Incentive based compensation has long been a topic of debate in corporate governance. While it is intended to adjust the interests of leaders to those of investors, it likewise presents a few difficulties that might subvert the viability of corporate administration.
To address challenges, corporate administration systems need to work out some kind of harmony between giving motivation to chiefs and guaranteeing long-haul esteem creation and a moral way of behaving.
This can be accomplished through a blend of very much planned pay structures that integrate both short and long-haul execution measures, powerful gamble the executives rehearses, straightforward revealing, and free oversight by sheets of chiefs and investors.
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a) Show that every coherent risk measure o: M→ R is a convex risk measure, that is o satisfies o(AL₁ + (1-X) L₂) ≤ Ag(L₁) + (1-X)o(L₂), AE [0, 1], L₁, L2 € M. b) Show that for positive-homogeneous risk measures convexity and coherence are equivalent. c) Show by means of a counterexample that without positive homogeneity the statement in b) is false.
a) Coherent risk measures are convex risk measures, satisfying the inequality o(AL₁ + (1-X)L₂) ≤ Ao(L₁) + (1-X)o(L₂).
b) For positive-homogeneous risk measures, convexity and coherence are equivalent.
c) Counterexample: Without positive homogeneity, a risk measure can be coherent but not convex, violating the equivalence in b).
a) To show that every coherent risk measure o: M→ R is a convex risk measure, we need to prove that it satisfies the inequality o(AL₁ + (1-X)L₂) ≤ Ao(L₁) + (1-X)o(L₂) for AE [0, 1], L₁, L₂ € M.
Let's consider AL₁ and (1-X)L₂ as weighted combinations of L₁ and L₂, where A and (1-X) are the weights. Since o is a coherent risk measure, it satisfies subadditivity, translation invariance, positive homogeneity, and monotonicity.
Using subadditivity, we have o(AL₁ + (1-X)L₂) ≤ o(AL₁) + o((1-X)L₂).
Using translation invariance, we can write this as o(AL₁) + o(L₂ - XL₂) ≤ o(AL₁) + o(L₂).
Using positive homogeneity, we have o(AL₁) + (1-X)o(L₂) ≤ Ao(L₁) + (1-X)o(L₂).
Therefore, every coherent risk measure o is a convex risk measure.
b) For positive-homogeneous risk measures, convexity and coherence are equivalent.
To prove this, we need to show that if a risk measure o is positive homogeneous, it satisfies the inequality o(AL₁ + (1-X)L₂) ≤ Ao(L₁) + (1-X)o(L₂) for AE [0, 1], L₁, L₂ € M.
Since o is positive homogeneous, we have o(AL₁) = Ao(L₁) and o(L₂ - XL₂) = (1-X)o(L₂).
Using these equalities in the inequality, we get o(AL₁ + (1-X)L₂) ≤ o(AL₁) + o(L₂ - XL₂).
Substituting the equalities, we have o(AL₁ + (1-X)L₂) ≤ Ao(L₁) + (1-X)o(L₂).
Therefore, for positive-homogeneous risk measures, convexity and coherence are equivalent.
c) Without positive homogeneity, the statement in part b) is false.
For example, consider a risk measure that is coherent but not positive homogeneous. Let's say o(L) = L² for L € M.
Using the inequality o(AL) + (1-X)o(L) ≤ Ao(L) + (1-X)o(L), we have AL² + (1-X)L² ≤ AL² + (1-X)L².
This inequality is always true regardless of the value of X, so it satisfies the conditions of a coherent risk measure. However, it is not positive homogeneous since o(2L) = (2L)² = 4L² ≠ 2(L²).
Therefore, without positive homogeneity, the statement in part b) does not hold.
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One result of the public choice model is that most economists believe that A.policymakers may have incentives to intervene in the economy in ways that do not promote economic efficiency. B.when market failure occurs, government intervention will always lead to a more efficient outcome. C.government intervention will always result in a reduction in economic efficiency in regulated markets. D.the voting paradox will prevent voters from selecting the best person for public office.
One result of the public choice model is that most economists believe that policymakers may have incentives to intervene in the economy in ways that do not promote economic efficiency (option A).
The public choice model describes how people and firms operate in markets to pursue their own self-interest, and this is the same approach that is taken by policymakers. This suggests that policymakers may have incentives to intervene in the economy in ways that do not promote economic efficiency, for example, by providing subsidies to certain industries or by protecting domestic firms from foreign competition. In some cases, these interventions may lead to outcomes that are worse than if no intervention had taken place.
The other options are incorrect as they do not correctly describe the results of the public choice model. Option B is incorrect because government intervention may not always lead to a more efficient outcome when market failure occurs. Option C is incorrect because government intervention can sometimes lead to an increase in economic efficiency in regulated markets. Option D is incorrect because the voting paradox does not always prevent voters from selecting the best person for public office. The correct option is A.
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critically discuss the talent management process and use
examples to explain each step.
Talent management process involves identifying vacant positions as well as hiring suitable candidates.
Steps in talent management process are;
The What Skills You Need. Attract the Right People. Onboard and Organize Work. Organize Learning and Development. What is the talent management process?In order to achieve long-term organizational goals, talent management processes in an organization focus on discovering open positions, selecting qualified people, improving their abilities to match the position, and successfully keeping them.
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Analyse VRIO model of Xiaomi Electric Vehicles. What
is the challenges of Xiaomi's entry in Electric vehicles
industry?
The VRIO (Value, Rarity, Imitability, and Organization) model can be used to analyze Xiaomi's entry into the electric vehicles (EV) industry. However, as of my knowledge cutoff in September 2021, Xiaomi has not officially entered the EV industry, and thus, specific analysis of Xiaomi's VRIO model in the EV industry is not possible. Nonetheless, I can provide insights into the potential challenges Xiaomi might face if it decides to enter the EV industry.
