The current market price of the bond is $727.31.What is a bond?A bond is a type of fixed-income security in which an investor lends money to an entity in return for interest payments for a specified period.
When a bond matures, the investor receives the face value of the bond. Many types of entities, including corporations, municipalities, and governments, can issue bonds. The following formula is used to determine the current market price of the bond:Current market price of bond = (Coupon interest payment/Interest rate) * (1 - 1/(1+Interest rate)n) + Par value/(1+Interest rate)nWhere:n is the number of years remaining until the maturity of the bondInterest rate is the yield to maturity of the bond.Par value is the face value of the bond.Coupon interest payment is the annual interest payment on the bond.Walk-Through Madsen Motors's bonds have a 23-year remaining maturity period. Interest is paid annually, and they have a $1,000 par value. The coupon interest rate is 9%, and the yield to maturity is 12%.Thus, the annual coupon interest payment can be calculated as follows:Annual coupon payment = Par value of bond x Coupon rate
Annual coupon payment = $1,000 x 0.09Annual coupon payment = $90n = 23 years
Interest rate = 12%Par value = $1,000
To calculate the current market price of the bond, we need to plug in the values of the annual coupon payment, interest rate, par value, and number of years remaining until the bond matures into the formula, as shown below:
Current market price of bond = ($90/0.12) * (1 - 1/(1+0.12)23) + $1,000/(1+0.12)23
Current market price of bond = $727.31
Therefore, the current market price of the bond is $727.31, rounded to the nearest cent.
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Nkwe (Pty) Ltd uses the economic order quantity model to determine the quantity of raw materials to order. The following details concerning the raw materials are presented to you: Quantity of raw materials used per annum = 156 250 units Cost of placing an order = R50 Invoicing cost price per unit C R8,50 Annual holding/carrying costs = R2,50 per unit The number of orders to be placed in a year amount to Select one: OA. 20 orders OB. 60 orders OC. 30 orders OD. 63
To determine the number of orders to be placed in a year using the economic order quantity (EOQ) model, we need to use the following formula:
Number of orders = (Annual demand * Ordering cost) / (Annual demand * Holding cost per unit)
Given the details provided:
Quantity of raw materials used per annum = 156,250 units
Cost of placing an order = R50
Invoicing cost price per unit = R8.50
Annual holding/carrying costs = R2.50 per unit
Let's calculate the number of orders:
Number of orders = (156,250 * 50) / (156,250 * 2.50)
Number of orders = 7,812,500 / 390,625
Number of orders ≈ 20
Therefore, the number of orders to be placed in a year using the EOQ model is approximately 20 orders.
The correct option is OA. 20 orders.
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After reading the positive experiences and challenges of your classmates' philosophies of change, how could you add to or expand on your own philosophy of change based on their ideas? Provide two or three specific examples. Why would you make these changes?
1. Emphasizing Collaboration: If you come across classmates who highlight the importance of collaboration in driving successful change, you could consider integrating this aspect into your philosophy.
You might emphasize the value of involving diverse stareholders, encouraging open communication, and fostering a collaborative culture within your change initiatives. This change could be made to ensure that all perspectives are considered and that the change process becomes more inclusive and participatory.
2. Integrating Agile Approaches: If your classmates mention the benefits of agile methodologies in managing change, you could explore incorporating agile principles into your philosophy.
This might involve embracing flexibility, iterative planning, and continuous learning and adaptation. By integrating agile approaches, you can enhance your ability to respond to changing circumstances and make adjustments throughout the change process.
3. Addressing Resistance and Emotional Factors: If you find that classmates discuss the challenges related to resistance and emotional reactions during change, you could enhance your philosophy by focusing on these aspects.
Consider emphasizing the importance of addressing resistance proactively, promoting effective communication, and providing support to individuals impacted by the change. This modification could help you recognize and address the human side of change, fostering a more empathetic and supportive approach.
Making these changes to your philosophy of change can provide a more comprehensive and well-rounded approach.
By considering different perspectives and incorporating successful strategies highlighted by your classmates, you can enhance your ability to navigate complex change processes and increase the likelihood of successful outcomes.
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Required: Question 5: (25 marks) (a) Decompose the change in ROCE into components due to financing activities and operating activities. (4 marks) The CEO of Everest Ltd. stated the following in the company's 2021 annual report: "Everest continues to make good use of shareholders' funds through new investments. Shareholders' faith in the company was rewarded by improved performance as indicated by an increase in return on common equity". In response to the managing director's comments, you set about analysing the growth of the company and produce the following table: (b) Decompose the change in RNOA into components due to profit margin and asset turnover. (6 marks) (c) Decompose the change in common shareholders' equity into components due to sales growth, the change in net assets required to support sales, and changes in borrowing. Return on common equity (ROCE) Return on net operating assets (RNOA) Net borrowing cost (NBC) Sales ($ millions) Operating income after tax ($ millions) Average net operating assets ($ millions) Average net financial obligations ($ millions) Average common shareholders' equity ($ millions) 2021 15.47% 12.86% 3.50% 530 153 1,190 260 930 2020 14.89% 13.87% 3.00% 430 129 930 80 850 (6 marks)
The financial data is being transcribed. Everest Ltd. has seen an increase in the return on common equity (ROCE) from 14.89% in 2020 to 15.47% in 2021, according to a report. In response to the managing director's comments, an analysis of the growth of the company was carried out.
ROCE has been broken down into components attributable to financing activities and operating activities. Return on net operating assets (RNOA), net borrowing cost (NBC), sales, operating income after tax, average net operating assets, average net financial obligations, and average common shareholders' equity are all included in the data table. The change in RNOA has also been decomposed into components attributable to profit margin and asset turnover. The change in common shareholders' equity was decomposed into components due to sales growth, the change in net assets required to support sales, and changes in borrowing. ROCE increased by 0.58 percent. The financing component had no impact, while the operating component increased by 0.58 percent.
In 2021, Everest Ltd's return on common equity (ROCE) increased to 15.47% from 14.89% in 2020. The change in ROCE is due to both financing and operating activities. The financing component did not contribute to the ROCE change, while the operating component increased by 0.58 percent. The RNOA change was decomposed into two components: profit margin and asset turnover. The increase in RNOA was attributed to an increase in the profit margin. The change in common shareholders' equity was also decomposed into three components: sales growth, the change in net assets required to support sales, and changes in borrowing.
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If an employee at XYZ, Inc. manufactures the greatest number of error-free high chairs for the month, he or she will receive a one-time bonus of $100.00. Elaborate on the type of reward in this situation.
The type of reward in the given situation is incentive rewards. employee who performs well and meets or exceeds the organization's expectations, targets, reducing errors, or increasing sales.
Incentives rewards are offered by many companies to motivate their employees to perform well and continue their excellent work, In this scenario, an employee who manufactures the greatest number of error-free high chairs for the month will receive a one-time bonus of $100.00.
This reward is an example of an incentive reward because it motivates employees to work harder to produce more error-free high chairs. This reward will benefit both the company and the employee. The employee will receive the monetary compensation for their hard work.
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When an industry consolidates, becomes mature, and most of the surviving firms have reached the limits of growth using vertical and horizontal growth strategies, which type of the strategies is more appropriate to be implemented from this point on? a) Turnaround strategy b) Diversification strategy C) Sell-out/Divestment strategy d) Pause/proceed with caution strategy
When an industry consolidates, matures, and the surviving firms have exhausted vertical and horizontal growth strategies, the more appropriate strategy to implement from that point on would be Sell-out/Divestment strategy.The correct answer is option (C).
