To compute the net present value (NPV) and approximate internal rate of return (IRR) for each project, we will discount the cash inflows using the desired rate of return of 8 percent. Here are the calculations for Project A and Project B:
a. Net Present Value (NPV) Approach:
Project A:
Initial Cash Expenditure: $400,000
Annual Cash Inflows: $126,000
Useful Life: 4 years
Discount Rate (Desired Rate of Return): 8%
Year 1:
NPV = Cash Inflow / (1 + Discount Rate)^(Number of Years)
NPV = $126,000 / (1 + 0.08)^1 = $116,666.67
Year 2:
NPV = $126,000 / (1 + 0.08)^2 = $107,870.37
Year 3:
NPV = $126,000 / (1 + 0.08)^3 = $99,897.71
Year 4:
NPV = $126,000 / (1 + 0.08)^4 = $92,592.59
Total NPV for Project A:
NPV = Sum of Year 1 NPV + Year 2 NPV + Year 3 NPV + Year 4 NPV
NPV = $116,666.67 + $107,870.37 + $99,897.71 + $92,592.59 = $416,027.34
Project B:
Initial Cash Expenditure: $160,000
Annual Cash Inflows: $52,800
Useful Life: 4 years
Discount Rate (Desired Rate of Return): 8%
Year 1:
NPV = $52,800 / (1 + 0.08)^1 = $48,888.89
Year 2:
NPV = $52,800 / (1 + 0.08)^2 = $45,259.26
Year 3:
NPV = $52,800 / (1 + 0.08)^3 = $41,925.93
Year 4:
NPV = $52,800 / (1 + 0.08)^4 = $38,865.74
Total NPV for Project B:
NPV = Sum of Year 1 NPV + Year 2 NPV + Year 3 NPV + Year 4 NPV
NPV = $48,888.89 + $45,259.26 + $41,925.93 + $38,865.74 = $175,939.82
Based on the NPV approach, Project A has a higher net present value of $416,027.34 compared to Project B, which has a net present value of $175,939.82. Therefore, based on the net present value approach, Project A should be adopted.
b. Internal Rate of Return (IRR) Approach:
To approximate the internal rate of return for each project, we can use a trial-and-error approach or financial software. Let's use a trial-and-error approach here.
For Project A, we can calculate the IRR as follows:
IRR for Project A = Discount Rate + [(Highest NPV / (Highest NPV - Lowest NPV)) * (Range of Discount Rate)]
IRR for Project A = 8% + [($416,027.34 / ($416,027.34 - $0)) * (100% - 0%)] = 8%
For Project B, the calculations are as follows:
IRR for Project B = 8% + [($175,939.82 / ($175,939.82 - $
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To compute the net present value (NPV) and approximate internal rate of return (IRR) for each project, we will discount the cash inflows using the desired rate of return of 8 percent. Here are the calculations for Project A and Project B:
a. Net Present Value (NPV) Approach:
Project A:
Initial Cash Expenditure: $400,000
Annual Cash Inflows: $126,000
Useful Life: 4 years
Discount Rate (Desired Rate of Return): 8%
Year 1:
NPV = Cash Inflow / (1 + Discount Rate)^(Number of Years)
NPV = $126,000 / (1 + 0.08)^1 = $116,666.67
Year 2:
NPV = $126,000 / (1 + 0.08)^2 = $107,870.37
Year 3:
NPV = $126,000 / (1 + 0.08)^3 = $99,897.71
Year 4:
NPV = $126,000 / (1 + 0.08)^4 = $92,592.59
Total NPV for Project A:
NPV = Sum of Year 1 NPV + Year 2 NPV + Year 3 NPV + Year 4 NPV
NPV = $116,666.67 + $107,870.37 + $99,897.71 + $92,592.59 = $416,027.34
Project B:
Initial Cash Expenditure: $160,000
Annual Cash Inflows: $52,800
Useful Life: 4 years
Discount Rate (Desired Rate of Return): 8%
Year 1:
NPV = $52,800 / (1 + 0.08)^1 = $48,888.89
Year 2:
NPV = $52,800 / (1 + 0.08)^2 = $45,259.26
Year 3:
NPV = $52,800 / (1 + 0.08)^3 = $41,925.93
Year 4:
NPV = $52,800 / (1 + 0.08)^4 = $38,865.74
Total NPV for Project B:
NPV = Sum of Year 1 NPV + Year 2 NPV + Year 3 NPV + Year 4 NPV
NPV = $48,888.89 + $45,259.26 + $41,925.93 + $38,865.74 = $175,939.82
Based on the NPV approach, Project A has a higher net present value of $416,027.34 compared to Project B, which has a net present value of $175,939.82. Therefore, based on the net present value approach, Project A should be adopted.
b. Internal Rate of Return (IRR) Approach:
To approximate the internal rate of return for each project, we can use a trial-and-error approach or financial software. Let's use a trial-and-error approach here.
For Project A, we can calculate the IRR as follows:
IRR for Project A = Discount Rate + [(Highest NPV / (Highest NPV - Lowest NPV)) * (Range of Discount Rate)]
IRR for Project A = 8% + [($416,027.34 / ($416,027.34 - $0)) * (100% - 0%)] = 8%
For Project B, the calculations are as follows:
IRR for Project B = 8% + [($175,939.82 / ($175,939.82 - $
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What aspect of the U.S. monetary system that is no longer in
place limited the expansion of the money supply early in the Great
Depression? Explain your answer
During the early years of the Great Depression, one aspect of the U.S. monetary system that limited the expansion of the money supply was the gold standard. The gold standard was a monetary system where the value of a country's currency was directly linked to a fixed amount of gold. Under the gold standard, the government was required to convert paper currency into gold at a fixed exchange rate.
This limited the expansion of the money supply because it tied the amount of money in circulation to the availability of gold reserves. As the economy faced a severe downturn during the Great Depression, there was a significant increase in the demand for cash and liquidity. However, the gold standard prevented the government from freely expanding the money supply to meet this increased demand.
As people lost confidence in the banking system and began withdrawing their deposits, banks faced a liquidity crisis. The limited availability of gold reserves constrained the ability of banks to meet the demand for cash and provide the necessary credit to stimulate economic activity.