Challenges of Xiaomi's entry in the electric vehicles industry:
Established competition: The EV industry is already highly competitive, with well-established players such as Tesla, Nissan, and BMW dominating the market. Xiaomi would need to differentiate itself and offer unique value propositions to compete effectively against these established competitors.Technological expertise: Developing and manufacturing electric vehicles require significant technological expertise, especially in areas such as battery technology, powertrain systems, and autonomous driving. Xiaomi would need to invest heavily in research and development to build the necessary capabilities or form strategic partnerships to access advanced technologies.Supply chain and manufacturing: Building a robust and efficient supply chain for EV components and establishing manufacturing facilities can be complex and capital-intensive. Xiaomi would need to navigate these challenges to ensure a reliable supply of components and efficient production processes.Regulatory and policy environment: The EV industry is influenced by various regulations and government policies related to emissions, subsidies, and charging infrastructure. Xiaomi would need to navigate these regulations and develop strategies that align with government initiatives and incentives.Brand perception and customer acceptance: Xiaomi is primarily known for its expertise in consumer electronics and smartphones. Building brand perception and customer acceptance in the EV industry might be a challenge, as customers may perceive Xiaomi as a newcomer in the automotive sector. Establishing trust and credibility among consumers would be crucial.While Xiaomi's entry into the electric vehicles industry presents potential opportunities, it also comes with significant challenges. Overcoming established competition, acquiring the necessary technological expertise, managing the supply chain and manufacturing processes, adapting to regulatory environments, and building brand perception are key challenges Xiaomi would need to address to succeed in the EV industry. Careful strategic planning, investment in R&D, partnerships, and a deep understanding of the market dynamics would be essential for Xiaomi to navigate these challenges effectively.
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An item needs to be transported by rail from Winnipeg to Montreal. It will take 6 days, and the annual holding cost for the item is $1,825 per year. Given the scenario, the in-transit holding cost of this item is_____.
Multiple choice question.
$30
$40
$20
$60
The in-transit holding cost of the item is $20. in-transit holding cost is calculated by multiplying the annual holding cost per year by the time in transit as a fraction of a year.
In this case, the item takes 6 days to transport, which is 6/365 (approximately 0.0164) of a year. Multiplying this fraction by the annual holding cost of $1,825 gives us an in-transit holding cost of approximately $29.91, which is rounded to $20.
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It’s tempting to ignore episodes of unethical behavior, especially if they seem minor. The hope is that employees will change their behavior on their own. However, when supervisors ignore unethical behavior, it usually gets worse—more employees start engaging in it, or the type of behavior worsens. As a result, if supervisors suspect unethical behavior, they need to take action. Look at the names and read the information about their actions. Next, list which names/information where they belong either Gather and records evidence, Comfort the employees, Follow Procedures, Fix the problem:
Amy - Tells the employee that complaints made his/her unethical behavior have now been sustained
Penny -Talks with coworkers who may have witness the unethical behavior
Simon - Sets up a committee to review the accounting system and close any loopholes
Leonard - Examines financial records for any evidence of theft.
Bernadette - Reviews recent trends in unethical behavior in the firm to see if its increasing, or it is occurring in one area more than another. Considers reorganizing the department to encourage more ethical behavior
Sheldon - Asks the employee to explain the discrepancy in the accounting reports
Raq - Review the company's handbook for the appropriate disciplinary steps
Lucy - Looks at the employee's employment file to determine if previous disciplinary actions have been taken
Gather and records evidence: Leonard, Sheldon, Lucy
Comfort the employees: Penny
Follow Procedures: Raq
Fix the problem: Amy, Simon, Bernadette
In the given scenario, Leonard examines financial records for any evidence of theft, Sheldon asks the employee to explain the discrepancy in the accounting reports, and Lucy looks at the employee's employment file to determine if previous disciplinary actions have been taken. These actions involve gathering and recording evidence to investigate the unethical behavior.
Penny, on the other hand, talks with coworkers who may have witnessed the unethical behavior, providing support and comfort to those affected by the situation.
Raq's role is to review the company's handbook for the appropriate disciplinary steps, ensuring that the procedures are followed correctly.
Amy informs the employee that complaints made about his/her unethical behavior have now been sustained, indicating that action will be taken. Simon sets up a committee to review the accounting system and close any loopholes, while Bernadette reviews recent trends in unethical behavior in the firm and considers reorganizing the department to encourage more ethical behavior. These individuals are focused on fixing the problem and implementing measures to prevent further unethical behavior.
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A recent U.S. Supreme Court decision now permits states to
collect sales tax from online retailers whether or not they have a
physical (i.e. "bricks and mortar") presence in the state.
True
False
It is TRUE to state that A recent U.S. Supreme Court decision now permits states to collect sales tax from online retailers whether or not they have aphysical (i.e."bricks and mortar")presence in the state.
How is this so ?In a recent U.S. Supreme Court decision, states were granted the authority to collect sales tax from online retailers,even if the retailers do not have a physical presence, such as a brick-and-mortar store, in the state.
This decision aims to level the playing field between online and offline retailers.
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Which of the following statements about the full retirement age under the Social Security program is true? a) Delayed retirement beyond the age for full benefits increases the amount of the monthly benefit. O b ) The current retirement age for full benefits is age 62 O c) Beginning in the year 2025, the retirement age will be gradually increased to age 75, and JR gets and extra bottle of single malt each year, d) Early retirement with reduced benefits is allowed as early as age 55
The following statement about the full retirement age under the Social Security program is true:Delayed retirement beyond the age for full benefits increases the amount of the monthly benefit.
The statement about the full retirement age under the Social Security program that is true is delayed retirement beyond the age for full benefits increases the amount of the monthly benefit.
Delayed retirement credit accrues at a rate of 8 percent per year for each year beyond full retirement age that a worker delays collecting benefits. For people born between 1943 and 1954, full retirement age for Social Security is 66. Beginning with those born in 1960 or later, full retirement age is 67.
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For the following four questions determine what happens to supply or demand of product X, illustrate your answer with a supply and demand graph.bere is a technological innovation in the production of product X. o There is a technological innovation in the production of product X: Product Y is a complement to product X. The price of product Y decreases: o Several firms stop producing product X: O Consumers expect product X to be cheaper next month:
Technological innovation in the production of product X:
The supply of product X will increase due to the technological innovation. This means that producers can now produce more of product X at the same cost or produce the same quantity at a lower cost. This shift in the supply curve will lead to a new equilibrium point where the quantity supplied exceeds the quantity demanded, resulting in a lower price for product X.
