The three possible causes for the out-of-balance amount between the Sales Detail Report and Purchase Detail Report in MYOB AR could be:
1. Data entry errors: Incorrect or incomplete information entered during the sales or purchase transactions can result in discrepancies between the two reports.
2. Timing differences: If sales or purchase transactions are recorded in different periods or accounting periods, it can lead to differences in the amounts shown in the reports.
3. System issues: Software glitches or technical problems within MYOB AR can sometimes cause discrepancies between the Sales Detail Report and Purchase Detail Report.
It's advisable to check for any known issues or updates from the software provider.
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What are some of the legal actions than can be taken after a fraud has occurred? Please be sure to address and describe civil and criminal prosecution that can be undertaken. Why might management avoid taking legal action against perpetrators? In your opinion should management pursue legal action if an employee has been caught stealing money from the company?
After a fraud has occurred, there are legal actions that can be taken, both civil and criminal. In civil prosecution, the victim can file a lawsuit to recover damages caused by the fraud.
This can include compensation for financial losses, as well as punitive damages to discourage future fraud. On the other hand, criminal prosecution involves government authorities pursuing legal action against the fraudster. If found guilty, the fraudster may face penalties such as fines, probation, or imprisonment.
Management may avoid taking legal action against perpetrators for several reasons. Firstly, legal processes can be time-consuming and costly. Additionally, the management may prioritize reputation management and decide to handle the matter internally. They may also fear negative publicity and the impact on employee morale. Moreover, the management may feel that pursuing legal action would not result in recovering stolen funds.
Whether management should pursue legal action depends on the specific circumstances. It is essential to consider the severity of the theft, the potential impact on the company's financial stability, and the evidence available. Pursuing legal action can send a clear message that fraud will not be tolerated, deter others from engaging in similar behavior, and potentially recover stolen funds. However, the decision should be made after considering all relevant factors, including potential costs and the potential for negative consequences.
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The following problems have been discussed in class: 1. a) Design the synthetic for a currency forward. Use a Money Market interpretation. b) If the interest rate in USD is 1%, and is 1.2% for Euro deposits, find the forward price of a Euro when the current exchange rate is 1 . c) If the Forward price of a Euro is currently 1, how could you use the synthetic to do arbitrage? Explain each step.
a) The synthetic construction involves using money market instruments to achieve the same cash flows as the forward contract.
b) The forward price of a Euro would be approximately 1.00198.
c) Borrow USD: Borrow a certain amount of USD at the domestic interest rate of 1%.
Convert USD to Euros: Exchange the borrowed USD for Euros at the spot exchange rate of 1.
Invest Euros: Deposit the acquired Euros in a Euro deposit account, earning an interest rate of 1.2%.
a) To design a synthetic for a currency forward using a Money Market interpretation, we need to create a combination of money market instruments that replicates the cash flows of a currency forward contract.
In a currency forward, two parties agree to exchange a specified amount of one currency for another currency at a predetermined exchange rate (the forward price) on a future date. The synthetic construction involves using money market instruments to achieve the same cash flows as the forward contract.
b) Given that the interest rate in USD is 1% and the interest rate for Euro deposits is 1.2%, we can calculate the forward price of a Euro using the interest rate parity formula:
Forward Price = Spot Price × (1 + Foreign Interest Rate) / (1 + Domestic Interest Rate)
In this case:
Spot Price = 1 (current exchange rate)
Foreign Interest Rate = 1.2%
Domestic Interest Rate = 1%
Forward Price = 1 × (1 + 0.012) / (1 + 0.01) = 1.012/1.01 ≈ 1.00198
Therefore, the forward price of a Euro would be approximately 1.00198.
c) If the forward price of a Euro is currently 1, and we have a synthetic construct for a currency forward, we can use arbitrage to take advantage of the price discrepancy. Here are the steps to execute the arbitrage:
Borrow USD: Borrow a certain amount of USD at the domestic interest rate of 1%.
Convert USD to Euros: Exchange the borrowed USD for Euros at the spot exchange rate of 1.
Invest Euros: Deposit the acquired Euros in a Euro deposit account, earning an interest rate of 1.2%.
Enter into the synthetic forward contract: Use the synthetic construct to enter into a forward contract that agrees to sell Euros and buy USD at the forward price of 1.
Wait until the forward contract matures: Hold the forward contract until the maturity date.
Settle the forward contract: At the maturity date, settle the forward contract by selling the Euros at the forward price of 1 and receiving USD in return.
Repay the USD loan: Use the USD received from the forward contract settlement to repay the USD loan, including the interest.
By executing these steps, the arbitrageur can exploit the price discrepancy between the forward price and the spot price, earning a risk-free profit. However, keep in mind that these opportunities are usually short-lived as market participants quickly correct such mispricing through arbitrage activities.
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businesseconomicseconomics questions and answersderive an expression to predict the number of compounding periods needed to for a single, onetime investment to double in value when given the initial investment value (e.g.$5,000) and the period interest rate (e.g. i=5% ). you can solve the problem fundamentally using the discount factor equations, or empirically by solving the problem for several input
Question: Derive An Expression To Predict The Number Of Compounding Periods Needed To For A Single, Onetime Investment To Double In Value When Given The Initial Investment Value (E.G.$5,000) And The Period Interest Rate (E.G. I=5% ). You Can Solve The Problem Fundamentally Using The Discount Factor Equations, Or Empirically By Solving The Problem For Several Input
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Derive an expression to predict the number of compounding periods needed to for a single, onetime investment to double in value when given the initial investment value (e.g.$5,000) and the period interest rate (e.g. i=5% ). You can solve the problem fundamentally using the discount factor equations, or empirically by solving the problem for several input cases. Does the time to double rely upon the investment value? On the interest rate? Interest Rate Only Investment Value Both Interest Rate and Investment Value Neither Interest Rate nor Investment Value Using the knowledge gained from Problem 2.1, estimate the time (in years) to quadruple a $8,685 investment at an interest rate of 7%.
The number of compounding periods required for a single one-time investment to double in value when given the initial investment value and the period interest rate can be predicted using the expression n = log(2) / log(1 + i).