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Two grades of direct labour workers are employed to produce units of Product 1234. There are 40 Grade 1 employees and 20 Grade 2 employees. All employees work a basic week of 40 hours. Grade 1 employees are paid R10 per hour and Grade 2 employees are paid R15 per hour. If employees work any overtime, they are paid at time-and-one-third (a premium of one third over the basic rate). There are also five 'support workers', such as maintenance engineers, who are paid R12 per hour for a basic 40-hour week. During Week 23, the Grade 1 employees and support workers each worked 40 hours, and the Grade 2 employees worked 46 hours. Due to difficulties with some equipment, 250 hours of Grade 1 labour and 100 hours of Grade 2 labour were recorded as idle time in the week. During Week 23, 4,000 units of Product 1234 were manufactured. Required: a) Calculate the direct labour costs and the indirect labour costs in Week 23. b) Calculate the direct labour cost per unit of Product 1234 in Week 23.
The expenses for the wages, salaries, and benefits of workers who are directly involved in the creation or delivery of goods and services are referred to as direct labour costs.
These workers frequently assist in the production process directly or work on the assembly line. For instance, in a manufacturing business, direct labour costs would comprise the salaries of the employees who run the equipment or put the items together.
On the other hand, indirect labour costs are the costs associated with workers who support a company's overall operations but are not directly involved in the manufacturing process.
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Theories about the normative development of children of color are necessary because of the way racism and prejudice may inhibit development and require alternate or more robust support systems. True False Question 8 In the García Coll model, segregation includes all of the following types (select all that apply): residential economic social psychological
True, theories about the normative development of children of color are necessary because racism and prejudice can have a significant impact on their development and well-being.
These theories help in understanding the unique challenges and experiences faced by children of color and guide the development of appropriate support systems.
Regarding Question 8, the García Coll model includes the following types of segregation:
Residential segregation: Refers to the separation of individuals from different racial or ethnic backgrounds into different residential areas or neighborhoods.
Economic segregation: Refers to the unequal distribution of wealth and resources among different racial or ethnic groups, leading to disparities in opportunities and outcomes.
Social segregation: Refers to the separation of individuals from different racial or ethnic backgrounds in social settings, such as schools, workplaces, or social groups.
Psychological segregation: Refers to the internalized beliefs, attitudes, and stereotypes that can lead to self-segregation or feelings of exclusion among individuals from different racial or ethnic backgrounds.
Therefore, all four types of segregation are included in the García Coll model.
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Which of the following is TRUE regarding ESTIMATION OF PROJECT
CASH
FLOWS?
Question content area bottom
Part 1
A.
Increases in net working capital increase a project's cash
flows.
B.
Whenever a
Answer:Increases in net working capital increase a project's cash flows
Explanation:
The correct statement regarding the estimation of project cash flows is that Increases in net working capital increase a project's cash flows.
How does net working capital affect project cash flow?
The total amount of a company's current assets is its net working capital. Among other things, the current assets include cash, receivables, and inventory. On the other hand, current liabilities are deducted from current assets, including accounts payable, accumulated obligations, and taxes due the next year. The net working capital change resulting from a project is its working capital.The following are some instances of how working capital affects project cash flow:Net working capital increase: The net growth in working capital reduces the cash flow.
For instance, an increase in accounts receivable from project sales or an increase in inventory required for the project may result in a net rise in working capital.Net working capital decline A net reduction in working capital will result in an improvement in cash flow. A decrease in inventory or an increase in accounts payable could both lead to a net decrease in working capital.
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The other day, a progressive policy analyst came on CNN and during the very same interview discussing the U.S. labor market claimed that the minimum wage has a negligible effect on unemployment of the unskilled and also that higher rates of immigration of unskilled laborers has a negligible effect on the wage rate of native born unskilled workers. Do you agree? Are these claims even consistent? How could you validate these claims empirically?
The progressive policy analyst claims that the minimum wage has a negligible effect on unemployment of the unskilled and that higher rates of immigration of unskilled laborers have a negligible effect on the wage rate of native-born unskilled workers.
Empirical validation is the process of confirming or disproving a hypothesis or statement through evidence gathered from experiments or observations. Empirical validation is crucial since it ensures that policy decisions are based on evidence. One way to validate these claims is to compare the unemployment rates and wages of unskilled workers in states with different minimum wage policies. If the minimum wage has a negligible effect on unemployment, we would expect to see little difference in unemployment rates between states with different minimum wage policies.
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A decrease in households' (marginal) desire to save will result in: an increase in output. a reduction in output. a reduction in investment. a reduction in government spending. no change in investment and no change in output.
Decreased consumer spending will cause the economy to contract and result in reduced output. The correct option is B)reduction in output.
According to the given question, A decrease in households' (marginal) desire to save will result in a/an _an increase in output._Decrease in households' marginal desire to save will lead to an increase in consumption spending and lead to an increase in aggregate demand, output, and economic growth.
The marginal propensity to save (MPS) reflects the percentage of additional income that households save instead of spend. It ranges from 0 to 1 and is always positive. Therefore, if households' marginal propensity to save decreases, their marginal propensity to spend (MPC) will increase. Increased consumer spending will stimulate the economy and result in increased output.Conversely, if households' marginal propensity to save rises, their marginal propensity to spend will decline.
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When consumers receive more disposable income, their spending:
a. increases.
b. decreases.
c. stays the same, but their savings decreases.
d. and their savings both decrease.
When consumers receive more disposable income, their spending generally increases. This means that option (a) is correct. With higher disposable income, consumers have more money available to spend on goods and services, which leads to an increase in overall consumption.
When consumers have more disposable income, it means they have additional funds available after deducting taxes and necessary expenses. This surplus income can be used for discretionary spending on various goods and services, such as leisure activities, dining out, travel, or purchasing luxury items. Increased disposable income provides consumers with the financial capacity to fulfill their desires and aspirations, resulting in higher spending levels.
While some consumers may choose to save a portion of their extra income, the overall trend is that higher disposable income leads to increased spending. However, it is worth noting that the exact impact on spending may vary among individuals based on their preferences, financial goals, and economic conditions.
