to the company domain.
For visitors, we can prevent them from logging in to different PCs by allocating them to the Domain Guest group, which has limited privileges and access rights.
To allow Tina Ken to reset the passwords of the visitors, she needs to be given the required permissions. This can be done by following these steps:
1. Log in to the Domain Controller as a Domain Admin.
2. Open the Active Directory Users and Computers console.
3. Navigate to the Visitors group and right-click to select Properties.
4. Go to the Security tab and click on Add.
5. Enter the name of Tina Ken and click on Check Names.
6. Once the name is verified, click on OK.
7. In the Security tab, select the permissions that Tina Ken needs to reset the passwords of the visitors.
8. Click on Apply and then OK to save the changes.
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This part provides experience writing SELECT statements using the SQL analytic functions. You should adapt the examples given in the notes. Each problem is based on a similar problem in the notes.
Your SELECT statements will reference the tables of the Inventory Data Warehouse, described in another document. The INSERT statements are provided in another document. The Inventory Data Warehouse design and rows are identical from module 5 in course 2. If you added rows through the data integration assignment in module 5 of course 2, you should remove those rows or just recreate and repopulate the tables.
Query 1: Ranking within the entire result
Use the RANK function to rank customers in descending order by the sum of extended cost for shipments (transaction type 5). You should use the entire result as a single partition. The result should include the customer name, sum of the extended cost, and rank.
Query 2: Ranking within a partition
Use the RANK function to rank customers in descending order by the sum of extended cost for shipments (transaction type 5). You should partition the rank values by customer state. The result should include the customer state, customer name, sum of the extended cost, and rank. You should order the result by customer state.
Query 3: Ranking and dense ranking within the entire result
Use both RANK and DENSE_RANK functions to rank customers in descending order by the count of inventory transactions for shipments (transaction type 5). You should use the entire result as a single partition. The result should include the customer name, count of transactions, rank, and dense rank.
Query 4: Cumulative extended costs for the entire result
Calculate the cumulative sum of extended cost ordered by customer zip code, calendar year, and calendar month for shipments (transaction type 5). The result should include the customer zip code, calendar year, calendar month, sum of the extended cost, and cumulative sum of the extended cost. Note that the cumulative extended cost is the sum of the extended cost in the current row plus the cumulative sum of extended costs in all previous rows.
Query 5: Cumulative extended costs for a partition
Calculate the cumulative sum of extended cost ordered by customer zip code, calendar year, and calendar month for shipments (transaction type 5). Restart the cumulative extended cost after each combination of zip code and calendar year. The result should include the customer zip code, calendar year, calendar month, sum of the extended cost, and cumulative sum of the extended cost. Note that the cumulative extended cost is the sum of the extended cost in the current row plus the cumulative sum of extended costs in all previous rows of the store zip code and years. The value of cumulative extended cost resets in each partition (new value for zip code and year).
Query 6: Ratio to report applied to the entire result
Calculate the ratio to report of the sum of extended cost for adjustments (transaction type 1). You should sort on descending order by sum of extended cost. The result should contain the second item id, sum of extended cost, and ratio to report.
Query 7: Ratio to report applied to a partition
Calculate the ratio to report of the sum of extended cost for adjustments (transaction type 1) with partitioning on calendar year. You should sort on ascending order by calendar year and descending order by sum of extended cost. The result should contain the calendar year, second item id, sum of extended cost, and ratio to report.
Query 8: Cumulative distribution functions for carrying cost of all branch plants
Calculate the rank, percent_rank, and cume_dist functions of the carrying cost in the branch_plant_dim table. The result should contain the BPName, CompanyKey, CarryingCost, rank, percent_rank, and cume_dist.
Query 9: Determine worst performing plants
Determine the branch plants with the highest carrying costs (top 15%). The result should contain BPName, CompanyKey, CarryingCost, and cume_dist.
