What are the Independent, Dependent, and Controlled Variables?

I am observing the different stages of cell division by observing the tip of an onion root under a microscope and the time spent in each cycle.

During its completed cell division cycle, the onion root cell will have spent 68% in Interphase, 16% in Prophase, 6% in Metaphase, 4% in Anaphase, 4% in Telophase, and 2% in Cytokinesis.

What are the independent, dependent, and controlled variables of the onion roots cell division?
For more info my lab report is attached

Answer:

the last one: macromolecules can be converted into other forms such as carbs being stored as fats.

Yes, a frameshift mutation that occurs during DNA replication prior to meiosis will be inherited because the error happened in a gamete; option C.

A mutation is a change that occurs in the sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule.

Mutations that are inheritable are those mutations that affect the gametes.

Gametes refer to the haploid cells that are produced during the process of meiosis. Gametes produce egg cells and sperm cells.

Therefore, a mutation that occurs prior to meiosis could be inherited because it will be present in the gametes.

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Answer:

A. Soil Type, B. Plants, and C. Presence and Quality of Water

Explanation:

A) Soil contains air, water, and minerals as well as plant and animal matter, both living and dead, which is why it must be the first answer

B) Plant Elements include nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, boron, chlorine, iron, manganese, zinc, copper, molybdenum, and nickel. It is used for photosynthesis

C) Do i really need to explain this one?

Answer:

cloudy skies and prolonged precipitation can occur, with mesocyclone systems. When the warmer air mass is very humid, heavy or extreme precipitation can occur.

Explanation:

Answer:

the mineral is softer than your fingernail but harder than glass

Explanation:

i think that's the answer

Recombination and independent assortment are the two events that increase genetic variation.

In sexually reproducing organisms, meiosis is a kind of cell division that results in a reduction in the number of chromosomes in gametes (the sex cells, or egg and sperm).

This variety of potential gametes is the result of homologous pair orientation during metaphase of meiosis I and crossing over.

CROSSING OVER: Every cell that undergoes meiosis has a unique set of places where homologues cross across and exchange genetic material. These locations are mostly picked at random. Crossovers will take place at numerous distinct places if meiosis occurs often, as it does in the ovaries and testes of humans. Recombinant chromosomes, or chromosomes where DNA fragments have been exchanged between homologues, are produced in a vast diversity as a result of this repetition.

INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT: Another significant source of gamete variation is the random orientation of homologous pairs during metaphase of meiosis I.

Thus, by these two processes the genetic variation is maintained and thus each gamete is different from other.

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biomagnification of mercury results in toxic levels of mercury high in the food chains this effect animal life in the swamp.

Biomagnification chemical can accumulate in an organism from exposure to both food and water, leading to a concentration that is higher than what would have happened with just water exposure and, consequently, higher than what equilibrium would predict. This process is known as biomagnification. When contaminated phytoplankton is consumed by slightly larger creatures known as zooplankton, the POPs that are absorbed into their tissues at a higher concentration are biomagnified. A zooplankton will consume more polluted phytoplankton and accumulate more pollutants as a result. Synthetic toxicants produced through artificial means are not considered toxin because a toxin is a poisonous substance produced within living cells or organisms.

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Adenovirus Vector is best to use in this case which is about 22,000 bp long and is also important in preventing macular degeneration.

In molecular biology research, a viral vector is a genetic sequence derived from a virus, such as an adenovirus, that is utilized to express a specific nucleotide sequence, in this case, the fibrillin gene used in gene therapy.

As a result of these findings, we can see that an adenovirus, for example, maybe the most effective viral vector for expressing nucleotide sequences longer than 20 kb.

The majority of adenoviruses cause respiratory disease. The diseases include bronchitis, pneumonia, croup, and colds. Adenoviruses, depending on the kind, can also lead to additional conditions such as gastroenteritis, conjunctivitis, cystitis, and, less frequently, neuropathy. Most infections with adenoviruses last between a few days and 1-2 weeks. Severe infections can linger longer and produce symptoms that recur such as coughing. For instance, when changing an infected person's diaper, some adenoviruses can spread through feces. Although it happens very seldom, adenoviruses can also spread through water or in swimming pools.

The complete question is:

You are designing a gene therapy to replace a defective fibrillin gene, which is 22,000 bp long and is important in preventing macular degeneration. Based on your knowledge and resources available from class, which vector is best to use?

(A). Cosmid

(B). Ri plasmid

(C). Ti plasmid

(D) Adenovirus

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You increase system efficiency to create the smooth running system

The energy efficiency of a system or device that convert energy is measured by the ratio of the amount of useful energy put out by the system means output energy to the total amount of energy that is put in means input energy by useful output energy as a percentage of the total input energy allow you to achieve more with less get things done in less time and allow you to scale your operation

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The neurotransmitters are excitatory to some cells and inhibitory to others, depending on the type of receptors on the target cells are acetylcholine and norepinephrine.