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An article that appeared in March 2022 had the following headline, "South Africa wants single African currency to boost intra continental trade", HE Various criteria that predict the success of a currency area have been identified Discuss these criteria with reference to the proposal of establishing a single African currency backed by the continent's central bank and monetary institute psi 1) The headline mentions a possible benefit of joining a currency union However, various costs have also been identified in the iterature Briefly discuss these costs no)
The proposal of establishing a single African currency backed by the continent's central bank and monetary institute raises important considerations regarding the potential benefits and costs of joining a currency union. While the headline suggests that such a union could boost intra-continental trade, it is essential to examine the criteria that predict the success of a currency area and consider the associated costs.
One of the key criteria for a successful currency area is economic convergence among participating countries. This refers to the alignment of economic indicators such as inflation rates, fiscal policies, and business cycles. Without sufficient convergence, countries may face challenges in maintaining a stable currency union. In the case of Africa, where countries have diverse economic structures and levels of development, achieving this convergence could be a significant hurdle.
Another criterion is the existence of a strong institutional framework to support the currency union. This includes the establishment of a central bank and monetary institute with sufficient independence and credibility to manage monetary policy effectively. It also requires robust fiscal coordination mechanisms to address potential fiscal imbalances among member countries. Developing such institutions across the African continent would require significant effort and cooperation.
Additionally, a currency union entails surrendering monetary policy autonomy. Participating countries would no longer have the flexibility to adjust interest rates or exchange rates to address specific economic challenges. This loss of flexibility can limit the ability of individual countries to respond to economic shocks or implement tailored policies. It requires a high level of trust and coordination among member countries to ensure effective decision-making and policy coordination within the union.
Furthermore, currency unions can expose member countries to spillover effects and risks from other economies. For instance, if one country experiences a financial crisis or economic downturn, it can impact other member countries, potentially leading to financial instability and contagion effects. Therefore, it is crucial to consider the potential risks and vulnerabilities associated with a currency union, particularly in regions with diverse economic structures and levels of resilience.
In conclusion, while a single African currency backed by the continent's central bank and monetary institute may offer benefits such as boosting intra-continental trade, it is important to carefully consider the criteria that predict the success of a currency area. Economic convergence, strong institutional frameworks, policy coordination, and the potential costs and risks associated with surrendering monetary policy autonomy are all crucial factors to assess in evaluating the viability of such a currency union.
Note: The information provided here is for general informational purposes only and does not constitute financial or investment advice.
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Julia, a salesperson of cosmetic products, is trying to make an appointment with a prospective client. She has already spoken to a person from the prospect's firm, who, after listening to her, has given her some important information and connected her to Ali, who has details about the common problems faced at the client's end. According to Neil Rackham, Ali is most likely
a. the focus of receptivity b. a screen c. the focus of power d. a barrier e. the focus of dissatisfaction.
According to Neil Rackham, Ali is likely the focus of power in the prospect's company because they connect salespeople and have control over decisions and achieving objectives.
According to Neil Rackham, Ali is most likely the focus of power. Here's why:Neil Rackham, in his book SPIN Selling, identifies three distinct roles that people within a prospect's company can assume. The first of these is that of the focus of receptivity, the second is that of the focus of power, and the third is that of a screen. These roles are critical because different types of information are shared by people in each position.The person who connects a salesperson with someone else in a company, such as Ali in this case, is usually the focus of power. People who hold this position have control over the decisions that are taken, and they are the ones who are accountable for achieving the company's objectives. Their job entails assessing what they want, formulating strategies, and putting them into action.
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Chef Schmitty owns a professional catering business that contracts to provide fine food and beverage services of social events or business gatherings. Schmitty and Ginger agree that Schmitty will cater Ginger's wedding for $40 per plote. On the day of the wedding. Schmitty determines that he needs more money and Informe Ginger that the price is now $45 per plate Ginger-who is desperate and wants to provide an elegant and upscale experience for her guests-agrees is the $45 per plate contract modification enforceable? Yes, since Ginger could have counteroffered but declined to do so O No, since promissory estoppel automatically prohibits the modification 0 Yes, since Ginger agreed to the new $45-per-plate price No, since the modification is based on an illusory promise No, since Schmitty had a preexisting duty to cater the wedding for S40 per plate
The correct option is C) Yes, since Ginger agreed to the new $45-per-plate price the $45-per-plate contract modification is enforceable since Ginger agreed to the new price.
Chef Schmitty owns a professional catering business that contracts to provide fine food and beverage services of social events or business gatherings. Schmitty and Ginger agree that Schmitty will cater Ginger's wedding for $40 per plate. On the day of the wedding, Schmitty determines that he needs more money and informs Ginger that the price is now $45 per plate.
Ginger-who is desperate and wants to provide an elegant and upscale experience for her guests-agrees. since Ginger agreed to the new $45-per-plate price.Explanation:Yes, the $45-per-plate contract modification is enforceable since Ginger agreed to the new price. When two parties agree to contract, they become bound by the contract's terms and conditions.However, the contract modification requires the assent of both parties.
Schmitty cannot unilaterally modify the contract's terms, but Ginger can accept or reject the new offer. Ginger accepted the new offer, which made the modification enforceable.In conclusion, Ginger agreed to the new price of $45 per plate, which means that the $45 per plate contract modification is enforceable.
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D Question 7 3 pts An increase in the price of a good causes an increase in the consumption of that good. a parallel rightward shift of the budget line. O a change in the slope of the budget line. O a rightward shift of the demand curve for that good. D Question 8 3 pts Limited liability is a benefit to corporations. All of the above O sole proprietorships. O partnerships.
Question 7: An increase in the price of a good causes a rightward shift of the demand curve for that good. Question 8: Limited liability is a benefit to corporations, sole proprietorships, and partnerships.
Question 7: When the price of a good increases, consumers generally reduce their demand for that good due to the substitution effect. As the price becomes relatively higher compared to other goods, consumers are likely to seek alternatives or reduce their consumption. This leads to a leftward shift of the demand curve, indicating a decrease in quantity demanded. Therefore, the statement provided is incorrect.