Query 10: Cumulative distribution of extended cost for Colorado inventory
Calculate the cumulative distribution of extended cost for Colorado inventory (condition on customer state). The result should contain the extended cost and cume_dist, ordered by extended cost. You should eliminate duplicate rows in the result.
The result includes the customer zip code, calendar year, calendar month, total cost, and cumulative cost, ordered by customer zip code, calendar year, and calendar month.
Here are the SELECT statements for each query along with a brief explanation:
Query 1: Ranking within the entire result
```sql
SELECT customer_name, SUM(extended_cost) AS total_cost, RANK() OVER (ORDER BY SUM(extended_cost) DESC) AS rank
FROM shipments
WHERE transaction_type = 5
GROUP BY customer_name
ORDER BY total_cost DESC;
```
This query calculates the total extended cost for each customer for shipments with transaction type 5. It uses the RANK() function to assign a rank to each customer based on the total cost in descending order. The result includes the customer name, total cost, and rank, sorted by the total cost in descending order.
Query 2: Ranking within a partition
```sql
SELECT customer_state, customer_name, SUM(extended_cost) AS total_cost, RANK() OVER (PARTITION BY customer_state ORDER BY SUM(extended_cost) DESC) AS rank
FROM shipments
WHERE transaction_type = 5
GROUP BY customer_state, customer_name
ORDER BY customer_state, total_cost DESC;
```
This query calculates the total extended cost for each customer for shipments with transaction type 5, partitioned by customer state. It assigns a rank to each customer within their respective state based on the total cost in descending order. The result includes the customer state, customer name, total cost, and rank, sorted by customer state and total cost.
Query 3: Ranking and dense ranking within the entire result
```sql
SELECT customer_name, COUNT(*) AS transaction_count, RANK() OVER (ORDER BY COUNT(*) DESC) AS rank, DENSE_RANK() OVER (ORDER BY COUNT(*) DESC) AS dense_rank
FROM shipments
WHERE transaction_type = 5
GROUP BY customer_name
ORDER BY transaction_count DESC;
```
This query calculates the count of inventory transactions for each customer for shipments with transaction type 5. It uses both the RANK() and DENSE_RANK() functions to assign ranks to each customer based on the transaction count in descending order. The result includes the customer name, transaction count, rank, and dense rank, sorted by the transaction count in descending order.
Query 4: Cumulative extended costs for the entire result
```sql
SELECT customer_zip_code, calendar_year, calendar_month, SUM(extended_cost) AS total_cost, SUM(SUM(extended_cost)) OVER (ORDER BY customer_zip_code, calendar_year, calendar_month) AS cumulative_cost
FROM shipments
WHERE transaction_type = 5
GROUP BY customer_zip_code, calendar_year, calendar_month
ORDER BY customer_zip_code, calendar_year, calendar_month;
```
This query calculates the cumulative sum of extended costs for shipments with transaction type 5. It groups the data by customer zip code, calendar year, and calendar month, and calculates the total cost for each group. The cumulative cost is calculated using the SUM() function with the OVER clause. The result includes the customer zip code, calendar year, calendar month, total cost, and cumulative cost, ordered by customer zip code, calendar year, and calendar month.
Please note that to execute these queries, you'll need to replace the table name "shipments" with the appropriate table name from your Inventory Data Warehouse, and ensure that the column names and conditions match your schema.
