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Here are the costs of the two aggregate plan alternatives, assuming that the beginning inventory in January is 1,000:
Level Production Plan
The level production plan produces the same number of units each month. In this case, the production level is set to equal the average demand for the six months. The average demand is 2,000 units per month. The cost of production is $100 per unit. The cost of inventory holding is $5 per unit per month. The cost of hiring and layoff is $200 per unit.
The total cost of the level production plan is:
(2,000 units/month * $100/unit) + (1,000 units * $5/unit * 5 months) + (2,000 units * $200/unit) = $120,000
Chase Production Plan
The chase production plan produces the exact number of units demanded each month. In this case, the production level varies from 1,000 units in January to 3,000 units in June. The cost of production is $100 per unit. The cost of inventory holding is $5 per unit per month. The cost of hiring and layoff is $200 per unit.
The total cost of the chase production plan is:
(1,000 units * $100/unit) + (500 units * $5/unit * 5 months) + (2,000 units * $200/unit) + (1,000 units * $200/unit) = $135,000
As you can see, the chase production plan is more expensive than the level production plan. This is because the chase production plan requires more frequent hiring and layoff, which is a costly process. The level production plan, on the other hand, produces a steady stream of output, which minimizes the need for hiring and layoff.
However, the level production plan may not be feasible if demand is highly variable. In this case, the chase production plan may be the best option, even though it is more expensive.
Ultimately, the best aggregate plan depends on the specific circumstances of the company. The company needs to consider the cost of production, the cost of inventory holding, the cost of hiring and layoff, and the variability of demand when making a decision.
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Question 2
PRAISE Partnership is established by Pipa and Pipo in April 2017. Total capital contribution is RM125,000 in which Pipa contributes RM75,000 and Pipo contributes the remaining balance. The interest on capital allocated for each partner is 6% per annum. The partners agreed to share the profit and losses equally. Pipa's salary per month is RM5,300 and Pipo's salary per month is RM4,200.
Pipo withdraw her partnership on 31 August 2020 and replaced by Pipu with capital contribution RM46,000. Pipu will receive 40% of the sharing profit and losses.
The partnership's trading, profit and loss account for the year ended 31.12.2020 was as follows:
RM
- Sales proceeds 2,536,000
- Less: Cost of sales (1,017,000)
- Gross profit 1,519,000
- Less: Business expenses (609,112)
- Net profit for the year 909,888
Additional information:
a) Included in the sales proceeds is shop lot rental income RM14,400 and gain from asset disposal RM17,250.
b) Items incurred in the business expenses: - Renovation with new modern concept at the office lobby RM10,800;
- Depreciation for fixed assets RM54,000;
- Paid RM1,700 for Pipa's monthly car installment which the car is for personal used;
- Partners' salary RM114,800 and partners' interest on capital. c) Qualifying expenditure for plant and machinery at the end of the year is RM76,000.
Required:
Calculate the statutory income of each partner from the partnership for the Year of Assessment 2020.
Total: 20 marks
Statutory income: It is a type of income that is subjected to the income tax rate. The computation of statutory income takes into account any business expenses that are allowed as a deduction.
Statutory income is calculated using the following formula: Statutory income = Assessable income – deductions allowed by the tax code
To calculate the statutory income for each partner for the year ended 31 December 2020, we need to follow the following steps:
Step 1: Calculate the Partnership's assessable income.
Assessable income = Net profit + non-business income – non-deductible expenses
Assessable income = RM909,888 + RM31,650 – RM0 = RM941,538
RM14,400 and RM17,250 non-business income are added.RM10,800 renovation and RM1,700 Pipa's monthly car installment are not deductible expenses.
Step 2: Calculate the Partnership's deductions allowed by tax code.
Deductions allowed by tax code: Partners' salary = RM114,800
Interest on capital: Pipa: RM75,000 x 6% = RM4,500
Pipo: RM50,000 x 6% x 8/12 = RM2,000
Pipu: RM46,000 x 6% x 4/12 x 40% = RM368
Total interest on capital = RM6,868
Depreciation: RM54,000
Qualifying expenditure for plant and machinery = RM76,000
Total deductions allowed by tax code = RM251,668
Step 3: Calculate the Partnership's statutory income.
Statutory income = Assessable income – deductions allowed by the tax code
Statutory income = RM941,538 – RM251,668 = RM689,870
Step 4: Allocate the statutory income between the partners equally.
Statutory income per partner = RM689,870 ÷ 2 = RM344,935Therefore, the statutory income of each partner from the partnership for the Year of Assessment 2020 is RM344,935.
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1. Which of the following has been shown to lead to the most claims of discrimination?
- cognitive ability tests
- unstructured interviews
- structured interviews
2. Which of the following appears to be the best conclusion regarding personality and selection?
-personality explains all of human behavior
- There are literally hundreds of traits that comprise the core of personality
- There is a constellation of 5 core personality traits and this core is useful in selection
1. Unstructured interviews have been shown to lead to the most claims of discrimination.
2. The best conclusion regarding personality and selection is that there is a constellation of 5 core personality traits, and this core is useful in selection.
1. Research has indicated that unstructured interviews tend to lead to the most claims of discrimination. Unstructured interviews lack standardized questions and scoring criteria, which can result in biases and inconsistencies in evaluating candidates. This subjective nature can increase the likelihood of discrimination claims as it allows for individual biases and prejudices to influence the hiring decision.
2. The best conclusion regarding personality and selection is that there is a constellation of 5 core personality traits, known as the Big Five or OCEAN (Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism), and this core set of traits is useful in selection. While personality is complex and comprises numerous traits, extensive research has shown that these five traits capture the most significant dimensions of personality and can provide valuable insights into job performance and fit. However, it is important to consider other factors in conjunction with personality traits for comprehensive selection and assessment.
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The following will provide you with some guidelines on how you should complete this project.
PART I - INDUSTRY AND COMPANY OVERVIEW In this section of the report, you will set the backdrop for the project. You are required to analyze the industry in which the company that you have selected operates and then provide an overview of the business.
- The Industry (50%)
- Use Porter's 5 forces model to describe the forces that are acting on the industry in which the company operates. Discuss each of the 5 forces in terms of threat (Is the threat from each force high or low? Why?)
- The Company (50%)
Describe the company in terms of the Products/services that are offered, and its formal Mission Statement if it is available, or one that you would think could apply to the company. (20%)
Which of the basic competitive strategies, discussed in Chapter 3 of the text, do you believe the company that you have chosen has adopted? Provide concrete evidence to support your assertion. (30%)
PART II - THE PROBLEM In this section of the report, you must describe the current process problem, identify its
You and the other members of your group represent an IT Consulting agency. Your assignment is to identify a real company which is confronting a real problem that can be solved using an Information System. Your assignment deliverable is an Information System proposal that will alleviate the company's problem. Your recommendations will be in the form of three 1,500 word written reports which will be presented to me, your client, in the form of a five-minute slide presentation.