A molecule that, when a nerve impulse arrives, is released at the end of a nerve fiber. This chemical then diffuses across the synapse or junction, causing the impulse to be transferred to another nerve fiber, a muscle fiber, or some other structure is called neurotransmitter.

Depending on the type of receptors present, some neurotransmitters, like acetylcholine and norepinephrine, can have both excitatory and inhibitory effects. When several synapses in close proximity are triggered at once or receive input from several presynaptic cells, spatial summation occurs.

Thus, because of receptors these can cause excitatory as well as inhibitory responses by summation of impulses.

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Bacteria can develop antibiotic resistance either by obtaining specific resistance genes from these other bacteria or by developing mutations that change the biological targets of antibiotics.

a deviation from the typical DNA sequence at a certain gene locus. Although the phrase is frequently associated with negativity, mutations (including polymorphisms) may affect cell activity in ways that are negative, positive, or neutral.

Gametes experience germline mutations. Other bodily cells can develop somatic mutations. Mutations that modify the chromosome's structure are called chromosomal changes. A single nucleotide is altered by point mutations.

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Hair cells in the cochlea vibrate, causing ion channels to open in their membrane

The hair cells in the organ of Cochlea convert the vibrations of mechanical sound into nerve impulse. The vibration of the basilar membrane, on which the organ of Corti is resting, stimulates them. The endocochlear potential, which exists between the endolymph and perilymph, is one of the most significant aspects of this process of conversion of sound into an electrical impulse by hair cells.

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A person must be homozygous for the trait if they have two recessive alleles for it.

One of two or more genes that may alternate at a specific location (locus) on the chromosome is known as an allele, also known as an allele. The phenotype of a particular trait may be influenced by a single allele, multiple alleles, or pairs of alleles.

The mix of alleles that an organism possesses creates its genotype. The genotype of the organism is referred to as homozygous for that trait if the paired alleles are the same. The organism's genotype is heterozygous if they are different.

In heterozygous matings, dominant alleles abolish the features of recessive alleles. Alleles, however, can co-dominate for some features. H. Neither recessive nor dominant. For instance, in the human ABO blood group system, recessive traits result in homozygosity for the gene. Because there is no dominant gene to cover up the recessive allele, it is expressed.

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Answer:

c) Heart cells express different genes than skin cells.

Explanation:

Heart cells have different characteristics than skin cells because, the heart cells express different genes than skin cells. Hence, the option (c) is correct answer.

Based on their chemical make-up, neuropeptides and monoamines are two categories of neurotransmitters.

According to their chemical and molecular characteristics, the four main types of neurotransmitters include peptides like somatostatin and opioids, amino acids like glutamate and glycine, monoamines like dopamine and norepinephrine, and purines like adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Neurotransmitter definition. An impulse is transmitted from one nerve cell to another nerve, muscle, organ, or other tissue through the release of a substance from a nerve cell. Neurologic information is transported from one cell to another via neurotransmitters.

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During interphase the cell grows in size and DNA replicates itself.

A cell prepares for cell division during the interphase, which is its resting or metabolic phase. The interphase period is when the cell gets ready for mitosis. This is accomplished by multiplying the cell's DNA and enlarging the cell. A typical cell spends the majority of its time during cell division in interphase, which is the phase of the cell cycle. The metabolic or "everyday life" phase of the cell is known as the interphase, during which the cell develops, repeats its DNA in order to be ready for mitosis, and does other "typical" cell operations.

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A typical echinoderm boat is 20 to 30 feet long and can carry 2,000 to 6,000 pounds.

In logistic growth, a population's rate of per capita growth declines because it approaches the carrying capacity, a limit imposed by the environment's finite resources ( K).

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This collection characteristic may be recognized in number one sequences the use of hydrophilic scales [7,8,9]. The maximum plentiful amino acids in transmembrane areas are leucine, isoleucine, valine, phenylalanine, alanine, glycine, serine, and threonine.

Six hydrophilic amino acids have facet chains which are polar however now no longer charged. These are serine (Ser), threonine (Thr), cysteine (Cys), asparagine (Asn), glutamine (Gln), and tyrosine (Tyr). These amino acids are commonly located on the floor of proteins, as mentioned withinside the Proteins 2 module.

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Blood that is rich in oxygen is drawn from the lungs and pumped to the left ventricle by the left atrium.

The heart has two atria and two ventricles, making up its four chambers. Blood with low oxygen content is drawn from the body and pumped to the right ventricle via the right atrium. The blood with less oxygen is sent to the lungs via the right ventricle. Blood that is rich in oxygen is drawn from the lungs and pumped to the left ventricle by the left atrium.