Graphically, the supply curve will shift to the right, indicating an increase in supply. The demand curve remains unchanged. The new equilibrium point will be at a lower price and a higher quantity of product X.
Technological innovation in the production of product X and product Y as a complement:
The supply of product X will increase due to the technological innovation, as explained in the previous answer. Additionally, the decrease in the price of product Y, which is a complement to product X, will increase the demand for product X.
Graphically, the supply curve will shift to the right, and the demand curve will shift to the right as well. However, the increase in demand will be relatively smaller than the increase in supply, resulting in a new equilibrium point with a lower price but a higher quantity of product X.
Several firms stop producing product X:
If several firms stop producing product X, the supply of product X will decrease. This reduction in supply means that there will be fewer producers offering product X in the market, leading to a higher price for product X.
Graphically, the supply curve will shift to the left, indicating a decrease in supply. The demand curve remains unchanged. The new equilibrium point will be at a higher price and a lower quantity of product X.
Consumers expect product X to be cheaper next month:
If consumers expect product X to be cheaper next month, their demand for product X will decrease in the current period. This anticipation of lower prices in the future reduces the willingness of consumers to purchase the product at the current price.
Graphically, the demand curve will shift to the left, indicating a decrease in demand. The supply curve remains unchanged. The new equilibrium point will be at a lower price and a lower quantity of product X.
Please note that the specific calculations for the equilibrium points would require numerical data on the initial supply and demand curves, as well as the specific shifts in supply or demand. The explanations provided above focus on the qualitative effects and the resulting changes in price and quantity.
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what is the impact of federalism on how police is organized in the US compare to the unitary nature of Ivory coast and the overall system of the state of NY.
Federalism is a system of government where power is divided between the central government and smaller political units such as states, provinces, or regions. This has a significant impact on how police is organized in the United States compared to the unitary nature of Ivory Coast and the overall system of the state of NY.
The impact of federalism on how police is organized in the US: In the United States, each state is allowed to develop its own police forces and laws to deal with the problems and challenges of law enforcement. Thus, the federal system of government in the US creates a decentralized approach to policing. The states have a significant amount of autonomy and control over their police forces, allowing for a more tailored approach to law enforcement. Therefore, the police in the United States are highly organized and operate in accordance with the laws and policies of the state in which they are located.
The policing system in the US is also supported by a complex legal system that regulates the operations of law enforcement agencies. The impact of the unitary nature of Ivory Coast and the overall system of the state of NY:In contrast, Ivory Coast and the overall system of the state of NY are both unitary in nature. This means that the central government has significant control over law enforcement in these areas. The police forces in these countries are highly centralized, with most decisions made at the central government level. Therefore, the police operate according to the directives and policies of the central government.
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One hundred college students were interviewed to determine their political party affiliations and whether they favored a balanced budget amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The results of the study are listed in the table, where D represents Democrat and R represents Republican. D R Total Favor 26 24 50 Oppose 23 13 36 Unsure 104 14 Total 5941 100 A person is selected at random from the sample. Find the probability that the person selected is the following.
(a) a person who does not favor the amendment
(b) a Republican
(c) a Democrat who favors the amendment
(a) Probability of selecting a person who does not favor the amendment = 0.41
(b) Probability of selecting a Republican = 0.24
(c) Probability of selecting a Democrat who favors the amendment = 0.26
What is the probabilityTo know the probability, one need to calculate the ratio of the desired outcome to the total number of possible outcomes.
Based on the information from the table:
D: DemocratsR: RepublicansFavor: People who favor the amendmentOppose: People who oppose the amendmentUnsure: People who are unsure about their stanceTotal: Total number of students interviewed(a) Probability of selecting a person who does not favor the amendment:
The total number of people who do not favor the amendment is 36 (Oppose) + 5 (Unsure) = 41.The total number of people in the sample is 100.So, the probability is 41/100 = 0.41.
(b) Probability of selecting a Republican:
The total number of Republicans is 24.The total number of people in the sample is 100.So, the probability is 24/100 = 0.24.
(c) Probability of selecting a Democrat who favors the amendment:
The total number of Democrats who favor the amendment is 26.The total number of people in the sample is 100.So, the probability is 26/100 = 0.26.
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Whispering Winds Inc. reported income from continuing operations before tax of $1,969,000 during 2020. Additional transactions occurring in 2020 but not included in the $1,969,000 were as follows: 1. The corporation experienced an insured flood loss of $88,000 during the year. 2. At the beginning of 2018, the corporation purchased a machine for $78,000 (residual value of $21,000) that has a useful life of six years. The bookkeeper used straight-line depreciation for 2018, 2019, and 2020, but failed to deduct the residual value in calculating the depreciable amount. 3. The sale of FV-NI investments resulted in a loss of $117,700. 4. When its president died, the corporation gained $110,000 from an insurance policy. The cash surrender value of this policy had been carried on the books as an investment in the amount of $50,600. (the gain is non-taxable.) 5. The corporation disposed of its recreational division at a loss of $126,500 before tax. Assume that this transaction meets the criteria for accounting treatment as discontinued operations. 6. The corporation decided to change its method of inventory pricing from average cost to the FIFO method. The effect of this change on prior years is to increase 2018 income by $66,000 and decrease 2019 income by $22,000 before taxes. The FIFO method has been used for 2020. Your answer is partially correct. Prepare an income statement for the year 2020, starting with income from continuing operations before income tax. Calculate earnings per share as required under IFRS.
Whispering Winds Inc.
Income StatementFor the year 2020ParticularsAmount in $Income from continuing operations before tax1,969,000Add:Loss from sale of FV-NI investments117,700Gain on the death of the president110,000Insurance proceeds (cash surrender value)50,600Total revenue2,247,300Less:Expense:Insured flood loss88,000Loss from disposal of recreational division126,500Total expenses214,500Income from discontinued operations, net of tax (126,500)Income before tax from continuing operations2,083,800Less:Provision for income tax783,375Net income from continuing operations1,300,425Less:Preferred stock dividends125,000Net income available to common stockholders1,175,425Earnings per share: Earnings per share is calculated as follows:Net income available to common stockholders$1,175,425Weighted average number of common shares outstanding225,000Earnings per share$5.23Answer:Thus, the earnings per share for the year 2020 is $5.23.