In a mature and consolidated industry, there may be limited opportunities for further growth or expansion within the existing market. In such a scenario, firms may choose to divest or sell off non-core assets, business units, or divisions to streamline operations and focus on their core competencies. Hence, option (C) is the correct answer.
This strategy allows companies to optimize their resources, reduce costs, and generate capital that can be reinvested in more promising ventures or areas with growth potential. It enables firms to adapt to changing market dynamics and allocate resources effectively in order to maintain competitiveness in a mature industry.
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During the past 10 years, the percent returns on two mutual funds (aggressive and passive) expressed in percentages were as follows: Year Aggressive Fund Passive Fund -10 1% 3% 7% 4% 10% 4% 4% 2% 7% 2
When managing a portfolio and allocating assets, two different investment strategies are used: aggressive funds and passive funds. While passive funds offer diversification and low costs but may not give greater returns compared to the general market, aggressive funds have the potential for higher returns but also carry higher risk.
To calculate the percentage returns of the aggressive and passive funds, the average of the percentages for each year must be taken respectively. The per cent returns for the two mutual funds (aggressive and passive) during the past 10 years are shown below:
Year Aggressive Fund Passive Fund-10 1% 3%7% 4% 4%4% 2% 7%2% Firstly, we will calculate the average percentage return for each year, and we will add these percentages to find the average percentage return for each mutual fund. Year Aggressive Fund Passive Fund-10 1% 3%7% 4% 4%4% 2% 7%2% 3.5% 4.5%The average percentage return for the aggressive fund over the past 10 years is 3.5%.
The average percentage return for the passive fund over the past 10 years is 4.5%.
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3. All of the following are characteristics of an effective collaborator except ________. Group of answer choices is a popular leader is open-minded is willing to enter difficult conversations is known for following through on commitments is curious 5. All of the following are part of problem-solving tasks except ________. Group of answer choices define the problem increase revenues specify evaluation criteria implement solutions evaluate alternatives 6. ________ is used to manage the product. Group of answer choices Project data Project Metadata New data Big data Tasks data 10. A ________ collaboration tool set provides integrated tools, content management and control, workflow control, and online meetings with content sharing features. Group of answer choices Minimal Good Comprehensive No answer text provided.
5. All of the following are characteristics of an effective collaborator except is a popular leader.
6. Project Metadata is used to manage the product.
10. A Comprehensive collaboration tool set provides integrated tools, content management and control, workflow control, and online meetings with content sharing features.
5. All of the following are characteristics of an effective collaborator except is a popular leader
While being a popular leader may have its own advantages, it is not specifically mentioned as a characteristic of an effective collaborator. Effective collaboration focuses on qualities like being open-minded, willing to enter difficult conversations, following through on commitments, and being curious. Popularity alone does not necessarily make someone an effective collaborator.
6. Project Metadata is used to manage the product
Project Metadata is not typically used to manage the product. Project metadata refers to additional information about a project, such as project details, version history, or project-related documentation. It is not directly involved in managing the product itself.
10. A Comprehensive collaboration tool set provides integrated tools, content management and control, workflow control, and online meetings with content sharing features.
A comprehensive collaboration tool set provides all the necessary integrated tools for collaboration, including features like content management and control, workflow control, and online meetings with content sharing capabilities. A comprehensive tool set offers a wide range of functionalities and features, providing a robust solution for collaborative work.
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discuss the job analysis and job description? why both
are important?
Job analysis and job description are essential components of effective human resource management. Job analysis involves gathering information about the tasks, responsibilities, and qualifications required for a particular job.
It focuses on understanding the job's nature, including the skills, knowledge, and abilities needed to perform it successfully. Job description, on the other hand, is a written document that outlines the duties, responsibilities, and requirements of a specific job role.
Both job analysis and job description play vital roles in an organization. Job analysis provides a comprehensive understanding of a job, enabling HR professionals to identify the essential skills and qualifications needed to perform the job effectively. It helps in determining the knowledge, experience, and competencies required for recruitment, selection, and training purposes. Job analysis also aids in assessing job performance, setting performance standards, and evaluating employees' performance against those standards.
Job descriptions serve as a crucial tool for various HR functions. They provide a clear and concise summary of a job's key responsibilities, allowing both employees and managers to have a shared understanding of job expectations. Job descriptions help in attracting suitable candidates during the recruitment process by outlining the job's qualifications and requirements. They also facilitate performance management by setting clear performance expectations and goals. Additionally, job descriptions aid in employee development and career planning by identifying the skills and competencies necessary for advancement within the organization.
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what lie did the ss tell the hungarians to get them peacefully on the trains? in a few sentences, describe the conditions of the cattle cars. in the last days
The SS lied to the Hungarians, claiming they were being relocated to safer areas, in order to get them peacefully on the trains.
How did the SS deceive the Hungarians regarding their train journey?The SS employed deception to convince the Hungarians that their train journey would lead them to safer destinations. Promising relocation to more secure areas, they concealed the true intentions of transporting them to concentration camps. Tragically, the conditions inside the cattle cars were abhorrent. With limited space, inadequate ventilation, and a lack of sanitation facilities, the passengers endured extreme overcrowding, unbearable heat, and filth. The journey lasted for days, subjecting the victims to excruciating physical and psychological suffering. Hunger, thirst, and disease ravaged the captives, leading to widespread illness and death. The appalling conditions within the cattle cars were part of the inhumane and degrading treatment inflicted upon those targeted by the Holocaust.
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Dixon Construction Company was awarded a contract to construct an interchange at the junction of U.S. 94 and Highway 30 at a total contract price of $15,000,000. The estimated total costs to complete the project were $12,000,000. Make the entry to record progress billings of $4,000,000.
The entry to record progress billings of $4,000,000 is as follows:
Dr. Bills Receivable $4,000,000
Cr. Progress Billings $4,000,000
Dixon Construction Company was awarded a contract to construct an interchange at the junction of U.S. 94 and Highway 30 at a total contract price of $15,000,000. The estimated total costs to complete the project were $12,000,000.
Billings on construction contracts are classified into two categories: progress billings and final billings. Progress billings are also known as partial billings, and they are usually requested by contractors. They are billed according to the percentage of the job that has been completed or the percentage of materials delivered to the job site. To record progress billings in the general ledger, the following account entries are required:
Dr. Bills Receivable $4,000,000: Progress billings are billed in arrears, so the contractor uses the accounts receivable asset account Bills Receivable to record the progress billing of $4,000,000.Cr. Progress Billings $4,000,000: Progress billings are credited to the liability account Progress Billings to record the revenue earned so far on the project.
Dixon Construction will then bill the client for $4,000,000. As work is completed on the contract, progress billings are made, and the customer is billed as work is completed.