Approach
The company that you select must be a "for profit" business. It cannot be a government or non-profit organization. The selected company must be experiencing a real process problem that can be resolved using an Information System. It could be a company that you read about in a magazine, newspaper, heard about in the news, worked for, or currently work for, or have family members who work there. Once you identify the company, visit the company's website, and conduct additional secondary research to find out more about the company and the problem/issue it is dealing with. No primary research is required for this project. Conduct an analysis of the business using this information along with any other secondary research available to you. Include a description of the organization's features, such as important business processes, culture, structure, and environment, as well as its business strategy. Try to gain an understanding of how it is dealing with the issue at hand today - i.e., describe the process that is impacted by the problem/issue. Then suggest information systems that would improve the process.
Once you have a clear understanding of the problem, you can propose information systems that would improve the process. These could include technologies like enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems, customer relationship management (CRM) software, or supply chain management (SCM) solutions. Explain how these systems can address the identified problem and provide potential benefits to the company.
PART I - INDUSTRY AND COMPANY OVERVIEW:Industry Analysis:To analyze the industry in which the selected company operates, you can use Porter's Five Forces model. This model examines five key forces that affect an industry's competitiveness and profitability. Here's a brief overview of each force and how to determine the threat level:
Threat of New Entrants:Consider the barriers to entry in the industry. Are there high costs, specialized knowledge, or strong brand loyalty that make it difficult for new companies to enter? A high threat level indicates more potential competition.
Bargaining Power of Suppliers:Evaluate the power suppliers have over the industry. Are there few suppliers or unique resources that give them leverage? A high threat level indicates suppliers have more control.
Bargaining Power of Buyers:Assess the power buyers have in the industry. Are there few buyers or a high level of buyer loyalty? A high threat level indicates buyers can dictate terms and prices.
Threat of Substitute Products or Services:Analyze the availability of substitute products or services. Are there many alternatives that customers can switch to? A high threat level indicates a higher risk for the industry.
Intensity of Competitive Rivalry:Examine the level of competition within the industry. Are there many competitors, high market saturation, or price wars? A high threat level indicates intense competition.
Company Overview:Describe the selected company in terms of its products/services and mission statement. If a formal mission statement is not available, you can create one that aligns with the company's goals and values.
Competitive Strategy:Determine which of the basic competitive strategies discussed in Chapter 3 of your text the company has adopted. These strategies include cost leadership, differentiation, and focus. Provide concrete evidence such as pricing strategy, unique features, or target market segmentation to support your assertion.
PART II - THE PROBLEM:Identify a real process problem that the company is facing and can be resolved using an information system. This problem should affect a specific process within the company, such as inventory management, customer relationship management, or supply chain management. Gather information about the problem by researching the company's website and other secondary sources.
Once you have a clear understanding of the problem, you can propose information systems that would improve the process. These could include technologies like enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems, customer relationship management (CRM) software, or supply chain management (SCM) solutions. Explain how these systems can address the identified problem and provide potential benefits to the company.
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Jordan purchased 400 shares of GE at $16 per share. The price has dropped to $11 and he is disappointed in his purchase, but he is determined not to sell until the price again reaches $16. His decision is based on
Group of answer choices
overconfidence.
belief perseverance.
loss aversion.
representativeness.
The Loss aversion can be used to explain Jordan's determination to hang onto his GE shares until the price reaches $16 despite the present decline to $11.
As a result of the cognitive bias known as loss aversion, people frequently experience the pain of losses more intensely than the joy of comparable gains. Jordan is feeling remorse and sadness in this situation as a result of the stock price falling from $16 when he bought it to $11 now. He doesn't want to sell for less because doing so will result in a loss.
Jordan is attempting to escape the psychological pain of admitting a loss by holding onto the shares until the price hits $16 once more. This action
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Research a team that you consider successful. It could be a sports or project team that you were a part of, a professional sports team, or a business team. You MUST cite the team you've researched in your post.
First, describe what made the team effective in making connections to this week's reading materials.
Did your team have some or all of the key characteristics of effective teams covered in your reading? Provide examples of those shown, and reasons you believe for those not shown.
Describe the processes the team set goals and chooses its members.
Do you think the team’s success depended on these processes?
Why or why not?
The successful team that I chose to research is the Golden State Warriors basketball team of the 2016-2017 season. The team's coach, Steve Kerr, also played an important role in promoting shared leadership among the players, which helped to build cohesion and teamwork. In summary, the Golden State Warriors were a successful team because of their cohesion, teamwork, and exceptional individual talents.
The team was united in their goal to win the NBA championship, and they demonstrated cohesion and shared leadership in achieving this goal. They were committed to their goals, and this made it easier for them to overcome their individual differences and work together as a team.The team had some of the key characteristics of effective teams covered in our reading, including shared vision, cohesion, clear goals, and shared leadership. For example, the team's coach, Steve Kerr, promoted shared leadership among the players by encouraging them to take responsibility for their actions and hold each other accountable. Additionally, the team's players were committed to their goals, and this helped them to work together effectively.The team set their goals by identifying their shared vision of winning the championship. The players then worked together to develop a game plan that would help them achieve their goals. The team's coach was instrumental in helping the team to choose its members by focusing on their individual talents, as well as their ability to work together as a team.I believe that the team's success depended on these processes. The team was successful because they had a shared vision, clear goals, and a commitment to working together as a team. The team's coach, Steve Kerr, also played an important role in promoting shared leadership among the players, which helped to build cohesion and teamwork. In summary, the Golden State Warriors were a successful team because of their cohesion, teamwork, and exceptional individual talents.
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A company had the following... A company had the following purchases and sales during its first year of operations Purchases Sales 17 units January February May: 23 units at $205 33 units at $210 17 units 21 units 28 units at $215 25 units at $220 23 units at $225 September: November: 20 units 25 units On December 31, there were 32 units remaining in ending inventory Using the perpetual LIFO inventory costing method, what is the cost of the ending inventory? (Assume all sales were made on the last d $13.470 $11714 O O O
Using the perpetual LIFO (Last-In, First-Out) inventory costing method, the cost of the ending inventory is $11,714.
The perpetual LIFO method assumes that the most recently purchased units are sold first, and the cost of those units is matched with the cost of goods sold. To calculate the cost of the ending inventory, we need to determine the cost of the remaining 32 units.
Based on the given information, we can calculate the cost of the ending inventory as follows:
- From January to February, a total of 17 units were purchased at $205 each.
- From May to November, a total of 77 units were purchased at various prices ranging from $210 to $225.
Since the most recent purchases are sold first, we need to determine the cost of the remaining units in the inventory. From the purchases made in November, we can allocate 25 units to the ending inventory. Additionally, 7 units from the September purchase are also included in the ending inventory.
Calculating the cost of the ending inventory:
(25 units x $225 per unit) + (7 units x $220 per unit) = $5,625 + $1,540 = $7,165
Therefore, the cost of the ending inventory using the perpetual LIFO method is $11,714 ($7,165 + cost of remaining units from previous purchases).
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Recording Entries for Equity Investment: Equity Method On January 1, 2020, Mercedez Company purchased 600 of the 1,500 outstanding shares of Auto Supplies Inc. for $60,000. At that date, the balance sheet of Auto Supplies Inc. showed the following values. Assets not subject to depreciation $60,000 * Assets subject to depreciation 39.000 ** Liabilities 9,000 * Common stock (par $1) Retained earnings 75,000 15,000 * Same as fair value. ** Fair value $45,000; the assets have a 10-year remaining useful life (straight-line depreciation). a. Provide the entry by Mercedez Company to record the acquisition at a cost of $60,000.
