What are the mRNA codons for the albino cat using the picture attached below?

A
GGA GGA GAC GAC

B
CCU CCU AUG AUG

C
GGG AGG AGA CGA

D
GGU GGU GUC GUC

All these parts of living things work together to carry out necessary functions and maintain balance within an organism's environment. They cannot work alone because each level of organization depends on the lower level for support and function

Cells: Cells are the basic unit of life and the smallest level of organization for living things. They carry out all the necessary functions of life, including energy production, reproduction, and response to stimuli.

Tissues: Tissues are groups of similar cells that work together to carry out a specific function, such as muscle tissue, nerve tissue, and epithelial tissue.

Organs: Organs are made up of multiple tissues that work together to perform a specific function, such as the heart, lungs, and liver.

Organ systems: Organ systems are groups of organs that work together to perform a specific function, such as the digestive system, respiratory system, and circulatory system.

Organisms: Organisms are individual living things, such as plants, animals, and bacteria, that are made up of multiple organ systems working together.

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Answer:

as a result of convergent evolution

Explanation:

The skulls of the marsupial wolf and gray wolf may appear similar despite the two animals not being closely related to each other because of the concept of convergent evolution. Convergent evolution refers to the process by which different species evolve similar traits or characteristics independently of each other as a result of facing similar environmental pressures and adapting to similar ecological niches.

In the case of these two animals, they may have developed similar skull structures because of their similar diets and hunting strategies. Both the marsupial wolf and the gray wolf are carnivorous predators that rely on their strong jaws and teeth to capture and consume prey. As a result, they may have evolved similar skull structures over time to effectively bite and tear flesh.

The fact that the marsupial wolf and gray wolf are not closely related to each other suggests that the similar skull structures are a result of convergent evolution, rather than being inherited from a common ancestor

The motor protein will take approximately 1000 hours to transport another molecule at a distance of 1 meter.

What is a motor protein? A motor protein is a type of molecule that generates movement within cells, transporting molecules from one location to another. Kinesin and dynein are examples of motor proteins that are involved in the intracellular transport of organelles, proteins, and RNA.

The steps involved in intracellular transport are as follows: The motor protein attaches to the cargo at the beginning of the transport. The protein changes its shape and moves forward along the cytoskeleton, pulling the cargo behind it. The motor protein continues to move until it reaches its destination or until the transport is stopped.

Movement can be powered by a number of different energy sources, including ATP hydrolysis, proton gradients, and light. The motor protein will take approximately 1000 hours to transport another molecule at a distance of 1 meter.

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Answer: 12 chromosomes 

The major differences between thick skin and thin skin include the number of cell layers, the presence of sweat glands, and the amount of melanin produced. The stratum lucidum is only found in thick skin and not in thin skin.

The stratum lucidum is only found in thick skin and is not present in thin skin. Other differences between thick and thin skin include the number of cell layers, the presence of sweat glands, and the amount of melanin produced.

Thick skin has five layers of cells compared to only three in thin skin. The cells in thick skin are arranged in a thicker pattern and contain more collagen and elastic fibers. This gives thick skin its durability and strength.

Thin skin contains more sweat glands than thick skin, which helps to keep the body cool. These sweat glands are known as eccrine glands, and they are more widely distributed on thin skin than thick skin.

Thick skin also contains more melanin than thin skin, which helps protect the skin from sun damage. Melanin is a pigment that absorbs ultraviolet radiation from the sun and helps prevent sunburns.

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Communication between neurons occurs when an action potential reaches the end of the presynaptic cell and bind to specific receptors.

At this point, neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic neuron which travel across the synaptic cleft and bind to specific receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. This binding causes an electrical or chemical change in the postsynaptic neuron, thereby creating a signal that passes along the neuron. Neurons communicate with each other in this way in order to transmit messages throughout the body.
Neurons are specialized cells in the nervous system that are responsible for transmitting information. They have the ability to generate electrical signals called action potentials, which are electrical signals that travel down the axon of the neuron. The action potential is initiated in the cell body, or soma, and is propagated down the axon until it reaches the end of the presynaptic neuron.

When the action potential reaches the end of the presynaptic neuron, neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft.
These neurotransmitters then bind to specific receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, initiating a change in the postsynaptic neuron that triggers an action potential.

This action potential then travels along the postsynaptic neuron, and the process repeats itself until the message is received by its destination. In this way, neurons are able to communicate with each other, transmitting signals and messages throughout the body.