Question 8: Limited liability is a legal concept that protects the personal assets of business owners or shareholders from being used to settle business debts or liabilities. It is a benefit afforded to corporations, sole proprietorships, and partnerships. In the case of corporations, shareholders have limited liability, meaning their personal assets are separate from the corporation's liabilities. Similarly, in the case of sole proprietorships and partnerships, the owners have limited liability, protecting their personal assets from business obligations. Limited liability encourages entrepreneurship and investment by providing a level of financial security to business owners.
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26. Passive fund managers attempt
to:
a. outperform the market.
b. time the market.
c. replicate the performance of the
index.
d. produce returns with less risk than
the index
replicate the performance of the index.
Since they cancel each other out, it is not required to reproduce the idiosyncratic (firm-specific) return components of an index. Instead, a replicating portfolio ought to reflect the risks that are common to all of the assets in the benchmark index.
Passive fund managers aim to replicate the performance of a specific market index, such as the S&P 500 or the FTSE 100, rather than trying to outperform or time the market. They achieve this by constructing their portfolios to closely mirror the composition and weightings of the underlying index. The objective is to match the returns of the index as closely as possible, rather than actively selecting and trading securities to beat the market.
Passive investing strategies, such as index funds or exchange-traded funds (ETFs), have gained popularity due to their lower costs, simplicity, and the belief that it is difficult for active fund managers to consistently outperform the market over the long term.
While passive fund managers do not aim to produce returns with less risk than the index (option d), their goal is to provide investors with returns that closely track the index's performance. By replicating the index, they offer investors exposure to the broad market and its returns, without attempting to outperform or time market movements.
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Wildhorse Co. issued $1,320,000, 12-year bonds. It agreed to make annual deposits of $106,000 to a fund (called a sinking fund), which will be used to pay off the principal amount of the bond at the end of 12 years. The deposits are made at the end of each year into an account paying 9% annual interest. Click here to view the factor table. (For calculation purposes, use 5 decimal places as displayed in the factor table provided.) What amount will be in the sinking fund at the end of 12 years? (Round answer to 2 decimal places, e.g. 25.75.) Amount in the sinking fund LA
The amount in the sinking fund at the end of 12 years will be $1,825,156.23.
To calculate the amount that will be in the sinking fund at the end of 12 years, we need to determine the future value of the annual deposits made into the fund.
Given:
Principal amount of bonds = $1,320,000
Annual deposit into the sinking fund = $106,000
Interest rate = 9%
Number of years = 12
We can use the future value of an annuity formula to calculate the amount in the sinking fund:
FV = P * ((1 + r)^n - 1) / r
Where:
FV = Future value of the annuity
P = Annual deposit into the sinking fund
r = Interest rate per period
n = Number of periods
Substituting the given values into the formula, we have:
FV = $106,000 * ((1 + 0.09)^12 - 1) / 0.09
Using a financial calculator or a spreadsheet, we can calculate the future value of the annuity to be approximately $1,825,156.23.
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Suppose a perfectly competitive paper firm can produce 10 tons of paper at an output level where marginal revenue is equal to marginal cost. The price per ton of paper is $100 and the average total cost is $75. How much is the maximized profit? Answer: The maximized profit = $_
The maximized profit of the perfectly competitive paper firm is $250.
Here's the solution: Given information: Price per ton of paper = $100Marginal cost = marginal revenue Output level at which marginal revenue is equal to marginal cost = 10 tons Average total cost = $75Profit = Revenue - Cost Revenue = Price x Quantity Marginal cost is equal to the average total cost at an output level where profit is maximized.
Hence, MC = ATC MC = $75 for 10 tons of output. P = $100 for 10 tons of output. Revenue = P x Q = $100 x 10 = $1000Total cost = ATC x Q = $75 x 10 = $750Profit = Revenue - Cost = $1000 - $750 = $250Therefore, the maximized profit of the perfectly competitive paper firm is $250.
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Consider the valuation of a share of common stock that paid a Php 2 dividend at the end of last year and is expected to pay a cash dividend every year from now to infinity. Each year, the dividends are expected to grow at a rate of 10%. Based on an assessment of the riskiness of the common stock, the investor’s required rate of return is 15%. What is the value of this common stock?
If Jollibee Foods, Inc.’s net income is P200 million, its common equity is P833 million, and the management plans to retain 70% of the firm’s earnings to finance new investments, what would be the growth rate?
The growth rate of Jollibee Foods, Inc. is 16.8%.
To calculate the price of the share of common stock, we can use the Gordon growth model, which is as follows:
Current Price of Stock = Dividend in the current period / (Discount rate - Expected growth rate)
Given:
Dividend at the end of last year = Php 2
Growth rate of dividend (g) = 10%
Required rate of return (k) = 15%
Calculations:Price of Stock = 2 / (15%-10%) = 2/0.05 = Php 40
Hence, the value of this common stock is Php 40.
To calculate the growth rate, we can use the retention growth model, which is as follows:
Growth rate = Retained Earnings / Common Equity
Given: Net Income (NI) = P200 million
Common Equity (CE) = P833 million
Retention ratio (RR) = 70%
Calculations: Retained Earnings (RE) = NI x RR= P200 million x 0.70= P140 million
Growth rate = P140 million / P833 million= 0.168 or 16.8%
Therefore, the growth rate of Jollibee Foods, Inc. is 16.8%.
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Which of the following is an action that a person in favor of pure capitalism supports?
Group of answer choices
A woman just lost her job and finds herself without income for her family for one year; a private, local charity donates $20,000 to her family in order to pay for essential expenses that year.
The government provides subsidies to struggling farmers in order to keep them from failing and in order to maintain a sufficient food supply for the population.
A business invests in stocks and bonds. It uses non-public insider information (against the law) in order to increase its profits. The government convicts the business. However, in order to preserve employment and the health of the business, the government decides to not punish the business.
After a large, important business declares bankruptcy, the government provides bailout funds to this business to prevent this business from failing.
The Federal Reserve prints $75 billion each month this year in order to stimulate the economy and lower the unemployment rate
Purity capitalism is a system that is based on the economic and social structure where individuals and companies have the right to operate and own the means of production and distribution.