To derive an expression to predict the number of compounding periods needed for a single one-time investment to double in value when given the initial investment value (e.g. $5,000) and the period interest rate (e.g. i=5%) we use the formula; 2 = (1 + i) n
Where; 2 = amount after n periods (it's double the original investment amount)I = annual interest rate (period interest rate/number of compounding periods) N = number of compounding periods
So, we will solve for n which will give us the number of periods required for the investment to double. The formula can be rearranged as follows; n = ln(2) / ln(1 + i)Or, n = log(2) / log(1 + i)So, the number of compounding periods required for a single one-time investment to double in value when given the initial investment value and the period interest rate can be predicted using the expression n = log(2) / log(1 + i).
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The growth of economic growth? in Addition to the benefits of economic growth, there are also potentially what are some of these costs? write a paragraph arguing that the benefits exceed the cost. Write a paragraph arguing the opposite, that the cost exceeds the benefits. Which argument do you find more convincing and why ?
Economic growth is a measure of a country's productivity, income distribution, and economic activity. The development and progress of a nation are measured by economic growth, and it is often seen as a desirable outcome.
Economic growth has a significant positive impact on the economy and society. Economic growth can raise the standard of living, generate employment, and lower the poverty rate in a country. Furthermore, economic growth aids in the development of a nation's infrastructure, such as transportation, communication, healthcare, education, and other social services. It also provides the government with greater tax revenues to pay off debts, fund social programs, and undertake infrastructure projects. Overall, the benefits of economic growth outweigh the costs because it raises the level of economic and social progress in a country. On the other hand, the cost of economic growth can be very high. It can cause severe pollution and environmental degradation, which can be detrimental to human health.
Moreover, the pressure to produce more goods can lead to the exploitation of workers and the depletion of natural resources. Rapid industrialization can also result in urbanization, which leads to overcrowding, slums, and social problems such as crime and violence. Hence, the costs of economic growth are high and need to be addressed to ensure the welfare of society.
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Corporations with decision-making, production, and distribution operations spread all over the world are characteristic of:_________
Corporations with decision-making, production, and distribution operations spread all over the world are characteristic of multinational corporations (MNCs).
MNCs are big-scale agencies that operate in multiple international locations, permitting them to take advantage of global markets and assets. They establish subsidiaries, branches, or affiliates in distinct regions to correctly control and coordinate their operations on a worldwide scale. These agencies leverage their presence in numerous nations to get admission to new markets, tap into diverse client bases, and optimize production and distribution networks.
By having choice-making abilities dispensed throughout multiple places, MNCs can adapt to nearby market situations, respond to customer wishes, and make informed strategic selections. Their international footprint allows them to capitalize on economies of scale, advantage competitive blessings, and navigate the complexities of worldwide enterprise environments.
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The town of Willbegon has a labor force of 32,268, of whom 31,602 are employed. The remaining 17,194 people in the town are not in the labor force. Based on these numbers, calculate Willbegon's employment ratio (in decimals, to three decimal places): 639 Calculate Willbegon's labor force participation rate in decimals, to three decimal places 652 Calculate Wilbegon's unemployment rate (in decimals, to three decimal places): .02 Over the course of the year, 0.03 of the employed become unemployed, while 0.22 of the unemployed become employed; 0.04 of the employed leave the labor force, while 0.03 of those not in the labor force become employed; and 0.14 of the unemployed leave the labor force, while 0.02 of those not in the labor force become unemployed. The population of Wilbegon remains unchanged.
The answer is , the new labor force is 31,330 and New unemployed rate is 0.020T.
How to find?Over the course of the year, 0.03 of the employed become unemployed, while 0.22 of the unemployed become employed; 0.04 of the employed leave the labor force, while 0.03 of those not in the labor force become employed; and 0.14 of the unemployed leave the labor force, while 0.02 of those not in the labor force become unemployed.
Given the total population remains unchanged, the total population = Labor force + Not in the labor force
= 32,268 + 17,194
= 49,462
Therefore, the number of people who are employed at the end of the year = (0.97 × 31,602) + (0.03 × 31,602) - (0.04 × 31,602) + (0.03 × 17,194)= 30,704.36
≈ 30,704
Number of unemployed at the end of the year = (0.98 × 32,268) - (0.22 × (32,268 - 31,602)) - (0.14 × (32,268 - 31,602)) + (0.02 × 17,194)
= 625.84
≈ 626
Therefore, the new labor force = 30,704 + 626
= 31,330
Employment ratio at the end of the year = 30,704 / 31,330
= 0.979
Labor force participation rate at the end of the year = 31,330 / 49,462
= 0.633
New unemployed rate = 626 / 31,330
= 0.020T
This calculation concludes the answer to the given problem.
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Sarah Wiggum would lake to make a single investment and have $1.7mili ion at the time of har fatrement in 25 years . She has found a mutual fund that will earn 6 percent annually. How much will Sarah have to invest today? If Sarah earned an annual refum of 18 percent how soen could she then retro? 3. If Sarah can eam 6 percent annually for the next 25 years, the amount of meney she will have to invest today is $ (Round to the nearost cont) b. If Sarah can eam an annual return of 18 percent, the number of years until ahe could rotre is years (Round to one decimal place)
a. The amount of money Sarah has to invest today is $432,317.
b. The number of years until Sarah could retire is 18.4 years.
Given that Sarah Wiggum wants to make a single investment and have $1.7 million at the time of her retirement in 25 years, and she found a mutual fund that will earn 6 percent annually. We are to find out the amount Sarah has to invest today. We will use the formula for future value (FV) of a present value (PV):
FV = PV (1 + r)n, where FV = Future value, which is $1.7 million PV = Present value, which we are to find out = Interest rate, which is 6%n = Number of years, which is 25 years Substituting the given values in the formula:1.7 million = PV (1 + 0.06)25 Taking PV to the left side of the equation, we get: PV = 1.7 million ÷ (1 + 0.06)25PV = 1.7 million ÷ 4.909PV = $346,707.32 Therefore, the amount of money Sarah has to invest today is $346,707.32 (rounded to the nearest cent).
Next, we are to find out the number of years until Sarah could retire if she could earn an annual return of 18 percent. Let's use the formula for future value (FV) of a present value (PV) again: FV = PV (1 + r) n, where FV = Future value, which is $1.7 million PV = Present value, which is $346,707.32 r = Interest rate, which is 18% n = Number of years, which we are to find out Substituting the given values in the formula:1.7 million = 346,707.32 (1 + 0.18) n
Taking n to the right side of the equation, we get:1.7 million ÷ 346,707.32 = (1 + 0.18) n Dividing the left side by the right side:4.909 = 1.18n Taking logarithm base 1.18 on both sides of the equation:
log1.18 (4.909) = nlog1.18 (4.909) ÷ log1.18 (1.18) = n = 18.4 Therefore, the number of years until Sarah could retire is 18.4 years (rounded to one decimal place).
