The empirical formula for the compound that contains 0.126 mol of Cl and 0.44 mol of O is [tex]Cl_2O_7[/tex].
The empirical formula of a compound represents the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms present in the compound. To determine the empirical formula, we need to find the ratio of the number of moles of each element in the compound.
Given that there are 0.126 mol of Cl and 0.44 mol of O, we can start by dividing both values by the smallest number of moles, which is 0.126 mol in this case.
[tex]\(\frac{0.126 \text{ mol}}{0.126 \text{ mol}} = 1\) and \(\frac{0.44 \text{ mol}}{0.126 \text{ mol}} \approx 3.49\)[/tex]
Rounding the ratio to the nearest whole number, we get 1:3. Therefore, the empirical formula is [tex]\(\text{Cl}_1\text{O}_3\)[/tex].
However, empirical formulas are usually expressed using the simplest whole-number ratio. Since we cannot have fractional subscripts, we multiply the subscripts by 2 to get the final empirical formula:[tex](\text{Cl}_2\text{O}_6\)[/tex].
Hence, the empirical formula for the compound is [tex]Cl_2O_7[/tex].
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Which of the following terms best describes the side chain of valine? Acidic Basic O Polar Non-polar Question 5 Nearly all naturally occuring amino acids have R configuration. True False
Valine is a non-polar amino acid that has a branched side chain. The side chain of Valine is of isobutyl group and has a non-polar aliphatic structure. Therefore, the correct option that describes the side chain of valine is non-polar.
Amino acids are organic compounds that are the building blocks of proteins. Each amino acid molecule comprises an amino group (-NH2), a carboxylic acid group (-COOH), and a side chain (-R). There are 20 naturally occurring amino acids, and their side chains vary in their chemical and physical properties.
There are four types of amino acid side chains: Non-polar side chains Polar side chains Acidic side chains Basic side chains Valine, abbreviated as Val or V, is a non-polar, aliphatic amino acid with a branched side chain. It's one of the twenty most frequent natural amino acids found in proteins.
Almost all natural amino acids have the R-configuration, which is optically active and denotes a configuration of a molecule.
Therefore, the statement "Nearly all naturally occuring amino acids have R configuration" is true.
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the acid-base indicator bromcresol green is a weak acid. the yellow acid and blue base forms of the indicator are present in equal concentrations in a solution when the ph is 4.68.
The pH of the solution is 4.68. The acid-base indicator bromcresol green is a weak acid. The yellow acid and blue base forms of the indicator are present in equal concentrations in a solution.
The pH of the solution is 4.68, which is acidic. The acid-base indicator bromcresol green is a weak acid. The yellow acid and blue base forms of the indicator are present in equal concentrations in a solution. The color of the bromcresol green indicator is yellow in acidic conditions and blue in basic conditions.The indicator bromcresol green is a weak acid and can lose one hydrogen ion (H+) to form an anion.
In acidic conditions, the H+ concentration is high, and the acid form of the indicator predominates, resulting in a yellow color. The H+ concentration is low in basic conditions, and the basic form of the indicator predominates, resulting in a blue color. The acid form and basic form of the bromcresol green indicator are present in equal concentrations in a solution of pH 4.68.The pH of the solution is 4.68, which is acidic.
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Calculate the volume of 0.500 M C2H3OH and 0.500 M CH3O-Na required to prepare 0.100 L of pH = 5.00 buffer with a buffer strength of 0.100 M. The pKa of C2H302H is 4.75. C2H302H: Number C2H3O2Na: Number
Volume of 0.500 M C2H3OH and 0.500 M CH3O-Na that is required to prepare 0.100 L of pH = 5.00 buffer with a buffer strength reaction of 0.100 M = 31.6 mL of 0.500 M C2H3OH and 17.4 mL of 0.500 M CH3O-Na
To calculate the volume of 0.500 M C2H3OH and 0.500 M CH3O-Na required to prepare 0.100 L of pH = 5.00 buffer with a buffer strength of 0.100 M, we need to make use of the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation.Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is given as: pH = pKa + log ([A-] / [HA])Where, pH is the pH of the buffer solution.
Pka is the negative logarithm of the acid dissociation constant ([H+][A-] / [HA]).[A-] is the concentration of the conjugate base.[HA] is the concentration of the weak acid.Let us calculate the concentration of the weak acid. From the pH value, we can calculate the [H+].5.00 = 4.75 + log ([A-] / [HA])[A-] / [HA] = antilog (5.00 - 4.75) = antilog (0.25) = 1.78[Molar]Now, the buffer strength is 0.100 M.
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When a molecule with acidic protons enters into an environment with a pH value that is greater than the pK, of its functional groups, the molecule will lose the proton(s) in question. Consider the structure of the amino acid histidine in its fully protonated form. How would the amino acid appear in a slightly basic environment of pH 8, given the following structure and the pK, values of the acidic protons? Bear in mind, that when the pH of the solution is greater than the pK, of the proton, that proton will be lost. proton pK Hc H. 1.8 HN H 9.2 N Hc 6.0 H View Available Hintis)
In a slightly basic environment of pH 8, the amino acid histidine will appear in a deprotonated form.
Histidine contains three acidic protons: Hc with a pK value of 1.8, HN with a pK value of 9.2, and N Hc with a pK value of 6.0. When the pH of the solution exceeds the pK values of these protons, they will be lost, resulting in a deprotonated histidine molecule.