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Esther owned and operated Esther's Pet Store, which sold pets and pet supplies. Esther's Pet Store was having financial difficulty, so she approached her friends Kelvin and Lyanne for help. On March 1, Kelvin loaned GHS50,000.00 to Esther's Pet Store and agreed to be paid 50% of the store's monthly profits until the loan and agreed upon interest were fully repaid. Also on March 1, Lyanne wrote a cheque for GHS30,000.00 to Esther's Pet Store and agreed to be paid 25% of the monthly profits on condition that the business should be converted into a Partnership and that she should be made a Partner. On March 15 Esther and Lyanne formalized the partnership arrangement in accordance with the Incorporated Private Partnerships Act, 1962 (Act 152). Esther used the proceeds from the cheques to purchase equipment, supplies, and a delivery truck for the store. Lyanne began working at the store and helping Esther with business policy decisions. Esther, Kelvin and Lyanne divided the profits from the store as they had agreed. On October 1, while driving the store's delivery truck, Esther mistakenly hit and damaged the car of a person named Clement. Esther's Pet Store did not have the truck insured, nor did the business have liability insurance. QUESTIONS 1. Discuss the relationship among the parties. 2. Determine whether Clement may recover for the damage caused to his car against any of the parties or Esther's Pet Store.
Kelvin loaned GHS50,000.00 and agreed to be paid 50% of the store's monthly profits. Lyanne gave a cheque of GHS30,000.00, agreed to be paid 25% of the monthly profits, and became a partner.
Kelvin and Lyanne had different arrangements with Esther regarding the loaning of money to Esther's Pet Store. Kelvin loaned GHS50,000.00 and agreed to be paid 50% of the store's monthly profits until the loan and interest were fully repaid. Lyanne gave a cheque of GHS30,000.00 and agreed to be paid 25% of the monthly profits on the condition that the business should be converted into a Partnership and that she should be made a Partner. Esther and Lyanne, on March 15, formalized the partnership arrangement in accordance with the Incorporated Private Partnerships Act, 1962 (Act 152).
Lyanne began working at the store and helping Esther with business policy decisions. Esther, Kelvin, and Lyanne divided the profits from the store as they had agreed. In the given case, Esther's Pet Store didn't have liability insurance. Therefore, Clement cannot recover from any party because there was no insurance to cover the damage caused by Esther while driving the store's delivery truck.
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Which of the following is a key determinant of operating leverage? A. The competitive nature of the business. B. The tradeoff between fixed and variable costs. C. Level and cost of debt. D. Level and cost of equity. international clients
The correct answer is B.
The tradeoff between fixed and variable costs.
Operating leverage refers to the proportion of fixed costs in a company's cost structure compared to variable costs. It represents the extent to which a company relies on fixed costs to operate its business. The tradeoff between fixed and variable costs is a key determinant of operating leverage.
When a company has higher fixed costs relative to its variable costs, it has higher operating leverage. This means that a larger portion of its costs is fixed and does not change with changes in production or sales volume. As a result, small changes in sales can have a significant impact on the company's operating income.
On the other hand, when a company has lower fixed costs and higher variable costs, it has lower operating leverage. In this case, a larger portion of its costs is variable and changes in proportion with changes in production or sales volume. The impact of changes in sales on the company's operating income is relatively smaller.
Therefore, the tradeoff between fixed and variable costs is a key determinant of operating leverage.
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Q1) The economy is in long-run equilibrium. Aggregate demand then shifts to the left by $50 billion. The government wants to change its spending in order to avoid a recession. If the crowding-out effect is always half as strong as the multiplier effect, the MPC equals 0.9, and there is no investment accelerator, by how much do the government purchases have to change?
A. Increase by $10 billion.
B. Increase by $100 billion.
C. Increase by $50 billion.
D. None of the above is correct.
To determine the change in government purchases required to avoid a recession, we need to consider the impact of the aggregate demand shift and the multiplier effect.
Given that aggregate demand has shifted to the left by $50 billion, the initial impact on output (Y) can be calculated using the multiplier effect formula:
∆Y = (1 / (1 - MPC)) * ∆AD
Where ∆Y is the change in output, MPC is the marginal propensity to consume, and ∆AD is the change in aggregate demand.
In this case, ∆AD = -$50 billion and the MPC is given as 0.9. Therefore:
∆Y = (1 / (1 - 0.9)) * (-$50 billion)
= 10 * (-$50 billion)
= -$500 billion
The negative sign indicates a decrease in output due to the leftward shift in aggregate demand. To counteract this recessionary effect and stabilize output, the government needs to increase its spending.
Now, we need to consider the crowding-out effect, which is half as strong as the multiplier effect. This means that for every dollar increase in government spending, there will be a 50 cent decrease in private spending.
To find the net change in government purchases required, we divide the initial change in output (∆Y) by the combined multiplier and crowding-out effect (1 - 0.5):
Net Change in Government Purchases = (∆Y) / (1 - 0.5)
= -$500 billion / (1 - 0.5)
= -$500 billion / 0.5
= -$1,000 billion
Therefore, the government purchases must increase by $1,000 billion (or $1 trillion) to offset the recessionary impact and stabilize the economy.
Since none of the given answer options match the required increase of $1 trillion, the correct answer is:
D. None of the above is correct.
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In Bridges’ Model of Transitions, a transition is a(n)
________ process.
Group of answer choices
internal
impersonal
tactical
external
strategic
The correct option is A. In Bridges' Model of Transitions, a transition is an internal process.
The Bridges' model of transition describes how an individual moves through change. Bridges believe that people go through three stages of transition: Ending, The Neutral Zone, and New Beginnings.
Bridges' Model of Transition helps people to make effective transitions in their personal and professional lives. Bridges believe that people go through three stages of transition:
Ending, The Neutral Zone, and New Beginnings. The Bridges' model of transition states that transition is a three-stage process:
EndingThe Neutral ZoneNew Beginnings.The ending is a process of leaving behind the old and preparing for the new. In the Neutral Zone, people experience uncertainty and may feel confused. Finally, new beginnings represent a new beginning and a chance to start over.
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Suppose there are two polluting firms, firm A and firm B, which face the following abatement costs: MAC = 1.84 and MAC = 0.64g, where costs are measured in thousands of dollars. The government decides to enforce a combined abatement level of pollution of 20. a. Show that a uniform standard will not meet the cost-effectiveness criterion. What is the total abatement cost if a uniform standard is implemented? [3 marks] b. Determine the cost-effective allocation of abatement levels between two firms. [2 marks] c. Plot the marginal abatement costs of both firms in one diagram. What is the total abatement cost? Demonstrate the cost saving amount from cost-effective allocation, relative to the uniform standard on the diagram. Be sure to fully label the diagram. [4 marks] d. Suppose the true marginal cost of firm B is flatter than the current one and the true marginal cost of firm A is even steeper than the current one. How does the cost-effective allocation change? What would happen to the size of the cost savings from a market-based instrument, relative to a uniform standard? Explain your answer. [3 marks]
a. To determine whether a uniform standard meets the cost-effectiveness criterion, we need to compare the total abatement cost under the uniform standard with the cost of achieving the same level of abatement using cost-effective allocation.
For firm A, the marginal abatement cost (MAC) is given as 1.84, and for firm B, the MAC is 0.64g, where g represents the abatement level.
Under a uniform standard, both firms would be required to reduce pollution by an equal amount to achieve a combined abatement level of 20. Let's denote the abatement level for each firm as gA and gB.
Since the combined abatement level is 20, we have gA + gB = 20.
