What are tiny sacs at the end of the bronchioles filled with air called?

ρ=2.5⋅g⋅cm3............

Explanation:

ρ=Mass/Volume=5⋅g2⋅cm3,

and thus typically it has the units g⋅mL−1 or g⋅cm−3.

Here, mass=5⋅g, and volume=2⋅m3.

Their quotient is the density as shown. And this could be any solid material (generally solids are denser than liquids). You will have to look up tables of densities for common materials.

Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity with respect to time. Velocity is defined as the rate of change of displacement with respect to time. The main answer to the question is that an empty shopping cart pushed with a light force will have the least acceleration.

Let us explain why.An object pushed with a hard force will have more acceleration than an object pushed with a light force because of the force applied to the object. A full shopping cart will also have more acceleration than an empty shopping cart, because the mass of the full cart is more than the mass of the empty cart.

We know that acceleration is inversely proportional to mass.Therefore, an empty shopping cart pushed with a light force will have the least acceleration.

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The first diffraction maximum fringe will be located at a distance of approximately 0.022 meters from the central maximum when light of wavelength 550 nm falls on a slit that is 3.40 × 10-3 mm wide, and the screen is positioned 12.0 meters away.

When light passes through a narrow slit, it undergoes diffraction, resulting in a pattern of bright and dark fringes on a screen. The position of these fringes can be calculated using the formula for the angular position of the mth order fringe: θ = mλ/d, where θ is the angular position, λ is the wavelength of light, m is the order of the fringe, and d is the width of the slit.

In this case, we are interested in the first order fringe (m = 1). Plugging in the given values, we can find the angular position of the first diffraction maximum: θ = (1)(550 × 10^-9 m) / (3.40 × 10^-3 mm). Note that we convert the width of the slit to meters for consistency.

To determine the position of the fringe on the screen, we can use the small-angle approximation: x ≈ rθ, where x is the distance from the central maximum, r is the distance between the slit and the screen, and θ is the angular position in radians.

Given that r = 12.0 m and θ is calculated as above, we can find the position of the first diffraction maximum fringe: x ≈ (12.0 m)(1)(550 × 10^-9 m) / (3.40 × 10^-3 mm).

Evaluating this expression gives us x ≈ 0.022 meters, which is approximately the distance from the central maximum to the first diffraction maximum fringe.

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Marisol pushes a  3 kg box 7 m across the floor with a force of 12 N  She lifts the box to a shelf  1 m above the ground. Marisol does a total of 113.4 Joules of work on the box.

To calculate the work done by Marisol on the box, we need to consider two separate components: the work done in pushing the box across the floor and the work done in lifting the box to the shelf.

1. Work done in pushing the box across the floor:

The work done is given by the formula: Work = Force * Distance. In this case, Marisol exerts a force of 12 N and moves the box a distance of 7 m. So,

Work1 = Force * Distance

Work1 = 12 N * 7 m

Work1 = 84 Joules (J)

2. Work done in lifting the box to the shelf:

The work done against gravity is given by the formula: Work = Force * Distance. Marisol lifts the box a vertical distance of 1 m. The force required to lift the box is equal to its weight, which is given by the formula: Weight = mass * gravity. Substituting the values,

Weight = 3 kg * 9.8 m/s^2 (acceleration due to gravity)

Weight = 29.4 N

Work2 = Force * Distance

Work2 = 29.4 N * 1 m

Work2 = 29.4 Joules (J)

To find the total work done, we add the work done in pushing the box across the floor and the work done in lifting it to the shelf:

Total Work = Work1 + Work2

Total Work = 84 J + 29.4 J

Total Work = 113.4 Joules (J)

Therefore, Marisol does a total of 113.4 Joules of work on the box.

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The observed relationship between an applied magnetic field and magnetic induction in a material in which a cyclic magnetic field is applied can be described as a magnetic hysteresis loop.

However, a magnetic hysteresis loop doesn't just appear at the first application of the magnetic field to the material, but also has to be reversed when the magnetic field is removed. When there's an application of an external magnetic field to a ferromagnetic material, the magnetic domains get aligned in the direction of the field.When this alignment of domains is disrupted,

the ferromagnetic material still retains some magnetism even when the applied magnetic field is removed. This remaining magnetism is called the remanence. If the ferromagnetic material is subjected to an opposite magnetic field, it becomes demagnetized. The magnetic induction, at which this complete demagnetization takes place, is called the coercivity.The magnetic hysteresis loop describes how the magnetic induction, magnetizing force and flux density varies with the applied magnetic field. In short, a magnetic hysteresis loop represents how a material responds to a magnetic field.