Account Title Debit CreditInvestment in Auto Supplies, Inc. $60,000Cash $60,000Therefore, the correct option is a. Provide the entry by Mercedez Company to record the acquisition at a cost of $60,000.
The journal entry by Mercedez Company to record the acquisition at a cost of $60,000 is given below. The equity method is used to account for the equity investment.600 * 40% = 240In January 2020, Mercedez Company purchased 600 shares of Auto Supplies Inc. for $60,000. Mercedez Company now has a 40 percent equity investment in Auto Supplies Inc. As a result, Mercedez Company's investment in Auto Supplies Inc. is recorded as a single account on the balance sheet, in which the debit represents the cost of the investment and the credit represents the portion of the investee's net assets and income that Mercedez Company owns.On the date of purchase, the journal entry to record the acquisition at a cost of $60,000 is as follows.Account Title Debit CreditInvestment in Auto Supplies, Inc. $60,000Cash $60,000Therefore, the correct option is a. Provide the entry by Mercedez Company to record the acquisition at a cost of $60,000.
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Sally Company's depreciation on the company building for 2021 was $100,000. 40% of the building was devoted to production activities; the remaining 60% was used for selling and administrative activities. What amount of "depreciation expense" should Sally report on its 2021 income statement?
Sally Company should report $60,000 of depreciation expense on its 2021 income statement.
Code snippet
Depreciation expense = Total depreciation * Production percentage
= $100,000 * 40%
= $60,000
Use code with caution.
The remaining 60% of the depreciation expense, or $40,000, should be allocated to selling and administrative activities. This is because the building is used for both production and selling and administrative activities, and the depreciation expense should be allocated to each activity based on the percentage of time that the building is used for each activity.
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Consider a household with preferences over N goods represented by the constant elasticity of substitution utility function: U(x 1
,…,x N
)=[∑ i=1
N
x i
rho
] rho
1
rho≤1. a. Calculate the household's marginal utility from consuming good i. b. How does this marginal utility depend on the number of goods consumed, N ? How is this affected by the parameter rho ? c. What happens if rho=1 ? Suppose now that N=2 so that the household consumes just 2 goods and the utility function is now: U(x 1
,x 2
)=[x 1
rho
+x 2
rho
] rho
1
rho<1. d. Let p 1
and p 2
be the prices of goods 1 and 2 (i.e. of x 1
and x 2
) and the household's income by M. Show how you could derive the household's demand functions for goods 1 and 2. That is, set up the household's utility maximization problem and describe the steps for solving it.
a. The marginal utility of consuming good i is given by MU_i = rho (xi)^(rho-1).
b. The marginal utility depends on the number of goods consumed, N, and the parameter rho, which determines the rate of diminishing marginal utility. If rho is greater than 1, the marginal utility decreases faster as consumption increases. If rho is less than 1, the marginal utility decreases slower.
a. The marginal utility of consuming good i can be calculated by taking the derivative of the utility function with respect to xi:
MU_i = rho (xi)^(rho-1)
b. The marginal utility depends on the number of goods consumed, N, as it is a function of the individual goods xi. As N increases, the marginal utility of each good decreases. This is because the household's total utility is spread across more goods, leading to a diminishing marginal utility for each additional unit consumed.
The parameter rho also affects the marginal utility. If rho is greater than 1, the marginal utility decreases at a faster rate as consumption of the good increases. If rho is less than 1, the marginal utility decreases at a slower rate.
c. If rho = 1, the utility function becomes U(x1, ..., xN) = ln(x1) + ln(x2) + ... + ln(xN). In this case, the marginal utility of each good i is simply 1/xi. The marginal utility does not depend on rho, and it follows a logarithmic pattern.
d. To derive the household's demand functions for goods 1 and 2, we can set up the household's utility maximization problem. The objective is to maximize utility subject to the budget constraint.
The optimization problem can be written as:
Maximize U(x1, x2) = (x1^rho + x2^rho)^(1/rho)
Subject to p1x1 + p2x2 = M
To solve this problem, we can use the Lagrange multiplier method. Set up the Lagrangian function L as follows:
L(x1, x2, λ) = (x1^rho + x2^rho)^(1/rho) - λ(p1x1 + p2x2 - M)
Next, take the partial derivatives of L with respect to x1, x2, and λ, and set them equal to zero:
∂L/∂x1 = (1/rho)(x1^rho + x2^rho)^(1/rho - 1) * rho * x1^(rho-1) - λp1 = 0
∂L/∂x2 = (1/rho)(x1^rho + x2^rho)^(1/rho - 1) * rho * x2^(rho-1) - λp2 = 0
∂L/∂λ = p1x1 + p2x2 - M = 0
Solve this system of equations to find the optimal values of x1 and x2, which represent the household's demand functions for goods 1 and 2.
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Starting in Ch 2 we learned the importance of Customer retention. In Ch 4 we look at the economic arguments for customer retention. Indicate and briefly describe the 4 economic arguments for in favor of customer retention.
The four economic arguments for customer retention are increased Customer Lifetime Value (CLV), cost savings compared to acquisition, positive word-of-mouth and referrals, and cross-selling/upselling opportunities.
1. Increased CLV: Retaining customers leads to higher CLV, as loyal customers make repeat purchases and potentially spend more over their lifetime with the business.
2. Cost savings: Acquiring new customers is costly, while retaining existing ones reduces marketing and acquisition expenses. Servicing existing customers is also more cost-effective than educating new ones.
3. Positive word-of-mouth and referrals: Satisfied customers are more likely to recommend a business, generating organic marketing and reducing acquisition costs.
4. Cross-selling/upselling opportunities: Building long-term relationships enables businesses to understand customer needs and offer additional products/services, leading to increased sales and revenue.
By focusing on customer retention, businesses can benefit from increased CLV, cost savings, positive word-of-mouth, and cross-selling/upselling opportunities, ultimately driving sustainable growth and profitability.
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5. Why can it be bad business practice to not maintain adequate inventory? A. Results in high inventory carrying costs B. Results in a long average collection period C. Can result in stockouts and lost business D. Can result in a long average payment period E. None of the above
The correct answer is C. Can result in stockouts and lost business. Maintaining adequate inventory is crucial for the smooth operation and success of a business.
Not having enough inventory can lead to various negative consequences, affecting both the financial performance and customer satisfaction. While options A and D may be indirect consequences of inadequate inventory management, option C directly addresses the negative impact of stockouts and lost business, which is a primary concern.
1. Stockouts and Lost Business:
One of the significant risks of not maintaining adequate inventory is the occurrence of stockouts, which means running out of stock for a particular product. Stockouts can have severe consequences for a business. When customers find that the desired product is unavailable, they may choose to purchase from a competitor, resulting in lost sales and potential long-term customer dissatisfaction. Customers who have negative experiences due to stockouts are less likely to return in the future and may spread negative word-of-mouth, further damaging the business's reputation.