To find the total abatement cost under the uniform standard, we need to calculate the cost for each firm and sum them up:
Total abatement cost = MAC_A * gA + MAC_B * gB
Total abatement cost = 1.84 * gA + 0.64g * gB
b. To determine the cost-effective allocation of abatement levels between the two firms, we need to allocate the abatement in a way that minimizes the total abatement cost while achieving the desired combined abatement level.
To find the cost-effective allocation, we need to equate the marginal abatement costs of the two firms:
MAC_A = MAC_B
1.84 = 0.64g
Solving for g, we find:
g = 1.84 / 0.64 ≈ 2.875
This means that the cost-effective allocation of abatement levels between the two firms would be gA = gB = 2.875.
c. To plot the marginal abatement costs of both firms in one diagram, we can use the abatement level (g) on the x-axis and the marginal abatement cost (MAC) on the y-axis.
On the diagram, the MAC for firm A would be a horizontal line at MAC_A = 1.84, as it does not depend on the abatement level. The MAC for firm B would be a straight line with a slope of 0.64, representing the relationship MAC_B = 0.64g.
The total abatement cost can be calculated by summing the abatement costs of the two firms under the cost-effective allocation:
Total abatement cost = MAC_A * gA + MAC_B * gB
Total abatement cost = 1.84 * 2.875 + 0.64 * 2.875 = 5.29
To demonstrate the cost saving amount from cost-effective allocation relative to the uniform standard, we can calculate the difference in total abatement costs:
Cost saving = Total abatement cost (uniform standard) - Total abatement cost (cost-effective allocation)
Cost saving = (1.84 * gA + 0.64g * gB) - (1.84 * 2.875 + 0.64 * 2.875)
d. If the true marginal cost of firm B is flatter and the true marginal cost of firm A is steeper, the cost-effective allocation would shift more of the abatement burden towards firm B and reduce the abatement level for firm A. This adjustment ensures that the firms with lower abatement costs contribute more to achieve the desired overall abatement level.
The size of the cost savings from a market-based instrument, relative to a uniform standard, would likely increase. With a market-based instrument like emissions trading or a pollution tax, the cost-effective allocation would incentivize firms to find the least costly abatement options. By allowing firms to trade or pay for emissions permits or taxes, the market-based approach encourages cost-saving measures and efficient allocation of abatement efforts. Thus, with a steeper marginal cost for firm A and a flatter marginal cost for firm B, the potential for cost savings from a market-based instrument would likely be larger compared to a uniform standard.
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For the year ending December 31, 2020, Reeve Inc. has Taxable Income, before consideration of dividends or salary paid to its sole shareholder, of $23,600. The Company's cash balance, prior to the payment of any taxes for the year is $17,300. The Company's Taxable Income is subject to a combined federal/provincial tax rate of 15 percent. There is no payroll tax in this province. REQUIRED Ms. Reeve, the Company's president and sole shareholder has no other source of income. She has combined federal/provincial personal tax credits of $4,120 and lives in a province that has a personal tax rate on the first $48,535 of Taxable Income equal to 11 percent. The provincial dividend tax credit is 30 percent of the gross up for non-eligible dividends. Ms. Reeve would like to remove all of the cash from the corporation and has asked you to determine whether it would be better to take it out in the form of all non-eligible dividends or all salary. Ignore the required CPP contributions and the Canada employment tax credit.
It would be better for Ms. Reeve to take all of the cash out in the form of non-eligible dividends.
Net dividend payment = $17,300 - $2,625 = $14,675Option 2: All salary
The corporation would pay tax on the salary paid to Ms. Reeve. Ms. Reeve would be entitled to deduct the salary paid from her taxable income, reducing her personal tax liability.
Ms. Reeve would receive all of the cash from the corporation in the form of a salary.
The salary payment would be calculated as follows:
Salary payment = $17,300Ms. Reeve would be subject to tax on her salary income at her combined federal/provincial tax rate of 26%. Her personal tax liability would be reduced by the personal tax credits she is entitled to claim.
The total personal tax credits are:
Personal tax credits = $4,120Ms. Reeve would report a salary income of $17,300 on her personal tax return.
She would be subject to tax at her combined federal/provincial tax rate of 26% on this income, less the personal tax credits. Therefore, the tax payable on the salary income would be:
Tax payable on salary income = 26% x ($17,300 - $4,120) = $3,497
Ms. Reeve would receive a net salary payment of:
Net salary payment = $17,300 - $3,497 = $13,803
Conclusion:
Ms. Reeve would receive more cash from the corporation if she takes all of the cash out in the form of non-eligible dividends.
Her net dividend payment would be $14,675, while her net salary payment would be $13,803.
Therefore, it would be better for Ms. Reeve to take all of the cash out in the form of non-eligible dividends.
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Hello; I will appreciate all help as I complete the remaining questions of my assignment. Thank you in advance :)
Which is a reason to us stock control checking?
Check overflow inventory
Give workers something to do
Check for loss or fraud
All of the above
All the below cause stock inaccuracies except:
Data input errors
Identifying returns incorrectly
Incorrect records
Loss of documents
Security exports reckon that the 80/20 rule applies to warehouse theft implying that:
80% is internal and 20% is external
20 out of every 100 units is stolen
80% of security should be allotted to external theft
20% of employees have contemplated stealing stock material at one point or another
All the below are trouble signs to look for when identifying warehouse theft except:
Missing documents
Strange marking on package
Partly opened product
Stock control is an approach for overseeing the quantity, levels, and availability of a company's inventory.
This technique of checking inventory helps to keep track of the inventory. Stock control ensures that inventory is never too low to hinder the company's operation, nor too high to overburden the storage system.The reason to use stock control checking are:Check for loss or fraud: Stock control checking helps to keep track of inventory levels and detect losses in storage or fraud that may occur when recording transactions. It aids in the prompt detection of these problems, allowing management to resolve them immediately, resulting in less lost sales and financial losses.
Check overflow inventory: To ensure that there is enough space to store inventory, stock control may help in determining inventory levels and avoiding overloading the storage capacity. Give workers something to do: It helps employees to have something to do when there are no customers to deal with or other company activities to carry out. Employees can assist in inventory management, which helps to improve organizational efficiency.All of the above is a reason to use stock control checking.Data input errors, identifying returns incorrectly, and incorrect records are all causes of stock inaccuracies. Loss of documents is not the cause of stock inaccuracies.
The security industry believes that the 80/20 rule applies to warehouse theft, indicating that 80% is internal and 20% is external. It means that about 80% of all theft is carried out by employees. This is why companies invest in security measures such as CCTV cameras, security guards, and other devices to protect their warehouses and products.20% of employees have contemplated stealing stock material at one point or another.The trouble signs to look for when identifying warehouse theft are:Missing products or inventory, partly opened products, strange marking on package.
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Webster Company produces 35,000 units of product A, 30,000 units of product B, and 19,000 units of product C from the same manufacturing process at a cost of $430,000. A and B are joint products, and C is regarded as a by-product. The unit selling prices of the products are $40 for A, $20 for B, and $1 for C. None of the products requires separable processing. Of the units produced, Webster Company sells 28,000 units of A, 29,000 units of B, and 19,000 units of C. The firm uses the net realizable value method to allocate joint costs and by-product costs. Assume no beginning inventory.