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Bats typically exhibit sigmoid or S-shaped growth curves, which are characteristic of many populations of living organisms.

In the early stages of growth, the bat population is small and has a slow rate of increase. As the population grows, it enters a period of rapid growth, where the rate of increase is high.

Eventually, the growth rate begins to slow down as the population approaches its carrying capacity, which is the maximum number of individuals that can be sustained by the available resources. At this point, the population stabilizes at its carrying capacity, and growth stops or becomes very slow.

This pattern of growth is common in many animal populations and is influenced by factors such as resource availability, predation, disease, and other environmental factors

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G3P stands for glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, and it is the first product of the light-independent reaction of photosynthesis. It is used to create all of the carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids that are found in plants.

G3P is formed following the use of ATP, and functions as a carrier to transfer chemical energy from one reaction to another. The light-independent reaction of photosynthesis starts with the absorption of light by chlorophyll, followed by the conversion of carbon dioxide into the sugar molecule glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P). G3P is then used to form carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids that are essential to a plant's growth and development. Additionally, G3P helps to close the pores of the leaf and prevent it from drying out. This is because the energy stored in G3P is used to power the production of the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA), which helps the plant to conserve water.

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The species that are moving to higher elevations of 36 feet per decade and higher latitudes of 10 miles per decade, due to warming temperatures, are a variety of plant and animal species. This is a phenomenon known as climate-induced range shifts.

In this regard, the species that are most likely to move to higher elevations and latitudes include those that are adapted to colder climates, as they are forced to migrate due to the increase in temperature. Some of the species that have been observed to be moving to higher elevations and latitudes due to warming temperatures include the American pika, the Adelie penguin, the Atlantic salmon, the chinook salmon, the emperor penguin, and the moose, among others.

Additionally, certain plant species are also moving to higher elevations and latitudes, such as the Engelmann spruce, the whitebark pine, and the alpine forget-me-not.

This shift in habitat is attributed to the fact that these species require cool temperatures, which are becoming increasingly scarce as the earth's temperature rises. As such, the species are forced to move to higher elevations and latitudes, where the temperature is cooler, to survive. Global warming is causing a shift in the habitats of various species, and this is evident through the migration of certain animals, insects, and plants to higher elevations and latitudes, where the temperature is cooler.

Overall, climate change is causing a wide variety of species to move to higher elevations and latitudes in order to find more suitable living conditions. Species are shifting their ranges of 36 feet per decade and 10 miles per decade due to the warming temperatures caused by climate change.

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The statement "the thyroid gland is responsible for the fight or flight stress response" is false. The fight or flight stress response is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal glands, not the thyroid gland.

The fight or flight stress response is a natural, automatic physiological reaction to a perceived danger or threat that occurs in humans and animals. It's part of the body's stress response and it prepares the body to respond to a stressful situation by either fighting or fleeing the danger.

The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for initiating the fight or flight response, which causes a series of physiological changes in the body that prepare the body for action. These changes include increased heart rate, elevated blood pressure, dilated pupils, increased respiration, and decreased digestive activity. The adrenal glands also produce hormones that help to increase heart rate and blood pressure, as well as providing energy for muscles to act quickly in response to danger. The thyroid gland is responsible for regulating metabolism and producing hormones that control growth and development, among other functions.

Hence, the statement is false.

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Answer:

Explanation:

Jupiter is the planet fifth in order from the sun, having an equatorial diameter of 88,729 miles (142,796 km), a mean distance from the sun of 483.6 million miles (778.3 million km), a period or revolution of 11.86 years, and at least 14 moons. It is the largest planet in the solar systems.

Jupiter are at least 80 Galilean moons.

The most known ones are Ganymede, Calisto, Io, and Europa.

Name of Moon               Diameter             Distance from Earth

Ganymede                     3, 273.5               542.44M

Calisto                              2,995.4                   542.44M

Io                                       2,263.8                            542.44M

Europa                               1,939.7                             542.44M

Io-no craters/active volcanoes/no h2o or ice

Europa-no craters/icy w/cracks/geologic activity

Ganymede-icy surface/more craters

Callisto-heavily craters(ice) closer to Jupiter =more geological activity

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A forklift cannot lift a pallet of rocks because the weight of the rocks exceeds the maximum lifting capacity of the forklift. The lifting capacity of a forklift depends on its size and design.