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Answer:

125 kg

Explanation:

KE = 1/2m * v^2

m = 2KE / v^2

m = 2(4.00x10^3)/8^2

m = 125kg (or whatever units of mass the problem is asking for)

When the cathode's work function is larger than the photon energy, the graph of  photoelectric current will not be as pronounced. It will be difficult to detect any current in the circuit, as the energy of the photon is not sufficient to overcome the potential barrier of metal.

A photon's energy must be sufficient to overcome the metal's work function in order for photoemission to occur. When this happens, electrons in the metal's surface absorb the photon and are ejected from the metal, resulting in a current. When the photon's energy is insufficient to overcome the work function, photoemission does not occur and the current is not generated.

On the graph, this is represented by a very low current, or no current at all, when the cathode's work function is larger than the photon energy. The threshold frequency of the metal can be calculated from the photoelectric current graph's x-intercept.

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If the cathode's work function is larger than the photon energy, no photoelectric current will be observed.

1. The photoelectric effect refers to the emission of electrons from a material when it is exposed to light or photons.

2. The photoelectric current is the flow of electrons resulting from the photoelectric effect.

3. The photoelectric current depends on various factors, including the energy of the incident photons and the work function of the material's cathode.

4. The work function is the minimum amount of energy required to remove an electron from the material.

5. If the cathode's work function is larger than the energy of the incident photons, it means that the photons do not possess enough energy to overcome the work function and remove electrons from the material.

6. In this scenario, the electrons will not be emitted, and therefore, no photoelectric current will be observed.

7. The photoelectric current is directly proportional to the intensity of incident light and the number of electrons emitted from the material.

8. However, if the photon energy is larger than the cathode's work function, electrons will be emitted, and a photoelectric current can be observed.

9. Increasing the intensity of the incident light will result in a higher number of emitted electrons and consequently an increased photoelectric current.

10. Overall, if the cathode's work function is larger than the photon energy, no photoelectric current will be observed due to insufficient energy to eject electrons from the material.

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The supply plane should drop the package 90 meters short of the target.

The package will take 1.1 seconds to fall to the ground. During this time, the plane will travel another 110 meters. Therefore, the package will land 90 meters short of the target.

Here is the calculation:

Time = (distance / speed) = (110 m / 100 m/s) = 1.1 s

Distance traveled by plane = (speed * time) = (100 m/s * 1.1 s) = 110 m

Distance between package and target = (distance traveled by plane - distance to target) = (110 m - 110 m) = 90 m

Therefore, the supply plane should drop the package 90 meters short of the target.

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Answer: is c

Explanation:

When comparing a CANDU nuclear reactor with a coal-fired electrical generating system, the characteristics that are common to both are i, iv, and v. Both a CANDU nuclear reactor and a coal-fired electrical generating system share the use of non-renewable fuel, conversion of chemical potential energy, and the absence of direct gravitational potential energy conversion.

i. Both systems utilize non-renewable fuel. The CANDU reactor uses uranium as fuel, which is a finite resource, while coal-fired systems rely on the combustion of coal, which is also a non-renewable fossil fuel.

iv. Both systems convert chemical potential energy into electrical energy. In the CANDU reactor, nuclear fission of uranium atoms releases energy that is converted into electricity, whereas in a coal-fired system, the combustion of coal produces heat that is converted into electrical energy.

v. Both systems do not directly convert gravitational potential energy. The CANDU reactor and coal-fired systems do not rely on the gravitational potential energy of water or any other substance as a primary source of energy conversion.

Therefore, the correct answer is option c. i, iv, and v only. Both systems share the use of non-renewable fuel, conversion of chemical potential energy, and absence of direct gravitational potential energy conversion.

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The currents I1, I2, and I3 can be determined using Ohm's Law and Kirchhoff's Laws.