A person in favor of pure capitalism would support the action of a business investing in stocks and bonds. However, using non-public insider information to increase profits is against the law and a pure capitalist would not support it. Purity capitalism is a system that is based on the economic and social structure where individuals and companies have the right to operate and own the means of production and distribution. In such a system, the government's role is limited, and free markets are encouraged. The government does not control prices, and buyers and sellers are free to negotiate prices based on supply and demand. Pure capitalism is different from mixed economies where the government plays an active role in regulating the economy and its various functions. In the given options, the action that a person in favor of pure capitalism would support is a business investing in stocks and bonds. However, it is essential to note that using non-public insider information is against the law. Thus, a pure capitalist would not support such an action.
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which type of tax is used to finance the social security program in the united states?
The type of tax used to finance the Social Security program in the United States is known as Payroll Tax.
Social Security is a federally funded retirement, disability, and survivors' benefits program that is funded by payroll taxes. Workers in the United States pay a tax to fund the Social Security program, which is deducted from their paychecks. Payroll tax contributions by employees, employers, and the self-employed are used to fund the program. However, it should be noted that Social Security is not funded through general tax revenue. Instead, it is financed by the Payroll Tax.
Payroll taxes are paid by employees, employers, and the self-employed to fund Social Security, Medicare, and other social insurance programs. Payroll taxes are calculated as a percentage of the employee's income, and they are paid equally by employers and employees.Payroll taxes are split between Social Security and Medicare, with 6.2 percent of the tax going to Social Security and 1.45 percent going to Medicare. In total, payroll taxes fund about two-thirds of the Social Security program.
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What do you mean by ‘Information Rent’ in contract design? If agents are boundedly self-interested (i.e., they have social preferences), instead of selfinterested, what would happen to the volume of information rent and why? Explain with an example.
Information rent refers to the economic surplus that arises from an agent's possession of private information in a contractual relationship. It occurs when one party has access to information that is valuable to the other party but not easily observable or verifiable. In contract design, information rent can be seen as a mechanism to incentivize agents to reveal their private information and align their interests with the overall goals of the contract.
If agents are boundedly self-interested, meaning they have social preferences and take into account the welfare of others, the volume of information rent is likely to decrease compared to when agents are purely self-interested. This is because agents with social preferences may be more willing to share their private information for the benefit of the collective outcome, rather than exploiting the information asymmetry for personal gain.
To illustrate this, let's consider an example of a principal-agent relationship. Suppose a principal wants to hire an agent to manage a project on their behalf. The agent has private information about their ability and effort level, which will affect the project's success. The principal offers a contract to the agent that includes a base salary and a performance-based bonus tied to the project's outcome.
In the case of self-interested agents, the agent may withhold their private information and exert lower effort to secure a higher bonus or reduce the risk of penalties. This behavior can result in a higher information rent for the agent. The principal may offer a higher bonus to incentivize the agent to reveal their ability, resulting in a larger economic surplus for the agent.
On the other hand, if the agents have social preferences, they may be more willing to reveal their ability and exert higher effort, even if it means a lower personal payoff. They consider the welfare of the principal and the success of the project as part of their utility function. In this scenario, the principal may be able to offer a lower bonus since the agent's intrinsic motivation to contribute to the collective outcome is stronger. As a result, the volume of information rent decreases.
In contract design, the presence of agents with social preferences can lead to a decrease in the volume of information rent. Agents who value social welfare alongside their own interests are more likely to reveal their private information and cooperate for the benefit of the collective outcome. This reduced information rent can result in more efficient and mutually beneficial contractual relationships.
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At the beginning of the current year, AAE Company issued 10,000 ordinary shares of P20 par value and 20,000 convertible preference shares of P20 par value for a total of P800,000.
At this date, the ordinary share was selling for P36 and the convertible preference share was selling for P27.
A.) What amount of the proceeds should be allocated to the preference shares?
B.)What amount of the proceeds should be allocated to the ordinary shares?
C.)What is the share premium from the issuance of preference shares?
D.)What is the share premium from the issuance of ordinary shares?
A.) The amount of the proceeds to be allocated to the preference shares is P336,842.B.) The amount of the proceeds to be allocated to the ordinary shares is P126,315.C.) The share premium from the issuance of preference shares is P140,000.D.) The share premium from the issuance of ordinary shares is P160,000.
At the beginning of the current year, AAE Company issued 10,000 ordinary shares of P20 par value and 20,000 convertible preference shares of P20 par value for a total of P800,000. At this date, the ordinary share was selling for P36 and the convertible preference share was selling for P27.
A.) The amount of the proceeds that should be allocated to the preference shares is calculated as follows:
The amount of preference shares issued = 20,000
The value of preference shares = P20 par value
Total value of preference shares issued = P20 * 20,000 = P400,000
Proceeds received from preference shares issued = P800,000
The amount of the proceeds to be allocated to preference shares can be calculated using the following formula:
Allocation to preference shares = (Total value of preference shares issued / Total value of shares issued) * Proceeds received from shares issued
Allocation to preference shares = (400,000 / (400,000 + (10,000 * 20))) * 800,000
Allocation to preference shares = 42.10% Allocation to preference shares = P336,842
B.) The amount of the proceeds that should be allocated to the ordinary shares is calculated as follows:
Amount of ordinary shares issued = 10,000
The value of ordinary shares = P20 par value
Total value of ordinary shares issued = P20 * 10,000 = P200,000
Proceeds received from ordinary shares issued = P800,000
The amount of the proceeds to be allocated to ordinary shares can be calculated using the following formula:
Allocation to ordinary shares = (Total value of ordinary shares issued / Total value of shares issued) * Proceeds received from shares issued
Allocation to ordinary shares = (200,000 / (400,000 + (10,000 * 20))) * 800,000
Allocation to ordinary shares = 15.79% * 800,000Allocation to ordinary shares = P126,315
C.) The share premium from the issuance of preference shares can be calculated as follows:
Total value of preference shares issued = P400,000
Proceeds received from preference shares issued = P336,842
Par value of preference shares = P20 per share
Amount received above par value = P27 - P20 = P7 per share
Total share premium on preference shares = Amount received above par value * Total number of preference shares issued
Total share premium on preference shares = P7 * 20,000
Total share premium on preference shares = P140,000
D.) The share premium from the issuance of ordinary shares can be calculated as follows:
Total value of ordinary shares issued = P200,000
Proceeds received from ordinary shares issued = P126,315Par value of ordinary shares = P20 per share
Amount received above par value = P36 - P20 = P16 per share
Total share premium on ordinary shares = Amount received above par value * Total number of ordinary shares issued
Total share premium on ordinary shares = P16 * 10,000
Total share premium on ordinary shares = P160,000
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All organisations you choose to use to discuss your answers must be real organisations IN AUSTRALIA.