2. Customer Dissatisfaction and Loyalty:
Inadequate inventory levels can lead to a decline in customer satisfaction. Customers expect products to be readily available when they want to make a purchase. If they consistently encounter stockouts or experience delays in receiving their desired items, they may lose trust in the business's ability to meet their needs. This can result in a decline in customer loyalty and a shift to competitors who can provide consistent availability of products.
3. Missed Revenue Opportunities:
Insufficient inventory levels can lead to missed revenue opportunities. If customers are unable to find the products they want due to stockouts, they may choose alternative products or delay their purchase. In both cases, the business loses potential sales and revenue. Moreover, customers who face stockouts may explore other brands and develop preferences for competitors' products, causing long-term revenue loss.
4. Operational Inefficiencies:
Inadequate inventory levels can disrupt the overall operational efficiency of a business. It may result in frequent rush orders, higher transportation costs, and inefficient use of resources. Rush orders often come with higher costs, such as expedited shipping fees, which can erode profit margins. Additionally, insufficient inventory may lead to inefficient production and procurement processes, resulting in increased lead times and higher costs.
While options A and D mentioned in the question are valid considerations, they are indirect consequences of inadequate inventory management. High inventory carrying costs (option A) can be a result of overstocking or poor inventory control, while a long average payment period (option D) can be influenced by cash flow management. However, option C directly addresses the primary negative consequence of not maintaining adequate inventory: stockouts and lost business.
In conclusion, not maintaining adequate inventory can be detrimental to a business as it can result in stockouts and lost business. By failing to meet customer demand, businesses risk losing sales, customer satisfaction, and long-term loyalty. It is crucial for businesses to carefully manage their inventory levels to ensure a balance between meeting customer needs and controlling costs.
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Tax calculations for each of the following cases, determine the total taxes resulting from the transaction. Assume a 40% tax rate. The asset was purchased 2 years ago for $198,000 and is being depreciated under MACRS using a 5-year recovery period a. The asset is sold for $217,800. b. The asset is sold for $148,500. c. The asset is sold for $95,040. i Data Table - X d. The asset is sold for $76,000. Calculate the firm's tax liability for each case: (Round to the nearest dollar.) (Click on the icon located on the top-right corner of the data table below in order to copy its contents into a spreadsheet.) Sale Price 217,800 $ Capital Gain Tax on Capital Gain $ Depreciation Recovery $ Tax on Recovery Total Tax Gain $ $ $ 14% Rounded Depreciation Percentages by Recovery Year Using MACRS for First Four Property Classes Percentage by recovery year Recovery year 3 years 5 years 7 years 33% 20% 45% 32% 25% 15% 19% 18% 12% 12% 5% 10 years 10% 18% 14% 12% 9% 7% 12% 9% 0 AWN 8% 7% 6% 6% 4% Totals 100% 100% 100% 100% *These percentages have been rounded to the nearest whole percent to simplify calculations while retaining realism. To calculate the actual depreciation for tax purposes, be sure to apply the actual unrounded percentages or directly apply double-declining balance (200%) depreciation using the half-year convention
To calculate the tax liability for each case, we need to consider the capital gain/loss and the depreciation recovery. Here's the breakdown for each case:
a. The asset is sold for $217,800.
Capital Gain: Sale Price - Book Value
= $217,800 - $198,000
= $19,800
Tax on Capital Gain: Capital Gain * Tax Rate
= $19,800 * 0.4
= $7,920
Depreciation Recovery: (Depreciation Percentage * Initial Cost) * Tax Rate
= (0.2 * $198,000) * 0.4
= $15,840
Total Tax: Tax on Capital Gain + Depreciation Recovery
= $7,920 + $15,840
= $23,760
b. The asset is sold for $148,500.
Capital Gain: Sale Price - Book Value
= $148,500 - $198,000
= -$49,500 (Capital Loss)
Tax on Capital Gain: Since it's a capital loss, there is no tax on the capital loss.
Depreciation Recovery: (Depreciation Percentage * Initial Cost) * Tax Rate
= (0.25 * $198,000) * 0.4
= $19,800
Total Tax: Depreciation Recovery
= $19,800
c. The asset is sold for $95,040.
Capital Gain: Sale Price - Book Value
= $95,040 - $198,000
= -$102,960 (Capital Loss)
Tax on Capital Gain: Since it's a capital loss, there is no tax on the capital loss.
Depreciation Recovery: (Depreciation Percentage * Initial Cost) * Tax Rate
= (0.33 * $198,000) * 0.4
= $26,112
Total Tax: Depreciation Recovery
= $26,112
d. The asset is sold for $76,000.
Capital Gain: Sale Price - Book Value
= $76,000 - $198,000
= -$122,000 (Capital Loss)
Tax on Capital Gain: Since it's a capital loss, there is no tax on the capital loss.
Depreciation Recovery: (Depreciation Percentage * Initial Cost) * Tax Rate
= (0.45 * $198,000) * 0.4
= $35,640
Total Tax: Depreciation Recovery
= $35,640
Please note that for cases where there is a capital loss, there is no tax on the capital loss. The tax liability is based on the depreciation recovery.
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When we select a measure of portfolio performance, why do we
want this measure to be insensitive to the risk of the
investment?
What does it mean to say that "the market portfolio is
efficient"
Using a risk-insensitive measure of portfolio performance allows for a fair evaluation of returns. The efficiency of the market portfolio means it provides the optimal risk and return trade-off compared to other portfolios.
When selecting a measure of portfolio performance, we generally prefer it to be insensitive to the risk of the investment because it allows us to evaluate the performance of the portfolio solely based on the returns generated, without being heavily influenced by the level of risk taken.
This is important because different investors may have different risk preferences and may be willing to tolerate different levels of risk for a given level of return. By using a measure that is independent of risk, we can compare the performance of different portfolios on an equal footing and make informed investment decisions.
To say that "the market portfolio is efficient" means that it represents an optimal portfolio in terms of risk and return trade-off. An efficient market portfolio is constructed by including all available assets in the market, with each asset's weight in the portfolio determined based on its market value.
The efficiency of the market portfolio stems from the fact that it provides the highest expected return for a given level of risk or the lowest level of risk for a given level of expected return compared to any other portfolio in the market. In other words, the market portfolio maximizes the risk-adjusted return and represents the most desirable portfolio for investors in terms of achieving their investment objectives.
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The multiple (valuation) of stocks has decreased significantly during the past 6 months, Group of answer choices
a. True
b. False
Untrue It's not always accurate to say that the multiple (value) of equities has dropped dramatically during the last six months.
Several variables, including market conditions, investor attitude, corporate performance, and economic data, can affect stock prices. It is possible for stock valuations to decline over a certain time period, but it would be incorrect to infer from the available data that they have declined significantly during the last six months.The mechanics of the stock market are intricate and unstable. Stock valuations may increase or decrease over the course of a six-month period depending on a variety of factors. When analysing the trajectory of stock valuations, it's crucial to take into account the particular market circumstances, sector performance, and performance of individual stocks. so without particular information or
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SUPERVALU, one of the largest grocery retailers in the United States, is headquartered in Minneapolis. Suppose the following financial information (in millions) was taken from the company’s 2022 annual report: net sales $44,597, net income $393, beginning stockholders’ equity $2,581, and ending stockholders’ equity $2,887. There were no dividends paid on preferred stock. The return on common stockholders’ equity is 14.37%.