First, let's assign some labels to the resistors and batteries in the circuit for easier reference. Let R1 be the resistance of the first resistor, R2 be the resistance of the second resistor, and so on until R5. Let V1 be the voltage of the first battery and V2 be the voltage of the second battery.According to Kirchhoff's Current Law, the sum of currents entering a junction is equal to the sum of currents leaving the junction. Applying this law to the junction between R1 and R2, we have:
I1 + I2 = I3  -------- (Equation 1)
Next, let's apply Ohm's Law to each resistor:
V1 = I1 * R1  -------- (Equation 2)
V2 = I2 * R3  -------- (Equation 3)
V2 = I3 * R4  -------- (Equation 4)
Now, let's substitute the values of V1, V2, R1, R3, and R4 into Equations 2, 3, and 4, respectively:
V1 = I1 * 1.10
V2 = I2 * R3
V2 = I3 * R4

Since the voltage of a battery is equal to the sum of the potential differences across the resistors connected to it, we have:
V1 = V2 + I2 * R2  -------- (Equation 5)
Substituting the value of V2 from Equation 3 into Equation 5, we get:
I2 * R3 = V2 + I2 * R2
Now, let's rearrange Equation 5 to solve for I2:
I2 * (R3 + R2) = V2
I2 = V2 / (R3 + R2)  -------- (Equation 6)
Finally, we can substitute the value of I2 from Equation 6 into Equation 1 to solve for I1: I1 + V2 / (R3 + R2) = I3
Now, we have a system of equations to solve for I1, I2, and I3.

To calculate I1, I2, and I3, we need the values of V1, V2, R1, R2, R3, and R4. Without these values, it is not possible to provide specific numerical values for the currents. However, by applying Kirchhoff's Laws and Ohm's Law as shown above, you can use the given values to solve for the currents I1, I2, and I3.

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Given data:

Acceleration due to gravity on Mars, a = 3.77 m/s²Mass of rock, m = 43 g = 0.043 kg

Time is taken, t = 9.5 s

Let h be the height from which the rock falls.

Using the kinematic equation of motion, h = ut + 1/2at²Where,u = Initial velocity = 0m/sa = Acceleration = 3.77 m/s²t = Time taken = 9.5 s

Substitute the given values,

h = 0 + 1/2 × 3.77 × (9.5)²h = 1689.5 m

The 43 g rock will fall from rest to a distance of 1689.5 m in 9.5 s if the only force acting on it was the gravitational force due to Mars.

According to the second law of motion, when a force acts on an object, it produces acceleration in that object. And the formula to calculate acceleration is given below,

F = m × a

Where,

F = acting on the object

m = mass of the object

a = acceleration produced by the force

Given data:

Mass of the rock, m = 43 g = 0.043 kg

Acceleration due to gravity on Mars, a = 3.77 m/s²

We know that gravitational force acting on an object of mass m due to a planet of mass M is given by the formula:

F = G (M m)/r²

Where,

G = Gravitational constant

M = Mass of the planet

m = Mass of the object

r = Distance between the object and the planet

Given data:

Mars is the planet acting on the rock, so its mass is M = 6.39 × 10²³ kg

The rock falls from rest, so the initial velocity of the rock is u = 0

Distance traveled by the rock from rest in time t is given by the formula,

h = ut + 1/2at²Substitute the given values,

h = 0 + 1/2 × 3.77 × (9.5)²h = 1689.5 m

Hence, the 43 g rock will fall from rest to a distance of 1689.5 m in 9.5 s if the only force acting on it was the gravitational force due to Mars.

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Wing divergence is a phenomenon that occurs when the aerodynamic loads acting on an aircraft wing cause it to twist excessively, resulting in potential wing failure. The angle of attack, which is the angle between the wing's chord line and the relative wind, plays a significant role in this process. As the angle of attack increases, the aerodynamic forces acting on the wing also increase, causing a twisting effect known as torsion.

To prevent wing divergence and ensure the safety of the aircraft, wing designs incorporate torsional stiffness. Torsional stiffness refers to the ability of the wing structure to resist twisting under aerodynamic loads. By designing the wing to be torsionally stiff, it can maintain its structural integrity and resist excessive twist even at high angles of attack. This stiffness is achieved through the use of suitable materials, structural reinforcements, and engineering techniques.

By ensuring adequate torsional stiffness, aircraft designers can mitigate the risk of wing divergence and prevent potential wing failures, ensuring the aircraft's structural integrity and flight safety within its designated flight envelope.

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The workers have approximately 1.30 seconds to reach the piano before it reaches the bottom of the ramp. This can be determined by analyzing the motion of the piano as it descends the inclined ramp.

To determine the time the workers have to reach the piano, we need to consider the motion of the piano as it moves down the inclined ramp. The time can be calculated using the equations of motion and trigonometry.

Given that the back of the truck is 1.5 m above the ground and the ramp is inclined at 30 degrees, we can use trigonometry to find the height of the ramp.

The height of the ramp can be calculated as the vertical distance traveled by the piano along the ramp, which is equal to the vertical displacement from the back of the truck to the ground. By applying trigonometry, the height of the ramp is found to be 0.75 m.