A forklift is a powered industrial truck that is designed to lift and move heavy loads. Forklifts are commonly used in warehouses, construction sites, and manufacturing facilities to lift and move materials. Forklifts are designed to carry loads of a specific weight capacity. The maximum weight capacity of a forklift depends on its size and design, and it is important to ensure that the forklift is not overloaded. Overloading a forklift can cause it to tip over or lose balance, which can be dangerous for the operator and others nearby. When a forklift tries to lift a load that exceeds its maximum capacity, it can cause the forklift to become unstable and tip over. Therefore, it is important to ensure that the load being lifted does not exceed the maximum weight capacity of the forklift.

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Muscle relaxants that specifically target smooth muscle inhibit the vasoconstriction process in the process of stopping blood loss.

A muscle relaxant is a medication that is used to relax muscle contraction. Muscle relaxants that specifically target smooth muscle cause muscle relaxation by decreasing muscle tone.

Muscle contraction is regulated by the nervous system, which is why muscle relaxants that specifically target smooth muscle are classified as either centrally acting or peripherally acting.

Centers in the spinal cord or brain stem are targeted by centrally acting muscle relaxants. Peripherally acting muscle relaxants, on the other hand, act on the muscle itself to induce relaxation.Vasoconstriction is a process that helps to prevent blood loss in case of injury. When the smooth muscle in the walls of the blood vessels contracts, the blood vessels narrow, resulting in a decrease in blood flow. If you were unable to contract smooth muscle, the vasoconstriction process in the process of stopping blood loss would be inhibited, allowing blood to flow freely out of the damaged blood vessels.

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The movement of electrons through the photosynthetic electron transport chain directly produces: ATP, NADPH, and oxygen as the end products.

ATP is generated when electrons are passed from one carrier molecule to another, and the energy released is used to form ATP molecules from ADP and phosphate. NADPH is formed from the electron acceptor NADP+, which is oxidized when electrons are passed to it.

Oxygen is formed when water molecules are split in order to supply the electrons needed to power the electron transport chain. The electron transport chain begins when electrons are harvested from water molecules in Photosystem II.

These electrons are passed along a series of electron carrier molecules, such as plastoquinone, cytochrome b6f complex, and plastocyanin until they reach Photosystem I. Here, the electrons are re-energized by light and then passed to NADP+, the electron acceptor, which is subsequently oxidized to form NADPH.

Finally, the electrons are passed to an enzyme called an oxygen-evolving complex, where they are used to split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen ions produced in this process are used to form ATP from ADP and phosphate, completing the cycle.

In summary, the products directly produced from the movement of electrons through the photosynthetic electron transport chain are ATP, NADPH, and oxygen.

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The dihydrodigoxin levels in the culture medium of e. lenta cells would most likely be highest in the data set where the cells were grown in the highest concentration of dihydrodigoxin.

Dihydrodigoxin is a plant hormone that is utilized to study plant response and growth. E. lenta cells are utilized in the study of plant biology. The study of plant biology focuses on a number of factors such as growth and development, energy generation, photosynthesis, nutrition and signaling pathways. E. lenta cells are ideal for studying plant hormones and growth patterns.

The data set where the dihydrodigoxin levels in the culture medium of e. lenta cells would be highest is the data set where the cells were grown in the highest concentration of dihydrodigoxin.

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The statement "monkeys and apes are odd when compared to other mammals because they lack the ability to produce vitamin c (ascorbic acid) endogenously (within their own bodies)." is False.

Monkeys and apes are not odd when compared to other mammals because they lack the ability to produce vitamin C endogenously.

In fact, most mammals can produce vitamin C, but humans, other primates, guinea pigs, and some bats cannot.

This inability is due to the absence of an enzyme called L-gluconolactone oxidase, which is required for vitamin C synthesis.

Thus, they must obtain the micronutrient from exogenous sources via intestinal absorption. Dietary sources of vitamin C represent the main supply to humans as limited amount of the vitamin is generated by the gut microbiota.

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Out of the given groups, the incorrect group is "Liver" as it does not belong to the "Organs". It belongs to the digestive system and not to the group of organs.

Organ Systems are the group of organs that work together to perform a particular function in the body. The given group of organ systems includes:

Organs are a group of tissues that work together to perform a particular function in the body. The given group of organs includes:

The body cavity is a space in the body that contains organs. There are two types of body cavities: ventral and dorsal. The given group of ventral cavities includes:

The thoracic cavity is located in the upper part of the trunk, whereas the abdominopelvic cavity is located in the lower part of the trunk. The dorsal cavity is a space that contains the central nervous system (CNS). Thus, the given group of dorsal cavities includes only one group, i.e., the CNS.

