The four steps in the sanitizing process include cleaning media, disinfecting surface irregularities, rinse surfaces, and enhanced disinfecting.
Why is it crucial to clean and sanitize?Pest infestations can be avoided by regularly cleaning and sterilizing. Your company can keep in compliance with legal requirements regarding food safety by regularly cleaning and sanitizing. Customers and staff are protected by cleaning and sanitizing from health hazards like contaminated food and food allergies.
What does sanitizing accomplish?Sanitizing reduces the amount of bacteria on surface or items to the a safe level as determined by regulations for public health. To reduce the chance of an infection spreading, this method either cleans or disinfects surfaces or objects.
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find the change in the internal energy of a system that releases 3500 j of heat and that does 9655 j of work on the surroundings
According to first law of thermodynamics, internal energy of the system for work done by the system or on the surrounding, is the sum of heat released and work done. Thus internal energy for the given system is 13155 J.
What is internal energy?Internal energy of a system is the sum of all forms of energy in the system including its kinetic energy, potential energy, thermal energy etc.
According to first law of thermodynamics, the heat q released by the system is :
q = u - w.
Given that heat released q = 3500 J
work done = 9655 J
internal energy u = q + w
= 3500 J + 9655 J
= 13155 J.
Therefore, the internal energy of the system that releases 3500 j of heat and that does 9655 j of work on the surroundings is 13155 J.
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What is it called when a substance changes?.
A chemical change is the transformation of one substance into another, the emergence of new substances with distinct properties, or any combination of these.
Color change, gas production, smell change, temperature change are all examples of chemical transition circumstances. Chemical transitions, commonly referred to as chemical reactions, are the conversion of one or more chemicals into one or more brand-new, distinct substances. In other words, a chemical transformation is an atomic rearrangement-based chemical reaction. A chemical reaction leads to a chemical transition, whereas a physical change occurs when the structure of matter changes without changing its chemical composition. Examples of chemical changes include burning, cooking, rusting, and rotting.
Hence, changes which are irreversible are chemical change.
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Complete and balance the precipitation reaction. Include physical states. Refer to the solubilities of common salts as needed.
precipitation reaction:
CuCl2(aq)+Na2CO3(aq)⟶
Complete and balance the precipitation reaction. Include physical states. Refer to the solubilities of common salts as needed. precipitation reaction:
CuCl₂(aq)+Na₂CO₃(aq) -----> CuCO₃(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
The reaction is given as :'
CuCl₂(aq)+Na₂CO₃(aq) -----> CuCO₃(s) + NaCl(aq)
reactants products
Cu 1 1
Cl 2 1
Na 2 1
CO₃ 1 1
now to balance reaction multiply 2 in NaCl, we get the balanced equation in which atoms in reactant side is equals to the product side.
CuCl₂(aq)+Na₂CO₃(aq) -----> CuCO₃(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
The reaction is now balanced.
Thus, Complete and balance the precipitation reaction. Include physical states. Refer to the solubilities of common salts as needed. precipitation reaction:
CuCl₂(aq)+Na₂CO₃(aq) -----> CuCO₃(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
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Study all of the compounds listed below and select ALL that are polyatomic ions.
OH-
0₂
NH₂+
NO3-
HSO4-
OH- , NO3- and HSO4- are polyatomic ions.
A polyatomic ion, also known as a molecular ion, is a covalent bonded set of or more atoms, or of a steel complex, that can be considered to behave as single unit and that has a net charge that is not zero. The term molecule can also or won't be used to refer to a polyatomic ion, depending at the definition used.
Polyatomic ions are made of multiple element and feature an normal charge. Examples are SO42-, OH-, and NH4+. Polyatomic ions are critical in chemistry due to the fact they are observed in lots of not unusual chemicals. Because of this, it's far helpful to memorize the most common of these ions.
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when describing the uncertainty of a measurement, the term choose... refers to the closeness between a measurement and its accepted value, whereas the term choose... refers to the closeness among a set of measurements.