Next, we can use the equation of motion for vertical motion with constant acceleration to determine the time it takes for the piano to descend from the top to the bottom of the ramp. The equation is:

[tex]h = (1/2) * g * t^2[/tex]

where h is the height of the ramp, g is the acceleration due to gravity, and t is the time. Substituting the known values, we get:

[tex]0.75 = (1/2) * 9.8 * t^2[/tex]

Simplifying and solving for t, we find that t is approximately 1.30 seconds. Therefore, the workers have approximately 1.30 seconds to reach the piano before it reaches the bottom of the ramp.

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The length of the ramp is first calculated using trigonometry given the height and the angle (30°). Upon acquiring the length, the time it would take for the piano to slide down this length (ramp) under the influence of gravity is found using equations of motion, giving a value of 0.78 seconds.

This question requires us to use the principles from kinematics and basic trigonometry. We can begin by calculating the length of the inclined ramp using trigonometry. The sine of the angle of inclination equals the vertical height divided by the length of the ramp, thus length (L) of the ramp is equal to height (h) divided by sin(angle), which is L = 1.5 m / sin(30°) which equals 3 m.

Once we know the length, we can then calculate the time for an object to slide down the ramp under the influence of gravity (g = 9.8 m/s²). This can be done using the equation of motion, which is s = ut + 0.5gt² (where s is distance, u is initial velocity, t is time, and g is gravitational acceleration). Assuming no initial velocity we get t = √(2s/g), which gives time (t) as √(2×3/9.8) = 0.78 seconds.

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Answer:

1. The standard metric unit of momentum is the kg•m/s.

2. the units of momentum will be the product of the units of mass and velocity. Mass is measured in kg and velocity in ms-1, therefore, the SI unit of momentum will be kgm/s(-1).

3.Recall that acceleration is rate of change of velocity, so we can rewrite the Second Law: force = mass x rate of change of velocity. Now, the momentum is mv, mass x velocity. ... rate of change of momentum = mass x rate of change of velocity.

Explanation:

i really hope i helped sorry for the paragraphs ;( !

Answer:

The time is 0.65 sec.

The distance from the hill is 2.07 m.

Explanation:

Given that,

Speed = 15 m/s

Distance = 9.8 m

Along horizontal,

We need to calculate the time

Using formula of time

[tex]t=\dfrac{d}{v}[/tex]

Where, d =distance

v = velocity

Put the value into the formula

[tex]t=\dfrac{9.8}{15}[/tex]

[tex]t=0.65\ sec[/tex]

Along vertical,

We need to calculate the height

Using equation of motion

[tex]s=ut+\dfrac{1}{2}gt^2[/tex]

Put the value in the equation

[tex]s=0+\dfrac{1}{2}\times9.8\times(0.65)^2[/tex]

[tex]s=2.07\ m[/tex]

Hence, The time is 0.65 sec.

The distance from the hill is 2.07 m.

Given parameters:

Displacement = 8km

Velocity  = 3.8km/h

Unknown:

time  = ?

Solution:

Velocity is displacement divided by time.

  Velocity  = [tex]\frac{displacement}{time}[/tex]  

      Displacement  = velocity x time

Input the parameters:

              8  = 3.8  x time

 Time  = [tex]\frac{8}{3.8}[/tex]   = 2.1s

The time taken is 2.1s

Answer:

I think the answer is 666.7m/s2

Explanation:

30s/3600=0.0083hr

a=(v-v0)/t

a=(65-45)/0.0083=2400/3.6=666.7m/s2

Answer:

True

Explanation:

Mitochondria is the power-house of almost every cell due to the fact that the cytoplasm stores energy, then sends it to the mitochondria. (at the needed times, of course.)

1. You need to equip your telescope with: b. spectrometer

A spectrometer is a device that separates light into its component wavelengths. This allows scientists to study the composition of objects in space, such as planets and stars.

The spectrometer would be used to analyze the light from the new planet, which would reveal the presence of different gases in the planet's atmosphere.

To determine the atmosphere of a planet, you need to use a spectrometer. A spectrometer separates light into its component wavelengths, which allows scientists to study the composition of objects in space.

The spectrometer would be used to analyze the light from the new planet, which would reveal the presence of different gases in the planet's atmosphere.

The different gases would absorb different wavelengths of light, so by studying the spectrum of the light from the planet, scientists could determine which gases are present in the atmosphere.