In a slightly basic environment with a pH of 8, the pH value is greater than the pK values of both Hc (1.8) and N Hc (6.0). Therefore, these protons will be lost, and histidine will appear without those protons. However, the pH value of 8 is lower than the pK value of HN (9.2). As a result, the HN proton will remain attached to the histidine molecule.
In summary, in a slightly basic environment of pH 8, histidine will be deprotonated, losing the Hc and N Hc protons. The HN proton will remain attached to the histidine molecule since the pH value of 8 is lower than its pK value.
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In a slightly basic environment with a pH of 8, the amino acid histidine will lose the acidic protons whose pK values are lower than 8, resulting in a modified structure i.e. deprotonated form.
When the pH of a solution is higher than the pK value of an acidic proton, that proton will be lost. In the case of histidine, it has three acidic protons with different pK values: Hc (pK 1.8), HN (pK 9.2), and N Hc (pK 6.0). In a slightly basic environment with a pH of 8, the proton Hc (pK 1.8) and N Hc (pK 6.0) will be lost because their pK values are lower than 8.
As a result, the modified structure of histidine in this environment would be without these two protons. The remaining proton, HN (pK 9.2), will not be lost because its pK value is higher than the pH of 8. It is important to note that the loss of protons can affect the overall charge and chemical properties of the molecule.
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For a chemical reaction to be spontaneous only at high temperatures, which conditions must be met?
ΔS <0,
ΔΗ «Ο AS > 0,
AH® < 0 DAS > 0,
AH > 0 AS < 0,
AH">0
For a chemical reaction to be spontaneous only at high temperatures, the conditions that must be met are ΔH > 0 and ΔS < 0.
What conditions must be satisfied for a chemical reaction to be spontaneous only at high temperatures?To determine if a chemical reaction is spontaneous at high temperatures, we need to consider the enthalpy change (ΔH) and entropy change (ΔS).
In this case, the condition for a reaction to be spontaneous only at high temperatures is that the enthalpy change (ΔH) must be positive (ΔH > 0) and the entropy change (ΔS) must be negative (ΔS < 0).
A positive ΔH indicates an endothermic reaction, where heat is absorbed from the surroundings. At high temperatures, the increased thermal energy can provide the necessary activation energy for the reaction to occur.
A negative ΔS indicates a decrease in entropy or disorder in the system. Despite the decrease in entropy, the positive ΔH contributes to the overall spontaneity of the reaction at high temperatures, as the increased energy can overcome the unfavorable decrease in entropy.
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if 625 j of work is done by a system at a pressure of 1.0 atm and 298 k , what is the change in the volume of the system
The work done by a system is
W = -PΔV
Where
W is the work done,
P is the pressure,
ΔV is the change in volume.
So, the change in volume of the system can be calculated using the above formula as follows:
W = -PΔV
625 J = -(1.0 atm) × ΔV
Let's convert the pressure into SI units by multiplying with 101.325 kPa/1 atm.
625 J = -(101.325 kPa) × ΔV/1000
So,
ΔV = -625 J × 1000/(-101.325 kPa)
ΔV = 6.16 L (rounded to two decimal places)
Therefore, the change in the volume of the system is 6.16 L.
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Which of the following combinations cannot produce a buffer solution? and why explain?
a) HNO2 and NaNO2
b) HClO4 and NaClO4
c) HCN and NaCN
d) NH3 and (NH4)2SO4
e) NH3 and NH4Br
b) HClO₄ and NaClO₄ cannot produce a buffer solution as both are strong acids, while buffer solutions require a weak acid or base with its conjugate species. Other combinations involve weak acid or base pairs suitable for buffer solutions.
A buffer solution is a solution that can resist changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base are added to it. To create a buffer solution, we need a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid.
Let's analyze each combination:
a) HNO₂ and NaNO₂:
HNO₂ is a weak acid and NaNO₂ is the conjugate base of the weak acid. This combination can create a buffer solution.
b) HClO₄ and NaClO₄:
HClO₄ is a strong acid and NaClO₄ is the salt of the strong acid. This combination cannot create a buffer solution because there is no weak acid or weak base present.
c) HCN and NaCN:
HCN is a weak acid and NaCN is the salt of the weak acid. This combination can create a buffer solution.
d) NH₃ and (NH₄)₂SO₄:
NH₃ is a weak base and (NH₄)₂SO₄ is the salt of the weak base. This combination can create a buffer solution.
e) NH₃ and NH₄Br:
NH3 is a weak base and NH₄Br is the salt of the weak base. This combination can create a buffer solution.
Based on the analysis, the combination that cannot produce a buffer solution is b) HClO₄ and NaClO₄. This is because both components are strong acids, and a buffer solution requires the presence of a weak acid or weak base along with its conjugate species.
In summary, combination b) HClO₄ and NaClO₄ cannot produce a buffer solution because both components are strong acids, and a buffer solution requires a weak acid or weak base with its conjugate species.
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what was the rate of reaction in trial 4? select the closest answer. 1.92×10−5 m⋅s−1 1.75×10−5 m⋅s−1 1.45×10−5 m⋅s−1 2.13×10−5 m⋅s−1
The rate of reaction = change in concentration / time is given that the change in concentration is 0.000100 mol/L or 0.1 mM (since 1 mM is equivalent to 0.001 mol/L).Thus, the rate of reaction =
0.1 × 10−3 mol/L ÷ 6.9 × 10^3 s = 1.45 × 10−5 m⋅s−1.