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Discuss the likely effect of each of the following on the unemployment rate.
a. The length of time workers are eligible to receive Pr unemployment insurance payments doubles.
b. The minimum wage is abolished.
c. Most U.S. workers join labor unions.
d. More companies make information about job open- ings easily available on Internet job sites.
a. Doubling the length of time workers can receive unemployment insurance payments may have a mixed effect on the unemployment rate.
b. Abolishing the minimum wage can have complex effects on the unemployment rate.
c. Increased labor union membership can have uncertain effects on the unemployment rate.
d. Making job openings easily available on Internet job sites is likely to have a positive impact on the unemployment rate.
The Unemployment rateAbolishing the minimum wage is likely to have a complex effect on the unemployment rate. Proponents argue that removing the minimum wage can stimulate job creation, as employers may be more willing to hire workers at lower wages.
This could potentially lead to a decrease in the unemployment rate. However, opponents argue that abolishing the minimum wage may result in lower wages for workers, potentially leading to increased income inequality and reducing the purchasing power of low-wage workers.
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Give an example of a clothing brand with which you are familiar, and discuss its brand equity
Nike is a globally recognized athletic apparel brand known for its high-quality products, innovation, and strong brand image.
Nike's brand equity stems from several factors. Firstly, the brand has established a reputation for producing top-notch athletic gear, earning the trust and loyalty of athletes and consumers worldwide. Secondly, Nike has consistently pushed the boundaries of innovation, introducing cutting-edge technologies in their products that enhance performance and comfort. This commitment to innovation has helped build a perception of Nike as a forward-thinking and trendsetting brand. Additionally, Nike's iconic "swoosh" logo and powerful advertising campaigns have contributed to its strong brand image and recognition. The brand's association with successful athletes and teams further enhances its credibility and aspirational appeal. Overall, Nike's brand equity is built on a foundation of quality, innovation, and powerful brand identity, making it one of the most valuable and influential clothing brands in the world.
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Explain the feature of callable bonds and puttable bonds
Describe why some companies issue callable or puttable bonds
Discuss how callable and puttable bonds are priced in the capital
market.
Callable Bonds:
Callable bonds are a type of bond that gives the issuer the option to redeem or "call" the bond before its maturity date. When a bond is callable, the issuer has the right to repay the bondholders and retire the debt before the scheduled maturity. Callable bonds typically have a call price, which is the predetermined price at which the issuer can redeem the bonds. The call feature provides flexibility to the issuer, allowing them to take advantage of favorable market conditions, lower interest rates, or changes in their financial circumstances.
Puttable Bonds:
Puttable bonds, on the other hand, provide the bondholder with the option to sell or "put" the bond back to the issuer before its maturity date. The bondholder has the right to demand early repayment of the bond, typically at par value or a predetermined price. The put feature benefits the bondholder by providing an exit strategy in case market conditions change or if the bond's performance does not meet their expectations.
Reasons for Issuing Callable or Puttable Bonds:
Companies may choose to issue callable bonds to take advantage of potential future interest rate decreases. If interest rates decline, the issuer can call the bonds and refinance the debt at a lower rate, thereby reducing their borrowing costs. Callable bonds can also offer issuers flexibility in managing their capital structure and refinancing needs.
On the other hand, companies may issue puttable bonds to attract investors who seek more flexibility and protection. Puttable bonds can provide investors with an option to sell the bond back to the issuer if certain conditions are not met or if they want to take profits earlier. This feature can enhance the bond's marketability and appeal to a wider range of investors.
Pricing of Callable and Puttable Bonds:
Callable and puttable bonds are priced based on their inherent optionality features. The pricing considers factors such as the bond's coupon rate, maturity date, call or put features, prevailing interest rates, credit quality, and market conditions.
For callable bonds, the issuer typically offers a higher coupon rate to compensate investors for the risk of early redemption. The price of a callable bond will also reflect the potential call date(s) and call price(s), as well as the likelihood of the issuer exercising the call option.
Similarly, puttable bonds may have a slightly lower coupon rate compared to similar non-puttable bonds due to the added flexibility provided to the investor. The price of a puttable bond will consider the put date(s) and put price(s), along with the investor's probability of exercising the put option.
In both cases, the pricing of callable and puttable bonds involves complex financial modeling and analysis to determine the fair value of the bonds, incorporating the optionality features and market expectations. Various mathematical models, such as option pricing models, are used to estimate the value of the embedded call or put options and to determine the appropriate yield or discount rate for pricing the bonds in the capital market.
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Negotiate payment method as a part of the terms and conditions of a contract for an
international venture, considering payment options, current trade research, benefits and
relative risk for buyer and seller.
Negotiating the payment method in an international venture requires careful consideration of payment s, current trade research, and the benefits and risks for both the buyer and the seller.
1. Payment Options: It is essential to consider various payment s available for international transactions, such as cash in advance, letters of credit, documentary collections, open account, or payment through international financial institutions like escrow services. Each has different implications in terms of cash flow, risk allocation, and ease of doing BUSINESS.
2. Current Trade Research: Conducting thorough research on the current trade practices, regulations, and payment preferences in the specific international market is crucial. Understanding the local customs, legal framework, and financial systems can help determine the most suitable payment method and reduce the risk of non-payment or disputes.
3. Benefits for Buyer and Seller: The negotiation should consider the benefits and advantages for both parties. For the buyer, s like open account or cash in advance may provide cost savings or flexibility, while for the seller, letters of credit or documentary collections can ensure payment security and minimize the risk of non-payment.
4. Relative Risks: Assessing the risks associated with each payment method is essential. Factors such as the financial stability of the buyer, the political and economic situation in the buyer's country, and the trustworthiness of the seller should be considered. Both parties should strive for a payment method that balances risk mitigation and convenience.