Accuracy is used to describe the closeness between a measurement whereas precision refers to closeness between a set of measurement.
Accuracy measures how closely you adhere to the actual value. Let's imagine, for instance, that you are exactly 5'9" tall.
You use a yardstick to gauge your height and come up at 5'0". You made an inaccurate measurement.
With a laser yardstick, you measure yourself one more and come up at 5'9". You made an accurate measurement.
Precision is the degree of precision is the similarity between two or more measurements. Your measurements are accurate if you routinely use a yardstick to determine your height to be 5'0".
Being precise doesn't necessarily imply being accurate. However, you are also precise if your accuracy is reliable.
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Why is it important for scientists to study mitosis?.
Mitosis is the reason we can grow, heal wounds, and replace damaged cells.
Stages of mitosis are distinguished by the end of one set of activities and the beginning of the subsequent ones. Preprophase (relative to plant cells only), prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase are among these stages. The chromosomes, which have already been duplicated, condense and connect to spindle fibers during mitosis. These fibers then pull each copy of the chromosome to the opposing sides of the cell. The outcome is two daughter nuclei that are genetically identical. The remaining portion of the cell may then proceed to divide via cytokinesis to give rise to two daughter cells. Live cell imaging enables the real-time visualization of the many stages of mitosis. A mitotic mistake known as tripolar mitosis or multipolar mitosis causes three or more daughter cells to be produced instead of the expected two.
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if a 23.25 g sample required 25.6 ml of 0.135 m kmno4 to reach equivalence, what is the percent iron in the sample?
In a 23.25 g sample 0.1486 of Fe is detected , i.e. mass percentage will be 14.86%
Calculations based on experimental data must be performed with a thorough understanding of the mole concept.A mole is a unit that allows us to compare the mass and particle count of a given substance. The total mass of all the atoms that make up a mole of a molecule, measured in grams, is what is known as the molecular weight or molar mass. By dividing a substance's mass by its g/mol density, one can calculate its molar mass. 63.546 amu, or 63.546 g/mol, is the atomic mass of copper, for example. Each copper atom weighs a mole, or 6.022 X 10²³, in this 63.546 g of copper.Calculations-
% mass of iron= (25.6 x 0.135)/23.25
=3.456/23.25
=0.1486
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a student neglected to add sulfuric acid to the reaction mixture. what is the expected outcome? explain.
Heat is released during a strong reaction between sulfuric acid, alcohol, and water.
What is Sulfuric Acid?Highly reactive chemical is sulfuric acid. Upon touch, it can cause reactions in cells and tissues. From tissue irritation to chemical burns and necrosis, sulfuric acid can harm your body. Damage to tissue at the point of contact is one of the symptoms of exposure. If untreated, tissue damage can persist for hours or even days after exposure. Damage starts to manifest in just a few seconds.The strength (molar concentration) of the sulfuric acid solution, exposure time, and dose received all affect how much and how severely tissue damage occurs. Acid solutions that are diluted are less harmful than solutions that are highly concentrated (often seen in industrial chemicals) (as those found in consumer products).Animals and humans are both affected by sulfuric acid in the same way. Therefore, it is anticipated that both acute and long-term effects will be identical in animals and humans.To learn more About Sulfuric Acid refer to:
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What is the electronegativity value of ca and s?
Atoms of different element can not have same atomic number because only same type of atoms combine to form element. Therefore, electronegativity value of ca and s are 1.0 and 2.5 respectively.
What is element?Element generally consist of atoms or we can atoms combine to form element. Atoms of an element is always same, means all the properties of all atoms of one type of element is same.
Two or more than two atoms with different physical or chemical properties can not combine together to form an element. Electronegativity value of calcium is 1.0. Electronegativity value of sulfur is 2.5.
Therefore, electronegativity value of ca and s are 1.0 and 2.5 respectively.