Scenario:
You have woken this morning feeling very unwell. You have already had your two doses of the COVID-19 vaccination but you have not had a flu injection at this time. You drag yourself out of bed and take your temperature. It's a bit high. You spent the weekend with some friends and saw a movie on Saturday night. You text your friends, but none of them say they are feeling sick. You start feeling worse than you were when you first woke up about an hour ago. You are sitting at home trying to decide what you should do.
Question A: Create an infographic to show your use of the consumer decision-making process showing the key detail of the steps you are using to solve your health challenge.
Question B: Write a complete explanation of your consumer decision-making process using in-depth research. You are required to use in-text citations and a reference list.
Question A: Infographic: In this scenario, the individual evaluates whether the decision to see a physician was the best one based on the results of the doctor's visit.
Explanation: As a consumer, the decision-making process involved six steps to solve the health challenge. These six stages of the consumer decision-making process are explained below:
1. Problem recognition: The first stage is recognizing that there is a problem. In this scenario, the problem is that the person is feeling unwell.
2. Information search: After recognizing the issue, the person looks for information about the issue. In this scenario, the person searches the internet for symptoms of illnesses and possible treatments.
3. Evaluation of alternatives: Once the individual has gathered information, they begin to evaluate their alternatives. In this scenario, the person decides between going to the hospital, seeing a physician, or waiting for a few more hours to see if the symptoms will disappear.
4. Purchase decision: The next step is making a purchase decision, which involves selecting a particular alternative. In this scenario, the person decides to see a physician.
5. Purchase: After making the purchase decision, the next step is actually buying the product or service. In this scenario, the person schedules a doctor's appointment.
6. Post-purchase evaluation: After making the purchase, the person evaluates the decision.
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Question 2:
What constraints need to be considered during analysis,
evaluation and preparation of copy?
When it comes to analyzing, evaluating, and preparing copy, several constraints must be considered. These constraints include: Time constraints are the first constraint to consider when analyzing, evaluating, and preparing copy.
As a result, an evaluation must be conducted to determine whether the expenses associated with the production of the copy are justified or not. Audience constraints are another constraint that must be considered. The intended audience must be considered in order to tailor the copy's language, style, and design to their preferences and interests.
The copy must also be clear and concise, with no technical jargon that may confuse the reader, so that it can be understood easily by the target audience. Finally, Legal and ethical constraints are another constraint that must be considered when analyzing, evaluating, and preparing copy. Copy must be written in compliance with relevant laws and ethical standards. Plagiarism, for example, must be avoided, and copyright laws must be adhered to when copying images or other people's work.
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The activities summarized in the following table must be preformed by the promoter of a country music concert in Dallas.
Activity Expected Time (in days) Immediate Predecessors
A. Find location 4 -
B. Hire opening act 3 A
C. Hire technicians 3 A
D. Set up radio ads 2 B
E. Distribute tickets 5 B
F. Rent sound and lights 2 B,C
G. Set up newspaper ads 3 B
H. Hire security 1 F
I. Conduct rehearsal 2 Н
What is the critical path for this project?
o A-> B>E
o A->C->E-> F->H->I
o A-> C->F->H-> I
o B>G
o A-> B -> F->H->I
The critical path for this project is A->B->F->H->I.
What is the critical path for this project?The critical path for the project is: A->B->F->H->I. This means that these activities must be completed in sequence without any delays in order to ensure the timely completion of the project.
The critical path represents the longest path of activities that determine the project's overall duration.
In this case, finding the location (A) is followed by hiring the opening act (B), which is then followed by renting sound and lights (F), hiring security (H), and conducting rehearsals (I). Any delay in completing activities along the critical path will directly impact the project's timeline.
It is crucial for the promoter of the country music concert in Dallas to pay close attention to these activities to ensure a successful and timely event.
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Kiegan O'Sullivan's mother, Maeve, died in 2021. Kiegan was named the designated beneficiary of Maeve's Roth IRA. The rules for distributions from an inherited Roth IRA allow for Kiegan to take withdrawals over:
The period Kiegan chooses, but subject to the 10% early distribution penalty if he is under age 59½.
Ten years after the year of Maeve's death.
Maeve's remaining life expectancy.
Kiegan's expected life span.
The option that best answers the question is the first option: The period Kiegan chooses, but subject to the 10% early distribution penalty if he is under age 59½.
Kiegan O'Sullivan's mother, Maeve, died in 2021. Kiegan was named the designated beneficiary of Maeve's Roth IRA. The rules for distributions from an inherited Roth IRA allow for Kiegan to take withdrawals over the period Kiegan chooses, but subject to the 10% early distribution penalty if he is under age 59½. The rules for distributions from an inherited Roth IRA allow the designated beneficiary to withdraw money from the account over the period they choose, but they are subject to the 10% early distribution penalty if they are under age 59½. This means that Kiegan O'Sullivan can take withdrawals from Maeve's Roth IRA at any time over any duration he chooses, but if he is under 59½ years old, he will be subjected to a 10% early distribution penalty.