Therefore, the correct answer is
1.45 × 10−5 m⋅s−1.
The given rate of reaction in trial 4 can be obtained by dividing the change in concentration by the time it took for the change to occur. The correct answer is:
1.45 × 10−5 m⋅s−1
How to get the answer?Given that the change in concentration is 0.000100 mol/L and the time is 6.9 × 10^3 seconds. Therefore the rate of reaction = change in concentration / timeIt is given that the change in concentration is 0.000100 mol/L or 0.1 mM (since 1 mM is equivalent to 0.001 mol/L).Thus, the rate of reaction
= 0.1 × 10−3 mol/L ÷ 6.9 × 10^3 s = 1.45 × 10−5 m⋅s−1.
Therefore, the correct answer is 1.45 × 10−5 m⋅s−1.
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The heat transfer by radiation makes it impossible to stand close to a hot lava flow.
Calculate the net rate of heat transfer, in kilowatts, by radiation from 1.2 m^2 of 1200°C fresh lava into the 29.5°C surroundings, assuming lava’s emissivity is 1.00.
Net rate of heat transfer, in kilowatts, by radiation from 1.2 m^2 of 1200°C fresh lava into the 29.5°C surroundings, assuming lava’s emissivity is 1.00 is 10.05 kW.
Given data:Emissivity (ε) = 1.00 Surface area (A) = 1.2 m²Temperature of fresh lava (T1) = 1200°CTemperature of surroundings (T2) = 29.5°CFormula:Stefan-Boltzmann law:Q = εσA (T1⁴ - T2⁴)Where,σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant = 5.67 x 10^-8 W/m²K⁴.
Substitute the values in the formula,Q = 1.00 x 5.67 x 10^-8 x 1.2 (1200⁴ - 29.5⁴)Q = 10.05 kWTherefore, the net rate of heat transfer, in kilowatts, by radiation from 1.2 m^2 of 1200°C fresh lava into the 29.5°C surroundings, assuming lava’s emissivity is 1.00 is 10.05 kW.
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b) According to United States Environmental Protection Agency's risk assessment of human health, mercury (Hg) is the toxicant of greatest concern among 188 air toxicants emitted from power plants. Hg
Mercury (Hg) is identified as the most concerning toxicant among 188 air toxicants emitted from power plants, according to the United States Environmental Protection Agency's risk assessment of human health.
Which toxicant is of greatest concern among air toxicants emitted from power plants, according to the EPA?In the risk assessment conducted by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), mercury (Hg) has been identified as the toxicant of greatest concern among the 188 air toxicants emitted from power plants.
This finding underscores the significant health risks associated with mercury exposure and highlights the need for stringent control measures to mitigate its release into the environment.
Mercury is a potent neurotoxin that can have severe impacts on human health. It is particularly concerning because of its ability to accumulate in the food chain, leading to exposure through the consumption of contaminated fish and seafood.
Even at low concentrations, mercury can cause adverse effects on the nervous system, including developmental delays in children and neurological disorders in adults.
The EPA's risk assessment serves as a critical tool in understanding the potential health effects of air toxicants emitted from power plants. By identifying mercury as the most concerning toxicant, it highlights the importance of implementing effective emission control strategies and promoting the use of cleaner energy sources to reduce mercury emissions.
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Question Which is an example of heterogeneous catalysis? Select the correct answer below: a. decomposition of ozone with gaseous nitric oxide catalyst b. aqueous acid catalysis c. hydrogenation of fatty acids with nickel catalyst d. none of the above
The correct answer is option a. Decomposition of ozone with gaseous nitric oxide catalyst is an example of heterogeneous catalysis.
What is Heterogeneous catalysis?
Heterogeneous catalysis is a type of catalysis that occurs on the surface of a heterogeneous catalyst. The catalyst exists in a different phase than the reactants and products in this form of catalysis. Gaseous reactants can react with solids, liquids, or solutions in heterogeneous catalysis.The most important types of heterogeneous catalysts are solids. These are used in a wide range of applications, from refining petroleum to producing plastics, pharmaceuticals, and more. Heterogeneous catalysis involves a variety of reaction types, including adsorption, surface reaction, and desorption.In the example of decomposition of ozone with gaseous nitric oxide catalyst, the catalyst is in gaseous form while the reactants are in liquid state. Therefore, it is a heterogeneous catalysis.Learn more about the heterogeneous catalysis:
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list the factors which influence occupational exposure to hazardous substances.
Employers have a responsibility to provide safe working conditions for their employees. This can include providing adequate personal protective equipment, training workers on safe handling of hazardous substances, and monitoring workplace conditions to ensure compliance with safety standards.