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calculate the change in the entropy of the surroundings and the change in the entropy of the universe for the freezing of 1.00 mole of water from the following data: Temperature = 225 K ∆H = -6030 J/mol ∆Ssystem = -22.1 J/molK
According to the given statement The change in the entropy of the surroundings and the change in the entropy of the universe for the freezing 24.40 JK⁻¹.
Describe freezing and provide an example:Freezing is the process through which a liquid solidifies. Freezing happens when heat is transferred from a substance since this atoms slow down and form tighter bonds. An example of freezing is when water turns into ice.
Briefing:H₂(g)+12O₂(g)→H₂O(l),
ΔrH∘=−6030KJmol−1
ΔSsurr=qsurrT
Entropy change = S
T = Temperature in K [T = 225 K under ideal circumstances]
Heat absorbed by the environment is measured by qsurr (qsurr=+241.1KJmol1)
ΔSsurr=-6030 /247.1
ΔSsurr=24.40 JK⁻¹ .
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Where are chemical mutagens found?.
When food is cooked at extremely high temperatures, a process called pyrolysis takes place that results in the production of toxins in scorched meat and fish.
where is abouts of chemical mutagens?For several common grain species, such as rice, wheat, maize, soybeans, and barley, chemical mutation-derived cultivars have been produced and commercially commercialized. TILLING trying to target induced local lesions IN genomes is a novel technique that combines conventional mutagenesis with high-throughput mutation detection.
Describe a chemical mutagen using an example.Definition. A physicochemical substance that has the ability to cause DNA mutations is referred to as a mutagen. Mutagens include a wide range of chemicals, tobacco products, radioactive materials, x-rays, UV light, and other types of radiation.
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What type of bonding does BaO have?.
Barium is metal and oxygen is non-metal. Ionic bonds generally forms between the metallic elements and nonmetallic elements. Hence, there is a bond between metal and the non-metal so the bond formed will be ionic.
Ionic bonds need one electron donor and the one electron acceptor, whereas covalent bonds allow atoms with the same electronegativity to share an electron. Additionally, covalent bonds between the two nonmetals and ionic connections between the metals and nonmetals are created.
While oxygen is a non-metal, barium is a metal. Thus, a bond between a metal and a non-metal is present, which result in the formation of an ionic bond.
BaO thus has an ionic bond.
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In a metallurgic industry, iron metal is produced by heating the mixture of hematite ore, Fe2O3
with carbon. If 0.8 tons of this iron ore is used, find out:
the mass in tones of the reacted carbon.
b. the mass in kilograms of the obtained iron.
the volume of the obtained gas at STP.
(Fe=56, C-12, O=16, at STP: 44g of CO2 has 22.4L)
The 0.09 tons or 90kg of carbon will be used in the extraction of 0.8 tons of Fe₂O₃.
Blast furnace metallurgy is the process of extracting iron from iron ore, such as hematite, which contains iron(III) oxide, Fe₂O₃. By removing oxygen from the iron(III) oxide during this reduction event, iron is left behind. Generally used to smelt pig iron, but sometimes other industrial metals like lead or copper, a blast furnace is a type of metallurgical furnace. When combustion air is "forced" or provided above atmospheric pressure, this is referred to as a blast.
2Fe₂O₃ + 3C = 4Fe + 3 CO₂
2×160 3×12 4×56 3×44 (∴1 ton= 1000kg or 1000000g)
The 320 g of hematite ore require carbon = 36g
Then,8×10⁵ g of hematite ore require carbon=9X10⁴ (∵0.8ton= 8x10⁵ g)
The carbon used = 0.09tons or 90 kg
Hence, 0.09 tons of carbon needed for 0.8 tons hematite extraction.
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what is the resultant product formed following aqueous work-up when 2-butanone is treated with isopropylmagnesium bromide?
The final product when 2-butanone is reacted with isopropylmagnesium bromide is 2-Methyl-butan-2-ol.
