Direct reversal of the damage, excision repair, & postreplication repair are the three different categories of healing mechanisms.
What DNA means?A polymer made of two polynucleotide chains that coil around one another to form a double helix is called deoxyribonucleic acid. Genetic material included in all recognized creatures, including many viruses, is essential to their growth, development, function, and reproduction. Nucleic acids include things like DNA and ribonucleic acid. DNA is a molecule that contains the biological characteristics that give each species its individuality. DNA and the information it contains are passed from adult tissues to their offspring during reproduction.
What is DNA made of?The four different types of smaller chemical molecules collectively known as nucleotide bases make up the linear molecule DNA. They are adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine (A, C, G, and T).
Genes, the fundamental units of all creatures, are found in DNA. The ability of DNA to repeatedly replicate itself is its most crucial property. When creating new cells, passing genetic information from parents to children, and coding for RNA (ribonucleic acid) to create proteins, DNA must be copied.
Briefing:The damage requires direct reversal correction. For instance, in a procedure known as photoreactivation, DNA photolyase separates pyrimidine bases that UV radiation fused (a light-driven enzyme).
There are at least five major DNA repair pathways that are active at different times during the cell cycle and allow cells to repair DNA damage: base excision repair (BER), Mismatch repair (MMR), homologous recombination (HR), non-homologous end joining, and nucleotide excision repair (NER) (NHEJ).
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What microbe is likely to be found in raw and undercooked poultry, unpasteurized milk, and contaminated water?.
Answer: Campylobacter can be found in some of the same places as Norovirus and Clostridium.
Explanation: I hope this helps!!!!
cell membrane modeling the cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, is found in all cells and separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment. it is made up of lipids (phospholipids and cholesterol) and proteins (transport and receptor). the cell membrane regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell as well as identifies various molecules. today, you will create a model of the cell membrane using items from your lab kit. the cell membrane is made up of the following parts:
The structural and operational unit of life is the cell. A structure that resembles a bubble called a cell membrane surrounds each and every cell in the body.
How was the plasma membrane unit membrane model found?Cell biologists used electron microscopy in the 1950s to confirm the existence of plasma membranes.
What does the cell membrane look like?Robertson asserts that the fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the same. According to this hypothesis, the cell membrane has a trilamellar structure, meaning that it is made up of three proteins.
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If you commit a crime, you need to make sure that you do not leave even the smallest speck of blood, hair, or other organic matter from your body. If you do, the DNA in this material can be amplified by _____, subjected to genetic analysis, and used to identify you as the perpetrator of the crime.
PCR
If you do, the DNA in this material can be amplified by PCR subjected to genetic analysis, and used to identify you as the perpetrator of the crime.
A given DNA segment can be quickly multiplied (amplified) into millions or billions of copies using the polymerase chain reaction (abbreviated PCR), allowing for more in-depth analysis. In PCR, a section of the genome to be amplified is chosen using short synthetic DNA fragments called primers. Multiple rounds of DNA synthesis are then used to amplify that segment.
PCR, or polymerase chain reaction. PCR was first developed around the middle of the 1980s, roughly the time the Human Genome Project was being contemplated before it was launched at the end of that decade. Since then, PCR has proved extremely important to numerous fields of biology and scientific research.
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What was the result of crossing purebred tall plants with a purebred short plants?.
While crossbreeding tall plants with purebred short plants will result in a tall plant as the tall plant gene is a dominant trait compared to the short gene.
Here two purebred plants are being crossbred.
In the tall purebred plant, the genotype will be: TT
In the short purebred plants, the genotype will be: tt
While crossbreeding these plants the results will be as follow:
T T
t Tt Tt
t Tt Tt
We see that all the offspring obtained are heterozygous (Tt) and are tall in size.
This shows that crossbreeding tall plants with purebred short plants will result in a tall plant as the tall plant gene is a dominant trait compared to the short gene.
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which proteins facilitate the formation of loop domains to increase the compaction of the 30-nm fiber in eukaryotic cells?
CCCTC binding factor (CTCF) and SMC protein facilitate the formation of loop domains to increase the compaction of the 30-nm fiber in eukaryotic cells.
The zinc finger protein known as CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) is very conserved and is well recognized for its role as a transcription factor. It can operate as an insulator protein, a repressor, or an activator of transcription, preventing communication between enhancers and promoters in eukaryotic cells.
SMC proteins work in both somatic and meiotic cells and are involved in chromosomal condensation, sister-chromatid cohesion, DNA repair and recombination, and gene dosage adjustment in eukaryotic cells.