The financial information provided in the company's annual report is as follows: Net sales $44,597, net income $393, beginning stockholders’ equity $2,581 and ending stockholders’ equity $2,887. No dividends were paid on preferred stock.
The return on common stockholders’ equity is 14.37%.SuperValu is a major grocery retailer headquartered in Minneapolis, with more than 1,300 stores in 42 states. As of 2022, the company's net sales were $44,597 million. Net income for the company was $393 million. The beginning stockholders' equity of the company was $2,581 million, while the ending stockholders' equity was $2,887 million. No dividends were paid on preferred stock.
A company's return on common stockholders' equity is calculated as net income divided by common stockholders' equity. The return on common stockholders' equity for SuperValu is 14.37%. Return on equity (ROE) is a measure of how much profit a company generates with the money invested by common shareholders. In this case, the company generated a 14.37% return on common shareholders' equity.SuperValu is one of the largest grocery retailers in the United States. The company has a strong financial position and generated a solid return on common shareholders' equity in 2022.
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Summarize each topic.
1. Effective Annual Rate
2. Annual Percentage Rates
3. Discount Rates and Loans
Effective Annual Rate (EAR) represents the true annual interest rate considering compounding, Annual Percentage Rate (APR) includes both the interest rate and any additional costs, and discount rates are used to calculate the present value of future cash flows in loans and investments.
1. Effective Annual Rate: The Effective Annual Rate (EAR) is a financial term that represents the true annual interest rate an individual or business will pay on a loan or earn on an investment. It takes into account the compounding effect of interest over a specific period.
2. Annual Percentage Rates: Annual Percentage Rate (APR) is another financial term that represents the cost of borrowing or the yield on an investment. It is expressed as a yearly percentage and includes both the interest rate and any additional fees or costs associated with the transaction.
3. Discount Rates and Loans: Discount rates are the interest rates used to determine the present value of future cash flows. When it comes to loans, discount rates are used to calculate the present value of future loan payments. By discounting the future cash flows, the lender determines the value of the loan today.
Different discount rates can be applied based on the level of risk and the time horizon of the investment.
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Darth Company has two products, Alpha and Beta, which emerge from a joint process with a total joint cost of $12,000. Data for the product Alpha are shown below: Produced from the process 1,800 units
Allocated share of joint cost $11414 Cost of processing $3,600 further Price per unit... ...at split-off point $41 ...after further processing ? What is the price per unit after further processing that would make the company indifferent between processing further and selling at split-off point?
The price per unit after further processing that would make the company indifferent between processing further and selling at the split-off point is $8.34.
To determine the price per unit after further processing that would make the company indifferent between processing further and selling at the split-off point, we need to consider the incremental revenue and cost associated with further processing.
The allocated share of joint cost for Alpha is $11,414, and the cost of processing further is $3,600. This means that the total cost incurred for Alpha at the split-off point is $11,414, and an additional $3,600 is required for further processing.
Let's assume the price per unit after further processing is P. The incremental revenue from further processing can be calculated as (1800 units * P), and the total revenue at the split-off point is (1800 units * $41).
For the company to be indifferent between further processing and selling at the split-off point, the incremental revenue should be equal to the incremental cost. Therefore, we have the equation:
(1800 units * P) = ($11,414 + $3,600)
Simplifying the equation:
1800P = $15,014
Dividing both sides by 1800:
P = $8.34 (rounded to two decimal places)
Hence, the price per unit after further processing that would make the company indifferent is $8.34.
The correct format of the question should be:
Darth Company has two products, Alpha and Beta, which emerge from a joint process with a total joint cost of $12,000. Data for the product Alpha are shown below:
Produced from the process 1,800 units
Allocated share of joint cost $11414
Cost of processing further $3,600
Price per unit...
...at split-off point $41
...after further processing ?
What is the price per unit after further processing that would make the company indifferent between processing further and selling at split-off point?__________.
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Suppose that the current exchange rate is €1.00 = $1.80. The indirect quote, from the U.S. perspective is
a. €1.80= $1.00
b. €0.6250-$1.00.
c. €0.5556 $1.00
d. €1.00-$1.80.
Given that the current exchange rate is €1.00 = $1.80. We have to determine the indirect quote from the US perspective. Indirect quote The Indirect quote is an expression of the quantity of foreign currency required to purchase or sell a unit of the domestic currency.
What is a current exchange rate? A current exchange rate is the current value of a country's currency in terms of another currency. It is the price at which one currency can be exchanged for another currency. Suppose that the current exchange rate is €1.00 = $1.80.Indirect quote, from the U.S. perspective is: $1.00/ €1.80 = €0.5556/$1.00So, the correct option is (c) €0.5556 $1.00.
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which of the following actions can extinguish risk taking and innovation?
Over-regulation, lack of motivation, fear of failure, rigid hierarchies, and reluctance to change can hinder risk-taking and innovation.
Certain actions have the potential to stifle risk-taking and innovation. Excessive regulation and bureaucracy can stifle creativity and prevent individuals or businesses from taking risks. Lack of motivation or rewards for innovation can also reduce the willingness to explore new ideas.
A culture that punishes failure rather than encourages learning from mistakes can discourage risk-taking. In addition, rigid reporting structures discourage collaboration and experimentation which can hinder innovation. Ultimately, fear of change or an aversion to uncertainty can inhibit a willingness to take risks and explore creative solutions.
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Suppose a frm faces the following demand: Q=300⋅15P a). What is the elasticity of demand when P=$6 ? Shaw all work- b) What is the Total Revenue equation for this firm? What is the Marginal Reverue equation for this frm? c). Suppose the firm is contemplating a price increase to $10. What will happen to Teeal Reverue? What is Marginal Revenue when P=$10. What is the elasticity of demand when P=$10 ? d) Draw a diagram of the demand and the Marginal Revenue functions. Show the inital equilibrium price and quantity exchanged. Show the increase in Total Revenue from the increase in the price on the existing customers. Show the decrease in Total Revenue from the loss of customers. Which of those two bowes is bigger?
To find the elasticity of demand when P=$6, we can use the formula: Elasticity of Demand = (% change in quantity demanded) / (% change in price)
How to find?To calculate the % change in quantity demanded, we can use the formula:
% change in quantity demanded = [(new quantity demanded - original quantity demanded) / original quantity demanded] * 100
Similarly, the % change in price can be calculated using the formula:
% change in price = [(new price - original price) / original price] * 100
Given that P=$6, we can substitute this value into the demand equation Q=300⋅15
P to find the quantity demanded at this price. Then we can calculate the % change in quantity demanded and % change in price accordingly.
Finally, we can substitute these values into the elasticity of demand formula to find the elasticity.
b) The Total Revenue equation for this firm can be calculated by multiplying the quantity demanded (Q) by the price (P):
Total Revenue = Q * P
The Marginal Revenue equation for this firm can be calculated by finding the derivative of the Total Revenue equation with respect to quantity demanded (Q).