Occupational exposure to hazardous substances is influenced by various factors that could be internal or external to the workplace. Some of these factors include:Physical and Chemical Properties of the Substance: The nature and characteristics of the substance can determine the exposure potential. It can determine how the substance gets into the body and how it is absorbed.Workplace environment: The workplace environment can significantly influence the amount of hazardous substances an individual can get exposed to. For instance, factors like room temperature, ventilation, and humidity can influence the rate at which substances evaporate and/or penetrate the skin. Protective equipment: Use of protective equipment such as gloves, respirators, and masks can prevent workers from exposure to hazardous substances. Training and education: Workers need to be trained on safe handling and disposal of chemicals. They need to know the risks and potential hazards associated with the substances they use and how to respond if they get exposed to them. Health status of the worker: Workers who are immunocompromised, pregnant or have pre-existing conditions are more likely to get exposed to hazards substances. Occupational exposure to hazardous substances can have severe effects on the health of workers. Employers have a responsibility to provide safe working conditions for their employees. This can include providing adequate personal protective equipment, training workers on safe handling of hazardous substances, and monitoring workplace conditions to ensure compliance with safety standards.
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What is the coefficient of carbon dioxide after balancing the following equation? KHCO3(s)K2CO3(s)+_H2O(g)+_CO2(g) ?
When balancing the equation KHCO3(s) → K2CO3(s) + H2O(g) + CO2(g), one must follow the law of conservation of mass to ensure that the reactants' total mass equals that of the products.
Balancing the given chemical equation. In order to balance the given chemical equation KHCO3(s) → K2CO3(s) + H2O(g) + CO2(g), we will follow the steps given below:Step 1: Count the number of atoms on both the reactant and product sides of the unbalanced equation.
Reactant side: K: 1; H: 1; C: 1; O: 3Product side:
K: 2; H: 2; C: 1; O: 3
Step 2: Balance the equation by placing the coefficients in front of the formulae so that the number of atoms of each element in the reactant side is equal to that of the product side.2 KHCO3(s) → K2CO3(s) + H2O(g) + CO2(g)Reactant side: K: 2; H: 2; C: 2; O: 6Product side: K: 2; H: 2; C: 1; O: 6The balanced equation is 2 KHCO3(s) → K2CO3(s) + H2O(g) + CO2(g).Therefore, the coefficient of CO2 after balancing the given equation is 1.150 words
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gabrielle wants to dissolve some salts in water. which of the following salts would form a basic solution?
NH4CN
NaCl
NH4Cl
KCN
KCl
Out of the given salts, the salt that will form a basic solution when dissolved in water is NH4CN.
Salts are ionic compounds that are formed from the reaction of an acid and a base. The positive ion of a base combines with the negative ion of an acid to form a salt. Salts are also formed by the neutralization of an acid with a base. Salts can either be acidic, basic, or neutral depending on the nature of the ions present. A basic solution is a solution with a pH value of more than 7. It contains more OH- ions than H+ ions.
Bases are substances that dissociate in water to form hydroxide ions (OH-) and cations.NH4CN when dissolved in water will form a basic solution. This is because the CN- ion of NH4CN can accept a proton (H+) from water to form hydroxide ions (OH-) that will increase the concentration of OH- ions in the solution, hence the solution will be basic.An acidic solution has a pH of less than 7 while a neutral solution has a pH of 7. NaCl, NH4Cl, KCN, and KCl are neutral salts.
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Citric acid has three pKa's: 3.13, 4.76 and 6.39. If you add sufficient solid NaoH to 100.0mLof 0.5M citric acid to bring the pH to 4.00 Gassume all the NaoH dissolves without volume), what are the concentrations of the major species present in the solution? How many additional moles would you need to add to bring the solution to a pH of 5? Which species are present in the solution at that point?
The concentrations of the major species present in the solution with a pH of 4.00 would be H₂Cit⁻ 0.199 M, HCit²⁻ 0.102 M, and Cit³⁻ 0.00 M.
What are the concentrations of the major species when the pH is 4.00?To calculate the concentrations of the major species at pH 4.00 we can set up an equation using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:
pH = pKa + log [A-]/[HA]
4.00 = 4.76 + log [ H₂Cit⁻]/[Citric acid]
By using the pKa and rearranging the equation:
[ H₂Cit⁻] / [Citric acid] =[tex]10^(^p^H^ -^ p^K^a^)[/tex]
[ H₂Cit⁻] / [Citric acid] = [tex]10^(^4^.^0^0^ -^ 4^.^7^6^)[/tex]
[ H₂Cit⁻] / [Citric acid] = 0.398
Since the initial concentration of citric acid is 0.5 M, So:
[H₂Cit⁻] = 0.398 × 0.5 = 0.199 M
Since the initial concentration of citric acid is 0.5 M, So:
[HCit²⁻] = (0.5 - [H₂Cit⁻])
= 0.5 - (0.398 × 0.5) = 0.102 M
[Cit³⁻] = 0.0 M
Because all three Hydrogen ions are not dissolved. So:
[Cit³⁻] = 0.0 M
To bring the solution to pH 5.00, we need to add more NaOH. Since NaOH is a strong base, it reacts completely with the acid, and the additional moles required can be calculated using the equation:
Additional moles = (volume of solution in liters) × (0.5 M) × (difference in pH)
Given that the volume is 100.0 mL (0.100 L) and the difference in pH is 5.00 - 4.00 = 1.00, we can calculate the additional moles needed.
Additional moles = 0.100 L × (0.5 M) × 1.00
= 0.05M
Thus, to bring the solution to pH 5.00, we need to add more 0.05M NaOH.
The major species at pH 5.00 will be H2Cit-.