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after the synaptonemal complex disappears, how would any pair of homologous chromosomes be associated if crossing over did not occur? what effect might this have on gamete formation?
There may be a misalignment of homologs during metaphase 1, which could lead to the development of gametes with an aberrant number of chromosomes.
What is it synaptonemal complex?A protein structure called the synaptonemal complex, which develops between homologous chromosomes during meiosis, is hypothesised to mediate synapsis and recombination in eukaryotes during meiosis I.
A meiosis-specific structure called the synaptonemal complex (SC) is created between homologous chromosomes during prophase and favors homologs over sister chromatids for DSB repair.
When the synaptonemal complex disappears, any pair of homologous chromosomes be associated if crossing over did not occur each sister chromatid would either be entirely maternal or entirely paternal and would only be connected to its sister, and the two homologs would not be connected in any manner thus leading tot he development of gametes with an aberrant number of chromosomes.
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which of the following statements about conservative abolitionists are accurate?multiple select question.they advocated violence only in extreme circumstances.they believed in using churches and political action.they agreed with william lloyd garrison on most issues.they wanted to work within established institutio
In the United States, abolitionists saw slavery as an abomination and suffering and aimed to eradicate slave ownership. They ran for office, petitioned Congress, and almost flooded the South with anti-slavery literature. William Lloyd Garrison was an American Christian, journalist, suffragist, abolitionist, and social reformer.
Five well known abolitionists were:
Frederick DouglassWilliam Lloyd GarrisonAngelina GrimkéJohn BrownHarriet Beecher StoweTo know more about abolitionists, visit:
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Prior to the evolution of the first true cell, a membrane-bound would have developed.
A protoboint attached to the membrane would have evolved before the first real cell. The first living forms were prokaryotes, which were simple organisms that subsisted on carbon molecules that were building up in the early waters of Earth.
Even more primitive than these E. coli bacteria, the first cells were likely primitive membrane prokaryotic-like cells. The first cells were likely little more than organic substances, such a crude RNA, encased in a membrane.
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How does mutagen cause cancer?.
These retailers are called mutagens, and they act with the aid of once changing a cellular's DNA collection. Many mutagens, through virtue of their length or structure, can slip through both cellular and nuclear membranes and interact with DNA at once, normally resulting in harm.
Some things that reason a mutation (a change in the DNA of a cell). DNA modifications due to mutagens may also harm cells and motive positive illnesses, such as most cancers. Examples of mutagens include radioactive substances, x-rays, ultraviolet radiation, and positive chemical substances.
Mutational outcomes can be useful, dangerous, or impartial, relying on their context or region. maximum non-neutral mutations are deleterious. In widespread, the more base pairs which can be tormented by a mutation, the bigger the effect of the mutation, and the bigger the mutation's probability of being deleterious.
Mutagens are dealers that damage DNA and can, depending on the ability of an organism to repair the damage, lead to permanent modifications (mutations) inside the DNA sequence. but retailers that damage DNA can also damage deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs), which are utilized by DNA polymerases to copy DNA.
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You have a friend with aids who is trying to maintain his nutrition status. Which recommendation could you make?.
Because of AIDS the body needs protein and fat reserves to survive, you should let him eat as little as he wishes. Cleanliness and meticulous cooking are encouraged (got wrong)
A healthy diet promotes overall wellbeing of body and aids in immune system maintenance. Additionally, it facilitates the absorption of AIDS medications and aids in AIDS maintenance of weight. The immune system is attacked and destroyed by AIDS , making it more difficult for the body to fight off infections.
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Greek and roman philosophers contributed to the theory of evolution when they agreed that all living things are related. All living things inherit acquired traits. All living things have remained unchanged over time. All living things share genetic similarities.
The notion that "all living things are connected" was shared by Greek and Roman thinkers, which helped to support the hypothesis of evolution.
Anixamender of Miletus was the first person to come up with any theory that was living remotely related to Darwinian evolution. In a lengthy sonnet that is now lost, he depicted a typical approach to dealing with the creation of living things rather than a divine one is evolution.
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What are the 4 types of RNA?.
The process in which protein is formed is called protein synthesis and there are various types of RNA involved in this process.
RNA stands for Ribonucleic Acid. There are 4 major types of RNA based on their size and function. The first one is mRNA. mRNA or messenger RNA that is translated into a polypeptide. It is responsible to carry information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. It forms a template for protein synthesis.