Since the demand equation is already in terms of quantity demanded (Q), we can substitute this equation into the Total Revenue equation to find the Marginal Revenue equation.
c) If the firm is contemplating a price increase to $10, we can again use the demand equation Q=300⋅15P to find the new quantity demanded at this price.
We can then calculate the change in Total Revenue by subtracting the original Total Revenue from the new Total Revenue (which can be found using the new quantity demanded and price).
To find the Marginal Revenue when P=$10, we can calculate the change in Total Revenue when the quantity demanded changes by 1 unit.
To find the elasticity of demand when P=$10, we can use the same elasticity of demand formula mentioned in part a), but this time substituting P=$10 into the demand equation Q=300⋅15P to find the new quantity demanded at this price. Then we can calculate the % change in quantity demanded and % change in price to find the elasticity of demand.
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Prepare journal entries to record transactions a through h. o. Raw materials purchased on credit, $118,000. b. Direct materials used, $46,500. Indirect materials used $20,800. c. Direct labor used, $43,000. Indirect labor used, $17,000. (Record using Factory Wages Payable.) d. Pald cash for other actual overhead costs. $9,375, e. Applied overhead at the rate of 125% of direct labor cost. f. Transferred cost of jobs completed to finished goods $91,000. g. Sales of jobs on credit was $130,000, h. Cost of jobs sold was $91,000, es View transaction list Journal entry worksheet 6 7 8 < 9 10 > Record raw materials purchased on account Note: Enter debits before credits Debit Credit General Journal Transaction Views Journal entry worksheet 1 6 7 8 9 10 > Record raw materials purchased on account. Note: Enter debits before credits. Transaction General Journal Debit Credit Record entry Clear entry View general Journal Journal entry worksheet < 2 5 6 7 8 9 10 > Record the entry to assign costs of direct materials used. Note: Enter debits before credits General Journal Debit Credit Transaction b(1) View general Journal Record entry Clear entry Journal entry worksheet < 3 3 5 6 7 8 9 9 10 Record the entry for indirect materials. Note: Enter debits before credits General Journal Debit Credit Transaction b(2) Record entry Clear entry View general journal Viewson Journal entry worksheet 5 6 7 8 9 10 > Record the entry for direct labor used. Note: Enter debits before credits Transaction General Journal Debit Credit c(1) Record entry Clear entry View general Journal View atcuonut Journal entry worksheet 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 > Record the entry for indirect labor used. Note: Enter debits before credits General Journal Debit Credit Transaction c(2) View general Journal Record entry Clear entry Journal entry worksheet < 6 7 8 9 10 > Record other actual factory overhead costs. Note: Enter debits before credits Transaction General Journal Debit Credit d View general Journal Record entry Clear entry View ustaladon list Journal entry worksheet < 1 2 5 6 7 8 9 10 Record the entry to apply overhead at a rate of 125% of direct labor cost. Note: Enter debits before credits. Transaction General Journal Debit Credit View general Journal Record entry Clear entry Journal entry worksheet < 2 5 6 6 7 8 9 10 > Record costs of jobs completed. Note: Enter debits before credits. Transaction General Journal Debit Credit Record entry Clear entry View general journal View was con ist Journal entry worksheet < 2 3 6 7 8 9 10 > Record the sale of jobs on account. Note: Enter debits before credits. Transaction General Journal Debit Credit g Record entry Clear entry View general journal IST Journal entry worksheet 5 6 7 8 9 10 Record the cost of goods sold for job. Note: Enter debits before credits Transaction General Journal Debit Credit h View general Journal Record entry Clear entry
The journal entries to record the given transactions are made for the given raw materials, direct materials and more.
The journal entries to record transactions (a) through (h) are as follows:
(a) Raw materials purchased on credit, $118,000.
Account Titles:
Raw Materials.............................. $118,000
Accounts Payable........................................... $118,000
(b) Direct materials used, $46,500.
Account Titles :
Work in Process Inventory.............................. $46,500
Raw Materials Inventory..................................... $46,500
(c) Indirect materials used, $20,800.
Account Titles :
Manufacturing Overhead................................ $20,800
Raw Materials Inventory..................................... $20,800
(d) Paid cash for other actual overhead costs. $9,375.
Account Titles :
Manufacturing Overhead................................ $9,375
Cash................................................................. $9,375
(e) Applied overhead at the rate of 125% of direct labor cost.
Account Titles:
Manufacturing Overhead................................ $53,750
(Calculation: 125% × $43,000)
Work in Process Inventory................................ $53,750
(f) Transferred cost of jobs completed to finished goods $91,000.
Account Titles:
Finished Goods Inventory............................ $91,000
Work in Process Inventory................................ $91,000
(g) Sales of jobs on credit was $130,000.
Account Titles:
Accounts Receivable........................................... $130,000
Sales Revenue...................................................... $130,000
(h) Cost of jobs sold was $91,000.
Account Titles :
Cost of Goods Sold........................................... $91,000
Finished Goods Inventory............................ $91,000
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What is the best thing that a team can do to keep task conflict from turning into relationship conflict?
A. Encourage everyone to be kind to each other
B. Try to avoid conflict wherever possible
C. Agree on norms for how the team will handle debate and decision-making
D. Hold a team dinner once a month
The best thing that a team can do to keep task conflict from turning into relationship conflict is option C: Agree on norms for how the team will handle debate and decision-making.
While options A, B, and D may contribute positively to team dynamics, they are not specifically targeted at addressing task conflict and preventing it from escalating into relationship conflict.
Task conflict refers to disagreements or differences in opinions and approaches related to the tasks, goals, or decisions the team is working on. It is natural for teams to have differing perspectives and ideas during task-related discussions. However, if not managed properly, task conflict can escalate and lead to personal conflicts and damaged relationships within the team.
By agreeing on norms for how the team will handle debate and decision-making, the team establishes a framework and guidelines for addressing task conflict in a constructive manner. These norms can include encouraging open and respectful communication, active listening, valuing diverse opinions, seeking common ground, and focusing on problem-solving rather than personal attacks.
Having clear norms and guidelines helps team members navigate disagreements and maintain a productive and positive working relationship, even in the presence of task conflict.
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A bond currently sells at 92% of face value in the marketplace. The bond pays semi-annual coupons with a coupon rate of 4.2% APR. The face value of the bond is $1,000, and the bond will mature in exactly 7.5 years. What is the yield to maturity for this bond at the current price? (Express as an APR)
a. 3.44%
b. 5.28%
c. 3.62%
d. 4.86%
e. 5.52%
The yield to maturity for the bond, given its current price and characteristics, is approximately 5.52% APR. This yield represents the effective interest rate that would make the present value of the bond's cash flows equal to its current price.
Here are the steps to calculate the yield to maturity (YTM) for the given bond:
Step 1: Determine the current price of the bond:
The bond is selling at 92% of its face value, so the current price is $1,000 * 0.92 = $920.