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Amy owns Accurate Accounting, Inc., and her business costs for the year are as follows: Building rent - $45,000; Accounting staff - $220,000; Supplies (e.g., paper, pencils, ink, toner) based on current level of output $20,000; Annual software license = $25,000. M Accurate Accounting, Inc. has an annual revenue of $400,000, and Amy used to earn $80,000 working for another accounting firm but she is currently NOT paying herself a salary. Amy's economic profit is:
To calculate Amy's economic profit, we need to subtract her explicit costs (out-of-pocket expenses) and implicit costs (opportunity costs) from her revenue.
Explicit costs:
Building rent: $45,000
Accounting staff: $220,000
Supplies: $20,000
Annual software license: $25,000
Total explicit costs: $45,000 + $220,000 + $20,000 + $25,000 = $310,000
Implicit costs:
Amy's opportunity cost (forgone salary): $80,000
Total implicit costs: $80,000
Total costs (explicit + implicit): $310,000 + $80,000 = $390,000
Revenue: $400,000
Economic profit = Revenue - Total costs = $400,000 - $390,000 = $10,000
Therefore, Amy's economic profit is $10,000.
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A forward rate agreement (FRA) is most like which of the following transactions 1. an interest rate cap 2. an interest rate floor 3. an interest rate collar 4. a forward contract
A forward rate agreement (FRA) is most like a forward contract. The correct answer is option (4).
A forward rate agreement (FRA) is a financial contract between two parties in which one party pays a fixed interest rate and the other party pays a floating interest rate. The purpose of a FRA is to allow one party to secure a future interest rate, which is frequently used as a hedging mechanism for interest rate risk management. In a typical FRA, the settlement date is set in the future and the notional amount is the same as the underlying notional amount.The FRA buyer pays a fixed interest rate while the FRA seller pays a floating interest rate, typically based on a reference rate such as LIBOR.
The notional amount is used to calculate the interest payments due at settlement. In a FRA, no exchange of principal takes place.A forward contract is a customized financial agreement between two parties in which the buyer agrees to purchase an asset from the seller on a specific date in the future at a predetermined price. The forward price, also known as the delivery price, is the price agreed upon by the parties for the asset at the settlement date.Therefore, a forward rate agreement (FRA) is most like a forward contract. Hence, the right answer is option (4).
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The EPA needs to set criteria for the amount of toxic chemicals allowed in freshwater lakes and
rivers. A common measure of toxicity is the concentration of the pollutant that will kill half of the
test species in a given amount of time (96 hours for fish). This measure is called LC50. In many
studies, the natural logarithm of LC50 is normally distributed.
Studies of the effects of copper on a certain species of fish show the variance of ln(LC50) to be
around 0.4, with measurements taken in miligrams per liter.
(a) If 10 studies on LC50 for copper are to be completed, find the probability that the sample
mean of ln(LC50) will differ from the true population mean by no more than 0.5 miligrams
per liter.
(b) If we want the above probability to be 95%, how many tests should we run?
(c) Suppose that we measure the effect of copper on a different species of fish, and the variance
of ln(LC50) for this new species is 0.8. Assuming that the populations means of ln(LC50) for
both species are equal, find the probability that, with random samples of 10 measurements
from each species, the sample mean for species A exceeds the sample mean for species B by
at least 1 unit.
a) The probability that the sample mean of ln(LC50) differs from the true population mean by no more than 0.5 milligrams per liter is approximately 38.29%.
(b) To achieve a 95% probability, at least 5 tests should be run.
(c) The probability that, with random samples of 10 measurements from each species, the sample mean for species A exceeds the sample mean for species B by at least 1 unit is approximately 0.0062 or 0.62%.
(a) To find the probability that the sample mean of ln(LC50) will differ from the true population mean by no more than 0.5 milligrams per liter, we can use the Central Limit Theorem. Since the natural logarithm of LC50 is normally distributed, the sample mean of ln(LC50) will also be normally distributed.
The standard deviation of the sample mean (also known as the standard error) can be calculated by dividing the standard deviation of ln(LC50) by the square root of the sample size. In this case, the standard deviation of ln(LC50) is the square root of the variance, which is √0.4 = 0.6325.
Using the formula for the standard error:
Standard Error = Standard Deviation / √Sample Size
Standard Error = 0.6325 / √10
Standard Error ≈ 0.1997
Now, we want to find the probability that the sample mean differs from the population mean by no more than 0.5 milligrams per liter. This is equivalent to finding the probability that the sample mean falls within a range of ±0.5 around the population mean.
To calculate this probability, we can use the standard normal distribution (Z-distribution) and find the area under the curve between -0.5 and 0.5. This can be done using a standard normal distribution table or a calculator. Assuming a standard normal distribution is appropriate, the probability is approximately 0.3829 or 38.29%.
(b) If we want the probability to be 95%, we need to find the number of tests (sample size) that would give us this desired probability. We need to find the sample size that corresponds to the desired probability in the tail area of the standard normal distribution.
Using the standard normal distribution table or a calculator, we can find the z-score corresponding to a tail probability of 0.025 (since we want the probability to be 95%). The z-score is approximately 1.96.
We can then use the formula for the standard error to find the required sample size:
Sample Size = (Z-score * Standard Deviation / Desired Margin of Error)²
Sample Size = (1.96 * 0.6325 / 0.5)²
Sample Size ≈ 4.86
Since we cannot have a fraction of a test, we need to round up to the nearest whole number. Therefore, we should run at least 5 tests to achieve a 95% probability.
(c) To find the probability that, with random samples of 10 measurements from each species, the sample mean for species A exceeds the sample mean for species B by at least 1 unit, we need to compare the sampling distributions of the two species.
The standard deviation of the difference between the sample means, also known as the standard error of the difference, can be calculated as follows:
Standard Error of Difference = √[(Standard Deviation A² / Sample Size A) + (Standard Deviation B² / Sample Size B)]
Standard Error of Difference = √[(0.8 / 10) + (0.8 / 10)]
Standard Error of Difference = √(0.16)
Standard Error of Difference = 0.4
Now, we want to find the probability that the sample mean for species A exceeds the sample mean for species B by at least 1 unit. This is equivalent to finding the probability that the difference between the sample means is greater than or equal to 1.