The next type of RNA is tRNA, also called as transfer RNA. It binds to anticodon on one end and amino acid to another. They help in making the protein in the correct form. Then, rRNA, also called as ribosomal RNA is also involved in the process of making protein. The facilitate the coding of the amino acid coded by the mRNA. Finally, hnRNA, heterogenous nuclear RNA that transcribes the precursor RNA into a long strand in the eukaryotes.
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4.how did the hae iii restriction enzyme distinguish between the taster and nontaster allele? explain in terms of snps.
Answer: See Below
Explanation:
I am not sure if there is a figure that is supposed to go with this question but I will explain the concept.
Resitriction enzymes such as HaeIII recogniize and cut at specific plaindromic sequences of DNA. I have attached the sequence where HaeIII cuts.
If this sequence is changed even by one base pair then the enzyme will not cut. SNPs stand for Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and are a single base change in the genome. In this case I assume the taster and non-taster alleles are different by an SNP.
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) is the actual technique that identifies individuals with certain SNPs by cutting the gene and running it on a gel to see what fragments are created.
If a normal gene has the HaeIII restriction site then the enzyme will cut. If the mutant gene has an SNP at the restriction site then it will not cut.
example of a solid tumor derived from epithelial tissue: a.rhabdomyoma b.adenocarcinoma of the lung c.ewing sarcoma d.leiomyoma e.chondrosarcoma
an example of a solid tumor originating from epithelial tissue is (B) adenocarcinoma of the lung.
Examples of tumors and where they grow:
Rhabdomyosarcoma is cancer that grows in the skeletal muscles. This type of cancer is rare and affects children more often.
Adenocarcinoma of the lung is a malignant epithelial tumor of the lung with glandular differentiation. Epidemiologically, lung adenocarcinoma accounts for more than 50% of all carcinomas that occur in women and 45% in men.
Ewing sarcoma is a malignancy that can occur in bone and soft tissue. In bone, Ewing's sarcoma usually occurs in the pelvis, femur, tibia, and skeleton.
Leiomyoma is a benign tumor that originates from smooth muscle and generally occurs in the smooth muscle of the uterus (leiomyoma or uterine myoma).
Chondrosarcoma is a rare type of cancer that starts in the bones or sometimes in the soft tissue near the bones.
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What are the 5 types of DNA?.
Answer: Y-DNA. ...
Mitochondrial DNA. ...
Ethnic. ...
Biogeographical. ...
Autosomal or Short Tandem Repeat (STR)
Explanation:
How long does monthly flea treatment last?.
the thermic effect of food is the calories . multiple choice question. from the food we consume each day used during non-voluntary physical activity used to digest the food you eat used during exercise
The energy required by the body to digest, absorb, move, store, and metabolize the food-based nutrients eaten. This measurement is affected by the makeup of the food.
What is the thermic impact of food and exercise?The expense of absorbing and processing food for storage is what is referred to as the thermic effect of food (TEF), which results in an increase in energy expenditure above resting metabolic rate. Aerobic endurance training of adequate time and intensity has been found in prior research to improve TEF.
How does thermic effect activity work?Thermic Effect of Activity, also known as Thermic Effect of Exercise, is the amount of energy needed for organized exercise. Since TEA/TEE is made up of voluntarily engaged in organized physical exercise, it differs from person to person.
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what do the different colors that are used to diagram chromosomes represent? check only one. a. dominant and recessive traits on chromosomes b. paternal and maternal chromosomes c. active and inactive chromosomes d. homologous and nonhomologous chromosomes
The various hues used to depict chromosomes stand for paternal and maternal chromosomes.
What are the maternal and paternal chromosomes?Each egg has been prepared by the mother with 23 chromosomes, or "maternal chromosomes." Each sperm has 23 "paternal chromosomes," which the father has prepared. Each person has one set of 23 maternal and one set of 23 paternal chromosomes due to the union of these two sets to create a zygote.
Paternal chromosomes are the set of chromosomes derived from the male gametes, whereas maternal chromosomes are the set derived from the female gametes. As a result, this is the fundamental distinction between maternal and paternal chromosomes.
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Which choice would have the smallest impact on climate change when purchasing apples at the store?(1 point)
A) buying apples from farms that plan to use organic practices
B) buying apples in large quantities to reduce trips to the store
C) buying apples that have no packaging
D) buying apples that are locally grown
Answer:
D)
Explanation:
A) The farms are yet to use those practices, which may include pesticides.
B) What about the packaging or farming of those apples?