What is hydrocarbons?A naturally occurring organic molecule (like acetylene or butane) with solely carbon and hydrogen that is found in bitumens, natural gas, coal, and petroleum.Last but not least, coal contains the biggest and most intricate hydrocarbon molecules. Because the proportions of hydrogen to carbon in different hydrocarbons vary, so do the amounts of water and carbon dioxide they produce. In general, the carbon to hydrogen ratio increases with molecule length and complexity.Coal, oil, and natural gas are examples of natural sources of hydrocarbons.The most fundamental class of organic molecules are referred to as hydrocarbons. They only contain the two elements hydrogen and carbon, as implied by their name. The center carbon atoms in hydrocarbon molecules are one or more, and they are surrounded by hydrogen in a branched or chain-like structure.To learn more about hydrocarbon refer to :
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calculate the energy of the green light emitted, per photon and in joules, by a mercury lamp with a frequency of 780715225001500.40 h. your answer should have three significant digits, be in scientific notation, and have no units. the number 0.000000034 can be writen as 3.4e-8 or 3.4e-8, with no spaces.
The energy of the green light emitted per photon is 5.173e-19 Joule. The result is obtained by multiplying the frequency by the Planck's constant.
What is the photon energy?
Photon energy is the energy radiated or absorbed by a single photon. The formula of photon energy is:
E = hν = hc/λ
Where
E = photon energy (Joule)h = Planck’s constant (6.626 × 10⁻³⁴ Js)ν = photon frequency (Hz)c = speed of light (m/s)λ = photon wavelength (m)A mercury lamp emits the energy of the green light per photon an in joules with a frequency of 780715225001500.40 Hz.
The photon energy emitted is
E = hν
E = 6.626 × 10⁻³⁴ × 780715225001500.40
E = 5.173e-19 Joule
Hence, the energy of the green light per photon emitted by the mercury lamp is 5.173e-19 Joule.
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assuming the fluid has a density of 1.00 g/cm3 , at what height h should the bottle be placed so the liquid pressure is 70 mm - hg ?
The height of the bottle should be 0.75 meter so that the liquid pressure is 70mm-hg.
According to the given condition,
Atmospheric pressure, Po, = 101kPa = 101000Pa density of fluid,
ρ, = 1g/cm^3 = 1000kg/m^3 density of Hg, ρ, = 13.6x10^3
P=ρgh and P=Po + pgh
Atmospheric pressure is the pressure experienced by the normal atmosphere. Atmospheric pressure is measured as "atm' and nearly everybody experiences atmospheric pressure.
Therefore,
h = Δp / ρg
h = [(55mmhg) x (133pa/ 1mmhg)]/ 9.8
h = 0.75meters.
Therefore, the height of the bottle needs to be 0.75 meters.
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What is a doubles plus one fact for 7 7?.
Using doubles and one fact, the sum of 7 + 7 equals 15; this is accomplished by simply adding 1 to the given number.
To add numbers that are next to each other, doubles plus one fact is used.
Simply doubling the number and adding one to it yields the doubles plus one fact. The sum of 7 + 7 can be calculated using doubles plus one fact as follows:
Simply multiply 1 in 7 by 7 to get the required result.
7+ 7 + 1 = 15
As a result, using doubles plus one fact, the sum of 7 + 7 equals 15.
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a .25g sample of hydrocarbon undergoes c omplete combustion to roduce .845 of co2 anmd .173g of h2o what is the empirical formula of this compound
The molecular formula of carbonic acid is CH2O3, and the empirical formula of a compound is CH 0.019 moles.
What is Carbonic Acid ?H2CO3 is the carbon-containing chemical formula for carbonic acid. Solutions of carbon dioxide in water include trace amounts of this molecule. This molecule's chemical formula can also be written as OC(OH)2, as it has one carbon-oxygen double bond.
We have to obtain the mass of carbon and hydrogen in CO2 and H2O respectively.
For carbon in CO2;
0.845 × 12/44 = 0.23 g
For hydrogen in H20;
0.173 × 2/18 = 0.019 g
We convert the masses to moles of carbon and hydrogen
For carbon - 0.23/ 12 = 0.019 moles
For hydrogen - 0.019/1 = 0.019 moles
Dividing by 0.019 moles for carbon and hydrogen we have the emperical formula of the compound as CH
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What is the main point of Marxism?.