Liver, on the other hand, is a vital organ that plays a crucial role in detoxification, protein synthesis, and blood clotting. It belongs to the digestive system and not to the group of organ systems. Therefore, out of the given groups, the incorrect group is "Liver."

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Neurotransmitter activity at a synapse can be terminated by three main mechanisms: reuptake, enzymatic breakdown, and diffusion.

Reuptake is when neurotransmitters are taken back into the presynaptic neuron, while enzymatic breakdown is when enzymes break down neurotransmitters into smaller molecules. Diffusion is when neurotransmitters move away from the synapse, which causes the neurotransmitter concentration to decrease.

Reuptake is a process by which the neurotransmitter is taken back into the presynaptic neuron and broken down, either for reuse or for storage. This process is known as active reuptake and is very efficient in preventing the build-up of neurotransmitters in the synapse.

Enzymatic breakdown is when enzymes break down neurotransmitters into smaller molecules, and this process can occur both within and outside of the synapse.

Finally, diffusion is the process by which neurotransmitters move away from the synapse and the concentration of neurotransmitter decreases over time. This process is known as passive diffusion and is the most common way neurotransmitter activity is terminated at the synapse.

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A linkage map is a genetic map that shows the location of genes in relation to other genes, based on the frequency of recombination between them. It was first developed by Alfred H. Sturtevant, a student of Thomas Hunt Morgan, who used assumptions from observations of crossovers to map genes.

Linkage mapping involves the use of a number of genetic markers, such as restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), or microsatellites. These markers are known to be located close to genes of interest, and their distribution among individuals can be analyzed to determine how frequently they are inherited together.

The distance between two genes on a linkage map is measured in map units, or centiMorgans (cM), which reflect the frequency of recombination between them. Genes that are located far apart on a chromosome are more likely to undergo crossing over during meiosis, resulting in a higher frequency of recombination between them, and thus a higher map distance. Conversely, genes that are located close together are less likely to undergo crossing over, resulting in a lower frequency of recombination between them, and thus a lower map distance.

Linkage maps are useful for a variety of purposes, including genetic mapping of disease genes, identification of genes involved in complex traits, and marker-assisted selection in plant and animal breeding programs. They can also be used to infer the evolutionary history of a group of organisms, by comparing the order and relative distances of genes on a linkage map to those of other organisms.

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Respiration and activity are closely related in the sense that respiration is the process by which our bodies generate energy to fuel physical activity.

During respiration, our bodies break down glucose and other molecules using oxygen to produce ATP, which is the primary energy currency of the body. This ATP is then used by the muscles to perform physical activity such as walking, running, lifting weights, or any other form of movement.

The rate of respiration increases as the body's demand for energy increases during physical activity. This increased respiration rate helps to supply more oxygen to the muscles, which allows them to continue functioning and producing ATP to support the activity.

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The plant is demonstrating phototropism, which is the growth of a plant towards a light source.

Phototropism is the tendency of a plant to grow towards a light source. The growth may be either negative or positive. Negative phototropism is the tendency of a plant to grow away from light. The growth of a plant towards a light source is called positive phototropism.

Plants have special photoreceptors that detect light. They help the plant to determine where the light source is. Once the light source is located, the plant's hormones move in that direction, causing it to grow in that direction. Phototropism is important to the survival of plants because it helps them to position their leaves in a way that maximizes photosynthesis.

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When the membrane is depolarized to threshold, there is a transient increase in gna. GNA is a voltage-gated ion channel that is responsible for sodium (Na+) influx into excitable cells, which causes rapid depolarization of the membrane. It is a type of ion channel that is critical in transmitting signals in the nervous system.

The gna channel is activated by the depolarization of the membrane, and it enables Na+ ions to flow into the cell in response to this stimulus. This, in turn, causes the membrane to depolarize further, leading to the generation of an action potential that can propagate along the length of the neuron.

In summary, gna refers to a sodium ion channel that is activated by depolarization of the membrane and is responsible for allowing Na+ influx into excitable cells, which leads to rapid depolarization of the membrane.

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Linked genes refer to genes that are located close together on the same chromosome. Linked genes assort independently.

They tend to be inherited together as a result of genetic linkage. During the process of meiosis, linked genes tend to sort together and are not inherited independently. This is because they are situated on the same chromosome and are thus inherited together.

