The majority of life on Earth depends on two biological processes: photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Both of these processes utilise a number of similar chemicals, including oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), glucose (C6H12O6), and adenosine triphosphate, as well as other complex steps (ATP).
What three aspects of photosynthesis and respiration are similar?The trading of gases is a part of both procedures. The cell's organelle, which was once believed to be an endosymbiotic critter, is where both processes take place.
What are the parallels and differences between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?In the environment, photosynthesis and respiration are complementary reactions. Actually, they are the same reactions that happened in reverse.
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a woman and her spouse both show the normal phenotype for pigmentation, but both had one parent with albinism (albino features; lack of pigmentation). albinism is a recessive trait. what is the probability that their first child will display albinism?
A married couple's skin pigm-entation is typical. Her mom was an albino, and so was his father. An autosomal gen-etic dis-order causes albinism.
A phenotypic example is what?The term "phenotype" describes a person's observable characteristics, such as stature, eye color, and blood type. Both a person's genomic make-up (genotype) and environ-mental circumstances affect their phenotype.
What exactly are a genotype and phenotype?
The genotype of an individual is their own DNA pattern. More specifically, the two traits a person acquired for a specific gene are referred to by this phrase. The clin-ical presentation of a pat-ient is the observable expression of this genotype, or phenotype.
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the caspase activator released during the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway primarily functions in which cellular process? a proton pumping b heme biosynthesis c calcium signaling d electron transport
The caspase activator released during the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway primarily functions in the electron transport cellular process.
What are the mitochondria?Mitochondriа lie аt the crux of cellulаr viаbility аnd аlterаtions to function аre often to the detriment of the cell/orgаnism. Mitochondriа hаve evolved to control а diverse number of processes including cellulаr energy production, cаlcium signаlling аnd аpoptosis. Under аerobic conditions, mitochondriа produce energy in the form of АTP аnd mаintаin аn electrochemicаl membrаne grаdient. Reduction in proton pumping аcross the membrаne cаn result in decreаsed cell viаbility аnd induction of the intrinsic аpoptotic pаthwаy. Cytochrome c releаsed from mitochondriа is the point of no return in terms of cell survivаl аs this triggers аctivаtion of аpoptosis.
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A grower who wishes to enhance plant growth by adjusting the carbon dioxide levels in the greenhouse will use a(n) _________as analyzer to evaluate CO2 levels.
A grower who wishes to enhance plant growth by adjusting the carbon dioxide levels in the greenhouse will use a NDIR as analyzer to evaluate carbon dioxide levels.
What is NDIR?Carbon dioxide can be measured using infrared detectors, also known as NDIR analyzers, because it is an excellent absorber of infrared energy. Depending on the application, carbon dioxide can be measured in percent (%) or parts per million (ppm).
A sensor is used to measure carbon dioxide. The NDIR non-dispersive infrared sensor is one of the most common.
Its popularity stems from its long life-span, high speed, and low cross-sensitivity to other gases. An NDIR CO2 sensor detects infrared light in an air sample.
Thus, NDIR can be used.
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What is the primary advantage of using phase comparison in an interference microscope?.
Using the structures of interference microscope, we got that phase comparison can be used to view specimen that is unstained.
Although all optical microscopes in strict sense create images by diffraction, interference microscopy creates images using difference between an interfering beam unmodified by specimen and an otherwise identical beam that illuminates it. A beam splitter divide light into two paths, one of which passes through specimen while the other bypasses it. When the two beams are combined, resulting interference between them reveals the structure of specimen. The first successful system, was actually invented by British microscopist Francis Smith and French physicist Maurice Françon in year 1947, used quartz lenses to produce reference and images-forming beams that were perpendicularly polarized.
The other advantages of using phase comparison in an interference microscope are:
Can be used to study marine organisms due to its dark space.Can be used to study live bacterium.Hence, the reason of using phase comparison in an interference microscope is that with the help of this we can view specimen that is unstained.
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Why does the top trophic level have less organisms than the first trophic level
At higher trophic levels, there is typically less energy, which results in fewer creatures as well.