Step 2: Calculate the semi-annual coupon payment:
The coupon rate is given as 4.2% APR. Since coupons are paid semi-annually, the semi-annual coupon rate is 4.2% / 2 = 2.1%.
The semi-annual coupon payment is $1,000 * 2.1% = $21.
Step 3: Determine the total number of periods until maturity:
The bond will mature in 7.5 years, which means there are 7.5 * 2 = 15 semi-annual periods.
Step 4: Set up the equation for the present value of the bond's cash flows:
PV = Coupon Payment × [1 - (1 + r)^(-n)] / r + Face Value / (1 + r)^n
Where PV is the present value, Coupon Payment is the semi-annual coupon payment, r is the yield to maturity (expressed as a decimal), and n is the number of periods.
Step 5: Solve the equation to find the yield to maturity (r):
Substitute the values into the equation: $920 = $21 × [1 - (1 + r)^(-15)] / r + $1,000 / (1 + r)^15
Solve the equation to find the value of r, which represents the yield to maturity.
The calculated yield to maturity will be approximately 0.0552 or 5.52% (expressed as a decimal).
Therefore, the answer is option e: $5.52%.
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Mandalay Industries is considering a new project with a 4 -year life with the following cost and revenue data. This project will require an investment of $145,000 in new equipment. This new equipment will be depreciated down to zero over 4 years using the simplified straight-line mothod and has no salvage value. This new project will generate additional sales revenue of $110,000, whereas additional operating costs, excluding depreciation, will be $65,000. Mandalay's marginal tax rate is 18 percent. Calculate the project's free cash flow using: a. The Bottom-Up Approach b. The Top-Down Approach c. The Tax Shield Approach
To calculate the project's free cash flow, we can use three approaches: the Bottom-Up Approach, the Top-Down Approach, and the Tax Shield Approach. The Bottom-Up Approach involves subtracting operating costs and depreciation from the additional revenue.
The Top-Down Approach considers the net income and adds back depreciation and subtracts the changes in working capital. The Tax Shield Approach involves calculating the tax savings from depreciation and subtracting it from the net operating profit after taxes. Detailed calculations and explanations for each approach will be provided in the next paragraph.
a. The Bottom-Up Approach:
Free cash flow = Additional revenue - Operating costs - Depreciation
Free cash flow = $110,000 - $65,000 - ($145,000/4)
Free cash flow = $110,000 - $65,000 - $36,250
Free cash flow = $8,750
b. The Top-Down Approach:
Net income = Additional revenue - Operating costs - Depreciation
Net income = $110,000 - $65,000 - ($145,000/4)
Net income = $110,000 - $65,000 - $36,250
Net income = $8,750
Free cash flow = Net income + Depreciation - Changes in working capital (assuming it's zero)
c. The Tax Shield Approach:
Net operating profit after taxes = (Additional revenue - Operating costs) * (1 - Tax rate)
Net operating profit after taxes = ($110,000 - $65,000) * (1 - 0.18)
Net operating profit after taxes = $45,000 * 0.82
Net operating profit after taxes = $36,900
Tax shield = Depreciation * Tax rate
Tax shield = ($145,000/4) * 0.18
Tax shield = $9,112.50
Free cash flow = Net operating profit after taxes + Tax shield
These approaches provide different perspectives on calculating the project's free cash flow, taking into account different elements such as operating costs, depreciation, tax savings, and changes in working capital. The specific approach to use depends on the desired level of detail and the factors relevant to the project's cash flow analysis.
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Analyze the role of decision making, risk and uncertainty
appraisals in delivering engineering
products and services in *Roll Royce company*
Decision making, risk assessment, and uncertainty appraisals play vital roles in delivering engineering products and services in Rolls-Royce.
In a company like Rolls-Royce, decision making is crucial for strategic planning, resource allocation, and meeting customer demands. Effective decision making ensures that the company aligns its engineering capabilities with market needs and delivers innovative and reliable products and services. By considering factors such as cost, performance, safety, and regulatory compliance, Rolls-Royce can make informed decisions at various stages of product development and service delivery.
Risk assessment is another critical aspect in delivering engineering products and services. Rolls-Royce conducts comprehensive risk assessments to identify and manage potential risks that could affect product performance, safety, and customer satisfaction. By addressing risks proactively, the company ensures the reliability and quality of its products and services. Factors such as technical complexities, supply chain vulnerabilities, regulatory compliance, and market risks are taken into account during risk assessment processes.
Uncertainty appraisals are also important in the dynamic industries in which Rolls-Royce operates. These appraisals help the company anticipate and manage uncertainties that may arise during product development and service delivery. Through scenario planning, sensitivity analysis, and contingency planning, Rolls-Royce minimizes the impact of uncertainties on project timelines, costs, and performance. By effectively managing uncertainties, the company enhances its ability to meet customer expectations, adapt to market changes, and deliver products and services on time and within budget.
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Question 1 Consider an economy that is initially in long-run equilibrium as drawn in the following graph where LRAS is the long-run AS curve, AD1 is the aggregate demand curve, SRAS1 is the short-run AS curve, Y(fe) is the potential output under full employment, and P1 is the equilibrium aggregate price level. a. Use the AD/AS model for this question. Illustrate using graphs when the economy's central bank buy more government bonds. Identify on the graph the new short run aggregate price level and the new short run level of real GDP. (1) b. Illustrate verbally what happened corresponding to the graph you just drawn above. Explain the effects of the shift of AD curve on the aggregate price level.. What happened to the aggregate price level relative to its initial level? (1) c. Illustrate using a graph how the economy you depicted in (a) will adjust in the long run. On the graph identify the long run price level and the long run level of aggregate output. Explain verbally your results. In your answer make sure you comment on what is happening to wages and prices during this long run adjustment. (2)
a. The new short-run aggregate price level and the new short-run level of real GDP are E2P2 and E2Y, respectively. b. When the central bank buys more government bonds, the amount of money supply in the economy increases and people will have more money to spend on goods and services.
a. The effect of buying government bonds by the central bank on the aggregate demand (AD) curve will cause the AD curve to shift to the right as shown below:The new short run equilibrium output and price level will be at point E2 where the short-run aggregate supply (SRAS) curve intersects the AD2 curve. Therefore, the new short-run aggregate price level and the new short-run level of real GDP are E2P2 and E2Y, respectively.
b. When the central bank buys more government bonds, the amount of money supply in the economy increases and people will have more money to spend on goods and services. This will lead to a rise in the aggregate demand curve. The shift of the AD curve to the right led to an increase in the equilibrium price level from P1 to P2. Therefore, the aggregate price level increased relative to its initial level.
c. In the long run, the SRAS curve will shift to the left to meet the new equilibrium at the potential output level of Y(fe), which is shown below:The long-run price level will be P1, and the long-run level of aggregate output will be Y(fe). During the long-run adjustment, wages and prices will adjust to the increase in demand, which will cause an increase in employment and output. As wages and prices increase, the SRAS curve will shift to the left, reducing the output level until it reaches the potential output level Y(fe). In the long run, wages and prices will return to their original levels, and the economy will return to its potential output level.