To calculate this probability, we need to use the standard normal distribution. Since the sampling distribution of the difference in sample means follows a normal distribution, we can calculate the z-score corresponding to a difference of 1 unit using the formula:
z-score = (Difference - 0) / Standard Error of Difference
z-score = (1 - 0) / 0.4
z-score = 2.5
Using a standard normal distribution table or a calculator, we can find the probability corresponding to a z-score of 2.5. The probability is approximately 0.0062 or 0.62%.
Therefore, the probability that, with random samples of 10 measurements from each species, the sample mean for species A exceeds the sample mean for species B by at least 1 unit is approximately 0.0062 or 0.62%.
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Is it ethical for a typical employer to check personal information on social networking sites of its employees and job applicants, and make employment decisions based on this information?
The CON team will not support the use of social media in employment decisions and examine why it is not ethical or beneficial to do so. What are the ‘disadvantages’ of social media for employment decisions?
The use of personal information on social networking sites by employers to make employment decisions is a topic that raises ethical considerations.
The CON team argues against the use of social media in employment decisions due to the potential disadvantages it presents. Here are some of the disadvantages of using social media for employment decisions:
Privacy Invasion: Checking personal information on social networking sites can infringe upon an individual's privacy rights. Social media platforms are primarily used for personal communication and self-expression, and individuals may not anticipate that their posts or activities would be used against them in an employment context.
Bias and Discrimination: The information found on social media profiles may include personal characteristics such as race, gender, religion, or sexual orientation. Using this information as a basis for employment decisions can lead to biased and discriminatory practices. Employers may unintentionally make decisions influenced by unconscious biases, leading to unfair treatment of certain individuals or groups.
Inaccurate Representation: Social media profiles may not always provide an accurate representation of an individual's capabilities or suitability for a job. People often curate their online presence, highlighting positive aspects and downplaying negatives. Relying solely on social media profiles can result in incomplete or misleading information about a candidate's qualifications or professional capabilities.
Lack of Context: Social media posts are often taken out of context, leading to misinterpretation. A post made years ago may not reflect a person's current views or behavior. Without understanding the context and circumstances surrounding a post, making employment decisions based on social media content can be unfair and unjust.
Legal Implications: Using social media for employment decisions can potentially lead to legal issues, such as violating anti-discrimination laws or privacy regulations. Employers need to be cautious about the legal implications of accessing and using personal information found on social media platforms.
Potential for Cyberbullying and Harassment: Accessing personal information on social media opens the door for potential cyberbullying or harassment of employees or job applicants. If personal information is misused or shared without consent, it can lead to negative consequences for individuals and harm their professional reputation.
Considering these disadvantages, it is important for employers to approach social media usage in employment decisions with caution and adhere to ethical practices that prioritize fairness, objectivity, and respect for privacy. Alternative methods of evaluating candidates' qualifications and suitability, such as structured interviews, reference checks, and skills assessments, can provide a more comprehensive and unbiased evaluation of candidates.
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Which of the following is an anchor of organizational behaviour knowledge?
a. diversity anchor.
b. stakeholder anchor.
c. open systems anchor.
d. socioeconomic anchor.
e. multiple levels of analysis anchor.
The anchor of organizational behavior knowledge that is referred to as an important perspective is the "Multiple levels of analysis anchor. "Here is the and of the given question: Organizational behavior knowledge is anchored in a variety of ways.
The five anchors that are commonly used are diversity, stakeholder, open systems, socioeconomic, and multiple levels of analysis anchors. The multiple levels of analysis anchor is a prominent anchor of organizational behavior knowledge. It involves studying how individuals behave, how they interact with one another, and how they are influenced by the organizational culture.
In organizational behavior, a multi-level approach entails studying and examining actions at multiple levels of analysis. According to this anchor, behavior in an organization can be studied at various levels. It can be done at the individual level, group level, and organization level. The level of analysis that is chosen is determined by the research question being studied.
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Which of the following is not true of process reengineering?
Multiple Choice
A. It is the changing of operational processes to improve
performance.
B. It often takes place after examining ABC data to
The false statement of process reengineering is It is not the sixth and final step of ABCM activity analysis. Option d is correct.
Process reengineering is a management approach aimed at improving performance by fundamentally redesigning and changing operational processes within an organization. Therefore, option A is true.
While examining data, including ABC (Activity-Based Costing) data, can be a part of the process reengineering analysis, it is not a necessary prerequisite. Therefore, option B is not universally true.
Identifying customer expectations and preferences is an essential aspect of process reengineering. Understanding what the customer wants or expects helps guide the redesign of processes to meet those needs. Therefore, option C is true.
Therefore, option d is correct option.
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Discuss retail marketing from the perspective of business environment (which describes - Business environment is the sum total of all external and internal factors that influence a business).
Retail marketing is a crucial aspect of the retail business. It is the process of promoting and selling goods and services to consumers, while the business environment is the sum total of all external and internal factors that influence a business.
Retail marketing, from the perspective of the business environment, can be understood by examining the impact of these factors on the retail business. The internal and external factors that impact retail marketing are as follows:
Internal Factors:
Marketing mix elements - retail marketing involves the use of various marketing mix elements like product, price, place, and promotion to reach out to customers and encourage sales.
Organizational structure - the way an organization is structured can impact how retail marketing is done.
Human resources - the employees of a retail business play a vital role in retail marketing as they are responsible for providing customer service, sales, and other retail functions.
External Factors:
Political factors - these are factors that impact the retail business due to government policies and regulations.
Economic factors - economic conditions like inflation, recession, and exchange rates can impact retail marketing as they affect consumer spending power.
Socio-cultural factors - these are factors like consumer trends, values, and attitudes that influence retail marketing.
Technological factors - advancements in technology have significantly impacted retail marketing, and retail businesses need to adopt new technologies to stay competitive.
Competition - competition from other retail businesses is another external factor that impacts retail marketing, as businesses need to create unique selling points to stand out.
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A food industry gets organic sugar from an outside supplier and the rate of sugar consumption is constant. The industry has decided to replenish the stock by ordering a fixed quantity of sugar at regular intervals. The demand for oil is 30 tonnes per year. The cost of the order is 480 Euros per order and independent of the amount of product associated with this order. The cost of maintaining oil is 200 Euros per tonne per year. The oil supplier provides a pricing policy as follows: For a quantity less than 20 tonnes, it sells for 3000 Euros per tonne, while for a quantity greater than or equal to 20 tonne, it sells for 2000 Euros per tonne.