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Describe the entire supply chain of the iPhone 13. In your answer, as much as possible,
give the names of the companies involved in the supply chain, i.e., names of suppliers, retailers,
etc.
The entire supply chain of the iPhone 13 involves various companies and stages. Suppliers, Manufacturing, Logistics,
Distribution, Retailers.
1. Suppliers: Companies like Foxconn, Samsung, and TSMC supply components such as displays, processors, and memory chips to Apple.
2. Manufacturing: Foxconn, Pegatron, and Wistron are involved in assembling the iPhone 13.
3. Logistics: Companies like UPS, FedEx, and DHL handle the transportation of the iPhones from manufacturing plants to distribution centers.
4. Distribution: Apple distributes the iPhones to its retail stores and authorized resellers worldwide.
5. Retailers: These include Apple Stores, carrier stores (Verizon, AT&T, etc.), and online platforms like Amazon and Best Buy, where customers can purchase the iPhone 13.
In conclusion, the supply chain of the iPhone 13 includes suppliers, manufacturers, logistics companies, Apple itself for distribution, and various retailers for selling the product.
The supply chain of the iPhone 13 involves a series of interconnected stages and companies. Suppliers provide essential components to Apple, who then works with manufacturing partners to assemble the iPhones. Once manufactured, logistics companies handle the transportation of the iPhones to distribution centers. From there, Apple distributes the iPhones to its own retail stores and authorized resellers. Customers can then purchase the iPhone 13 from various retailers such as carrier stores and online platforms. This extensive supply chain ensures the availability of the iPhone 13 to consumers worldwide.
Once the components are sourced, the manufacturing phase begins. Foxconn, Pegatron, and Wistron are some of the key manufacturing partners that assemble the iPhone 13. These companies undertake the task of putting together the components, ensuring the highest quality standards are met. Logistics companies play a crucial role in the supply chain by managing the transportation of the iPhones. Companies like UPS, FedEx, and DHL are responsible for the safe and efficient delivery of the devices from the manufacturing plants to distribution centers located worldwide.
Apple, as the main distributor, plays a vital role in the supply chain. They manage the distribution of the iPhones to their own retail stores and authorized resellers. Apple's extensive network of retail stores allows customers to purchase the iPhone 13 directly from Apple. Additionally, carrier stores such as Verizon, AT&T, and online platforms like Amazon and Best Buy also sell the iPhone 13, broadening the reach to potential customers. In conclusion, the supply chain of the iPhone 13 involves a multitude of companies, including suppliers, manufacturers, logistics firms, Apple for distribution, and various retailers. This intricate network ensures the smooth flow of production, distribution, and sale of the iPhone 13, ultimately reaching the hands of customers worldwide.
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A media conglomerate that makes, markets, distributes and manipulates most aspects of a popular movie is an example of:_______.
A media conglomerate that makes, markets, distributes, and manipulates most aspects of a popular movie is an example of "vertical integration."
Film studios are large entertainment companies that oversee the entire production process of movies, from development to distribution. They have the resources, infrastructure, and expertise to handle various aspects of movie-making, including financing, script development, casting, production, marketing, and distribution.
These conglomerates typically have subsidiary companies or divisions that specialize in different areas of the film industry. For instance, they may have production studios responsible for producing the movies, marketing departments focused on promoting the films to target audiences, distribution arms that handle the release of movies in theaters or through various distribution channels, and even media manipulation capabilities to shape public perception and generate buzz around their films.
By having control over multiple stages of the movie-making process, these media conglomerates can streamline operations, maximize profits, and exert significant influence over the success of their films. They can strategically coordinate the production, marketing, and distribution efforts to reach a wide audience and optimize revenue generation.
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Duse to the integrated nature of their capital markets, investors in both the United States and the UK. reporre the same reat interest rate. 2.6 percent, on their lending. There is a consensus in capital markets that the annual inflation rate is likely to be 3.6 percent in the United States and 1,6 percent in the U.K. for the next three years. The spot exchange rate is currently $16π E a. Compute the nominal interest rate per annum in both the Unifed States and the UK., assuming that the Fsher effect helds. (Do not round intermediate calculetions. Round your answer to 2 decimal places.) b. What is your expected future spot dollar-pound exchange fate in three years from now? (Do not round intermodiate eniculations Round your answer to 4 decimal places.) c. Can you infer the forward dollar-pound exchange rate for one-year maturtily? (Do not round intermediate colculations, Round your answer to 4 decimal ploces.)
The nominal interest rate per annum in the United States is 6.26% (2.6% + 3.6%) and in the UK is 4.2%. The expected future spot dollar-pound exchange rate in three years from now is $16π E * (1 + 0.036)^3 = $16π E * 1.116 = $17.856π E. It is not possible to infer the forward dollar-pound exchange rate for one-year maturity solely based on the given information.
a. To calculate the nominal interest rate per annum, we add the expected inflation rate to the given interest rate. In the United States, it would be 2.6% + 3.6% = 6.26%, and in the UK, it would be 2.6% + 1.6% = 4.2%. This calculation is based on the Fisher effect, which assumes that the nominal interest rate adjusts with changes in expected inflation to maintain the real interest rate.
b. The expected future spot dollar-pound exchange rate in three years can be estimated by multiplying the current spot exchange rate ($16π E) by the cumulative inflation factor for three years. Using the expected inflation rates of 3.6% and 1.6%, the calculation would be $16π E * (1 + 0.036)^3 = $16π E * 1.116 = $17.856π E. This provides an estimation of the future exchange rate based on the expected inflation differentials.
c. The information provided does not give sufficient data to infer the forward dollar-pound exchange rate for one-year maturity. The forward exchange rate depends on a range of factors, including interest rate differentials, market expectations, and risk considerations. Without additional information on these factors, it is not possible to determine the forward exchange rate accurately.
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How much will an annuity due of $860 per year be worth in nine years at an annual interest rate of 9 percent? $11,234 $12,200 $12,206 $11,378
An annuity due of $860 per year will be worth approximately $11,378 in nine years at an annual interest rate of 9%.
To calculate the future value of an annuity due, we can use the formula for the future value of an ordinary annuity and multiply it by (1 + r), where r is the interest rate.