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what are the major disaccharides or polysaccharides present in each of the following? beans cotton Cellulose Lactose Amylose, amylopectin Glycogen
Disaccharides and polysaccharides in beans, cotton, cellulose, lactose, amylose, amylopectin, and glycogenThere are different types of disaccharides and polysaccharides present in the following items
:Beans - The major disaccharides present in beans are sucrose and raffinose. On the other hand, the major polysaccharide present in beans is starch.Cotton - The main polysaccharide present in cotton is cellulose.Cellulose - It is a polysaccharide that is made up of glucose units and is the main structural component of plants. It is indigestible by humans.
Lactose - It is a disaccharide made up of glucose and galactose. Lactose is the main sugar present in milk.Amylose and amylopectin - They are polysaccharides present in starch. Amylose is a linear polymer of glucose, while amylopectin is a branched polymer of glucose.Glycogen - It is a highly branched polysaccharide that is similar to amylopectin. Glycogen is present in animals and serves as a storage form of glucose in the liver and muscles.
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the heat of fusion of ammonia is . calculate the change in entropy when of ammonia melts at .
The heat of fusion of ammonia is 5.65 kJ/mol. Entropy is a measure of the disorder or randomness of a system. It has the symbol S and is measured in units of joules per kelvin.
The change in entropy of a system can be calculated using the formula ΔS = Qrev/T, where ΔS is the change in entropy, Qrev is the heat absorbed or released in a reversible process, and T is the temperature in kelvins.In this case, we want to calculate the change in entropy when 1 mol of ammonia melts at 195.5 K.
The heat of fusion of ammonia is 5.65 kJ/mol. We can use the following steps to calculate the change in entropy:Calculate the heat absorbed when 1 mol of ammonia melts at 195.5 K using the heat of fusion equation:Q = nΔHfwhere Q is the heat absorbed, n is the number of moles (1 mol), and ΔHf is the heat of fusion.Q = (1 mol)(5.65 kJ/mol) = 5.65 kJ
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at 30 ∘c∘c how many oxygen molecules cross the lens in 1 hh ?
In 1 hour, approximately 3.2 × 10⁸ oxygen molecules cross the contact lens due to diffusion. The flux of oxygen molecules is calculated using Fick's law of diffusion and then multiplied by the time and the area of the lens.
The diffusion of oxygen across a contact lens can be modeled by Fick's law of diffusion:
[tex]J = D \cdot A \cdot \frac{P_1 - P_2}{L}[/tex]
where:
J is the flux of oxygen molecules (molecules/m²/s)
D is the diffusion coefficient of oxygen in the contact lens (m²/s)
A is the area of the contact lens (m²)
P1 is the partial pressure of oxygen at the front of the lens (kPa)
P2 is the partial pressure of oxygen at the rear of the lens (kPa)
L is the thickness of the contact lens (m)
We know the following values:
D = 1.3 × 10⁻¹³ m²/s
A = (π * (7 mm)²) / 4 = 154 mm²
P1 = 0.2 * 101.3 kPa = 20.26 kPa
P2 = 7.3 kPa
L = 40 μm = 4 × 10⁻⁶ m
We can now solve for the flux of oxygen molecules:
[tex]J = (1.3 \times 10^{-13} , \mathrm{m}^2/\mathrm{s}) \cdot (154 , \mathrm{mm}^2) \cdot \frac{(20.26 , \mathrm{kPa} - 7.3 , \mathrm{kPa})}{(4 \times 10^{-6} , \mathrm{m})}[/tex]
= 5.7 × 10⁻¹⁰ molecules/m²/s
The number of oxygen molecules that cross the lens in 1 h is given by:
N = J * t * A
where:
N is the number of oxygen molecules (molecules)
J is the flux of oxygen molecules (molecules/m²/s)
t is the time (s)
A is the area of the contact lens (m²)
We know the following values:
J = 5.7 × 10⁻¹⁰ molecules/m²/s
t = 3600 s
A = 154 mm² = 154 × 10⁻⁶ m²
N = (5.7 × 10⁻¹⁰ molecules/m²/s) * (3600 s) * (154 × 10⁻⁶ m²)
= 3.2 × 10⁸ molecules
Therefore, the number of oxygen molecules that cross the lens in 1 h is 3.2 × 10⁸ molecules.
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Complete question :
Your cornea doesn’t have blood vessels, so the living cells of the cornea must get their oxygen from other sources. Cells in the front of the cornea obtain their oxygen from the air. Wearing a contact lens interferes with this oxygen uptake, so contact lenses are designed to permit the diffusion of oxygen. The diffusion coefficient of one brand of soft contact lenses was measured to be 1.3×10−13 m^2/s We can model the lens as a 14-mm-diameter disk with a thickness of 40 μm. The partial pressure of oxygen at the front of the lens is 20% of atmospheric pressure, and the partial pressure at the rear is 7.3 kPa.
At 30°C how many oxygen molecules cross the lens in 1 h?
N = ? molecules
Select the mechanism(s) where the concentration of the nucleophile or base has no effect on the reaction rate. E1 E2 SN2 S1Select the mechanism(s) where the concentration of the nucleophile or base has no effect on the reaction rate. E1 E2 SN2 S1
The mechanism where the concentration of the nucleophile or base has no effect on the reaction rate is SN₂ (Substitution Nucleophilic Bimolecular).
In SN₂ reactions, the rate-determining step involves a single step where the nucleophile attacks the substrate molecule and replaces the leaving group. Since the nucleophile is directly involved in the rate-determining step, its concentration has a significant impact on the reaction rate. Higher concentrations of the nucleophile increase the likelihood of collision and, thus, increase the reaction rate.