Required:
1. What is the value of the ending inventory of product A?
2. What is the value of the ending inventory of product B?
The value of the ending inventory for product a is approximately $57,330, and the value of the ending inventory for product b is approximately $4,780.
to determine the value of the ending inventory for products a and b, we need to allocate the joint costs based on the net realizable value (nrv) method.
first, let's calculate the total joint costs incurred:total joint costs = $430,000
next, we need to determine the relative sales value at split-off for products a and b. this can be calculated by dividing the unit selling price by the sum of the unit selling prices for a and b:
relative sales value for a = $40 / ($40 + $20) = 2/3relative sales value for b = $20 / ($40 + $20) = 1/3
now, we can allocate the joint costs to products a and b based on their relative sales values:
joint costs allocated to a = total joint costs * relative sales value for a = $430,000 * (2/3) = $286,667
joint costs allocated to b = total joint costs * relative sales value for b
= $430,000 * (1/3) = $143,333
since there is no separable processing, the allocated joint costs represent the cost of production for each product.
1. value of ending inventory for product a:ending inventory for a = (units produced for a - units sold for a) * cost per unit
= (35,000 - 28,000) * ($286,667 / 35,000) = 7,000 * $8.19 ≈ $57,330
2. value of ending inventory for product b:
ending inventory for b = (units produced for b - units sold for b) * cost per unit = (30,000 - 29,000) * ($143,333 / 30,000)
= 1,000 * $4.78 ≈ $4,780
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Scenario 3: the physical altercation (argument and push) between Jenna and Katie
Fact
Jenna was on the phone while she was watching the Jensen kids at the park, and while on the phone one of the kid’s jumps off the play structure and breaks their leg. Katie is really mad with Jenna and they start arguing, while they are arguing Katie pushes Jenna, Jenna falls back and hits her head.
Issue
Should Katie pay for any injuries cause to Jenna when Katie pushed her down and she hit her head?
Rule
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Application
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Conclusion
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It appears that Katie should be held accountable for the injuries caused to Jenna when she pushed her down and Jenna hit her head.
Should Katie pay for any injuries caused to Jenna when Katie pushed her down, and she hit her head?
To determine the resolution of this issue, we need to consider relevant legal principles and rules related to personal injury and liability. These principles may include laws surrounding assault, battery, and negligence.
Based on the given facts, Jenna was watching the Jensen kids at the park while Jenna was on the phone. One of the kids jumps off the play structure and breaks their leg. Katie becomes angry with Jenna, and an argument ensues. During the argument, Katie pushes Jenna, causing her to fall back and hit her head.
Based on the available information, it appears that Katie should be held accountable for the injuries caused to Jenna when she pushed her down and Jenna hit her head.
However, it is important to consult the specific laws and legal principles applicable to the jurisdiction in question to determine the exact legal implications and potential liability in this scenario.
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Suppose the oil price decreases in Canada. a.) Is this a supply shock or demand shock? Explain why. Using aggregate demand and supply curve show what will be impact of this shock in the output and price level in the short run. b.) What stabilization policy the central bank can take to restore the output to natural- rate level output and what will be the impact on price level of this policy?
A decrease in oil prices in Canada would be considered a supply shock because it affects the cost of production and the availability of inputs. In the short run, this shock would lead to an increase in output and a decrease in the price level. To restore output to the natural-rate level, the central bank can implement an expansionary monetary policy by reducing interest rates or increasing the money supply.
A decrease in oil prices in Canada is a supply shock because it affects the supply side of the economy. Lower oil prices reduce production costs for businesses in industries that rely on oil as an input, such as transportation and manufacturing. This leads to a decrease in the cost of production and shifts the aggregate supply curve to the right. In the short run, the decrease in oil prices would increase aggregate supply and result in an increase in output and a decrease in the price level. The increase in supply allows firms to produce more goods and services at a lower cost, leading to higher output. However, since aggregate demand remains unchanged in the short run, the increase in output would cause a decrease in the price level.
To restore output to the natural-rate level, the central bank can implement an expansionary monetary policy. By reducing interest rates or increasing the money supply, the central bank aims to stimulate borrowing and spending, thereby increasing aggregate demand. This policy would shift the aggregate demand curve to the right and help restore output to its natural rate. However, the expansionary monetary policy could also lead to an increase in the price level. When aggregate demand increases, there is upward pressure on prices as businesses may have limited capacity to meet the higher demand. Therefore, while the policy restores output to its natural rate, it may result in inflationary pressures and a higher price level. In summary, a decrease in oil prices in Canada is a supply shock that leads to an increase in output and a decrease in the price level in the short run. To restore output to the natural-rate level, the central bank can implement an expansionary monetary policy, but this may result in an increase in the price level due to inflationary pressures.
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Which of the factors do courts use in determining whether information is a trade secret?
Multiple select question.
a amount invested to develop the information
b. efforts to maintain trade confidentiality among employees and third-party vendors
c. the value of the information to competitors
d. the taxable consequences of sharing information
The courts use the following factors in determining whether information is a trade secret:a) The amount invested in developing the information.b) Efforts to maintain trade confidentiality among employees and third-party vendors.c) The value of the information to competitors.Thus, options (a), (b), and (c) are correct.
Courts analyze several factors in determining whether particular information qualifies for trade secret protection.The following is a list of the factors courts generally consider in determining whether information qualifies as a trade secret.
The extent to which the information is known outside of the owner's company and the confidentiality of the information;The degree of difficulty in acquiring or duplicating the information by others;The amount of money spent in developing the information
The amount of time and effort spent in developing the information;The value of the information to the owner and competitors;The degree of difficulty in creating the information Therefore options (a), (b), and (c) are correct.
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Cullumber Willis is the advertising manager for Bargain Shoe Store. She is currently working on a major promotional campaign. Her ideas include the installation of a new lighting system and increased display space that will add $30,740 in fixed costs to the $286,200 currently spent. In addition, Cullumber is proposing that a 5% price decrease ($40 to $38) will produce a 25% increase in sales volume (21,200 to 26,500). Variable costs will remain at $25 per pair of shoes. Management is impressed with Cullumber's ideas but concerned about the effects that these changes will have on the break-even point and the margin of safety. of you uror! (a) dinclo Compute the current break-even point in units, and compare it to the break-even point in units if Cullumber's ideas are used. Current break-even point pairs of shoes New break-even point pairs of shoes (b) Compute the margin of safety ratio for current operations and after Cullumber's changes are introduced. (Round answers to O decimal places, e.g. 15%) Current margin of safety ratio New margin of safety ratio % Prepare a CVP income statement for current operations and after Cullumber's changes are introduced. BARGAIN SHOE STORE CVP Income Statement Current New Would you make the changes suggested?
(a) The current break-even point is 11,448 pairs of shoes. If Cullumber's ideas are used, the new break-even point is 9,582 pairs of shoes.
(b) The current break-even point is 11,448 pairs of shoes, calculated using the formula: Break-even point = Fixed cost / (Price - Variable cost) = $286,200 / ($40 - $25) = 11,448. With Cullumber's ideas, the fixed costs increase to $317,940 ($286,200 + $30,740), and the price decreases to $38, while the variable cost remains $25. Using the formula, the new break-even point is calculated as $317,940 / ($38 - $25) = 9,582 pairs of shoes.
The current margin of safety ratio is calculated as follows: Margin of safety ratio = (Current sales - Break-even sales) / Current sales = (21,200 - 11,448) / 21,200 = 46.2%. With Cullumber's ideas, the new margin of safety ratio is (26,500 - 9,582) / 26,500 = 63.9%.