It prioritizes socialists and communism over capitalism and focuses on the conflict here between working class and indeed the ownership class.
What other term for concerned is there?Concern can also be expressed through the words anxiety, care, genuine care, and worry. Concern denotes a troubled state of mind due to a personal interest, relationship, or emotion, even if all of these phrases mean "a troubled or absorbed state of mind or the object that produces this."
What is an illustration of concern?His protection was indeed a main priority for the household. The economic is a top concern for democrats. a conversation that everyone involved will find interesting All parties involved were invited to a meeting by the attorneys.
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which of the following substances would have a standard enthalpy of formation equal to 0 kj/mol? select all that apply. multiple select question. ar (g) c (diamond) hg (l) br2 (g) h2 (g) o3 (g)
The substances would have a standard enthalpy of formation equal to 0 kj/mol is diamond. Therefore, option B is correct.
What is enthalpy ?A thermodynamic system's enthalpy, which is one of its properties, is calculated by adding the system's internal energy to the product of its pressure and volume.
It is a state function that is frequently employed in measurements of chemical, biological, and physical systems under constant pressure, which the large surrounding environment readily provides.
Since there is no change involved in the production of any element in its reference state, all elements have a standard enthalpy of formation of zero.
Thus, option B is correct.
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what is the net ionic equation for the reaction that occurs when aqueous solutions of naoh and cr(no3)2 are mixed?
[tex]Cr(No_{3}_){3} (aq) + 3NaoH ------- > Cr (oH)_{3} (S) + 3NaNo_{ 3} (aq)Cr^{3+} + 3No^{3-} + 3Na^{+} + 3oH^{-} --------- > Cr(0H)_{3} + 3Na^{+} 3No_{3}^{-} Cr^{3+} (aq) + 3oH^{-} (aq) --------- > Cr(oH)_{3} (aq)[/tex]
Write the molecular equation and balance it.
Determine the state of each substance (gas, liquid, solid, aqueous). Use the solubility rules to determine which of the ionic compounds are soluble in water. Soluble Ionics are identified with an (aq), insoluble ones with an (s). Most elements and covalent compounds (covalent compounds are formed when two or more nonmetallic elements are bonded to each other) are insoluble in water and should be shown with an (s), (l) or (g).
To write ionic equations follow the steps below. Each step will be demonstrated using the reaction of magnesium metal with hydrochloric acid as an example.
Write the ionic equation by breaking all the soluble ionic compounds (those marked with an (aq)) into their respective ions. Each ion should be shown with its charge and an (aq) to show that it is present in solution. Use coefficients to show the number of each ion present. Rewrite the elements and covalent compounds as they appeared in the preceding step.
Write the net ionic equation by removing the spectator ions. Spectator ions are those ions that appear exactly the same on each side of the ionic equation.
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in the laboratory, a student dilutes 25.7 ml of a 6.42 m perchloric acid solution to a total volume of 150.0 ml. what is the concentration of the diluted solution
Molarity is the molar concentration of the chemical species of the solute dissolved in the solvent. The molarity of the solution when diluted is 1.099 M
What is the relation between molarity and dilution?The molar concentration or the molarity of the solution is inversely proportional to the dilution. An increased dilution will decrease the molarity of the solution.
Given,
M1= 6.42M
V1 = 25.7 mL
M2= ?
V2= 150 mL
Substitute value in the equation as:
M1*V1 = M2*V2
=6.42*25.7 = M2 *150
M2 = 6.42*25.7/150
= 1.099 M
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what pressure of carbon dioxide is required to keep the carbon dioxide concentration in a bottle of club soda at 0.10 baretlby
The partial pressure required to keep the CO2 concentration in a bottle of club soda at 0.10m would be 0.425atm.
Club soda is a manufactured form of carbonated water, commonly used as a drink mixer. Sodium bicarbonate, potassium sulfate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium citrate, or sodium citrate is artificially added to replicate constituents commonly found in natural mineral waters.