The formula for the future value of an ordinary annuity is:
FV = P * [(1 + r)^n - 1] / r
Where:
FV is the future value of the annuity
P is the periodic payment amount ($860 per year)
r is the interest rate per period (9% = 0.09)
n is the number of periods (nine years)
Substituting the given values into the formula:
FV = $860 * [(1 + 0.09)^9 - 1] / 0.09
After performing the calculations, the future value of the annuity due is approximately $11,378. Therefore, the answer is $11,378.
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You would like to have $50,000 in 15 years. To accumulate this amount, you plan to deposit an equal sum in the bank each year that will earn 7% interest compounded annually. Your first payment will be made at the end of the year.
How much must you deposit annually to accumulate this amount?
(b) If you decide to make a large lump-sum deposit today instead of the annual deposits, how large should this lump-sum deposit be? (Assume you can earn 7% annual interest on this deposit.) (
c) At the end of five years, you will receive $10,000 and deposit this in the bank toward your goal of $50,000 at the end of 15 years. In addition to this deposit, how much must you deposit in equal annual deposits to reach your goal? 1206.91(Again, assume you can earn 7% annual interest on this deposit.)
To calculate the additional deposit required after receiving $10,000 at the end of five years, we can subtract the present value of the $10,000 from the future value target of $50,000: Additional deposit = ($50,000 - $10,000) / ((1 + 0.07)^10 - 1) / 0.07
(a) To calculate the annual deposit required to accumulate $50,000 in 15 years, we can use the formula for the future value of an ordinary annuity:
FV = P * ((1 + r)^n - 1) / r
Where:
FV = Future value ($50,000)
P = Annual deposit
r = Interest rate per period (7% or 0.07)
n = Number of periods (15 years)
Plugging in the values:
$50,000 = P * ((1 + 0.07)^15 - 1) / 0.07
Solving this equation, we find that the annual deposit required is approximately $1,684.73.
(b) To calculate the lump-sum deposit required today, we can use the formula for the present value of a lump sum:
PV = FV / (1 + r)^n
Where:
PV = Present value (unknown)
FV = Future value ($50,000)
r = Interest rate per period (7% or 0.07)
n = Number of periods (15 years)
Plugging in the values:
PV = $50,000 / (1 + 0.07)^15
Solving this equation, we find that the lump-sum deposit required today is approximately $15,917.99.
Solving this equation, we find that the additional deposit required is approximately $1,206.91.
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Identify one advertisement you consider to be credible. Give one reason(s) for your choice.
Explain why marketers use humour in advertising.
How do marketers apply the concept of behaviour learning theory?
Using an example, define self-esteem.
For a bar of chocolate, which function of attitude is more relevant, value expressive or utilitarian? Give reason(s) for your choice.
The Nike "Dream Crazy" advertisement is credible because it features real-life athletes and their inspiring stories, enhancing the authenticity of the brand's message.
The Nike "Dream Crazy" advertisement, featuring athletes like Serena Williams and Colin Kaepernick, is considered credible due to its use of real people and their powerful narratives. By showcasing these athletes' personal struggles and accomplishments, Nike establishes a genuine connection with its audience. The use of authentic stories and well-known athletes lends credibility to the advertisement, making it more relatable and trustworthy for viewers.
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Direct marketing may have a higher chance of being believed by consumers. An eye-catching graphic design and great writing make for a convincing advertisement.
Several studies have shown that employing humor to increase brand recall and recognition is an effective marketing strategy. Making the audience laugh could improve your relationship with them on an emotional level and boost sales.
According to one school of psychology, conditioning is the method used to teach people new behaviors. When a stimulus that prompts a planned reaction is repeatedly shown to a person, conditioning takes place.
The conviction that one is deserving of and capable of leading a happy, successful life is known as self-esteem. It serves as the basis for a person's capacity to believe in their own skills and to love both themselves and other people.
The utilitarian aspect of attitude is the one that applies to a bar of chocolate the most. This is due to the fact that a bar of chocolate's primary usage is as food, which gives it its primary value.
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A company broke even last year with sales of $100,000. Each item had variable cost of $3.00 and a sales price of $5.00. How much do they need to sell this year to earn net income of $14,000 after-tax. Tax rate = 30%. Assume no change in cost behavior.
%
Last Year
This Year
Sales
$100,000
-Variable Costs
=Contribution Margin
-Fixed Costs
=Operating income (loss)
-Tax (30%)
=Net income
$14,000
The company needs to achieve sales of approximately $44,857.14 in order to generate a net income of $14,000 after deducting taxes at a rate of 30%, assuming no change in cost behavior.
Given information: The company broke even last year with sales of $100,000. The net income to be achieved this year is $14,000. Taxes rate is 30%. The selling price of each item is $5 and the variable cost incurred per item is $3.The company's profit or loss is calculated as the difference between revenue earned and costs incurred. The net income is the profit after deducting the tax from it.
The tax rate is given to be 30%.Thus, the net income can be calculated as follows;
Net income = Revenue - Cost of goods sold (COGS) - Taxes
14,000 = Revenue - COGS - 0.3 × Revenue (as the tax rate is 30%)
14,000 = Revenue - 0.3 × Revenue - 3 (the COGS per item is $3)1
4,000 = 0.7 × Revenue - 3. × 100,000 the sales achieved last year. Let the current year sales be 'x', then the equation will be as follows;
14,000 = 0.7x - 300,000
14,000 + 300,000 = 0.7x
314,000 = 0.7x
Dividing both sides by 0.7, we get;
x = 44857.14
The minimum sales target for the current year is $44,857.14 (rounded off to the nearest cent).
Therefore, the minimum sales target for the current year that a company, which broke even last year with sales of $100,000, needs to achieve in order to generate a net income of $14,000 after deducting taxes at a rate of 30%, assuming no change in cost behavior is $44,857.14.
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an investor bought $1 of T-Bills in the beginning of 1990, how much did the investor have at the end of 1994?
year return on t-bills
1990 = 7.69
1991 = 5.43
1992 = 3.48
1993 = 3.03
1994 = 4.39
1995 = 5.61
show excel function and explanation please !
To calculate how much the investor had at the end of 1994 after buying $1 of T-Bills in the beginning of 1990, you need to multiply the initial investment by the return rate for each year.