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DNP functions as a protonophore, allowing protons to pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane and bypass ATP synthase. This reduces the efficiency of ATP energy production.

2,4-dintrophenol (DNP) aids in the movement of protons across cell membranes, resulting in a decrease in ATP production (adenosine triphosphate, the molecule that transports energy within cells).

DNP acts as a protonophore, allowing protons to bypass ATP synthase by passing through the inner mitochondrial membrane. This reduces the efficiency with which ATP energy is produced.

As a result, the proton gradient cannot form across the inner mitochondrial membrane because H+ (hydrogen ion) pumping is halted. As a result, the pH across the inner membrane of mitochondria will decrease.

DNP is toxic to humans and can result in death as well as serious physical side effects. In the United Kingdom, selling DNP for human consumption is a crime.

Thus, it is dangerous to use DNP.

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Hello..!

4. Identify possible solutions (for hurricanes).

I don't know if you meant that and if not here is another way :v

I hope those of the 2 have served you.

Greetings.

The output of the cellular respiration are Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.

Cell respiration is a sequence of chemical reactions that wreck down glucose to provide ATP, which may be used as power to strength many reactions at some point of the frame. There are 3 major steps of cellular respiration: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

Cellular respiration is the manner that occurs in the mitochondria of organisms (animals and plants) to interrupt down sugar in the presence of oxygen to release power in the form of ATP. This procedure releases carbon dioxide and water as waste products.

There are two sorts of mobile breathing (see mobile breathing concept): aerobic and anaerobic. One happens inside the presence of oxygen (cardio), and one happens inside the absence of oxygen (anaerobic). both begin with glycolysis - the splitting of glucose.

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The ratio of serum concentration in the final tube to that in the first tube is 1:64. (or 164 of the original concentration).

The proportion of the parts in respect to one another is expressed as a part-to-part ratio. The whole is made up of all its component components. "1 to 2" is how the ratio 1: 2 is written. This indicates that out of the sum of 3, one component is worth 1 and another part is worth 2.

When a solvent is added, the concentration of the solute in the solution is diluted. By removing the solvent, concentration raises the solute concentration in the solution. Because each molecule needs a certain amount of energy to break bonds, dissociation rises with dilution. Take HCl as an example; it requires a certain amount of energy to split into H+ and Cl-.

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The approach that can be taken is to boost vasopressin production. This is due to the fact that too much vasopressin will cause urine to absorb more water.

By attaching to the MR, moving to the nucleus, and boosting the transcription of sodium channels and transporters, aldosterone promotes sodium transport and, inadvertently, encourages water reabsorption in the renal distal tubule.

When the adrenal glands release too much aldosterone, hyperaldosteronism results. The adrenal glands themselves are the cause of primary hyperaldosteronism. The adrenal gland's noncancerous (benign) tumour is the most common cause of case.

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The  main  primary advantage of using phase comparison in microscopy  is that the living cells  can be  examined  in their natural state without  previously  being killed  and stained with dyes or other heavy metals

Explanation:

The technique has the advantage of making it possible to visualize cell organelles and structures that are invisible in bright fields this makes it easier to distinguish the organelles.

It is  suitable for living cells   when they are being analyzed  in the lab unlike other techniques which require the specimen to be  dead, it also  good for studying and interpreting thin specimens this is because of its high contrast resolution ability  which is  the ability to distinguish in detail the distance at which  two distinct points of a specimen  are located

the phase shifts  are invisible but they come  visible in brightness variations

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They serve as a point of reference for the subunits whose weights are unknown.

Proteins act like amino acids in an electrical field due to their positively and negatively charged side chains; during electrophoresis, they migrate to the cathode (negative terminal) at low pH values and to the anode at high pH values (positive terminal).

To enable the protein fragments to move through the negatively charged gel, SDS is in charge of providing an overall positive charge to them at an equal charge to mass ratio.

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The ball domain is released from the channel pore and the channel turns back to closed state after the repolarization phase of an action potential.

The ball domain here describes the ions flowing in and out of the cells in response to the action potentials. A portion of the neuron becomes positively charged when Na+ channels open at the beginning of an action potential, allowing a flood of Na+ ions from outside the cell to enter. This is called depolarization. K+ ions from inside the cell flood out when K+ channels open, making that region of the neuron membrane more negatively charged. This is termed as repolarization. These mechanisms are what alter the cell membrane's voltage.

The brief pause between the opening of these two channels to initiate a second action potential is termed as refractory period. It describes the time it takes for an excitable membrane to reach a resting state after responding to a second stimulus in terms of action potentials.

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Complete question is:

Immediately after the repolarization phase of an action potential, the neuronal membrane is temporarily unable to respond to the stimulation of a second action potential. the brief pause is called the refractory period. what must happen to the voltage-gated sodium channel for the refractory period to end?

Answer:

7) digest system, 3) throat