Why are higher trophic levels less populated with organisms?Consequently, we will typically see larger animals as we up the trophic ladder. However, as they move up the food chain, these larger animals must rely on less energy generated at the lower trophic levels in order to survive. As a result, higher trophic levels typically have fewer creatures.
Why do creatures at the top trophic level tend to be more numerous?The highest number of species, mostly plants, are found in the first trophic level. Primary producers are the creatures in this layer because they obtain their energy from an abiotic source. many primary producers obtain their energy from the sun itself.
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why are most affected individuals with a homozugous dominant disease usualy heterozygotes and not homozygotes
If a dominant gene produces the disorder, a heterozygote can also have it.
What exactly is a "disease"?Any unfavorable deviation from such an organism's typical structural or functional state is referred to as a disease. A disease differs from a physical damage in origin and is typically accompanied by the a set of symptoms. A sick organism frequently exhibits signs or symptoms that reveal its abnormal state.
What leads to illness?Bacteria. These one-celled organisms cause strep throat, tuberculosis, and urinary tract infections. Viruses. The various diseases brought on by viruses, which are even more insignificant than bacteria, range from the common cold to AIDS.
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Microorganisms play a vital role in the nitrogen cycle “justify the statement.
Answer:
Without nitrogen-fixing bacteria, nitrogen would not be replenished.
Explanation:
The nitrogen cycle is critical because all living things need nitrogen. Atmospheric nitrogen cannot be used by most organisms and must be converted into a usable form. This is why we need microorganisms (nitrogen-fixing bacteria) to do this task. Atmospheric nitrogen (N2) is converted into usable ammonia (NH3) and to nitrates and nitrites (NO3 & NO2). Other bacteria convert these back to N2. These are all important to keep nitrogen cycling.
It is becoming clear that denitrifying fungi, nitrifying archaea, anammox bacteria, aerobic denitrifying bacteria, and heterotrophic nitrifying microorganisms are key players in the nitrogen cycle.
In the nitrogen fixation process, nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert the N2
in the atmosphere into NH3 (ammonia). This bacteria binds hydrogen molecules with the gaseous nitrogen to form ammonia in the soil.
During assimilation, or when plants take up nitrates from the soil, bacteria aid in the process with the plants making ammonia. Animal waste is also a major place where bacteria thrive and produce ammonia. The process in which assimilation occurs in plants, and then bacteria convert the nitrates to ammonia is called ammonification.
From the conversion of ammonia to nitrites, bacteria also aid in this process called nitrification. The nitrifying bacteria mostly present in soils, oxidize ammonia into nitrites, and from nitrites to nitrates.
Finally, the process of denitrification also has bacteria present to aid in converting nitrates back into a gaseous form of nitrogen in the atmosphere.
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even though the human brain is larger than the sheep brain, the sheep brain has more gyri and sulci than the human brain. True or False
The given statement is false.
Because the human brain has a higher surface area than the sheep brain and because the human brain contains more sulci and gyri, the human brain has more contours than the sheep brain.
Features/Gross Sheep Human
Brain shape Smaller and elongated Larger and rounded
Skull thickness (mm) 5.0–6.0 6.5–7.5
Brain mass (g) 130–140 1,300–1,400
Gyri and sulci are the names for the folds and grooves in a brain, respectively. The cortex, the area of our brain responsible for higher cognitive functions including memory, language, and awareness, folds to generate these physical characteristics.
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The given statement is false.
Because the human brain has a higher surface area than the sheep brain and because the human brain contains more sulci and gyri, the human brain has more contours than the sheep brain.
Features/Gross Sheep Human
Brain shape Smaller and elongated Larger and rounded
Skull thickness (mm) 5.0–6.0 6.5–7.5
Brain mass (g) 130–140 1,300–1,400
Gyri and sulci are the names for the folds and grooves in a brain, respectively. The cortex, the area of our brain responsible for higher cognitive functions including memory, language, and awareness, folds to generate these physical characteristics.
This picture shows the flow of oxygen-poor blood into the right atrium then right ventricle and to the lungs. Which vessels are used to carry blood to the lungs?