On the other hand, in E₁ (Elimination Unimolecular), E₂ (Elimination Bimolecular), and S₁ (Substitution Unimolecular) mechanisms, the concentration of the nucleophile or base does affect the reaction rate.
In E₁ and E₂ reactions, the rate-determining step involves the loss of the leaving group and the formation of a double bond. The concentration of the base or nucleophile affects the availability of the reactant species required for this step, so a higher concentration can lead to a faster reaction rate.
In S₁ reactions, the rate-determining step involves the loss of the leaving group and the formation of a carbocation intermediate. The nucleophile attacks the carbocation in a separate step. Since the nucleophile is not directly involved in the rate-determining step, its concentration does not affect the reaction rate.
To summarize, the mechanism where the concentration of the nucleophile or base has no effect on the reaction rate is SN₂.
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Amino acids can be synthesized by reductive amination. Draw the structure of the organic compound that you would use to synthesize glutamic acid. •. You do not have to consider stereochemistry. • Draw the molecule with ionizable groups in their uncharged form. • In cases where there is more than one answer, just draw one.
The organic compound used to synthesize glutamic acid through reductive amination is α-ketoglutarate.
What is the precursor compound for synthesizing glutamic acid through reductive amination?
Reductive amination is a chemical reaction that involves the conversion of a carbonyl compound, such as an aldehyde or a ketone, into an amine. In the case of synthesizing glutamic acid, the precursor compound used is α-ketoglutarate.
α-ketoglutarate is an organic compound that belongs to the family of alpha-keto acids. It has a carboxyl group and a keto group, making it suitable for reductive amination reactions. By reacting α-ketoglutarate with an amine, such as ammonia or an amine derivative, and employing a reducing agent, such as sodium borohydride, glutamic acid can be synthesized.
Glutamic acid is one of the 20 amino acids that serve as the building blocks of proteins. It plays important roles in various biological processes, including protein synthesis and neurotransmitter function. The synthesis of glutamic acid through reductive amination using α-ketoglutarate allows for the production of this essential amino acid.
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The isotope argon-42 has an excited state 1.208 MeV above the ground state. The atomic mass of the ground state of this isotope is 41.963046u What is the mass of the atom when the nucleus is in this excited state?
The mass of an atom with an excited state of argon-42, which is 1.208 MeV above its ground state, can be calculated by subtracting the energy difference from the atomic mass of the ground state.
The atomic mass of the ground state of argon-42 is given as 41.963046u. The excited state of the isotope is 1.208 MeV (million electron volts) above the ground state. To calculate the mass of the atom in the excited state, we need to account for the energy difference.
Since mass and energy are related through Einstein's famous equation, [tex]E=mc^2[/tex], we can convert the energy difference from MeV to atomic mass units (u) by using the conversion factor 1u = 931.5 MeV/c². Thus, the energy difference is 1.208 MeV / 931.5 MeV/c² = 0.0012984u.
To find the mass of the atom in the excited state, we subtract the energy difference from the atomic mass of the ground state: 41.963046u - 0.0012984u = 41.9617476u.
Therefore, the mass of the atom when the nucleus is in the excited state is approximately 41.9617476u.
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How much heat energy, in kilojoules, is required to convert 69.0 g of ice at −18.0 ∘C to water at 25.0 ∘C ? Part B How long would it take for 1.50 mol of water at 100.0 ∘C to be converted completely into steam if heat were added at a constant rate of 22.0 J/s ?
Specific heat of ice: sice=2.09 J/(g⋅∘C)
Specific heat of liquid water: swater=4.18 J/(g⋅∘C)
Enthalpy of fusion (H2O(s)→H2O(l)): ΔHfus=334 J/g
Enthalpy of vaporization (H2O(l)→H2O(g)): ΔHvap=2250 J/g
The heat energy required to melt ice at 0 ∘C is calculated using the formula; Q = m × ΔHfus = 69.0 g × 334 J/g = 23046 J.
Part A: 69 g of ice at −18.0 ∘C is converted to water at 25.0 ∘C. To calculate how much heat energy, in kilojoules, is required to convert 69.0 g of ice at −18.0 ∘C to water at 25.0 ∘C, we will use the following steps:
Firstly, we have to convert the ice to 0 ∘C, then convert it from solid to liquid, and finally, from 0 ∘C to 25.0 ∘C. The amount of energy needed to increase the temperature of 69.0 g of ice from −18.0 ∘C to 0 ∘C is calculated using the equation; Q= m × s × ΔT= 69.0 × 2.09 J/(g ∘C) × (0 – (-18)) ∘C= 2677.4 J
The heat energy required to melt ice at 0 ∘C is calculated using the formula; Q = m × ΔHfus = 69.0 g × 334 J/g = 23046 J. The energy required to raise the temperature of 69.0 g of water from 0 ∘C to 25.0 ∘C is calculated using the equation; Q = m × s × ΔT= 69.0 g × 4.18 J/(g ∘C) × 25.0 ∘C = 7273.5 J
The total energy needed is the sum of all three values:23046 J + 7273.5 J + 2677.4 J = 32997.9 J
Therefore, 32.9979 kJ of heat energy is required to convert 69.0 g of ice at −18.0 ∘C to water at 25.0 ∘C.