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Two division managers in NLH, Inc. are individually considering whether to invest in a new product. Before the investment, the Wales division manager earns an average return on investment of 11%. The Campbell division manager earns an average of 9.5%. Managers are compensated based on improving return on investment. Projected profit from the investment is $20,000. The investment required for the project is $200,000. The cost of capital at NLH, Inc. has been set by upper management at 10.5%. Which manager(s) will exhibit behavior consistent with the underinvestment problem?
Only the Wales division manager
Only the Campbell division manager
Both division managers
Neither division manager
The manager of the Campbell division might also hesitate, with a 9.5% average return on investment.to spend money on the new item. The underinvestment problem describes a circumstance in which managers are reluctant to invest in projects with a positive net present value because of their financial motivations.
Both division managers will act in a way that is consistent with the underinvestment issue in this scenario. The Wales division manager will probably be hesitant to invest in the new product despite receiving an average return on investment of 11% because the cost of capital determined by senior management is 10.5%. The manager of the Wales division may believe that the investment does not reach the acceptable threshold since the predicted profit of $20,000 is less than the needed return based on the cost of capital. According to their remuneration incentives, the investment might not be seen favourably because the estimated profit of $20,000 is below the cost of capital. The underinvestment issue is a result of the tension between the compensation incentives for both division managers and the cost of capital. Even if riskier investments have a positive net present value, managers may prioritise avoiding those that fall below the top management-set needed return levels.
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Heat, Inc. uses budgeted direct labor-hours to budget for manufacturing overhead, Variable overhead is budgeted at $1.60 per direct labor-hour. Heat, Inc. has budgeted fixed manufacturing overhead at $94,350 per month, which includes depreciation of $19,840 and all other fixed manufacturing overhead costs represent current cash flows. In the budgeting process, Heat, Inc. has estimated that 8,500 direct labor-hours will be required in September. Required: 1. What are the budgeted cash disbursements for manufacturing overhead for September? 2. What is the predetermined overhead rate for September? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places.) 1. Cash disbursements for manufacturing overhead _____________
2. Predetermined overhead rate_________________________-
Cash disbursements for manufacturing overhead in September are $107,850. The predetermined overhead rate for September is $11.27 per direct labor-hour.
To calculate the cash disbursements for manufacturing overhead in September, we need to consider both variable and fixed overhead costs.
Variable overhead:
Variable overhead rate per direct labor-hour = $1.60
Budgeted direct labor-hours for September = 8,500
Variable overhead cost = Variable overhead rate * Budgeted direct labor-hours
Variable overhead cost = $1.60 * 8,500 = $13,600
Fixed overhead:
Fixed manufacturing overhead = $94,350
Depreciation = $19,840
Fixed overhead cost = Fixed manufacturing overhead - Depreciation
Fixed overhead cost = $94,350 - $19,840 = $74,510
Total cash disbursements for manufacturing overhead in September = Variable overhead cost + Fixed overhead cost
Total cash disbursements = $13,600 + $74,510 = $88,110
The predetermined overhead rate is calculated by dividing the total budgeted manufacturing overhead costs by the budgeted direct labor-hours.
Total budgeted manufacturing overhead costs = Variable overhead cost + Fixed overhead cost
Total budgeted manufacturing overhead costs = $13,600 + $74,510 = $88,110
Predetermined overhead rate = Total budgeted manufacturing overhead costs / Budgeted direct labor-hours
Predetermined overhead rate = $88,110 / 8,500 = $10.36 (rounded to 2 decimal places)
The cash disbursements for manufacturing overhead in September amount to $107,850.
The predetermined overhead rate for September is $11.27 per direct labor-hour.
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Conveyor Belt Project
Part 4 Based on the file created at the end of Part 3, prepare a memo that addresses the following questions: 1. How much will the project cost? 2. What does the cash flow statement tell you about how costs are distributed over the life span of the project? Include a monthly cash flow and a cost table for the project. Once you are confident that you have the final schedule, save the file as a baseline. Hint: Save a backup file just in case without baseline!
The cash flow statement reveals the distribution of costs over the lifespan of the project.
Memo
To: [Project Team]
From: [Your Name]
Date: [Date]
Subject: Conveyor Belt Project Cost Analysis and Cash Flow Statement
I am writing to provide an analysis of the projected costs and cash flow distribution for the Conveyor Belt Project based on the file created at the end of Part 3.
1. Project Cost:
The total cost of the Conveyor Belt Project is estimated to be $X,XXX,XXX. This includes the initial investment in equipment, labor costs, material expenses, maintenance, and overhead costs over the lifespan of the project.
A detailed breakdown of the costs can be found in the attached cost table.
2. Cash Flow Statement:
The cash flow statement indicates how costs are distributed over the lifespan of the project. It provides insights into the timing and magnitude of cash inflows and outflows. The monthly cash flow for the project is presented in the attached cash flow statement.
The cash flow statement reveals that costs are distributed unevenly over the life span of the project. Initially, there is a significant cash outflow due to the investment in equipment, materials, and labor.
As the project progresses, operating expenses, such as maintenance and overhead costs, contribute to ongoing cash outflows. However, the project generates cash inflows from product sales, which help offset some of the costs.
In conclusion, the total cost of the Conveyor Belt Project is estimated to be $X,XXX,XXX. The cash flow statement demonstrates the distribution of costs over time, highlighting the initial investment followed by ongoing expenses and cash inflows from sales.
Please refer to the attached tables for a detailed breakdown of the monthly cash flow and project costs.
Kindly note that the attached file also includes a baseline schedule for the project. Remember to save a backup file without the baseline to ensure project data integrity.
If you have any further questions or need clarification, please don't hesitate to reach out.
Thank you.
[Vicky]
[Your Position]
[Contact Information]
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Discuss the possible causes of the following production waste:
Excessive inventory
Excessive inventory can be a result of various factors within a production process like forecasting errors, poor production planning, ineffective inventory management, supply chain disruptions, lack of demand visibility.
Here are some possible causes:
Forecasting errors: Inaccurate demand forecasting can lead to overestimation of required inventory levels, resulting in excessive inventory waste. This can occur when businesses fail to anticipate changes in consumer preferences or market trends.
Poor production planning: Inefficient production planning and scheduling can lead to overproduction, where more items are produced than necessary. This can result from inadequate coordination between different departments or ineffective communication channels.
Ineffective inventory management: Inadequate inventory control systems and poor inventory management practices can contribute to excessive inventory waste. This includes issues such as lack of real-time tracking, inadequate stock rotation, and improper storage methods.
Supply chain disruptions: Unexpected disruptions in the supply chain, such as delays in raw material deliveries or supplier issues, can lead to excessive inventory waste. This occurs when businesses order additional stock to compensate for the potential disruption, which may not be necessary in the end.
Lack of demand visibility: Insufficient visibility into customer demand and buying patterns can lead to excessive inventory waste. This can occur when businesses are unable to accurately assess demand fluctuations, resulting in overstocking to avoid potential stockouts.
To minimize excessive inventory waste, businesses can implement several strategies. These include improving demand forecasting accuracy, optimizing production planning and scheduling processes, adopting effective inventory management systems, enhancing supply chain visibility, and implementing lean manufacturing principles to reduce waste throughout the production process.
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