Club soda is one of the many carbonated water in which carbon dioxide gas has been pressurized under some conditions and dissolved. Usually the carbonation process is artificially (carbon is added to water) done and other ingredients added onto it. These ingredients include salt such as sodium citrate, potassium carbonate or potassium sulfate, basically added to create a distinct taste that separates club soda from any other carbonated water. Unlike other type of water, club soda is purely calorie free (no amount of sugar is added).
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part a agno3(aq)agno3(aq) and naf(aq)naf(aq) express your answer as a chemical equation. identify all of the phases in your answer. enter noreaction if no precipitate is formed
The reaction between silver nitrate and sodium fluoride produces silver fluoride precipitate and aqueous sodium nitrate as written below:
AgNO3(aq) + NaF(aq) -- AgF(s) + NaNO3(aq)
A displacement reaction occurs when one group or atom in a reactant is displaced by another group. There are two types of displacement reactions: single displacement reactions and double displacement reactions. In a single displacement reaction, one reagent group is replaced by the other, whereas in a double displacement reaction, two reagent groups are exchanged between two reactants. The AgNO3 and NaF reaction is a double displacement reaction in which nitrate and F displace to the other metal, producing the precipitate of AgF as written in the reaction.
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How did rise in oxygen influence animal evolution?.
Oxygen levels in the atmosphere directly contributed to the emergence of animals and the Cambrian explosion.
Do you mean air by atmospheric?The air that dominates in atmospheric conditions is referred to as atmospheric air. For various places and wind patterns, there exist various atmospheric conditions. In locations where corrosive contaminants are found or released, the atmosphere is corrosive.
Who First Discovered the Air?Chemists including Joseph Priestley, Antoine Lavoisier, and Henry Cavendish performed the initial observations of the atmospheric composition in the 18th century, which marked the start of the first scientific investigations into atmospheric composition.
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a 12.0-g sample of carbon from living matter decays at the rate of 184 decays/minute due to the radioactive c in it. what will be the decay rate of this sample in (a) 1000 years and (b) 50,000 years?
A12.0-g sample of carbon from living matter decays at the rate of 184 decays/minute due to the radioactive C in it. the decay rate of this sample in
(a) 1000 years = 143.8 decays/min
(b) 50,000 years = 0.43 decays/min
a) the expression is given as :
0.693 / t1/2 = 2.303 / t log(Ao / A)
t1/2 , radioactive decay half-life for C-14 = 5670 years
0.693 / 5670 = 2.303 / 1000 ( log 184 / A)
A = 143.8 decays / min
b) 0.693 / t1/2 = 2.303 / t log(Ao / A)
0.693 / 5670 = 2.303 / 50000 log( 184/ A)
A = 0.43 decays / min
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Does egg albumin contain carbohydrates?.
The egg albumin contains very less amount of carbohydrates.
The egg albumin called as albumen is the egg white. the egg albumin rich in protein and it contains very less amount of the carbohydrates ,less than 1%. the egg is highly nutritious. the calories in the egg albumin is 17 calories. the egg albumin is very low in calorie but it is very rich in the protein . it helps in growth repair the muscle. egg albumin is lack of omega 3 fatty acid and cholesterol.
Thus, egg albumin is very rich in protein and contains very less amount of the carbohydrates.
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in the energy and specific heat lab, you measure the temperature change of water to study the specific heat of a metal. what statement explains the relationship between the water and the metal you are studying? select one: the heat lost by the metal plus the heat gained by the water equals 100. the initial temperature of the metal equals the initial temperature of the water. the temperature change of the metal is equal to the temperature change of the water. the heat lost by the metal is equal to the heat gained by the water.
in the energy and specific heat lab, you measure the temperature change of water to study the specific heat of a metal. the statement which explains The relationship between The water and The metal is "The heat lost by the metal is equal to the heat gained by the water".