Part B: In the conversion of 1.50 mol of water at 100.0 ∘C to steam, heat is added at a constant rate of 22.0 J/s. To calculate how long it will take to convert 1.50 mol of water to steam, we will use the following formula;
Q = n × ΔHvapQ = 1.50 mol × 2250 J/mol = 3375 J
The time, t, it takes to convert 3375 J of water to steam at a constant rate of 22.0 J/s is calculated as follows:
t = Q / P= 3375 J / 22.0 J/s= 153.4 s
Therefore, it takes 153.4 seconds to convert 1.50 mol of water at 100.0 ∘C to steam.
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for which of the following gases should the van der waals correction for molecular volume be smallest? group of answer choices co2 no h2o co bf3
CO2 (carbon dioxide) should have the smallest van der Waals correction for molecular volume among the given gases due to its relatively small size and weaker intermolecular forces compared to H2O, CO, and BF3.
Which gas has the smallest van der Waals correction for molecular volume?The van der Waals correction for molecular volume takes into account the finite size and intermolecular interactions of gas molecules, which deviate from the ideal gas behavior. A smaller correction implies that the molecular volume has less impact on the overall behavior of the gas.
Among the given options, CO2 (carbon dioxide) is likely to have the smallest van der Waals correction for molecular volume. CO2 molecules consist of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, making them relatively small in size compared to the other options. The carbon-oxygen bonds in CO2 are polar but do not exhibit strong intermolecular forces such as hydrogen bonding seen in H2O (water).
H2O (water) molecules are larger than CO2 due to the additional hydrogen atoms and exhibit strong hydrogen bonding, resulting in more significant intermolecular interactions. CO (carbon monoxide) and BF3 (boron trifluoride) also have larger molecular sizes compared to CO2 and may have stronger intermolecular forces, leading to larger van der Waals corrections for molecular volume.
In summary, CO2 is expected to have the smallest van der Waals correction for molecular volume among the given gases due to its relatively small molecular size and weaker intermolecular forces.
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what is the expected major product for the following reaction? i ii iii iv v excess cl2
The expected major product for the given reaction i, ii, iii, iv, v in excess Cl2. 2,2,3-trichloropentane The formation of 2,2,3-trichloropentane involves the abstraction of a hydrogen from the secondary carbon atom.
In this reaction, the compound with the molecular formula C5H12 undergoes chlorination in the presence of excess chlorine. The given reaction has five types of hydrogens as shown below: i) Methyl hydrogens (CH3 group)ii) Primary hydrogens iii) Secondary hydrogens iv) Tertiary hydrogen v) Vinyl hydrogens The reactivity of the different hydrogens towards chlorine is different.
This difference in reactivity is due to the difference in the relative stabilities of the products obtained after H-Cl bond dissociation. The stability of the carbocation intermediate formed after H-Cl bond dissociation determines the reactivity of the hydrogens towards chlorine.
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curious carl's chemistry teacher asked him to make a sugar solution. carl dissolved 400 grams of sucrose (c12h22o11 , molar mass 342.3mol) in 1.00 l of water. if molarity
The molarity of Carl's solution is 1.169 M.
Carl's curious chemistry instructor requested that he prepare a sugar solution. Carl mixed 1.00 L of water with 400 grams of sucrose (C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁, molar mass 342.3 g/mol).
First convert the mass of the solute (sucrose) from grams to moles by utilizing its molar mass if molarity is the unit of concentration of a solution that describes the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
Molar mass of C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ = 12(12.01) + 22(1.01) + 11(16.00) = 342.3 g/mol Number of moles of sucrose = mass/molar mass= 400/342.3 = 1.169 mol.
After that, we will divide the volume of the solution in liters by the number of moles of the solute to get the molarity of the solution.
Molarity (M) = number of moles of solute/volume of solution in liters= 1.169/1.00 = 1.169 M.
Therefore, the molarity of Carl's solution is 1.169 M.
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Titanium reacts with iodine to form titanium(III) iodide, emitting heat, via the following reaction: 2Ti(s)+3I2(g)→2TiI3(s),ΔHorxn=−839kJ Part A) Determine the mass of titanium that reacts if 1.75×103 kJ of heat is emitted by the reaction Part B) Determine the mass of iodine that reacts if 1.75×103 kJ of heat is emitted by the reaction.
In the given reaction, 1.75×10³ kJ of heat is emitted. To determine the mass of titanium and iodine that reacts, we need to use the stoichiometry of the reaction and the enthalpy change.