A. pulmonary capillaries
B. cardiac veins
C. pulmonary arteries
Answer:
C. Pulmonary Arteries
Explanation:
The pulmonary artery is responsible for transporting oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle to the lungs, where it is converted into oxygen and returned to the circulation.
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During cell division in both bacterial cells and eukaryotic cells, genetic information is and segregated and the contents of the cell are divided between the daughter cells.
During the process of cell division in bacterial as well as eukaryotic cells, the genetic information is replicated and separated as well as the contents of cell are divided among the daughter cells.
Cell division in bacteria as well as eukaryotic cells results in the formation of two daughter cells that are genetically similar. In case of a bacterial cell, the replication of genetic information (DNA) is initiated at a particular site that is known as the origin of replication. The DNA replication in a bacterial cell advances in both the directions around the circular DNA until it reaches a particular termination site.
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A) what is the gender of the individual?
B) could this be the karyotype of a human sperm cell? Explain you reasoning.
C) what evidence is there of non-disjunction
A karyotype is the chromosomic dotation of an individual. It is a representation of all the chromosomes present in a cell. A) The individual is a male. B) This si not the karyotype of a sperm cell. C) A trisomy in pair 16 is evidence of non-disjunction.
What is a karyotype?
A karyotype is a term used to refer to the complete set of an individual's chromosomes. It refers to the total number of chromosomes found in each individual cell. The karyotype is the individual's chromosomic dotation.
Each species has its own karyotype because the number of chromosomes per species might vary. For instance,
The karyotype of human beings is composed of 23 pairs of chromosomes or 46 chromosomes. The karyotype of Drosophila melanogaster is composed of 4 pairs of chromosomes.
Whenever there is affection, karyotypes might vary among individuals of the same species. For example, people affected by Down syndrome have 47 chromosomes in pair 21 because of a chromosomic segregation failure during meiosis.
The karyotype concept can also be used to refer to clinical diagnosis.
When looking at the exposed karyotype, we can say that,
A) The individual is a male because there is an X and a Y chromosome.
B) This is a human being's karyotype but does not belong to a sperm cell.
Let us remember that sperm cells are gametes, and gametes are haploid. The number of chromosomes found in gametes is 23.
This karyotype represents a diploid cell with 44 autosomes and 2 sexual chromosomes aligned and paired with their homologous chromosome.
C) There is a trisomy in what should be pair 16. There are three chromosomes instead of two. This fact is evidence of a failure in homologous chromosome segregation during the anaphase of meiosis (non-disjunction).
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how does taste work? what type of signaling is it? long distance? short distance? contact dependent? a mix?
The taste buds are peripheral sensory organs that have the ability to respond to various sapid chemicals. These organs transmit by synapses between taste cells and primary afferent sensory fibers to afferent nerves. Signals of taste begin as soon as food particles are recognized by the receptor protein on taste bud cells.
What are the different kinds of signaling?
• Paracrine signaling/ short distance signaling
• Autocrine signaling
• Endocrine signaling/ long distance signaling
• And Direct contact
These are the 4 basic kinds of signaling found between cells.
Therefore taste bud signaling would be a short distance signaling as they communication between cells is quick and near.
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Release factor 1 has been mutated so now it binds to the codon 5’-ugg-3’ and the gene encoding the native trna that binds to the ugg has been deleted. Assuming that the cell with these mutations is viable, what would occur at the ugg codon? look at the genetic code in lecture slides or in your book.
The original UGG tRNA encoding has been removed and the cell with this mutation is alive, so the UGG codon will change the codon sequence.
When the coding for a nucleotide is removed, a mutation occurs. These mutations are called frame shift mutations. These mutations are caused by the addition or deletion of one or more nucleotides in the DNA, usually followed by a shift in codon reading resulting in a change in the amino acid sequence in the protein that the gene encodes for. The frameshift is divided into two, namely single base deletion and single base insertion. Single base deletion occurs when a nucleotide is missing or missing from the DNA chain. Single base insertion occurs when a nucleotide pair inserts into the DNA chain
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Type the correct answer in the box. Spell all words correctly.