C) Where were they grown?
what accounts for the difference in the curve shapes depicting concentration of m-cyclin versus m-cdk activity during the cell cycle?
Cyclins and CdKs are related in that during the cell cycle, cyclins activate CdKs.
Cyclin-dependent kinases, often known as CdKs, are enzymes that phosphorylate certain proteins during the cell cycle.
The cell cycle involves cyclins that activate CdKs.
Kinases and cyclins are both cell cycle regulators that take part in different phases of the human cycle. To couple to their substrate, kinases need to be activated by cyclins and are guided in this process by the same cyclins.
CdKs are not turned off by cylines.
In the cell cycle, CdKs and cyclines do not function separately.
Cyclines do not produce CdKs; rather, they activate them.
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which chemical commonly used by water systems may encourage the growth of algae and microorganisms? lime, sodium hydroxide, zinc orthophosphate, or sodium bicarbonate question 6 (weight: 7.14
When the water is warm and the weather is calm, algae can grow quickly in waterways with an excess of nitrogen and phosphorus. The water noticeably turns green as a result of these blooms of algae, though other colors can also appear.
An annoying summertime annoyance is algae growth. These tiny creatures enjoy attaching themselves to worn-out returnable bottles' crevices. Algae growth in water can be accelerated by sunlight and warming temperatures. The organisms are very hardy and can survive being washed in bottles.
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The physiological reaction induced by nervous and hormonal signals that readies the heart, muscles, and other organs and systems in ways that promote survival is called.
The physiological reaction induced by nervous and hormonal signals that readies the heart, muscles, and other organs and systems in ways that promote survival is called fight or flight response.
An experience that is thought to be stressful or scary triggers the fight or flight response, an involuntary physiological response. An acute stress reaction that primes the body for battle or flight is triggered by the impression of threat, which stimulates the sympathetic nervous system. A physiological response called the fight-or-flight response takes place in the presence of an alleged dangerous occurrence. In order for us to move, muscles pull on the joints. Additionally, they assist the body with functions including chewing food and assisting with digestion. All of our body's muscles are always active, even while we are sitting still.
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the process by which homologous chromosomes can exchange genetic information during prophase i of meiosis is known as_____?
Recombination
So
the process by which homologous chromosomes can exchange genetic information during prophase l of meiosis is known as Recombination
As the chromosomes of a parent cell are duplicated and distributed to the two daughter cells during coll division, the structure of the chromosomes changes Answer the three questions for each phase of the cell cycle by dragging the yes and no labels to the appropriate locations in the table. Note: Assume that by the end of the M phase, the parent cell has not yet divided to form two daughter cells. Reset Help Question G Beginning of M (prophase early anaphase) End of M (late anaphase telophase) 1. Are sister chromatids present in all or part of this phase? no yes no 2. Is the DNA condensed in all or part of this phase? no 3. Does the cell contain twice as much DNA in this phase as it did in the G, phase? no Flag question Which of the following should hypotheses include? (Select all that apply.) Select one or more: a. Expected direction O b. Basic experimental results c. Dependent variable d. Independent variable and treatments Term "significant difference/effect" f. Specific reaction and/or organism g. Reasoning and/or interpretations e.
The answers to if sister chromatid present in all or part of this phase are:
G1 - no S- yes G2- yes Beginning of M- yes End of M- noThe answer if the DNA condensed in all or part of this phase are:
G1 - no S- no G2- no Beginning of M- yes End of M- yesThe answer to if the cell contain twice as much DNA in this phase as it did in the G1 phase are:
G1- no S-yes G2-yes Beginning of M- yesEnd of M-yesWhy do chromosomes duplicate?In most cases, duplications result from an occurrence known as unequal crossing-over (recombination) between misaligned homologous chromosomes during meiosis. The degree to which two chromosomes share repetitive elements determines the likelihood that this event will occur.
A DNA segment can be as small as a few bases or as large as a significant chromosomal region, but in terms of genomics, duplication refers to a type of mutation in which one or more copies are produced. All living things duplicate their DNA.
Therefore, A cell divides into two identical daughter cells after duplicating every component of it, including its chromosomes, during the mitotic process. The steps of mitosis are meticulously regulated by specific genes because this process is so crucial.
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How can we prevent and avoid discrimination?.
Create a written policy that defines procedures and rules, Educate all employees about discrimination, Consider multiple communication channel options, Implement an anti-retaliation program, Do team building activities, focus group.