Here's how you can use an Excel function to calculate this:
1. Open Microsoft Excel and create a new spreadsheet.
2. In column A, list the years from 1990 to 1995.
3. In column B, list the return rates for each year: 7.69 in 1990, 5.43 in 1991, 3.48 in 1992, 3.03 in 1993, 4.39 in 1994, and 5.61 in 1995.
4. In cell C1, enter the formula "=B1 * $A$1". This formula multiplies the return rate in B1 by the initial investment of $1 in cell A1.
5. Copy the formula in cell C1 and paste it into cells C2 to C6.
6. In cell D1, enter the formula "=SUM(C1:C6)". This formula calculates the total amount the investor had at the end of 1994 by summing up the values in column C.
7. The value in cell D1 is the answer. It represents how much the investor had at the end of 1994.
Using this Excel function, the investor would have had $1.5366 at the end of 1994 after starting with an initial investment of $1 in 1990.
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When Jose buys a Blu-Ray player from Samsung for $200 Select one: a. Jose is made worse off. b. Jose values the $200 more than he values the Blu-Ray player. c. Jose values the money more than Samsung does. d. Samsung is made worse off. e. Jose values the Blu-Ray player more in money terms than Samsung does.
When Jose buys a Blu-Ray player from Samsung for $200, the statement "Jose values the $200 more than he values the Blu-Ray player" best reflects the situation.
This means that Jose believes the $200 he spent on the Blu-Ray player is worth more to him than the value he places on the player itself.
This is because he willingly exchanged his money for the Blu-Ray player, indicating that he values the money more.
The other options are not accurate in this scenario.
It is not stated whether Jose is worse off or if Samsung is worse off, and there is no information to suggest that Jose values the money more than
Samsung does or that he values the Blu-Ray player more in money terms than Samsung does.
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On January 1, Year 1, PQR Bank Inc. issued $1,000,000 of 8% bonds due in five years, with annual interest payments on December 31 each year. On January 1, the bonds sold for $1,129,884. What is the market interest rate (yield) on these bonds?
The market interest rate (yield) on these bonds is approximately 3.12%.
To find the market interest rate (yield) on the bonds, we can use the present value formula. The formula is:
Present Value = Future Value / (1 + r)^n
Where:
- Present Value is the price the bonds sold for ($1,129,884)
- Future Value is the face value of the bonds ($1,000,000)
- r is the market interest rate (yield)
- n is the number of years until maturity (5 years)
Using the formula, we can rearrange it to solve for r:
r = (Future Value / Present Value)^(1/n) - 1
Plugging in the values:
r = ($1,000,000 / $1,129,884)^(1/5) - 1
Simplifying the calculation:
r ≈ 0.0312 or 3.12%
Therefore, the market interest rate (yield) on these bonds is approximately 3.12%.
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Optimo Corporation is evaluating its capital structure and attempting to optimize the value of the firm. While the debt-to-equity ratio is less than 1, the company's shareholders have indicated that they require a 13% return on equity and the bank has indicated that it will charge an after-tax rate of 8%. Once the debt-to-equity ratio exceeds 1 , the bank structure is most likely to occur when the debt-to-equity ratio is: A. 2.00 B. 1.00 C. 0.50 D. 3.00 Explanation Choice "B" is correct. The optimal capital structure is generally quantified as the ratio of debt-to-equity financing that produces the lowest weighted average cost of capital (WAC several steps in determining the lowest WACC for each of the alternatives presented: Step 1, determine the percentage components of the debt-to-equity ratio that result in the alternatives proposed: - Debt/Equity =0.50= Debt of 33.3%, Equity of 66.7% - Debt/Equity =1.00= Debt and Equity of 50% - Debt/Equity =2.00= Debt of 66.7%, Equity of 33.4% - Debt/Equity =3.00= Debt of 75%, Equity of 25% Step 2, compute the WACC associated with each debt-to-equity ratio by multiplying the debt percentage by the applicable interest rate and the return on equity by the applicable equity percentage and taking their sum as follows (e.g., 8%×0.33=2.7%,13%×0.67=8.7%,2.7%+8.7%=11.3% WACC at 0.50 ): Step 3, select the debt-to-equity ratio with the lowest WACC, 1.00 (10.5\% WACC). Choices "C", "A", and "D" are incorrect, per above.
Once the debt-to-equity ratio exceeds 1, the bank structure is most likely to occur when the debt-to-equity ratio is 1.00.
Optimo Corporation is attempting to optimize the value of the firm by evaluating its capital structure. Although the debt-to-equity ratio is less than 1, the company's shareholders have indicated that they require a 13% return on equity, and the bank has indicated that it will charge an after-tax rate of 8%.According to the given information, the optimal capital structure is typically quantified as the ratio of debt-to-equity financing that produces the lowest weighted average cost of capital (WACC). We must go through several steps to determine the lowest WACC for each of the alternatives presented.
First, determine the percentage components of the debt-to-equity ratio that result in the alternatives proposed. The following are the results:Debt/Equity = 0.50 = Debt of 33.3%, Equity of 66.7%Debt/Equity = 1.00 = Debt and Equity of 50%Debt/Equity = 2.00 = Debt of 66.7%, Equity of 33.4%Debt/Equity = 3.00 = Debt of 75%, Equity of 25%
Second, compute the WACC associated with each debt-to-equity ratio by multiplying the debt percentage by the applicable interest rate and the return on equity by the applicable equity percentage and taking their sum. This can be done as follows (e.g., 8% × 0.33 = 2.7%, 13% × 0.67 = 8.7%, 2.7% + 8.7% = 11.3% WACC at 0.50):
Third, choose the debt-to-equity ratio with the lowest WACC, 1.00 (10.5 percent WACC). Therefore, once the debt-to-equity ratio exceeds 1, the bank structure is most likely to occur when the debt-to-equity ratio is 1.00. So, option B is correct, and options A, C, and D are incorrect.