Henry went on a field trip to a national park. He not only observed the aquatic life in the
land. Which type of diversity did Henry come across in the national park?
pond, but also the trees, vegetation, and animal's species on
Henry came across the
diversity.
according to results from the experiment described in the animation, how did the extinction rate in the large mossy area compare to that in small isolated mossy areas?
After one year, 40% of the species that were present in the vast area had disappeared from the tiny sections.
What is an illustration of being alone?Isolation might include spending a lot of time alone at home, not having access to resources or participating in the community, and having little to no contact with friends, family, & acquaintances.
What three sorts of isolation are there?Based on how the disease spreads, these unique transmission-based precautions often fall under one of three categories of isolation. The three common types of transmission-based precautions are interface separation, droplets isolation, & airborne isolation, according to the CDC.
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Measure population numbers over time in different areas to determine how population size may be changing in response to human development.
What are the five major causes of extinction?
Causes of Extinction. Habitat Loss; Overexploitation; Introduced Species; Global Pollution and Climate Change are all factors contributing to the extinction of species. Learn more about each of these and other causes of extinction. HABITAT LOSS: The most common cause of endangerment is habitat loss.
What was the cause of the pterodactyls extinction?
“There is broad agreement that the cause of the dinosaur and pterosaur extinctions were one and the same,” University of Texas, Austin paleontologist Brian Andres says. The aftermath of the asteroid impact is the large scale reason for both.
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, or by pushing through the cell membrane while taking some of that membrane with it, a process called
Most viruses will leave a host cell by bursting the cell, a process called lysis, or by pushing through the cell membrane while taking some of that membrane with it, a process called budding.
Enveloped viruses generally are released from the host cell by budding. During this process, the virus obtains its envelope, which is a modified piece of the host's plasma or other, internal membrane. Through budding, a bit of the host cell membrane becomes part of the virus.
On the other hand, lysis destroys the host cell. A lytic infection eventually leads to cell lysis, which is accompanied by the freeing of newly produced virus particles and cell debris into the environment. Cell lysis is a common result of viral infection.
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What is the % of water inside the cell?
Answer: 70%
Explanation:
if the code of bases of dna is gaatcg, then the complementary translated rna code on the other side would be .
The complementary translated RNA code on the other side would be CUUAGC.
DNA is changed during transcription into m-RNA. The RNA polymerase enzyme is responsible for it. Adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine are some of the nitrogenous bases that make up the DNA in a certain order. In m-RNA, guanine is paired with cytosine or vice-versa, adenine is paired with uracil, and thymine is paired with adenine on m-RNA transcript. This is because RNA can't have thymine on its strand. The nitrogenous base sequence on the DNA template determines the nitrogenous base sequence on the m-RNA. If the DNA base sequence is GAATCG, the transcript's base sequence will be CUUAGC.
RNA polymerases, which link nucleotides to create an RNA strand using a DNA strand as a template, carry out transcription. mRNA is therefore translated from DNA which binds amino acids by peptide bonds.
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100 POINTS FOR THIS QUESTION PLS HELP
Which of these is one role of plants in the carbon cycle?
A. Plants take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide
B. Plants use carbon dioxide to make nitrates
C. Plants take in carbon dioxide released by other animals
D. Plants take in carbon dioxide and pass it on directly to animals
Answer:
C
Explanation:
The photosynthesis set up means plants take in carbon dioxide released by other animals
for the eukaryotic dna sequence shown, what region of the dna will be transcribed into mrna? a. 1-123 b. 21-101 c. 41-101 d. 41-123 hint
The dna's 41-100 area will be translated into mrna for such eukaryotic DNA sequence that has been shown.
What constitutes a eukaryotic?Any cell or creature that has a distinct nucleus is called a eukaryote. The nucleus, which houses the clearly defined chromosomal (bodies containing the hereditary material), is surrounded by a nuclear membrane in eukaryotic cells.
What are eukaryotic cells primarily used for?Conclusion. Within eukaryotes, organelles perform a variety of specialised tasks include energy synthesis, photosynthesis, and membrane creation. The majority are membrane-bound organelles that serve as the locations of particular biochemical processes.