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ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE Record the following credit purchases transactions in the Creditors Journal of Topsy Traders for July 2010. Post to the relevant ledger accounts in the General Ledger and the Creditors Ledger. Prepare a creditors list on 31 July 2010. Balances/Totals on 1 July 2010: Creditors control........... Trading stock................ Equipment.. Consumable stores. Repairs Stationery. List of Creditors on 30 June 2010: Longwane Suppliers. Richy Dealers.......... WW Wholesalers.. **** Transactions: July 2010 6. R23 100 R17 500 R35 000 . R4 000 R8 500 R1 390 R10 000 R12 000 R1 100. 23100 R1 300 R220 10. Longwane Suppliers delivered the following per credit invoice no. 7865: Purchased the following from Richy Dealers and received credit invoice no. XX413: • trading goods....... • stationery. merchandise.... R1 500 .R5 400 ************ Office computer. NB: A trade discount of 10% must be deducted on merchandise supplied and thereafter R200 must be included for carriage on purchases. Office computer is not subject to carriage and trade discount. 16. WW Wholesalers supplied the following as per order note (invoice no. 381) cleaning materials. .R160 R120 paper for printer....... 20. AB Garage did repairs to the firm's delivery van. Received their credit invoice no. G310 for R1700.
In July 2010, Topsy Traders recorded several credit purchase transactions in their Creditors Journal. The transactions included purchases from Longwane Suppliers, Richy Dealers, and WW Wholesalers, as well as repairs by AB Garage. A trade discount of 10% was applied to merchandise purchases, and carriage costs were added to the purchases. The office computer purchase was not subject to carriage or trade discount. The transactions need to be recorded in the Creditors Journal, posted to the relevant ledger accounts in the General Ledger and Creditors Ledger, and a creditors list should be prepared.
In July 2010, Topsy Traders engaged in credit purchase transactions with various suppliers. The transactions recorded in the Creditors Journal include purchases from Longwane Suppliers and Richy Dealers, as well as repairs by AB Garage. WW Wholesalers also supplied cleaning materials and printer paper as per an order note.
To accurately record these transactions, Topsy Traders needs to enter the details of each transaction in the Creditors Journal, which serves as a subsidiary ledger for accounts payable. The relevant information such as the date, credit invoice number, and amounts for each transaction should be recorded.
Next, the entries from the Creditors Journal need to be posted to the relevant ledger accounts in the General Ledger and Creditors Ledger. Each transaction should be allocated to the appropriate accounts such as Trading Stock, Equipment, Repairs, Stationery, and the specific creditor accounts like Longwane Suppliers, Richy Dealers, and WW Wholesalers.
Finally, a creditors list should be prepared on 31 July 2010, which provides a summary of the amounts owed to each creditor as of that date. This list helps the company keep track of its outstanding liabilities and facilitates the management of its accounts payable.
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Samsung Corporation produces a single product. The standard costs for one unit of its product are as follows: Direct materials (6 pounds at $0.50 per pound) $3 Direct labor (2 hours at $10 per hour) Variable manufacturing overhead (2 hours at $5 per hour) 10 During November, 8,000 units were produced. The costs associated with November operations were as follows: Material purchased (36,000 pounds at $0.60 per pound) $21,600 Material used in production (28,000 pounds) Direct labor (18,400 hours at $9.75 per hour) 179,400 Variable manufacturing overhead incurred 110,400 What is the variable overhead spending variance for the product for November? O $30,400 Unfavorable O$ 18,400 Favorable O$ 18,400 Unfavorable O$ 30,400 Favorable 20
The variable overhead spending variance for the product for November is $30,400 unfavorable. To calculate the variable overhead spending variance, we need to compare the actual variable overhead costs incurred with the standard variable overhead costs based on the production volume.
Given data:
Actual variable manufacturing overhead incurred: $110,400
Calculation:
Standard variable overhead per unit = Variable manufacturing overhead (2 hours at $5 per hour) = $10
Standard variable overhead for 8,000 units = Standard variable overhead per unit * Number of units produced = $10 * 8,000 = $80,000
Variable overhead spending variance = Actual variable overhead incurred - Standard variable overhead for the units produced
= $110,400 - $80,000
= $30,400
The variable overhead spending variance for the product for November is $30,400 unfavorable.
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Question 2 4 pts • A client uses a service organization to process its payroll. Which of the following statements is correct regarding the auditor's use of the service auditor's report on internal controls placed in operation? 1. The client's auditor can use the service auditor's report without inquiring about the service auditor's reputation. 2. The client's auditor can use the service auditor's report as audit evidence for the client's internal controls. 3. The service auditor's report should be referred to in the report of the client's auditor. 4. The client's auditor can use the service auditor's report to jointly determine the materiality level. 1 3 04
The correct statement regarding the auditor's use of the service auditor's report on internal controls placed in operation for a client using a service organization to process its payroll is that "The service auditor's report should be referred to in the report of the client's auditor.
Service auditor's reports are service auditor's reports on internal controls placed in operation, which provides evidence that supports a user entity's financial statements that include information processed by a service organization, where such controls are likely to be relevant to the user entity's internal control over financial reporting (ICFR). It is obtained by the user auditor. It includes a detailed description of the service auditor's internal control examination and the results of the examination, including any material weaknesses and/or significant deficiencies found during the examination. To guarantee that the controls at a service company are sufficient to guarantee accurate and consistent financial reporting, a user firm must evaluate the service company's internal control system. The user auditor may obtain evidence concerning the functioning of the service organization's internal control system from the service auditor. A user auditor is not obligated to obtain a service auditor's report to be able to provide an audit opinion on the user's financial statements.
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Manufacturing Operations is often referred to as the "Technical Core" of any business or organization. In your opinion, describe how and why manufacturing operations would be qualified as the "Technical Core".
Think about how manufacturing operations plays a 2-way role in the exchange of information (or deliverables) between Marketing/Sales, Human Resources, Suppliers, Finance/Accounting. Choose any one (1) of these functional areas mentioned above and describe 1 or 2 things that manufacturing operations would be consulted on, or leveraged by these functional areas in terms of helping the business or organization to be successful.
Aim for 50 to 75 words in your response.
Answer Should be unique and in word limit will be appreciated.
Manufacturing operations can be qualified as the "Technical Core" of a business or organization due to its central role in converting raw materials into finished products.
It involves the use of specialized equipment, processes, and technical knowledge to ensure efficient production. This core function interacts with other departments, such as Marketing/Sales, Human Resources, Suppliers, and Finance/Accounting, in a two-way exchange of information and deliverables.
For example, in the context of Marketing/Sales, manufacturing operations would be consulted on production capacity and lead times. This information is crucial for determining product availability, setting realistic delivery timelines, and managing customer expectations.