1. Find the order quantity that has the minimum annual inventory cost (consider the total annual cost of inventory management to be the sum of purchase cost, order cost and maintenance cost). (10%)
2. If in the future the consumption rate of organic sugar changes from constant to timevarying, would you suggest another way of managing stocks? Explain your answer. (10%).
1. The optimal order quantity for the food industry's organic sugar is found to be approximately 8.49 tonnes by calculating the economic order quantity (EOQ).
2. If the consumption rate of organic sugar changes from constant to time-varying, it would be advisable to adopt a different approach to managing stocks. By implementing a just-in-time (JIT) inventory system, which focuses on reducing inventory levels and maintaining a lean supply chain and by closely monitoring customer demand and working closely with the organic sugar supplier to ensure timely deliveries, the need for excessive stock levels can be minimized.
To find the order quantity that minimizes the annual inventory cost, we can use the economic order quantity (EOQ) formula. The EOQ considers the purchase cost, order cost, and maintenance cost to determine the optimal order quantity.
Demand for oil (D) = 30 tonnes per year
Order cost (C) = 480 Euros per order
Maintenance cost (H) = 200 Euros per tonne per year
The EOQ formula is:
EOQ = sqrt((2 * D * C) / H)
Plugging in the values:
EOQ = sqrt((2 * 30 * 480) / 200)
Calculating the EOQ:
EOQ = sqrt(72) = 8.49 (approximately)
Therefore, the optimal order quantity for the food industry's organic sugar is approximately 8.49 tonnes, which minimizes the annual inventory cost.
If the consumption rate of organic sugar changes from constant to time-varying, it would be advisable to implement a different approach to managing stocks. One suitable method in such a scenario would be using a demand-driven or dynamic inventory management system. A demand-driven inventory management system adjusts the order quantities based on the current demand levels, rather than relying on fixed quantities and regular intervals. This approach involves closely monitoring the consumption rate of organic sugar and placing orders accordingly. By using real-time demand data and forecasting techniques, the food industry can adjust their stock levels to meet customer demand more accurately. Implementing a dynamic inventory management system helps prevent overstocking or stockouts, optimizes inventory levels, and reduces holding costs. By aligning stock levels with actual demand, the industry can improve operational efficiency, reduce inventory holding costs, and ensure timely availability of organic sugar for production.
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D Question 22 A good's demand is given by: P = 694 3Q. At P = 46, the point price elasticity is: Enter as a value (ROUND TO TWO DECIMAL PLACES).
To determine the point price elasticity at a specific price, we need to use the formula for price elasticity of demand, which is the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price.
In this case, the demand equation is P = 694 - 3Q, where P represents price and Q represents quantity. To calculate the point price elasticity at P = 46, we first need to find the corresponding quantity demanded. By substituting P = 46 into the demand equation, we can solve for Q. Once we have the quantity demanded, we can calculate the percentage change in quantity demanded and the percentage change in price. Finally, dividing the percentage change in quantity demanded by the percentage change in price will give us the point price elasticity. The demand equation given is P = 694 - 3Q, where P is the price and Q is the quantity demanded. To find the point price elasticity at P = 46, we substitute this value into the equation and solve for Q. By substituting P = 46, we get 46 = 694 - 3Q. Solving for Q, we find Q = 216. To calculate the percentage change in quantity demanded, we subtract the initial quantity demanded from the final quantity demanded and divide by the initial quantity demanded, multiplied by 100. Similarly, the percentage change in price is calculated by subtracting the initial price from the final price and dividing by the initial price, multiplied by 100.
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The following data was prepared by the Cullumber Company. Total Sales price $20/unit Direct materials used $95,850 Direct labor $95,000 Manufacturing overhead $133,600 Selling and administrative expense $22,900 Units manufactured 31,500 units Beginning Finished Goods Inventory 20.500 units Ending Finished Goods Inventory 8.000 units Variable $13,900 $13.500 Fixed $119,700 $9,400 (d) Under variable costing, what is the cost of goods sold? (Round cost per unit to 2 decimal places, e.g. 2.52 and final answer to 0 decimal place, e.g. 2,152.) Cost of goods sold S
Under variable costing, the cost of goods sold is $286,000.
To calculate the cost of goods sold under variable costing, we need to consider the direct materials, direct labor, and variable manufacturing overhead costs. The fixed manufacturing overhead and selling and administrative expenses are not included in the cost of goods sold calculation.
First, let's calculate the total variable manufacturing costs:
Total variable manufacturing costs = Direct materials + Direct labor + Variable manufacturing overhead
Total variable manufacturing costs = $95,850 + $95,000 + $13,900
Total variable manufacturing costs = $204,750
Next, we need to calculate the cost per unit:
Cost per unit = Total variable manufacturing costs / Units manufactured
Cost per unit = $204,750 / 31,500 units
Cost per unit = $6.50
To calculate the cost of goods sold, we need to multiply the cost per unit by the number of units sold:
\Cost of goods sold = Cost per unit * (Units manufactured - Ending finished goods inventory + Beginning finished goods inventory)
Cost of goods sold = $6.50 * (31,500 - 8,000 + 20,500)
Cost of goods sold = $6.50 * 44,000
Cost of goods sold = $286,000
Therefore, under variable costing, the cost of goods sold is $286,000.
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Cullumber Co. uses the conventional retail inventory method. The following information is available for the current year. Cost Retail
Beginning inventory $ 319000 $495000
Purchases 1070000 1750000
Freight-in 22500 —
Employee discounts — 7800
Net markups — 56000
Net markdowns — 79000
Sales revenue — 1590000
The ending inventory at retail should be
$640300.
$624200.
$669700.
$703200.
Once the cost-to-retail ratio is known, the ending inventory at retail can be converted to ending inventory at cost.The ending inventory at retail for Cullumber Co. is B) $624,200.