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why do some plant species that are independent at low altitudes become interdependent at high altitudes
Although these advantages are not as important at low altitudes, the plants' benefits to one another enable them survive at high altitudes.
The extreme conditions of their environment, which include low temperatures, aridity, UV radiation, and a brief growing season, force high-altitude plants to adapt. High altitudes are inhospitable to tree growth due to the chilly temperatures and scarcity of precipitation. Low air density and atmospheric pressure at high altitude result in lower carbon dioxide levels and a slower transpiration rate, which are both necessary for plants to develop. The rate of photosynthesis and growth is slowed down by low carbon dioxide levels and slow transpiration in high altitude environment.
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Farmers across many centuries have used selective breeding (artificial selection) to enhance certain qualities in their crops. Which of the following qualities would most likely be selected for in breeding?
a. decreased nutrient composition
b. resistance to harmful pests
c. decreased harvest production
d. bioluminescence for attraction to fireflies
Farmers across many centuries have used selective breeding (artificial selection) to enhance certain qualities in their crops. Qualities such as resistance to harmful pests would most likely be selected for breeding. The correct answer to the question is option B.
What is selective breeding?
Selective breeding is of two types, inbreeding, and hybridization. Generally, selective breeding as the name implies involves selecting parents of a specific characteristic such as appearance, color, shape, fast maturity, increased yields, and so on, to breed together and produce offspring with unique characteristics.
From the question, selective breeding would make farmers want to increase their crop's resistance to harmful pests.
In summary, with the massive loss of crops due to pest attacks, farmers have continually found ways to curb this loss by producing offspring with high resistance to pests. With selective breeding, farmers will produce crops with high resistance to pests and this will save costs and reduce the use of pesticides.
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what is the evolutionary significance of the relationship between the genes on human chromosome 16 and those same blocks of genes on mouse chromosomes 7, 8, 16, and 17?
Evolutionary significance of the relationship between genes on human chromosome 16 and those same blocks of genes on mouse chromosomes 7, 8, 16, and 17 is: chromosomal translocations have moved blocks of sequences to other chromosomes.
What is the evolutionary significance between the genes on human and mouse chromosome ?
Chromosome 16 contains 800 to 900 genes that provide instructions for making proteins that perform different roles in the body.
Human chromosome 17 is implicated in a wide range of human genetic diseases. It is that genes which is involved in early-onset breast cancer , neurofibromatosis and the DNA damage response
Humans have total of 23 pairs of chromosomes whereas rats have 21 chromosomes.
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neurological damage to which area would impair a monkey's ability to complete the wisconsin card sorting task?
neurological damage to Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex would impair a monkey's ability to complete the wisconsin card sorting task.
what is neurological damage?The University of California, San Francisco estimates that there are more than 600 different neurological conditions. Diseases known as neurological disorders impact the brain, as well as the central and autonomic nervous systems. The many forms of neurological disorders must first be distinguished in order to identify the signs and symptoms of neurological issues.
You might be curious in what causes a neurological disorder if you think that you or a loved one may be dealing with one of these problems. Such dysfunction might have a wide range of root causes. Numerous membranes that might be sensitive to stress and pressure shield the spinal cord and brain. Deep beneath the epidermis, the peripheral nerves are equally susceptible to harm. A single neuron or an entire neurological pathway may be impacted by neurological illnesses. Dysfunction can result from even a minor alteration in the structural route of a neuron. Thus, a variety of factors can lead to neurological illnesses, such as: factors associated
lifestyle ,Infections, Genetics ,causes associated to diet
, environment-related factors ,physically hurt.
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determine whether each of the following transitions in the hydrogen atom corresponds to absorption or emission of energy.
Energy is released when an electron moves from a higher state of energy higher energy. On the other hand, energy is absorbed when an electron moves from one energy level to another.
Describe absorption and provide an example.The process of one substance entering the volume or mass of another material is Absorption. Instead of being forced by the liquid or gas, the solid absorbs it.