The CVP income statement for current operations and after Cullumber's changes are as follows:
BARGAIN SHOE STORE CVP Income Statement
Current New
Sales (21,200 pairs x $40) $848,000 (26,500 pairs x $38) $1,007,000
Variable costs (21,200 pairs x $25) $530,000 (26,500 pairs x $25) $662,500
Contribution margin $318,000 $344,500
Fixed costs $286,200 $317,940
Net income $31,800 $26,560
Based on the analysis, the proposed changes can be made since the break-even point decreases, the margin of safety ratio increases, and the net income remains positive.
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Considering the analysis, management should not adopt Cullumber's ideas since the changes are likely to decrease the margin of safety ratio.
(a) Compute the current break-even point in pairs of shoes:Bargain Shoe Store's current break-even point in pairs of shoes can be calculated by using the following formula:
Fixed cost + Total variable costs = Total revenue
At the current sales price of $40 per pair, the break-even point can be found as follows:$286,200 + ($25 × Q) = $40 × Q$286,200 = $15 × QQ = 19,080 pairs of shoes
Therefore, the current break-even point in pairs of shoes is 19,080 pairs of shoes. Now, let us calculate the new break-even point with the proposed changes.
The new break-even point in pairs of shoes can be found as follows:$286,200 + $30,740 + ($25 × Q) = $38 × 26,500$317,940 + ($25 × Q) = $994,500$25 × Q = $676,560Q = 27,062.4 pairs of shoes
Therefore, the new break-even point in pairs of shoes is 27,063 pairs of shoes.(b) Compute the margin of safety ratio for current operations and after Cullumber's changes are introduced.
Margin of safety ratio = Margin of safety ÷ Total salesMargin of safety can be calculated as:Total sales - Break-even sales
Margin of safety ratio for current operations:Total sales at current sales price of $40 per pair = $40 × 21,200 = $848,000
Break-even sales = 19,080 pairs of shoes × $40 = $763,200
Margin of safety = $848,000 - $763,200 = $84,800
Margin of safety ratio = $84,800 ÷ $848,000 = 0.1 or 10%
Margin of safety ratio after Cullumber's changes are introduced:Total sales at new sales price of $38 per pair = $38 × 26,500 = $1,007,000
Break-even sales = 27,063 pairs of shoes × $38 = $1,028,394
Margin of safety = $1,007,000 - $1,028,394 = -$21,394
Margin of safety ratio = -$21,394 ÷ $1,007,000 = -0.021 or -2.1%
Therefore, we can conclude that the margin of safety ratio decreases with Cullumber's changes.(c) Prepare a CVP income statement for current operations and after Cullumber's changes are introduced.
CVP income statement for current operations:Revenue:Sales (21,200 pairs × $40 per pair) = $848,000
Variable costs:Cost of goods sold (21,200 pairs × $25 per pair) = $530,000
Contribution margin = $318,000
Fixed costs:Advertising and lighting = $286,200
Net operating income = $31,800
CVP income statement after Cullumber's changes are introduced:Revenue:Sales (26,500 pairs × $38 per pair) = $1,007,000
Variable costs:Cost of goods sold (26,500 pairs × $25 per pair) = $662,500
Contribution margin = $344,500
Fixed costs:Advertising and lighting = $317,940
Net operating income = $26,560
Considering the analysis, management should not adopt Cullumber's ideas since the changes are likely to decrease the margin of safety ratio.
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Study Problem 4-10 (algo) Adam makes specialized garden figurines in a small shop on his property, and his monthly total sales revenue is $900 when he charges $18 for each figurine. One month, he tried lowering his price to $15, and his total sales revenue that month was $825. On the basis of these data, what is the price elasticity of demand for Adam's product? Round your answer to 2 decimal places. €=
The price elasticity of demand for Adam's product is approximately 0.48 (rounded to two decimal places).To calculate the price elasticity of demand (ε), we can use the formula: ε = (ΔQ/Q) / (ΔP/P)
Where:
ΔQ is the change in quantity demanded
Q is the average quantity demanded
ΔP is the change in price
P is the average price
Given that Adam's total sales revenue decreased from $900 to $825 when he lowered the price from $18 to $15, we can calculate the changes in quantity demanded and price:
ΔQ = 825 - 900 = -75
ΔP = 15 - 18 = -3
To find the average quantity and price, we can use the midpoint formula:
Q_avg = (Q1 + Q2) / 2 = (900 + 825) / 2 = 862.5
P_avg = (P1 + P2) / 2 = (18 + 15) / 2 = 16.5
Now, we can substitute these values into the formula:
ε = (ΔQ/Q) / (ΔP/P) = (-75/862.5) / (-3/16.5)
Simplifying the expression:
ε = -0.08695652173913043 / -0.18181818181818182
ε ≈ 0.4783
Therefore, the price elasticity of demand for Adam's product is approximately 0.48 (rounded to two decimal places).
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team- ul-rod-s2-os.content backbon.com Orow.com 4. A nation has an adult population of 75 million people. There are 45 million employed people and 20 million people looking for work. What is the unemployment rate? What is the labor force participation rate? 5. Consider a very simple labor market that can be described by the following equations. Qd = 50–5W and Qs = -20 + 5W. A. Illustrate graphically the free labor market. (Find QD,WD,WS, WE,QE) B. The minimum wage has risen to $9. What is the rate of unemployment? (SHOW ON GRAPH) Bronx Community College 18 atv . 25
The free labor market equilibrium is where quantity supplied is equal to quantity demanded, which occurs when the wage is $7 per hour and 15 million people are employed.
The nation's unemployment rate is determined by the number of people who are out of work and actively seeking employment. The number of people who are working or searching for work is referred to as the labor force.
The nation has a labor force of 65 million people (45 million employed people and 20 million people looking for work).
To find the unemployment rate, divide the number of people who are unemployed by the total labor force. So the unemployment rate in this country is (20/65) * 100 = 30.77 percent.The labor force participation rate is the number of people who are either employed or looking for work. To find the labor force participation rate, divide the total labor force by the adult population, which in this case is 75 million people.
So the labor force participation rate in this country is (65/75) * 100 = 86.67 percent.A. The equilibrium wage and quantity of labor in the free labor market can be found by equating the quantity demanded (Qd) and the quantity supplied (Qs).
Thus, 50-5W=-20+5W or
10W=70W=7and Q=50-5(7) or Q=15.
B. When the minimum wage is $9 per hour, the quantity of labor supplied exceeds the quantity of labor demanded. There are 10 million people willing to work at the new minimum wage, but only 10 million people are hired by employers. As a result, the rate of unemployment is 5 million people.
The minimum wage level is represented by a horizontal line above the free market equilibrium of $7 per hour on the graph. The new quantity of labor supplied at $9 per hour is 20 million, whereas the new quantity of labor demanded is 10 million, resulting in a surplus of 10 million. The shaded area between the two lines represents the unemployed people. The size of this area is 5 million people.
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Suppose initially, equilibrium real GDP is $17.4 trillion. The government wishes to increase real GDP to $17.8 trillion. For every $100 change in government spending is offset by a $30 change in real planned investment expenditures. If the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) is 0.75, then government purchases should change by $ 150 billion to close this gap. Just enter a value. Do not include the "$" sign. Round your answer to two decimal points.