Additionally, manufacturing operations may provide insights on product design and feasibility, helping marketing teams understand the limitations and possibilities of production processes, which can influence product development strategies and pricing decisions. Overall, manufacturing operations play a vital role in enabling successful marketing and sales efforts by ensuring realistic production capabilities and informing product-related decisions.
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Rap is exclusively an American Art form ? true or false?
False. Rap is not exclusively an American art form.
While rap music originated in the United States and gained popularity in African American communities during the 1970s, it has since spread and influenced music scenes worldwide. Rap has become a global phenomenon and is practiced and appreciated by artists and fans from various countries and cultures.
Rap music has transcended borders and has been embraced by artists from different parts of the world, who bring their unique styles and cultural influences to the genre. In countries like the United Kingdom, France, Canada, Brazil, and South Africa, among others, rap has developed vibrant local scenes with artists rapping in their native languages and addressing local social and cultural issues.
Furthermore, the influence of rap can be seen in the incorporation of rap elements and techniques in various musical genres across the globe. Artists from different countries often incorporate rap verses or use rap-inspired rhythms and flows in their songs, demonstrating the widespread impact and adaptability of the art form.
Therefore, rap music is not limited to being exclusively American; it has become a global art form with diverse expressions and contributions from artists worldwide.
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Istari Investigations is a corporation. Its stated purpose is to use magic as a supplement to traditional detective work in order to help private citizens with their personal problems. Additionally, Istari has powers to enter into contracts and buy or rent property in order to support its corporate purpose. One day, the Istari Board is contacted by Silmaril, Co., a mining company that also makes jewelry, about possibly merging the two corporations. The Istari Board votes in favor of the merger. This is an example of what? O Respondeat superior An ultra vires act O Good thinking O A corporation by estoppel
The example of a corporation merging with another company is known as an- B. ultra vires act.
What is an ultra vires act?An ultra vires act occurs when a company exceeds its legal authority or powers. If an act is ultra vires, it is unlawful and cannot be enforced. An ultra vires act, however, will often be valid if it falls under the company's implied powers. This term is typically used in company law to describe an act that is beyond a company's object or scope of business.
What is the meaning of Istari Investigations?Istari Investigations is a corporation that uses magic as a supplement to traditional detective work in order to help private citizens with their personal problems. Istari has the ability to enter into contracts and purchase or rent property in order to support its corporate purpose.
The Istari Board voted in favor of the merger, which is considered as an ultra vires act because the merger falls beyond Istari's stated purpose or scope of business.
Hence, option b. is correct.
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1. Suppose you are planning for your retirement in 40 years’ time. You currently have $3,000 invested in a money market account and $5,000 in a share market fund. The money market account is estimated to earn an annual return of 5.5% whereas the share market fund is expected to earn an annual return of 12.5%. You plan to add $100 per month at the end of each month for the next 40 years to the money market account and $200 per month to the share market fund.
When you retire, you plan to withdraw an equal amount for each of the next 30 years at the end of each month and have nothing left at the end (of 30 years after retirement). Additionally, when you retire you will transfer all amount from these two funds into a saving account that earns 3.25% annual rate of interest per year.
i. Assuming the rates will remain as forecasted, how much can you withdraw each month when (and after) you retire? Show all steps, workings, and formula(s) clearly.
ii. Briefly explain the calculation steps and formulae used. Interpret and comment on your final answer. Does the final answer seem too large? Why or why not? You could use a simple example to illustrate your point. [Note: The discussion must be in your own words. Word limit: 100 words, excluding figures; answers beyond word limit will not be marked.]
i. You can withdraw money amount $4,829.10 per month at the end of each month when (and after) you retire.
ii. The formulae used are: FV of an annuity: FV = PMT [(1 + r)n – 1] / r + PV (1 + r)n ; PV of an annuity: PV = PMT [(1 – (1 + r)-n) / r].
i. Calculation of total future value of Money Market Account (MMA)Future value of a sum of money invested today and receiving periodic payments at fixed interval for a specified number of years at a specified rate of interest is given by the formulae:
FV = PMT [(1 + r)n – 1] / r+ PV (1 + r)n
Where,FV is the future value,PMT is the payment made at the end of each period,r is the interest rate,n is the number of periods, andPV is the present value of the investment.
Therefore, FV of $3000 invested in a money market account with an annual interest rate of 5.5% and monthly contribution of $100 for 40 years: r = 5.5%/12, n = 40 * 12, PMT = 100, and PV = 3000$
FV = 3000[(1 + 0.00458)^(40*12) - 1]/0.00458 + 100[(1 + 0.00458)^(40*12) - 1]/0.00458 = $199,206.17
Calculation of total future value of Share Market Fund (SMF)
Therefore, FV of $5000 invested in a share market fund with an annual interest rate of 12.5% and monthly contribution of $200 for 40 years: r = 12.5%/12, n = 40 * 12, PMT = 200, and PV = 5000
$FV = 5000[(1 + 0.01042)^(40*12) - 1]/0.01042 + 200[(1 + 0.01042)^(40*12) - 1]/0.01042 = $1,038,325.79
Total Future value of savings: $199,206.17 + $1,038,325.79 = $1,237,531.96
Calculation of Monthly Payment: Thus, we can calculate the required monthly payment assuming constant payments for 30 years and a future value of $1,237,531.96 after the 30th year.
The formulae to calculate monthly payment is:
PV = PMT [(1 - (1 + r)-n) / r] Where, PV is the present value of the investment, PMT is the payment made at the end of each period, r is the interest rate per period, and n is the total number of periods.
Therefore, PMT = PV * r / [1 - (1 + r)-n] We have, PV = $1,237,531.96, r = 3.25%/12 and n = 30 * 12=360 months
Therefore, PMT = 1,237,531.96*0.00270833/[1 - (1 + 0.00270833)^(-360)] = $4,829.10
ii. The calculation involves calculating the future value of the investment in Money Market Account (MMA) and Share Market Fund (SMF) by using the future value of an annuity formulae.
The future values are then summed up to find the total future value. Finally, the required monthly payment that can be withdrawn for a constant payment for 30 years with a future value of total savings is calculated by using the present value of an annuity formulae.
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