What kinds of absorption are there?The process of absorption can be either physical or chemical: The rate of diffusion that takes place at the gas-liquid interface and the price at which a gas disperses into the liquid are both factors in the liquid – liquid of a gas or portion of a compressed gasses inside a liquid solvent.
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A student wants to know how many days it takes for different plant seeds to germinate. What is the student's independent variable?
Answer:
The independent variable is the pH. Dependent variable is the rate of germination. Controlled variables are light, temperature, soil, moisture, seed specification such as moisture, size, etc.. The independent variable is the temperature.
Explanation:
In an experiment for determining the time required for the seed germination the independent variable will be pH and temperature and the dependent variable will be rate of germination.
What is seed germination?Seed germination can be defined as the sum total of all the events which begin with the hydration of the seeds and culmination in the emergence of the embryonic axis (the radicle) from the seed coat.
In an experiment for determining the time required for seed germination, the independent variable is the pH. Here, the dependent variable will be the rate of germination. The controlled variables are light, temperature, soil, moisture, seed specification such as moisture, size, etc which will be kept constant during the experiment. The independent variable is the temperature which does not depend on any other factor.
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how are phenolics used in microbial control? multiple select question. added to products household disinfection clinical disinfection routine skin antisepsis
Phenolics control microbes by :
1) Disrupting the cell membrane
2) Denaturing metabolic enzymes
3) Disrupting the cell wall
Phenolic compounds are a group of small molecules characterised by their structures having at least one phenol unit. Based on their chemical structures, phenolic compounds can be divided into exclusive subgroups, along with phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannins, coumarins, lignans, quinones, stilbens, and curcuminoids.
Phenolics play important roles in plant development, specifically in lignin and pigment biosynthesis. In addition they provide structural integrity and scaffolding assist to flora.
Phenolics have right chemical resistance and are immune to alcohols, esters, ketones, ethers, chlorinated hydrocarbons, benzene, mineral oils, fats, and oils.
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homologous structures such as mammalian forelimbs and bird wings share same anatomy and ancestry but perform different functions. this is a result of
Divergent. The arrangement and structure of the bones are strikingly similar. Therefore, it makes sense to infer that they are related to one another by ancestor form.
What about homologous structures?Homologous structures are similar physical traits present in species with a common ancestor, despite the fact that these traits serve fundamentally different biological functions.Examples of homologous structures include the limbs of humans, cats, whales, and bats.The human arm, a bird or bat's wing, a dog's leg, a dolphin or whale's flipper, and a bird or a bat's wing are examples of homologous structures.Organs or skeletal components of animals and organisms that are homologous reveal a relationship to a common ancestor because of their similarities. The appearance and purpose of these structures need not be identical. Excellent examples of homologous structures include a person's arms and a bat's wings. People and bats share a common ancestor because they are both mammals. A bat wing's and a human arm's internal bone structures are remarkably similar, despite the fact that they look very different from the outside. It is an illustration of a bone or organ with similar underlying anatomical traits that can be found in other animals. These structures provide evidence for evolution and support the theory that all creatures share a common ancestor.Learn more about homologous structures here:
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Mitosis is a type of cell division that occurs I. to make more cells so organisms can grow. II. so organisms can replace old or damaged cells. III. when organisms make sex cells for reproduction. IV. only during fetal stages of development.
Answer: I and II
Explanation:
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what would be the limiting factor for atp production by glycolysis in a strenuously exercising muscle that lacks lactate dehydrogenase?the supply of pyruvatethe supply of adpincreased acidity from lactic acid, causing muscle damagethe supply of nad the supply of co2
In a muscle without lactate dehydrogenase, the availability of NAD+ is what limits the amount of ATP that can be produced through glycolysis.
The molecule that transports energy in an organism's cells is known as adenosine triphosphate.
When lactate dehydrogenase—which is required for converting lactate to energy—is absent from a muscle, the compound NAD+ breaks down energy molecules to create ATP, which is crucial for muscle function.
The process by which glucose is broken down to provide energy is known as glycolysis. It generates two pyruvate molecules, ATP, NADH, and water. There is no need for oxygen during the process, which occurs in the cytoplasm of a cell. Both aerobic and anaerobic organisms experience it.
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