What is specific heat?The heat required to raise a mole of material's heat content by precisely one degree Celsius is known as the heat capacity, or Cp.
The following method can be used to calculate specific heat values: Heat always transfers from the warmer to the colder material until both materials reach the same temperature when two materials, each at an initial different temperature, are placed in contact with one another. The heat gained by the initially colder material must equal the heat lost by the initially warmer material, according to the law of conservation of energy.
To determine particular heat values, apply the procedure described below: When two materials, each at an initial different temperature, are placed in contact, heat always transfers from the warmer to the cooler material until both materials reach the same temperature. According to the law of conservation of energy, the heat gained by the initially colder substance must equal the heat lost by the initially warmer substance.
mathematically, Q = mC∆T
Where
Q = quantity of heat absorbed by a body
m = mass of the body
∆t = Rise in temperature
C = Specific heat capacity of a substance depends on the nature of the material of the substance.
S.I unit of specific heat is J kg-1 K-1.
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a tank of mixed gases, consisting of h2, n2, ar, and h2o, is held at a constant temperature. which gas has the highest average velocity?
In a tank of mixed gases, consisting of H₂, N₂, Ar, and H₂O, is held at a constant temperature. The gas has the highest average velocity is H₂.
The velocity of all gas particles is inversely proportional to the molecular weight of the gas. Light gases have higher kinetic energy than heavy gases. From the list given, with an atomic mass of 2, N₂ with an atomic mass of 28, Ar with an atomic mass of 40, and H₂O with an atomic mass of 18. H₂ is the lightest of the four gases, and therefore the lightest. Velocity contributes to the kinetic energy of the particles.
Gas particles are always in motion, and all moving objects have kinetic energy (Ek). Molecules in a sample of gas share an average kinetic energy. However, individual molecules exhibit a kinetic energy distribution due to their velocity distribution. This velocity distribution arises from the collisions that occur between molecules in the gas phase. Although these collisions are elastic (no net loss of energy), the individual velocities of each molecule involved in the collision can change.
Kinetic molecule theory states that the average kinetic energy of gas particles is proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas. This can be expressed by the following equation, where k is the Boltzmann constant. The Boltzmann constant is simply the gas constant R divided by the Avogadro constant (NA). Bars above specific terms indicate that these are averages.
Ek = 3/2 (KT)
Since the average kinetic energy is related to both absolute temperature and molecular velocity, the above equation can be combined with the previous one to find the effective velocity.
Ek = 1/2(mu²) = 3/2 (KT)
=√u² =√(3KT/m)
This shows that the RMS velocity is related to temperature. This equation can be manipulated further by multiplying the numerator and denominator by the Avogadro constant (NA) to obtain a form using the gas constant (R) and molar mass (M).
√u² =√(3Rt/m)
The form of this equation shows that the effective velocity of gas molecules is also related to the molar mass of matter. Comparing two gases of different molar masses at the same temperature shows that the gas with the lower molar mass has a higher effective velocity, even though they have the same average kinetic energy.
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one mole of a monatomic ideal gas expands adiabatically and does 490 j of work. by how many kelvins does its temperature change?
The temperature changes by -3978.88 kelvin.
What is thermodynamics?The science of thermodynamics examines the connections between heat, work, temperature, and energy. The rules of thermodynamics explain how energy moves inside a system and whether or not the system is capable of performing beneficial work on its surroundings.Here given ,
n = 1
W = 490j
Since the above process is adiabatic, heat is zero. Consequently, internal energy changes are caused by,
ΔU=Q-W
= 0 - 490
=-490 J
Additionally, for monoatomic gas, internal energy changes include,
ΔU=3/2*n*R*ΔT
-490 = 3/2 x n x R x ΔT
-490 = 3/2 x 1 x 0.0821 x ΔT
-490 = 0.12315 x ΔT
ΔT = -490 / 0.12315
ΔT = -3978.88 K
Since the above response has a negative sign, the temperature has decreased.
Therefore,
A reduction in temperature of about ΔT = -3978.88 K has occurred.
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