2. Which of the following choices best describes the suitable kind of telescope one needs to use while observing such stars?

b. a telescope with biggest aperture

The aperture of a telescope is the diameter of the main lens or mirror. The bigger the aperture, the more light the telescope can collect. This is important for observing faint objects, such as stars.

A telescope with the biggest aperture will be able to collect the most light, which is important for observing faint objects.

The amount of light that a telescope can collect is proportional to the square of the aperture. This means that a telescope with twice the aperture will collect four times as much light. For faint objects, such as stars, it is important to collect as much light as possible.

This is why a telescope with the biggest aperture is the best choice for observing such objects.

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Answer:

P = 98100 [N/m2]

Explanation:

To solve this problem we must use the following mathematical expression, which tells us that pressure is the relationship between Force and area.

P = F/A

where:

P = pressure [N/m2]

F = force [N]

A = area [m2]

We must convert the mass from tons to kilograms.

m = 3 [ton] * 1000 [kg/1 *ton] = 3000 [kg]

Force is defined as the product of mass by gravity.

F = 3000*9.81 = 29430 [N]

P = (29430/0.3)

P = 98100 [N/m2]

When a turtle crawls along a straight line, its initial velocity is found to be 2.25 cm/s, initial position is 45.0 cm and initial acceleration is -0.127 cm/s². The velocity of the turtle is zero at t = 17.72 s. It takes the turtle approximately 35.37 seconds to return to its starting point.

(a) To find the turtle's initial velocity, we can take the derivative of the position function with respect to time: v(t) = d/dt[x(t)] = 2.25 cm/s - 2(0.0635 cm/s²)t.

The initial velocity can be found by evaluating the velocity function at t = 0:

v(0) = 2.25 cm/s - 2(0.0635 cm/s²)(0) = 2.25 cm/s.

Therefore, the turtle's initial velocity is 2.25 cm/s.

The initial position is given in the equation as x(t) = 45.0 cm.

Therefore, the turtle's initial position is 45.0 cm.

To find the initial acceleration, we can take the second derivative of the position function with respect to time: a(t) = d²/dt²[x(t)] = -2(0.0635 cm/s²) = -0.127 cm/s².

So, the turtle's initial acceleration is -0.127 cm/s².

(b) To find the time at which the velocity of the turtle is zero, we set the velocity function equal to zero and solve for t: 2.25 cm/s - 2(0.0635 cm/s²)t = 0.

2.25 cm/s = 2(0.0635 cm/s²)t.

t = 2.25 cm/s / (2(0.0635 cm/s²)) = 17.72 s.

Therefore, the velocity of the turtle is zero at t = 17.72 s.

(c) To determine the time it takes for the turtle to return to its starting point, we set the position function equal to the initial position and solve for t: x(t) = 45.0 cm.

45.0 cm + (2.25 cm/s)t - (0.0635 cm/s²)t² = 45.0 cm.

(2.25 cm/s)t - (0.0635 cm/s²)t² = 0.

t(2.25 cm/s - (0.0635 cm/s²)t) = 0.

The equation has two solutions: t = 0 and t = 35.37 s.

Since t = 0 corresponds to the initial time when the turtle starts, we consider the positive solution: t = 35.37 s.

Therefore, it takes the turtle approximately 35.37 seconds to return to its starting point.

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The required time until the coin begins to slide is 1.94 s. Net force = Centripetal force - Frictional force and formula for Centripetal force is = mrω² .

Given that : Radius of turntable, r = 13 cm, Coefficient of static friction between the coin and turntable, µ = 0.11

Angular acceleration, α = 1.2 rad/s²

Net force = Centripetal force - Frictional force

Centripetal force = mrω² where, m = Mass of coin, r = radius of turntable, and ω = Angular velocity, Frictional force, f = µN where, N = Normal force

By equating the above two expressions, we get: mrω² = µN

From the above expression, we get: N = mrω² / µ

Time taken for the coin to begin to slide = Time taken for angular velocity to reach at a value where the above relation holds true

So, we need to find out the value of angular velocity (ω) after which the coin begins to slide.

Substituting the value of N in the equation of frictional force, we get:

f = µmrω² / µ

= mrω²

Now, we have Net force (Fnet) acting on the coin, that is given by: Fnet = mrα

Since the coin will begin to slide when Fnet = fFnet

= fmrα

= µmrω²α

= µω²

From the above expression, we get:ω = √(α / µ)

Putting the given values, we get:

ω = √(1.2 / 0.11)

= 3.24 rad/s

Time taken for the coin to begin to slide is given by:

T = 2π / ω

= 2π / 3.24

≈ 1.94 s

Therefore, the required time is 1.94 s.