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In Deliverable 1 you took the base code and came up with ideas for extending the code into a game of your choice. In Deliverable 2, you will document your new design using fully developed use cases and class diagrams. You will also describe the OO Design principles that will be used in your final code. Please take care to review your feedback from Deliverable 1 (particularly the design document) and incorporate any suggested improvements into your Deliverable 2. The same standards for groupwork, professional writing style and citations apply to all deliverables. If you have questions, you can refer to the project description or ask your instructor. The project requirements are not to be reduced for groups smaller than 4 students. Any groupwork conflicts will be dealt with using the contract from Deliverable 1. To begin, you will take the rules of your game that you provided in your Deliverable 1 Design Document and turn them into fully developed use cases for your game. You should have received feedback on your project scope in Deliverable 1 but to be clear, your fully developed use cases will depict the scope you will develop to in Deliverable 3 (when you complete the code and tests) so please include only those requirements/use cases that you plan to tum into code. Think like a tester and include alternate paths in your use case descriptions. Next, take the base code class diagrams you produced in Deliverable 1 and extend them (and change as necessary) to include your new requirements. Use proper notation and include multiplicities and associations. You may optionally include methods and return types however this is not part of the rubric (but will make your coding easier). Finally, complete the Deliverable 2 Design Document Template to comment on how your new design addresses the flexibility of the system, and uses the OOD principles we have discussed in class to date.
The project requirements will not be reduced for groups smaller than four students, and group work conflicts will be dealt with using the contract from Deliverable 1.
The rules of the game provided in the Deliverable 1 Design Document will be turned into fully developed use cases for the game. Fully developed use cases will depict the scope that will be developed in Deliverable 3 when the code and tests are completed. The students will include only those requirements/use cases that they plan to tum into code.
They will think like testers and include alternate paths in their use case descriptions. The base code class diagrams that were produced in Deliverable 1 will be extended (and changed as necessary) to include the new requirements. Proper notation will be used, and multiplicities and associations will be included.
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5. Crash recovery for steal, no-force policy: The following list gives pages, objects on these pages and their values in the stable database at a certain point in time: Page 1: X = 63 y = 84 Page 2: z = 93 k = 24 The following is the list of the most recent stable log records at the same point in time. The database uses the steal, no-force policy. [nr: 320, ta: 12, obj: z, b: 23, a: 93] [nr: 321, ta: 13, obj: k, b: 34, a: 24] [nr: 322, ta: 12, obj: z, b: 93, a: 54] [nr: 323, ta: 12, obj: y, b: 84, a: 87] [nr: 324, ta: 12, commit] [nr: 325, ta: 14, obj: x, b: 63, a: 64] [nr: 326, redoLsn: 320, undoLsn: 321]
[nr: 327, ta: 14, obj: y, b: 87, a: 65] a) You are supposed to perform crash recovery. What operations do you have to perform on which transactions? Give the content of the stable database after the crash recovery.
b) Was a database buffer page with an uncommitted write written to the stable database? If yes, say which page and identify the time interval when it was written to the stable database. Give the interval as two log sequence numbers before and after, and say how you came to that conclusion. If no, give reasons for your answer.
During crash recovery, the log records are analyzed to perform necessary operations on transactions. The stable database is updated by redoing the changes made by transactions 12 and 14 on objects 'z', 'x', and 'y'. A database buffer page with an uncommitted write was written, affecting object 'z' from LSN 320 to 322.
a) To perform crash recovery, we need to analyze the log records and apply the necessary operations on transactions. Based on the log records provided, the following operations need to be performed:
Transaction 12: Redo the log record nr: 322 for object 'z' (value changed from 93 to 54).
Transaction 14: Redo the log record nr: 325 for object 'x' (value changed from 63 to 64).
Transaction 14: Redo the log record nr: 327 for object 'y' (value changed from 87 to 65).
After crash recovery, the content of the stable database would be:
Page 1: X = 64, y = 84
Page 2: z = 54, k = 24
b) Yes, a database buffer page with an uncommitted write was written to the stable database. The log record nr: 320 shows an update to object 'z' with before value 23 and after value 93. The log record nr: 322 has a later timestamp (ta: 12) and indicates the value of 'z' changed from 93 to 54. Hence, the uncommitted write of 'z' with value 93 was written to the stable database.
Interval: Log sequence numbers (LSN) before and after the uncommitted write:
Before: LSN 320
After: LSN 322
This conclusion is drawn based on the log records' timestamps and the values associated with the 'obj' (object) field in the log records.
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