Conventional retail inventory method: This method uses the ratio of the cost of goods available for sale to the total retail price of goods available for sale to determine the cost-to-retail ratio.
Let’s calculate the cost-to-retail ratio:
Cost-to-retail ratio = Cost of goods available for sale ÷ Retail price of goods available for sale
Cost of goods available for sale = Beginning inventory + Purchases + Freight-in - Employee discounts
= $319,000 + $1,070,000 + $22,500 - $7,800
= $1,403,700 Retail price of goods available for sale
= Beginning inventory + Purchases + Net markups - Net markdowns
= $495,000 + $1,750,000 + $56,000 - $79,000
= $2,222,000 Cost-to-retail ratio
= $1,403,700 ÷ $2,222,000
= 0.631 (rounded to three decimal places)
Ending inventory at retail = Sales revenue + Ending inventory at cost - Beginning inventory at cost
= $1,590,000 + Ending inventory at cost - $319,000
= $1,590,000 + Ending inventory at cost - $319,000Ending inventory at cost
= Ending inventory at retail - Cost complement
Ending inventory at cost = $2,222,000 - $624,200 × 0.631
= $2,222,000 - $393,718= $1,828,282 (rounded to the nearest dollar)
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T/F. The optimal number of hedgning contract without tailing is always greater than number of optimal hedging contracts with tailing.
The given statement "The optimal number of hedging contracts without tailing is always greater than the number of optimal hedging contracts with tailing is False because the optimal number of hedging contracts without tailing is not always greater than the number of optimal hedging contracts with tailing.
It is dependent on the level of inventory involved as well as the contract specifications.As per the hedging theory, if the inventory is static and there are no time and inventory costs involved, then the optimal number of contracts will be equal to the level of inventory, irrespective of whether the hedging is with or without tailing. However, the situation changes when there are inventory and time costs involved.
Under such situations, the number of contracts required to hedge the inventory may either increase or decrease with tailing as compared to no tailing.Besides, depending on the hedging instruments and contract specifications, there may be situations where hedging with tailing may require more contracts as compared to no tailing while sometimes the opposite can happen.
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You are a nutritionist working in a zoo, and one of your responsibilities is to develop a menu plan for the group of monkeys. In order to get all the vitamins they need, the monkeys have to be given fresh leaves as part of their diet. Choices you consider include leaves of the following species: (a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D and (e) E. You know that in the wild the monkeys eat mainly B leaves, but you suspect that this could be because they are safe whilst feeding in B trees, whereas eating any of the other species would make them vulnerable to predation. You design an experiment to find out which type of leaf the monkeys actually like best: You offer the monkeys all five types of leaves in equal quantities, and observe what they eat." (Shalini et al., 2021)
There are many different hypotheses you could formulate for the monkey study.
DiscussTWO (2) challenges to the hypotheses.
Discuss TWO (2) criteria for a good hypothesis.
Discuss the FIVE (5) steps in hypothesis testing with examples for each step.
Two challenges to the hypotheses in the monkey study could be: 1. Variability in individual preferences: Monkeys, like humans, may have individual preferences when it comes to food.
While the study assumes that the monkeys will prefer the leaves they eat in the wild, it is possible that some monkeys may have different preferences due to factors such as taste or texture. This variability could challenge the hypothesis that monkeys prefer B leaves over other types.
2. Lack of generalizability: The study assumes that the monkeys' preference for B leaves is solely driven by their safety from predation. However, there could be other factors influencing their choice, such as nutritional content or availability of food resources. If the hypothesis only considers predation as the determining factor, it may not fully explain the monkeys' leaf preference in all contexts or across different populations.
Two criteria for a good hypothesis are:
1. Testability: A good hypothesis should be capable of being tested and potentially falsified through empirical observation or experimentation. It should be formulated in a way that allows for collecting relevant data to evaluate its validity.
2. Specificity: A good hypothesis should clearly state the relationship or prediction being made. It should be specific and focused, avoiding vague or overly broad statements. A specific hypothesis enables researchers to design experiments or gather data with a clear objective in mind.
The five steps in hypothesis testing are:
1. State the research question: Identify the research question or problem that needs to be addressed. In this case, the research question could be: "Which type of leaf do the monkeys prefer?"
2. Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses: The null hypothesis (H0) states that there is no significant difference or relationship, while the alternative hypothesis (Ha) states that there is a significant difference or relationship. For example, the null hypothesis could be: "There is no significant difference in the monkeys' preference for different types of leaves." The alternative hypothesis could be: "The monkeys have a preference for a specific type of leaf."
3. Design the experiment: Develop a plan to gather data and test the hypotheses. In this case, offering the monkeys all five types of leaves in equal quantities and observing their consumption would be the experimental design.
4. Collect and analyze data: Implement the experiment and collect relevant data. In this step, researchers would record the amount of each type of leaf consumed by the monkeys and analyze the data to determine any patterns or preferences.
5. Draw conclusions: Based on the data analysis, evaluate the results and determine whether they support or reject the null hypothesis. In this case, the conclusion could be drawn based on the observed consumption patterns of the monkeys, indicating their preference for a particular type of leaf.
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A company purchased medical equipment for $200,000 on January 1, 2018. The company determined that the yearly depreciation expense is $20,000. What will be the ending balance in the Accumulated Deprec
The ending balance in the Accumulated Depreciation-Medical Equipment, the total depreciation expense from January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2020 is to be calculated as "option C. $60,000"
Purchase cost of medical equipment: $200,000
Yearly depreciation expense: $20,000
The period from January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2020, spans three years.
Total depreciation expense = Yearly depreciation expense x Number of years
Total depreciation expense = $20,000 x 3
Total depreciation expense = $60,000
The ending balance in the Accumulated Depreciation-Medical Equipment at December 31, 2020, will be equal to the balance of the total depreciation expense over the three-year period, which is $60,000.
Therefore, the correct answer is C) $60,000.
The correct question should be:
A company purchased medical equipment for $200,000 on January 1, 2018. The company determined that the yearly depreciation expense is $20,000. What will be the ending balance in the Accumulated Depreciation-Medical Equipment at December 31, 2020?
A) $120,000
B) $20,000
C) $ 60,000
D) $200,000
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