The change in government purchases needed to close the GDP gap is $100 billion.
To calculate the change in government purchases to close the GDP gap, we can use the expenditure multiplier formula:
Expenditure Multiplier = 1 / (1 - MPC)
In this case, the MPC is given as 0.75. So, the expenditure multiplier would be:
Expenditure Multiplier = 1 / (1 - 0.75) = 1 / 0.25 = 4
Now, we can calculate the change in government purchases:
Change in Government Purchases = (Change in Real GDP) / Expenditure Multiplier
Change in Real GDP = $17.8 trillion - $17.4 trillion = $0.4 trillion
Change in Government Purchases = $0.4 trillion / 4 = $0.1 trillion = $100 billion
Therefore, the change in government purchases needed to close the GDP gap is $100 billion.
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More info Mar 1 Prepaid insurance for Mar through May, $900. 3 Performed service on account, $2,200. 6 Purchased office furniture on account, $1,900. 8 Paid property tax expense, $1,000. 12 Purchased office equipment for cash, $1,600. 18 Performed services and received cash, $700. 23 Collected $100 on account. 26 Paid the account payable from the March 6 transaction. 30 Paid salaries expense, $2,600. 31 Recorded an adjusting entry for March insurance expense related to the March 1 transaction. 31 Recorded an adjusting entry for unearned revenue now earned, $800. Print Done Requirement 1. State whether each transaction would increase revenues, decrease revenues, increase expenses, decrease expenses, or have no effect on amount of the impact on revenues or expenses for March (Round amounts to the nearest dollar. Enter "0" for any transactions that do not affect revenued a decrease in expenses) Date Mar 1 Mar 3 Mar Mar B Mar 12 Mar 18 Mar 23 Mar 26 Revenues and Expenses for March Impact on Revenues or Expenses ♥ ▼ ♥ . .. . C $ Effect on Revenues or Expenses revenues or expenses revenues or expenses are affected, give the xpenses. Use parenthese s sign for a decrease in revenues or Carolina, Inc., completed the following selected transactions and prepared these adjusting entri (Click the icon to view the transactions.) Read the requirements. Requirement 1. State whether each transaction would increase revenues, decrease revenues, i amount of the impact on revenues or expenses for March. (Round amounts to the nearest dollar a decrease in expenses.) Date Mar 1 Mar 3 Mar 6 Mar 8 Mar 12 Mar 18 Mar 23 Mar 26 AA Revenues and Expenses for March Impact on Revenues or Expenses $ Effect on Revenues or Expenses Increase revenues Decrease revenues Increases expenses Decrease expenses No effect on revenues or expenses Requirement 2. Compute March net income or net loss under the accrual basis of accounting (Use parentheses or a minus sign for a natio March net income (loss) under the accrual basis of accounting is $ Requirement 3. State why accrual accounting results in an accurate measurement of income Accrual accounting results in an accurate measurement of income because it records revenues expenses Because of this, accrual basis accounting provides more complete reports of and matches the expenses incurred to produce that revenue by reconting
Requirement 1:DateMar 1Mar 3Mar 6Mar 8Mar 12Mar 18Mar 23Mar 26Revenues and Expenses for March Impact on Revenues or Expenses Decrease revenues Increase revenues Increase expenses Decrease expenses No effect on revenues or expenses
The transactions of the Carolina Inc. are given below along with their impact on the revenues or expenses for March:Mar 1Prepaid insurance for Mar through May, $900.Pre-paid insurance is a type of current asset and does not affect the revenue or expense.Mar 3Performed service on account, $2,200.The performed service increases revenue.Mar 6Purchased office furniture on account, $1,900.Office furniture is an asset and does not affect the revenue or expense.Mar 8Paid property tax expense, $1,000.
The paid property tax decreases expense.Mar 12Purchased office equipment for cash, $1,600.Office equipment is an asset and does not affect the revenue or expense.Mar 18Performed services and received cash, $700.The performed service increases revenue.Mar 23Collected $100 on account.Collecting $100 on account increases revenue.Mar 26Paid the account payable from the March 6 transaction.Paying off the accounts payable will decrease the expense.Mar 30Paid salaries expense, $2,600.Mar 31Recorded an adjusting entry for unearned revenue now earned, $800.The adjusting entry for the unearned revenue will increase the revenue by $800.Requirement 2:The computation of the March net income (loss) under the accrual basis of accounting is as follows:ParticularsAmount($)Revenues$3,700Expenses$2,900Net Income$800Therefore, March net income under the accrual basis of accounting is $800.Requirement 3:The accrual accounting results in an accurate measurement of income because it records revenues and expenses. By doing so, it helps in matching the expenses incurred to produce that revenue by recognizing the revenue when it is earned, and the expense when it is incurred, regardless of when the cash transaction takes place.Therefore, the accrual basis accounting provides more complete reports of the company's operating performance than the cash basis accounting.
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Time Value of Money Question : A car dealer quotes a 10% interest on a 1 year loan. If you borrow 20k your interest is 20kx10%=2000 dollars, which means that after 1 year you need to repay $22,000. However, the car dealer in order to help you avoid paying a big lump sum amount after 1 year suggests that you pay 22000/12=1,833.33 dollars every month for the next 12 month. Is this a 10% loan? What rate legally have to be quoted? How much interest you are paying effectively per year?
The effective annual interest rate on this loan is approximately 10.47%, which is slightly higher than the quoted rate of 10% due to the compounding effect of monthly payments.
To determine if the loan is actually a 10% loan, we need to calculate the effective interest rate and compare it to the quoted rate of 10%.
In this case, you are borrowing $20,000 and making equal monthly payments of $1,833.33 for 12 months. The total amount repaid over the year is $1,833.33 x 12 = $22,000, which includes both the principal ($20,000) and the interest ($2,000).
To calculate the effective interest rate, we can use the formula:
Effective interest rate = (Total interest paid / Principal) x 100%
Effective interest rate = ($2,000 / $20,000) x 100%
Effective interest rate = 0.10 x 100%
Effective interest rate = 10%
Therefore, the effective interest rate on this loan is indeed 10%, which matches the quoted rate.
However, it's important to note that the quoted rate is an annual rate, and the monthly payments are based on an equal monthly installment plan. This means that the effective interest rate per year is slightly higher than the quoted rate of 10% because the interest is calculated monthly.
To calculate the effective annual interest rate, we can use the formula for compound interest:
Effective annual interest rate = (1 + monthly interest rate)^12 - 1
Where the monthly interest rate is the quoted rate of 10% divided by 12 (since there are 12 months in a year).
Monthly interest rate = 10% / 12 = 0.83333%
Effective annual interest rate = (1 + 0.0083333)^12 - 1
Effective annual interest rate = 10.47%
Therefore, the effective annual interest rate on this loan is approximately 10.47%, which is slightly higher than the quoted rate of 10% due to the compounding effect of monthly payments.
Legally, the rate that has to be quoted would depend on the regulations in the specific jurisdiction. It's advisable to consult local laws and regulations to determine the legally required rate to be quoted in your case.