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Gaining speed and changing the direction of force

A third-class lever makes our work easier by both magnifying force and gaining speed.

Hence, the correct option is D.

In a third-class lever, the effort (force) is applied between the fulcrum and the load. The load is closer to the fulcrum than the effort. This mechanical arrangement allows the lever to amplify the force applied at the expense of the distance the effort has to travel.

By applying a smaller force over a greater distance, a third-class lever can magnify the force applied to the load. Additionally, the increased distance covered by the effort compared to the load's displacement results in a greater speed at the load's end. So, both force magnification and speed gain are advantages of a third-class lever, making our work easier.

Therefore, A third-class lever makes our work easier by both magnifying force and gaining speed.

Hence, the correct option is D.

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D) is zero.

The electric field inside a metal sphere that has a net positive charge is zero. This is due to the property of conductors, such as metal, where the excess charge resides on the outer surface and redistributes to eliminate any electric field inside the conductor. As a result, the electric field inside the metal sphere becomes zero. This phenomenon is known as electrostatic shielding or the Faraday cage effect. Therefore, option D is the correct statement. The electric field is present only outside the metal sphere, pointing radially outward from the positively charged surface. Inside the sphere, the electric field is effectively canceled out by the redistribution of charges.

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Answer:

0 Newton

Explanation:

We have the formula F=m*a. Given the mass = 12kg and a = 0 ( I assume that the rock is rolling down at a constant velocity of 4.7m/s which its acceleration is 0)

So we have F = 12*0 = 0 N.

Hope that is what you are looking for.

Answer:

75mph

Explanation:

you multiply 33.528 by 2.237.

Answer:

The effect of the acceleration on the bus is that the acceleration slows down the bus by 4 m/s, for each second the bus is in motion

Explanation:

The given parameters are;

The velocity of the bus, u = 25 m/s

The direction in which the bus is moving = South

The acceleration acting on the = 4 m/s²

The direction of the acceleration = North

We have;

The acceleration = Rate of change of velocity with time

The acceleration, a = dv/dt

∴ dv = a × dt

The velocity in the direction of the acceleration, v is therefore;

∫dv = v = ∫a × dt = a × t

v = a×t

The direction of the change in velocity due to the acceleration is opposite to the direction of the velocity of the bus, therefore, the effect of the acceleration on the velocity of the bus is given by the following equation for the resultant velocity, s, as follows;

s = u - a × t = 25 - 4×t

s = 25 - 4×t

Therefore, the acceleration slows down the bus by 4 m/s, every second.

Answer:

Explanation:

Gtt

When analyzing the forces experienced by a rider on a roller coaster with a loop-the-loop, we can consider the bottom and top of the loop separately. Let's analyze each position and compare the normal force exerted by the seat and the force exerted by the Earth on the rider.

Bottom of the Loop:

At the bottom of the loop, the rider is moving in a circular path. The direction of the acceleration is towards the center of the loop, which is upward. In this case, the normal force from the seat acts upward to provide the necessary centripetal acceleration.

The force diagram at the bottom of the loop consists of three forces:

Weight (mg) acting downward (where m is the mass of the rider and g is the acceleration due to gravity).

Normal force (N) exerted by the seat acting upward.

Tension force (T) in the seatbelt or harness, which also acts upward.

Since the acceleration is directed upward, the net force must be directed upward as well, according to Newton's second law (F_net = ma). Therefore, the normal force exerted by the seat must be greater than the weight of the rider for the upward acceleration to occur.

Top of the Loop:

At the top of the loop, the rider is still moving in a circular path, but the direction of the acceleration is now directed downward. In this case, the normal force from the seat acts downward to provide the necessary centripetal acceleration.

The force diagram at the top of the loop consists of three forces:

Weight (mg) acting downward.

Normal force (N) exerted by the seat acting downward.

Tension force (T) in the seatbelt or harness, which also acts downward.

Again, the net force must be directed downward to produce the downward acceleration according to Newton's second law. Therefore, the normal force exerted by the seat at the top of the loop must be less than the weight of the rider.

In conclusion, at the bottom of the loop, the normal force exerted by the seat is greater than the force of gravity (weight), while at the top of the loop, the normal force exerted by the seat is less than the force of gravity. This difference in the normal force is necessary to provide the appropriate centripetal acceleration for the rider to maintain a circular motion at each position in the loop.

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