To find the mass of titanium that reacts, we can use the stoichiometry of the reaction. From the balanced equation, we can see that 2 moles of titanium react with 3 moles of iodine to form 2 moles of titanium(III) iodide. Using the molar mass of titanium (approximately 47.87 g/mol), we can calculate the moles of titanium involved in the reaction:
[tex]\[\text{moles of titanium} = \frac{\text{kJ of heat emitted}}{\Delta H_{\text{rxn}}} \times \frac{2 \text{ moles Ti}}{839 \text{ kJ}}\][/tex]
Substituting the given values, we find:
[tex]\[\text{moles of titanium} = \frac{1.75 \times 10^3 \text{ kJ}}{-839 \text{ kJ}} \times \frac{2 \text{ moles Ti}}{1}\][/tex]
Calculating this expression gives us the moles of titanium involved in the reaction. To find the mass of titanium, we multiply the moles of titanium by the molar mass:
[tex]\[\text{mass of titanium} = \text{moles of titanium} \times \text{molar mass of titanium}\][/tex]
Similarly, to find the mass of iodine that reacts, we use the stoichiometry of the reaction. From the balanced equation, we can see that 3 moles of iodine react with 2 moles of titanium to form 2 moles of titanium(III) iodide. Using the molar mass of iodine (approximately 126.90 g/mol), we can calculate the moles of iodine involved in the reaction:
[tex]\[\text{moles of iodine} = \frac{\text{kJ of heat emitted}}{\Delta H_{\text{rxn}}} \times \frac{3 \text{ moles I}_2}{839 \text{ kJ}}\][/tex]
Substituting the given values, we find:
[tex]\[\text{moles of iodine} = \frac{1.75 \times 10^3 \text{ kJ}}{-839 \text{ kJ}} \times \frac{3 \text{ moles I}_2}{1}\][/tex]
Calculating this expression gives us the moles of iodine involved in the reaction. To find the mass of iodine, we multiply the moles of iodine by the molar mass:
[tex]\[\text{mass of iodine} = \text{moles of iodine} \times \text{molar mass of iodine}\][/tex]
By substituting the molar masses of titanium and iodine into the respective equations, we can calculate the masses of titanium and iodine involved in the reaction.
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How many unpaired electrons are in the high-spin state of W2+ in an octahedral field? unpaired electrons Part 2 (1 pt) How many unpaired electrons are in the low-spin state of W2+ in an octahedral field? unpaired electrons
In the high-spin state of W²⁺ in an octahedral field, there are four unpaired electrons.
In an octahedral field, the d-orbitals split into two energy levels: the lower energy level (t₂g) and the higher energy level (e_g). In the high-spin state, electrons are first placed in the lower energy level before pairing up. Since W²⁺ has five d-electrons, four of them will occupy the t₂g orbitals with parallel spins, resulting in four unpaired electrons.In the low-spin state of W²⁺ in an octahedral field, there are zero unpaired electrons.In the low-spin state, the electrons pair up in the t₂g orbitals before filling the higher energy e_g orbitals. Since W²⁺ has five d-electrons, all of them will pair up in the t₂g orbitals, resulting in zero unpaired electrons.Therefore, the high-spin state of W²⁺ in an octahedral field has four unpaired electrons, while the low-spin state has zero unpaired electrons.
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Anandamide is a neurotransmitter that is involved in controlling mood and appetite. Which choice best describes the functional groups found in this molecule?
Anandamide is a neurotransmitter that is involved in controlling mood and appetite. The functional groups found in this molecule are amide and ethanolamine. The correct option that describes the functional groups found in the anandamide molecule is (D) amide and ethanolamine.
What is anandamide? Anandamide is a naturally occurring fatty acid neurotransmitter that helps regulate physiological and cognitive processes such as appetite, mood, and pain. Anandamide was first discovered in the early 1990s by Raphael Mechoulam and his colleagues. Functional groups are responsible for the chemical and physical properties of organic compounds.
The chemical behavior of an organic compound is determined by its functional groups. An amide is a functional group that is derived from carboxylic acid and amine. Ethanolamine is a functional group that consists of an amino group and a hydroxyl group attached to the same carbon atom.
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5. how much of an 800-gram sample of potassium-40 will remain after 3.9 × 109 years of radioactive decay?
1) 50 grams
2)100 grams
3)200 grams
4)400 grams
The answer to how much of an 800-gram sample of potassium-40 will remain after 3.9 × 109 years of radioactive decay is option (3) "200 grams."
The amount of an 800-gram sample of potassium-40 that will remain after 3.9 × 109 years of radioactive decay can be calculated by using the radioactive decay law. The radioactive decay law states that the number of radioactive nuclei N of a sample decreases as a function of time t. This can be given by the equation N = N₀ e^(-λt)
Where N₀ is the initial number of radioactive nuclei, λ is the decay constant, and t is the time.
The decay constant is related to the half-life T½ of the radioactive isotope by the equation
T½ = ln2 / λ Given that the half-life of potassium-40 is 1.28 × 10^9 years,
we can find the decay constant as follows
λ = ln2 / T½
= ln2 / (1.28 × 10^9)
= 5.43 × 10^-10 year^-1
Substituting the given values into the radioactive decay law, we get
N = 800 e^(-5.43 × 10^-10 × 3.9 × 10^9)N ≈ 200 grams
Therefore, the answer is option (3) 200 grams.
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Rank the following elements from largest to smallest atomic radius.
a. S
b. Na
c. Si
d. Ar
e. Al
Elements from largest to smallest atomic radius is S > Si > Al > Na > Ar . The correct order is a. >c. >e. >b.>d.
Atomic radii is the distance between the atomic nucleus and its valence shell electrons. The elements can be ranked according to their atomic radius, as determined by the periodic table, which is arranged in order of increasing atomic number. In order to rank the following elements from largest to smallest atomic radius, the atomic number of each element is examined, and the order in which they appear in the periodic table is taken into consideration.
The atomic radii trend in the periodic table is that the atomic radius increases from right to left and from top to bottom. In order to rank the following elements from largest to smallest atomic radius, the trend of the periodic table must be taken into account.
Therefore, the order of the given elements from largest to smallest atomic radius is: S > Si > Al > Na > Ar
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