In other words, linked genes tend to remain together and are transmitted to the offspring as a single unit. They are usually located close together on the same chromosome and are inherited together during meiosis. Thus, the genes are linked and are not inherited independently. Chromosomes are made up of thousands of genes, and the closer two genes are located to each other on the same chromosome, the greater the likelihood that they will be inherited together.

Genes that are located far apart on the same chromosome tend to sort independently during meiosis. As a result, their inheritance is not dependent on one another, and they are not linked. Therefore, whether genes are linked or not is dependent on their location on the same chromosome.

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Recombinant DNA being used to enable a bird flu to transfer from human to human in order to study the genetics of human to human transfer (option B) is likely to cause the greatest concern to the public.

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. This involves introducing new DNA into an organism's genome, or modifying existing DNA, to give it new or enhanced characteristics that it wouldn't have otherwise.

While GMOs have the potential to offer many benefits, there is also concern about their safety and potential impact on the environment. As a result, GMOs are subject to regulatory oversight and testing before they can be marketed or released into the environment.

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The given statement "A definitive host is an animal host in which an immature parasite develops and reaches sexual maturity" is true because a definitive host is a host that harbors the adult, sexually mature, phase of the parasite's life cycle.

Definitive hosts are the final host in which a parasite reaches maturity and undergoes sexual reproduction. A definitive host is a host that harbors the adult, sexually mature, phase of the parasite's life cycle. The life cycle of a parasite is incomplete unless it goes through its adult or sexual phase in the definitive host.

A definitive host is usually the host in which the parasite reproduces asexually, and it is the only host that can transmit the infection to other hosts. For example, the human host is the definitive host for the protozoan parasites of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum, which are the causative agents of malaria.

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In complete dominance, the dominant allele inhibits the expression of the recessive allele. 75% of the progeny is expected to have black fur.

Complete dominance is the inheritance pattern in which the dominant allele completely masks the recessive allele expression.

Homozygous dominant and heterozygous individuals express the dominant trait because the single presence of a dominant allele in the genotype is enough to determine the dominant phenotype.

Cross) Between two heterozygous mice

Parentals) Bb   x   Bb

Gametes) B   b    B    b

Punnett square)    B    b

                        B   BB   Bb

                        b   Bb    bb

F1) Genotype

    Phenotype

Ans. 75% of the progeny is expected to have black fur.

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The term that names the broadest, most inclusive taxonomic group is domain. The correct option is d.

In biological taxonomy, a domain is the broadest category into which living organisms can be classified. Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species are the eight fundamental categories or ranks utilized in the biological classification of all living things.

A domain is a high-level taxonomic category that includes one or more kingdoms. The three domains are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya, with Eukarya being the most recently discovered. Eukarya is the group of organisms that are made up of cells with a nucleus, such as animals, plants, fungi, and protists, while Archaea and Bacteria are the two groups of prokaryotes, which are single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus.

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Answer: mammals and amphibians

The two groups with the largest total number of species that are currently classified as critically endangered and endangered are: mammals and birds.

According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), there are more than 8,200 species of mammals and 11,121 species of birds that are classified as either critically endangered or endangered.

Critically endangered species are those that are considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the immediate future, while endangered species are those that are facing a very high risk of extinction in the near future.

In the case of mammals, the main drivers of their population decline are habitat loss and degradation, hunting, and climate change, among other factors. In the case of birds, the main drivers are also habitat loss and degradation, pollution, and invasive species.

It is important to note that the IUCN's Red List also includes species of fish, reptiles, amphibians, and invertebrates that are considered to be critically endangered and endangered, though the total number of species for each of these groups is lower than those of mammals and birds.

Therefore, in conclusion, the two groups with the largest total number of species that are currently classified as critically endangered and endangered are mammals and birds.

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All that line the mucosa of the large intestine. Simple columnar epithelium, Goblet cells and Intestinal glands. Option A, B, D are Correct.

A straightforward columnar epithelium with a fine brush border and lots of goblet cells lines the mucosa of the colon. The colon, rectum, and canal are the components of the large intestine. Although the large intestine's wall is made of the same kinds of tissue as other areas of the digestive system, there are notable differences.

Although the mucosa lacks villi, it has a lot of goblet cells. The simple columnar epithelium that lines the small intestine mucosa is predominantly made up of absorptive cells (enterocytes), with sporadic goblet cells and sporadic enteroendocrine cells. Paneth cells and stem cells are also present in the epithelium of crypts. Option A, B, D are Correct.

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