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The value of any financial asset is the select value of all its annual interest payments and its value of the cash flows the asset is expected to produce. For a bond with fixed annual coupons, its value is equal to the present maturity value as shown in the equation below: Bond's value=V₁-- Int. (1+14) Int. (1+1)² Int. M + (1+14) (1+₁) Int. M (1+ra) (1+r) We could use the valuation equation shown above to solve for a bond's value; however, it is more efficient to use a financial calculator. Simply enter N as years to maturity, I/YR as the going annual interest rate, PMT as the annual coupon payment (calculated as the annual coupon interest rate times the face value of the bond), and FV as the stated maturity value. Once those inputs are entered in your financial calculator, you can solve for PV, the value of the bond. Remember that the signs for PMT and FV should be the same, so PV will have an opposite sign. Typically, you would enter PMT and FV as positive numbers, so PV would be shown as a negative value. The negative sign means that you are purchasing the bond, so the purchase price of the bond is paid out of your funds (thus the negative sign) and is received by the issuing firm (a positive flow to the firm). Note that we calculated the bond's value assuming coupon interest payments were paid annually; however, most bonds pay interest on a semiannual basis. Therefore, to calculate the value of a semiannual bond you must make the following changes: N should reflect the number of interest payment periods so multiply years to maturity times 2, 1/YR should reflect the periodic going rate of interest so divide the going annual interest rate by 2, and PMT should reflect the periodic interest payment so divide the annual interest payment by 2. For fixed-rate bonds it's important to realize that the value of the bond has a(n) Select relationship to the level of interest rates. If interest rates rise, then the value of the bond however, if interest rates fall, then the value of the bond Select A Select bond is one that sells below its par value. This situation occurs whenever the going rate of interest is above the coupon rate. Over time its value will [Select approaching its maturity value at maturity: A Select bond is one that sells above its par For foxed-rate bonds it's important to realize that the value of the bond has a(n) Select relationship to the level of interest rates. If interest rates rise, then the value of the bond Showever, if interest rated fall, then the value of the bond select A Select bond is one that sells below its par value. This situation occurs whenever the going rate of interest is above the coupon rate. Over time its value will Select approaching its maturity value at maturity. A Select bond is one that sells above its par value. This situation occurs whenever the going rate of interest is below the coupon rate. Over time its value will Select approaching its maturity value at maturity. A par value bond is one that sells at par; the bond's coupon rate is equal to the going rate of interest. Normally, the coupon rate is set at the going market rate the day a bond is issued so it sells at par initially. Quantitative Problem: Potter Industries has a bond issue outstanding with an annual coupon of 6% and a 10-year maturity. The par value of the bond is $1,000, If the going annual interest rate is 7.4%, what is the value of the bond? Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to the nearest cent. S Quantitative Problem: Potter Industries has a bond issue outstanding with a 6% coupon rate with semiannual payments of $30, and a 10-year maturity. The par value of the bond is $1,000. If the going annual interest rate is 7.4%, what is the value of the bond? Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to the nearest cent
Quantitative Problem 1: The exact value of the bond issued by Potter Industries is $910.952. Quantitative Problem 2: The exact value of the bond with semiannual payments is $575.2294.
Quantitative Problem 1:
Using the valuation equation for bonds:
V₁ = PMT × [(1 - (1 + r)⁻ⁿ) / r] + FV / (1 + r)ⁿ
Given:
Coupon rate = 6%
Maturity = 10 years
Par value = $1,000
Annual interest rate = 7.4%
Plugging in the values:
PMT = 6% × $1,000 = $60
r = 7.4% = 0.074
N = 10
FV = $1,000
Calculating the bond's value:
V₁ = $60 × [(1 - (1 + 0.074)⁻¹⁰) / 0.074] + $1,000 / (1 + 0.074)¹⁰
V₁ = $60 × [(1 - (1.074)⁻¹⁰) / 0.074] + $1,000 / (1.074)¹⁰
V₁ = $60 × [(1 - 0.508345) / 0.074] + $1,000 / 1.952843
V₁ = $60 × [0.491655 / 0.074] + $1,000 / 1.952843
V₁ = $60 × 6.6396 + $1,000 / 1.952843
V₁ = $398.376 + $512.576
V₁ = $910.952
Therefore, the exact value of the bond is $910.952.
Quantitative Problem 2
Given
Coupon rate = 6%
Coupon payment = $30 (semiannual payment)
Maturity = 10 years
Par value = $1,000
Annual interest rate = 7.4%
To calculate the value of the bond, we need to adjust for the semiannual payment structure.
N = Number of interest payment periods = 10 years × 2 = 20
PMT = Semiannual coupon payment = $30 / 2 = $15
r = Periodic interest rate = 7.4% / 2 = 0.037
Using the valuation equation for bonds
V₁ = $15 × [(1 - (1 + 0.037)⁻²⁰) / 0.037] + $1,000 / (1 + 0.037)²⁰
V₁ = $15 × [(1 - 1.884207) / 0.037] + $1,000 / 1.892317
V₁ = $15 × [0.115793 / 0.037] + $1,000 / 1.892317
V₁ = $15 × 3.12716 + $528.320
V₁ = $46.9094 + $528.320
V₁ = $575.2294
Therefore, the exact value of the bond is $575.2294.
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Joe Pierce has been offered the opportunity of investing $178,556.90 now. The
investment will earn 8% per year and at the end of its life will return $500,000 to Joe.
How many years must Joe wait to receive the $500,000?
Joe Pierce has been offered the opportunity of investing $178,556.90 now. The investment will earn 8% per year and at the end of its life will return $500,000 to Joe. 13.38 years, many years must Joe wait to receive the $500,000.
Given information =?
Initial investment = $178,556.90 Interest rate = 0.08 Accumulated value = $500,000 Period = ?Accumulated amount = Initial investment × [tex](1 + interest rate)^{n}[/tex]
$500,000 = $178,556.90 × [tex](1 + 0.08)^{n}[/tex]
1.08n = 500,000 ÷ 178,556.90
1.80n = 2.80022782653507
Log 1.08 = log 2.80022782653597
Period= 0.44719336697 ÷ 0.03342375548
Period = 13.3795068970508 year or 13.38 years (Approx)
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(Loss on issue of debentures: Fixed instalment method) X Ltd. issues $. 10,000 9% Debentures at par repayable at the end of four years at 10% premium. Show the Loss on Issue of Debentures Account in the ledger for the period.
Loss on issue of debentures: Fixed installment method refers to an accounting technique that results in the creation of a reserve account that can be used to record the loss resulting from the difference between the sale price of debentures and their face value..
This method is used by companies that need to issue debentures in order to raise capital and are required to comply with accounting regulations that require the recognition of the loss resulting from the sale of the debentures.The following journal entry can be used to record the issue of debentures:DebitCash Account10,000CreditDebenture Account10,000The next step is to calculate the total amount of loss that is incurred by the company as a result of the issue of debentures.
The loss is calculated by taking the difference between the sale price of the debentures and their face value.Loss = Sale Price - Face ValueThe face value of the debentures is $10,000 and the sale price is $11,000 (which is the face value plus the 10% premium). Therefore, the loss is $1,000.The journal entry to record the loss on the issue of debentures account is as follows:DebitLoss on Issue of Debentures Account1,000CreditDebenture Account1,000The above entry will be made in the books of accounts for the period to show the Loss on Issue of Debentures Account in the ledger for the period. The loss is created due to the difference between the face value of the debentures and their sale price, which is recorded as a reserve account that can be used to cover the loss if required. This method is preferred by companies that need to comply with accounting regulations that require the recognition of the loss resulting from the sale of the debentures.
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