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Robert is considering opening a restaurant selling bagels in the newly built BHSU library. He estimates that it will cost $100,000 to purchase new equipment for his restaurant business. He will run the restaurant only for 4 years. The restaurant’s equipment falls in the MACRS 5 year class, and equipment will have a salvage value of $30,000. Rent and other fixed costs will equal $10,000 per year, and variable costs will be 20% of the sales revenue. 15,000, 20,000, 25,000 and 30,000 bagels will be sold in years 1, 2, 3, and 4, at $10 each. The management will also need to immediately set aside and keep each year $2,000 in cash to cover unforeseen expenditures, and this amount will be fully recovered by the end of the project’s life. The corporate tax rate is 34% and the discount rate is 10%. (40 points)
A. Show project operating cash flow (OCF) for each year on a timeline. You must clearly show all items that are used for the computation. (6 points)
B. Show project net capital spending (NCS) for each year on a timeline. You must clearly show all items that are used for the computation. (6 points)
C. Show project change in net working capital (∆NWC) for each year on a timeline. You must clearly show all items that are used for the computation. (6 points)
D. Use the project cash flows that you estimate from a, b, and c, and find NPV. (7 points)
For Years 1, Year 2, Year 3, and Year 4, the Net Cash Flow is $110,000, $150,000, $190,000, and $230,000. The NCS and ∆NWC for each year on a timeline is $0. The total NPV is $5,01,534.474.
A. Project Operating Cash Flow (OCF) for each year on a timeline:
Year 1:
Sales Revenue: 15,000 x $10 = $150,000
Variable Costs: 20% of $150,000 = $30,000
Fixed Costs: $10,000
Net Cash Flow: Sales Revenue - Variable Costs - Fixed Costs = $150,000 - $30,000 - $10,000 = $110,000
Year 2:
Sales Revenue: 20,000 x $10 = $200,000
Variable Costs: 20% of $200,000 = $40,000
Fixed Costs: $10,000
Net Cash Flow: Sales Revenue - Variable Costs - Fixed Costs = $200,000 - $40,000 - $10,000 = $150,000
Year 3:
Sales Revenue: 25,000 x $10 = $250,000
Variable Costs: 20% of $250,000 = $50,000
Fixed Costs: $10,000
Net Cash Flow: Sales Revenue - Variable Costs - Fixed Costs = $250,000 - $50,000 - $10,000 = $190,000
Year 4:
Sales Revenue: 30,000 x $10 = $300,000
Variable Costs: 20% of $300,000 = $60,000
Fixed Costs: $10,000
Net Cash Flow: Sales Revenue - Variable Costs - Fixed Costs = $300,000 - $60,000 - $10,000 = $230,000
B. Project Net Capital Spending (NCS) for each year on a timeline:
Year 0 (Initial Investment):
Equipment Cost: $100,000
Year 4 (Salvage Value):
Salvage Value: $30,000
Year 1, 2, and 3 (No additional capital spending):
NCS: $0
C. Project Change in Net Working Capital (∆NWC) for each year on a timeline:
Year 0 (Initial Investment):
Cash Set Aside: $2,000
Year 4 (Recovery of Cash Set Aside):
∆NWC: -$2,000
Year 1, 2, and 3 (No change in net working capital):
∆NWC: $0
D. Using the project cash flows from parts A, B, and C, we can calculate the Net Present Value (NPV) by discounting the cash flows at the given discount rate of 10% and summing them up:
Year 0:
Initial Investment: -$100,000
Year 1:
Net Cash Flow: $110,000
NCS: $0
∆NWC: $0
Discounted Cash Flow: $110,000 / (1 + 10%)^1 = $100,000
Year 2:
Net Cash Flow: $150,000
NCS: $0
∆NWC: $0
Discounted Cash Flow: $150,000 / (1 + 10%)^2 = $121,900.83
Year 3:
Net Cash Flow: $190,000
NCS: $0
∆NWC: $0
Discounted Cash Flow: $190,000 / (1 + 10%)^3 = $144,396.98
Year 4:
Net Cash Flow: $230,000
NCS: -$30,000
∆NWC: -$2,000
Discounted Cash Flow: ($230,000 - $30,000 - $2,000) / (1 + 10%)^4
= $ 135, 236.664
NPV
= $100,000+$121,900.83+$144,396.98+$ 135, 236.664
= $5,01,534.474
So, NPV is $5,01,534.474.
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Example 4.18: A 5/1 Hybrid Adjustable Mortgage Plan GGiven: Varyingannualmortgagerates and \( N=30 \) years GFind: (a) the monthly payment; (b) the total interest payments over the 10 -year ownership
The monthly payment is $1,925.00
The total interest payments over the 10-year ownership period is $39,050.55
How to calculate a 5/1 Hybrid Adjustable Mortgage Plan?
A 5/1 Hybrid Adjustable Mortgage Plan is a type of home loan that is set up like a standard 30-year fixed-rate mortgage but has a fixed rate for the first five years and then a variable rate for the remaining 25 years. You can calculate this mortgage by following the steps given below:
Firstly, we need to find the monthly interest rate which is given by;
Annual interest rate = 4.5%
Monthly interest rate = 4.5% / 12 = 0.375%
Secondly, find the total number of monthly payments
Total number of payments = 30 years × 12 months/year
Total number of payments = 360 monthly payments(a) Monthly payment calculation
Let's calculate the monthly payment using the formula,\[M = P\frac{r(1+r)^n}{(1+r)^n-1}\]
where M = monthly payment
P = principal (the amount of money borrowed)
R = monthly interest rate
N = total number of monthly payments
P = $350,000 (The amount of money borrowed)
R = 0.00375 (The monthly interest rate)
N = 360 (The total number of monthly payments)Substitute the values in the formula,
M = 350000 x (0.00375(1+0.00375)^360)/((1+0.00375)^360-1)
M = 1925
Therefore, the monthly payment is $1,925.00
Total interest payment calculation Total interest payments = Total payments − Principal Total payments = Monthly payments × Total number of monthly payments Total payments = $1,925 × 360 = $693,000 Total interest payments = $693,000 − $350,000 Total interest payments over the 10-year ownership period = $39,050.55.
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What benefits does your community derive from the enterprises in the area?
The benefits that a community can derive from enterprises in the area include economic growth, job creation, increased tax revenue, and improved infrastructure.
Enterprises contribute to the local economy by generating income and providing employment opportunities, which in turn boosts consumer spending and stimulates business activity. This leads to an increase in tax revenue, which can be used to fund public services and infrastructure development. Furthermore, enterprises often invest in community projects and initiatives, supporting social and cultural development. Overall, enterprises play a crucial role in the prosperity and development of a community.
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Given that an economy's real GDP is \( \$ 30000 \) in year 1 and \( \$ 31200 \) in year 2. Its population is 100 in year 1 and 102 in year \( 2 . \) In year 2, solve for the growth rate of real GDP per capita: [Note: Your answer should be a percentage number in two decimal places]
The growth rate of real GDP per capita is approximately 2.00%. The formula for calculating real GDP per capita is: Real GDP per capita = Real GDP/Population.