How can discrimination be avoided in the workplace?The best way to prevent discrimination is to build a culture of trust, mutual respect and open communication. Understand all anti-discrimination laws and regulations that apply to your organization and apply your own policies to enforce them.Developing clear policies is helpful in preventing discrimination in the workplace. This is just one of the reasons why creating an employee handbook is important. Each handbook must contain a discrimination policy and each employee receives it and signs an acknowledgment of receipt. Why is it important to prevent discrimination?This is because everyone is entitled to the same rights and opportunities in life, so it helps to protect their rights and well-being. It helps you feel given and confident.
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as the vertebrate lineage diversified, several key innovations occurred. which of these innovations is associated with the evolution of reptiles?
Scales are an illustration of an evolutionary innovation used by the reptilian taxonomic group to prevent water loss via the epidermis.
What is the history of reptile evolution?The earliest limbed vertebrates that colonized the land approximately 70 million years before the Mesozoic are the ancestors of reptiles (Benton 2004). In contrast to fish and some amphibians, these reptilian ancestors lost their gills at some point, preventing their offspring from breathing in water.
What gave rise to the earliest reptiles?A sauropsid progenitor gave rise to the earliest reptiles around 315 million years ago, around 350 million years ago the earliest amniotes arose. Dinosaurs began to exist around 225 million years ago, and they ruled the land until 65 million years ago.
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Incidences of most forms of cancer increase with age. Which explanation is most plausible?.
According to this assertion, the prevalence of the majority of cancer types rises with age. The most likely explanation is that cancer typically requires multiple somatic mutations.
The correct option is D.
What exactly is cancer?Cancer is a condition in which a few of the body's cells grow out of control and spread to other body regions. The human species, which contains trillions of cells, can develop cancer almost anywhere.
What are somatic mutations?Any mutation that happens in a cell beyond a gamete, germ cell, or gametocyte is referred to as a somatic mutation because it affects the DNA sequence of a somatic cell in a multicellular organism of dedicated reproductive cells.
What are germ line and somatic mutations?Germline mutations happen in sperm, eggs, but instead their progenitor cells and therefore are heritable. Other cell types can develop somatic mutations, which are not inherited by offspring. Health impacts of somatic and germline mutations
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I understand that the question you are looking for is:
Incidences of most forms of cancer increase with age. Which explanation is most plausible?
A. Cancer is not a genetic disease.
B. Cancer involves reciprocal translocations.
C. Cancer involves deletions of different lengths.
D. Cancer usually requires several somatic mutations.
E. Cancer involves expanding triplet repeats.
your customer has informed you of a project change they want to implement. since this change will have a profound impact on the project, approval may need to come from the (fill in the blank).
Your customer has informed you of a project change they want to implement. Since this change will have a profound impact on the project, approval may need to come from the project manager.
A project manager is a person that organizes, plans, directs, and executes projects while considering the restraints such as schedules and budgets. They are in charge of people that are involved in the project, both employees and customers. These responsibilities make them accountable for accomplishing the project objectives on behalf of the client.
In the case of the question above, the customer (client) wants to implement a project change. Since that change will have a considerable impact on the project, the project manager must first approve it before it's implemented.
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what level of biodiversity does the statement below represent? there are over 25,000 different orchid species organized within several hundred genera (taxonomic groups)
Species biodiversity is represented by "there are over 25,000 different orchid species organized within several hundred genera (taxonomic groups)".
"Species diversity is defined as the number of different species present in an ecosystem and their relative abundance." When all of the species present are equally abundant in the area, diversity is greatest.
The number of different species represented in a given community is referred to as species diversity. The number of equally abundant species required to achieve the same mean proportional species abundance as observed in the dataset of interest is referred to as the effective number of species.
The processes that sustain all life on Earth, including humans, rely on biodiversity. We cannot have healthy ecosystems that provide us with the air we breathe and the food we eat without a diverse range of animals, plants, and microorganisms. People also value nature in and of itself.
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How is hypocrisy shown in Animal Farm?.
The behaviors of the characters of Animal Farm that constitute hypocrisy are (a) Napoleon, the principal character, always lies and adjustments the black into white, (b) Napoleon constantly breaks the agreement between a number of the animals, and (3) the pigs betray the power they've entrusted.
Napoleon is telling the livestock one component that every animal is equal that everyone is running collectively and he is telling the people any other aspect that the pigs are co-owners of the farm these lies appear to be working out quite properly for him.
In Animal Farm, the silver-tongued pig Squealer abuses language to justify Napoleon's actions and policies to the proletariat by anything means that appear vital.
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