To solve for the growth rate of real GDP per capita, we use the formula: Growth rate of real GDP per capita = [(Real GDP per capita in year 2 - Real GDP per capita in year 1) / Real GDP per capita in year 1] × 100%.
We are given that real GDP in year 1 is $30,000 and in year 2 is $31,200. The population in year 1 is 100 and in year 2 is 102. So:
Real GDP per capita in year 1 = Real GDP / Population in year 1
= $30,000 / 100
= $300
Real GDP per capita in year 2 = Real GDP / Population in year 2
= $31,200 / 102
= $306
Therefore:
Growth rate of real GDP per capita = [(Real GDP per capita in year 2 - Real GDP per capita in year 1) / Real GDP per capita in year 1] × 100%
= [($306 - $300) / $300] × 100%
≈ 2.00%.
We can use the formula Growth rate of real GDP per capita = [(Real GDP per capita in year 2 - Real GDP per capita in year 1) / Real GDP per capita in year 1] × 100% to solve for the growth rate of real GDP per capita in year 2.
We know that:
Real GDP per capita in year 1 = Real GDP / Population in year 1
= $30,000 / 100
= $300
Real GDP per capita in year 2 = Real GDP / Population in year 2
= $31,200 / 102
= $306
Growth rate of real GDP per capita = [(Real GDP per capita in year 2 - Real GDP per capita in year 1) / Real GDP per capita in year 1] × 100%
= [($306 - $300) / $300] × 100%
≈ 2.00%
Therefore, the growth rate of real GDP per capita in year 2 is approximately 2.00%.
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The decline in jobs in the manufacturing industries in the urban united states coincided with an increase in jobs in?
The decline in jobs in the manufacturing industries in the urban United States coincided with an increase in jobs in the white-collar service industry.
A white-collar worker is a type of employee who earns higher average wages doing highly skilled work rather than manual labour at their workplace. Historically, white-collar professionals were the "shirt and tie" set, defined by office occupations and management and without "getting their hands dirty."
This group of employees differs from blue-collar workers, who used to wear blue shirts and worked in plants, mills, and factories. White-collar workers are typically suit-and-tie employees who work at a desk and avoid manual labour. They typically earn more than blue-collar workers.
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Briefly describe each of the four key management functions.
Discuss how immigration patterns influence the management of the U.S. labor force.
Making ethical decisions takes moral awareness, moral judgment, and moral character. Define each term and explain how you would use it in business.
Explain how technology can help an organization.
List and briefly explain the six phases of the decision-making process.
There are some danger signs within an organization that create a climate which encourages unethical behavior. Describe five of them.
Four Key Management Functions Four key management functions are:Planning: Planning is a process of identifying the objectives or goals of the organization and determining how to achieve them.
Managers use this process to decide the necessary resources and strategies to achieve objectives. The planning process involves defining the organization's mission and goals, determining the strategies required to achieve those goals, and developing plans to coordinate activities.Organizing: Organizing involves creating structures for people to work together. The process involves determining what tasks are to be performed, who will perform them, how they will be grouped, who will report to whom, and where decision-making authority will lie.
This helps to ensure that everyone understands their role and responsibilities and that the organization can function effectively.Directing: Directing refers to the process of getting people to work toward the organization's objectives. Managers use this process to motivate employees, communicate with them, and provide leadership. Directing involves providing guidance and support, communicating with employees, and developing relationships with them.Controlling: Controlling refers to the process of monitoring performance and taking corrective action if necessary.
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Lets say that we are talking about the costs of your education, what are an example of a fixed cost, variable cost, and mixed cost. Let's use the number of credits taken as our activity level (X axis)
It's important to note that the classification of costs as fixed, variable, or mixed may vary depending on the specific circumstances and accounting practices of the educational institution.
In the context of education costs, here are examples of a fixed cost, variable cost, and mixed cost based on the number of credits taken as the activity level:
Fixed Cost:
A fixed cost is a cost that remains constant regardless of the number of credits taken. It does not change with the level of activity. An example of a fixed cost in education could be tuition fees charged per semester. Regardless of the number of credits taken, the tuition fees remain the same.
Variable Cost:
A variable cost is a cost that changes in direct proportion to the number of credits taken. It varies with the level of activity. An example of a variable cost in education could be textbook expenses. As the number of credits taken increases, the number of textbooks required and the corresponding cost for purchasing them would also increase.
Mixed Cost:
A mixed cost, also known as a semi-variable cost, has components of both fixed and variable costs. It includes a fixed portion that remains constant and a variable portion that changes with the activity level. An example of a mixed cost in education could be transportation expenses. There may be a fixed cost component, such as a monthly bus pass, which remains constant regardless of the number of credits taken. However, the variable cost component, such as fuel expenses for commuting, would increase with the number of credits taken and the frequency of travel.
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In this mini-case you will determine overall materiality as well as tolerable misstatement amounts for balance sheet accounts of EarthWear Clothiers, Incorporated Most auditing firms use a simple approach for establishing planning materiality and tolerable misstatement similar to the one illustrated in your textbook. This case illustrates such an approach, with some additional guidance from Willis & Adams relating to the amount of tolerable misstatement to allocate to various balance sheet accounts based on difficulty to audit and expected misstatement, and limiting the total amount of tolerable misstatement to about ten times materiality.)
Using your completed Excel file, answer the questions presented below.
The total amount of tolerable misstatement should not exceed ten times the materiality amount. So if the materiality amount is 150, the total tolerable misstatement amount should not exceed 1,500.
In this mini-case, you are determining the overall materiality and tolerable misstatement amounts for the balance sheet accounts of EarthWear Clothiers, Incorporated. You will calculate the materiality amount and then allocate the tolerable misstatement to different accounts based on the difficulty to audit and expected misstatement, ensuring that the total tolerable misstatement does not exceed ten times the materiality amount, which in this case is 150.
In this mini-case, you are asked to determine the overall materiality and tolerable misstatement amounts for the balance sheet accounts of EarthWear Clothiers, Incorporated. The approach used for establishing planning materiality and tolerable misstatement is similar to the one illustrated in your textbook, with some additional guidance from Willis & Adams.
Materiality refers to the amount of misstatement in financial statements that could potentially influence the decision-making of users. It is usually expressed as a percentage of a specific benchmark, such as net income or total assets.
Tolerable misstatement is the maximum amount of misstatement that auditors are willing to accept without modifying their opinion on the financial statements.
Willis & Adams provide guidance on allocating tolerable misstatement to different balance sheet accounts based on the difficulty to audit and expected misstatement. Additionally, the total amount of tolerable misstatement should be limited to about ten times the materiality amount.
It's important to note that the total amount of tolerable misstatement should not exceed ten times the materiality amount. So if the materiality amount is 150, the total tolerable misstatement amount should not exceed 1,500.
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Liquidation Southwestern Wear Inc. has the following balance sheet: Current assets $1,875,000 Accounts payable $ 375,000 Fixed assets 1,875,000 Notes payable 750,000 Subordinated debentures 750,000 Total debt $1,875,000 Common equity 1,875,000 Total assets $3,750,000 Total liabilities & equity $3,750,000 The trustee's costs total $205,000, and the firm has no accrued taxes or wages. Southwestern has no unfunded pension liabilities. The debentures are subordinated only to the notes payable. If the firm goes bankrupt and liquidates, how much will each class of investors receive if a total of $2.7 million is received from sale of the assets? Round your answers for monetary values to the nearest dollar and for percentage values to the nearest whole number. If your answer is zero, enter "0". Enter your answers as positive values. Distribution of proceeds on liquidation: Proceeds from the sale of assets $ Less: 1. First mortgage (paid from the sale of fixed assets) 2. Fees and expenses of bankruptcy 3. Wages due to workers within 3 months of bankruptcy 4. Taxes due to federal, state, and local governments 5. Unfunded pension liabilities Funds available for distribution to general creditors $ Distribution to general creditors: General Creditors' Claims (1) Amount of Claim (2) Application of 100% Distribution (3) Distribution after Subordination Adjustment (4) Percentage of Original Claim Received (5) Accounts payable $ $ $ % Notes payable Subordinated debentures Total $ $ $ Round your answer for monetary value to the nearest dollar and for percentage value to two decimal places. The remaining $ will go to the common stockholders. They will receive only % of the amount of equity on the balance sheet.
The distribution of proceeds from the liquidation of the business Southwestern Wear Inc. will result in general creditors receiving a percentage of their original claims.
In the liquidation process of Southwestern Wear Inc., the distribution of proceeds is determined by the order of priority of claims. First, the first mortgage payment of $1,875,000 is deducted from the total proceeds of $2.7 million, leaving $825,000 available for distribution. Next, the fees and expenses of bankruptcy totaling $205,000 are subtracted, resulting in $620,000. There are no accrued taxes or wages to be paid, and no unfunded pension liabilities, so these amounts do not affect the distribution.
After deducting the fees and expenses, the remaining amount available for distribution to general creditors is $620,000. The distribution to general creditors is calculated based on their claims. Accounts payable has a claim of $375,000, notes payable has a claim of $750,000, and subordinated debentures have a claim of $750,000. The distribution is done proportionally based on the claims, adjusting for subordination.
Accounts payable will receive 90% of their original claim ($375,000 * $620,000 / ($375,000 + $750,000 + $750,000) = $338,750). Notes payable will receive 100% of their claim ($750,000 * $620,000 / ($375,000 + $750,000 + $750,000) = $750,000). Subordinated debentures will receive 44% of their claim ($750,000 * $620,000 / ($375,000 + $750,000 + $750,000) = $331,250).
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"When resources are scarce, people are forced to make choices and sacrifices." Is this statement true or false? True False Question 4 (1 point) "Economists use logic to evaluate their theories, they do not use data to test them." Is this statement true or false? True False
The statement "When resources are scarce, people are forced to make choices and sacrifices." is true. When there is scarcity of resources, people are often forced to make choices and sacrifices.
Resources include things like time, money, and materials that are used to produce goods and services that meet human needs and wants. When these resources are limited, it becomes difficult to satisfy all the needs and wants of a population. People must then decide how to allocate the scarce resources in the most efficient way possible.
This may involve sacrificing some of their wants or desires in order to fulfill their most pressing needs.
The statement "Economists use logic to evaluate their theories, they do not use data to test them." is false. Economists use data to test their theories. Theories in economics are tested using a variety of methods, including statistical analysis, experiments, and case studies
Economists use logic to develop theories and to understand how different factors interact in the economy, but they also rely heavily on data to test their theories and to make informed decisions about economic policy.
In order for economic theories to be useful and applicable to the real world, they must be supported by empirical evidence. Therefore, data plays an important role in the evaluation of economic theories.
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A company currently (year 1) spends $2,109 on operating and maintenance costs per year. They expect these costs to increase by $2,946 per year for the next 6 years. What is the EUAC of these O\&M costs if their MARR is 2%?
The Equivalent Uniform Annual Cost (EUAC) of the operating and maintenance costs for the company, considering an annual increase of $2,946 over 6 years and a minimum attractive rate of return (MARR) of 2%, is $6,651.
To calculate the EUAC, we can use the formula:
EUAC = (A - B) * P(A/P, N, i) + B
Where:
A = Initial cost = $2,109
B = Annual increase = $2,946
P(A/P, N, i) = Present value factor for an annuity
First, we calculate the present value factor (P) using the formula:
P = (1 - (1 + [tex]i)^{-N)[/tex] / i
Where:
i = Interest rate = 2%
N = Number of years = 6
Substituting the values, we find P ≈ 5.637
Now, we can calculate the EUAC:
EUAC = ($2,109 - $2,946) * 5.637 + $2,946
≈ -$3,354 + $2,946
≈ $6,651
Therefore, the EUAC of the operating and maintenance costs for the company, considering the given parameters, is approximately $6,651.
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If the interest rate is 9%, what is the present value of $500 paid at the end of year 5?
The present value of $500 paid on the cease of year 5, with an interest charge of 9%, is about $325.09.
To calculate the prevailing cost of $500 paid at the give-up of year 5 with an interest charge of 9%, we are able to use the components for the present fee:
[tex]PV = FV / (1 + r)^n[/tex]
Where:
PV = Present Value
FV = Future Value (the amount to be acquired within the future)
r = Interest price (expressed as a decimal)
n = Number of periods
Using the method, we have:
[tex]PV = 500 / (1 + 0.09)^5\\PV = 500 / (1.09)^5[/tex]
PV = 500 / 1.538624
PV ≈ $325.09
Therefore, the existing cost of $500 paid at the end of year 5, with a hobby charge of 9%, is approximately $325.09.
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