the per and tim proteins accumulate during the day until they cause sleepiness. what prevents them from continuing to accumulate at night?
When the proteins reach a high level, they turn off the genes that produce them.
In the nuclei of central brain pacemaker cells as well as light-sensitive eye cells known as photoreceptors, PER and TIM proteins assemble.
California Institute of Technology researchers discovered per in 1971, whereas Young's team discovered tim in 1994.
Mammals may also exhibit a similar mode of inhibition as mammalian TIM and PER (mPER1) were recently demonstrated to specifically inhibit CLOCK-BMAL1-induced stimulation of the mPer-1 promoter in cultured cells.
Although there is some affinity between the PER and TIM proteins, the connection is not very strong.
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The 150-million-year-old Archaeopteryx has many birdlike characteristics such as feathered wings, but it also has characteristics that we associate with living reptiles. Which of the following are considered reptilian characteristics of Archaeopteryx? Select all that apply.Choose all that are correcta. Claws on the ends of each digitb. Long, bony tailc. Teeth in the jawsd. Wings supported by elongated fourth digits
The 150-million-year-old Archaeopteryx has many birdlike characteristics such as feathered wings, but it also has characteristics that we associate with living reptiles are
a. Claws on the ends of each digit
b. Long, bony tail
c. Teeth in the jaws
What is an Archaeopteryx?Occasionally known by its German name, "Urvogel," Archaeopteryx is a genus of dinosaurs that resembled birds. The name comes from the Greek roots o, which means "old," and, which means "feather" or "wing." lived between 150.8 and 125.45 million years ago (Tithonian - Barremian).Extinct according to the Encyclopedia of Life.Size: 1.7 feet (Head to tail)Archaeopteryx, scientific name (Ancient wing),4.5 miles per hour (Maximum, Running).Weight: 1.8 to 2.2 lbs (Adult) The feathered dinosaur genus Archaeopteryx was once considered to be the earliest fossil bird ever discovered. The Solnhofen Limestone is a Jurassic limestone with a very fine grain that originated in a shallow tropical marine environment (perhaps a coral lagoon), where lime-rich muds gradually collected and allowed for very good fossil preservation. Many of the fossils clearly depict the imprints of feathers. The examples are various sizes, ranging from a blue jay to a huge chicken.
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drag the labels to complete each of the sentences that discuss the relationship between mhc molecules and endogenous and exogenous antigens.
MHC class II molecules present both extracellular (exogenous) and internally synthesized (endogenous) antigens to the CD4 T cells subset of lymphocytes.
What is the relationship between an MHC Class 1 protein and a cytotoxic T cell?The relationship between the MHC class one protein and the cytotoxic T cell, is that the cytotoxic T cell interacts with a virally infected cell via its T cell receptor and the MHC class one protein on the virally infected cell. The CD4 T cells subset of lymphocytes receives both external (exogenous) and internally produced (endogenous) antigens from MHC class II molecules.
What type of MHC is endogenous?When discussing cross-presentation, the endogenous pathway of antigen processing often plays a role in MHC I antigen presentation, whereas the exogenous pathway plays a role in MHC II antigen presentation .MHC I antigen presentation typically (considering cross-presentation) involves the endogenous pathway of antigen processing, and MHC II antigen presentation involves the exogenous pathway of antigen processing.
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which accurately describes development?changing while growinggrowing larger over timedecreasing the number of cellsincreasing the sizes of cells
A). Changing while growing in development is the exact correct discription.
Change pushes you to grow to be a greater advanced person. You discover ways to adapt to new circumstances, think about particular processes and paintings to simply accept yourself. These adventures come collectively to sell non-public growth. Change happens. And whilst we will not manage a lot of the sector converting round us, we will manage how we respond.
We can select to expect and include modifications, or withstand them. Resisting alternate is like looking to push water upstream. Generally we’re short to factor to others who withstand alternate. It’s a lot tougher to understand or admit to our personal alternate resistance. Some human beings name alternate “progress” and rejoice the enhancements that it brings. Others curse the ones equal modifications and want for the coolest antique days. Same modifications, specific responses.
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Correct Question:
Which accurately describes development?
A) Changing while growing.
B) Growing larger over time.
C) Decreasing the number of cells.
D) Increasing the sizes of cells.
Complete The Sentences Below Using The Words And Phrases Provided To Explain How Chromatin In The Eukaryotic Chromosome Can Regulate TranscriptionBinding of basal factors and RNA polymerase to the (fill in the blank) results in a basal level of (fill in the blank)
The Eukaryotic Chromosome Can Regulate TranscriptionBinding of basal factors and RNA polymerase to the promoter region results in a basal level of transcription gene.
Transcription of chromosome in eukaryotic: Unlike bacterial RNA polymerase, the primary RNA polymerase in eukaryotes like humans does not directly attach to promoters. Instead, basal (general) transcription factors, which are support proteins, first bind to the promoter, assisting your cells' RNA polymerase in establishing a foothold on the DNA.Only with the assistance of proteins referred to as basal (general) transcription factors can RNA polymerase bind to the promoter. They are a component of the essential transcriptional tool kit that every cell needs in order to transcribe any gene.For more information on gene expression in eukaryotes kindly visit to
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the declines of many amphibian species are unexplained. climate change is a major cause of amphibian decline. there are more non-threatened amphibian species than threatened amphibian species. habitat loss is the greatest known cause of amphibian decline. amphibian declines from pollution have increased since the year 2000.
The following statements are supported by the graph :
Habitat loss is the greatest known cause of amphibian decline.
The declines of many amphibian species are unexplained.
Habitat loss is the leading cause of amphibian declines worldwide, affecting approximately 63% of all amphibian species and up to 87% of Skeptically Endangered amphibians (Chanson et al., 2008). Many amphibians require different microhabitats with adequate moisture, temperature, pH, refuge, and food resources. Minor habitat changes can easily disrupt these conditions. Crop removal, logging, clear-cutting, urbanization, and industrialization are the most common types of habitat change.
Amphibians, unlike humans, breathe at least partially through their skin, which is repeatedly subjected to their surroundings. As a result, their bodies are much more vulnerable to environmental factors like disease, pollution, toxic chemicals, UV radiation, and habitat destruction.
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Complete question :
Which of these statements is supported by the graph? Select all that apply.
There are more non-threatened amphibian species than threatened amphibian species.
Habitat loss is the greatest known cause of amphibian decline.
Amphibian declines from pollution have increased since the year 2000.
Climate change is a major cause of amphibian decline.
The declines of many amphibian species are unexplained.
How can you tell if a passage is chronological?.
Chronological order is the order in which the events happened, from first to final.
Chronology is a text shape that describes activities in the order they occur. words consisting of first, subsequent, for the duration of, and sooner or later sign this article structure, as do dates that inform whilst the occasions took place.
This text shape gives readers a chronological of events or a list of steps in a method. example an e-book approximately the Yankee revolution would possibly list the events leading to the warfare.
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Which option identifies the water in the driveway in the following scenario?
Sarah sat inside watching the rain outside come down. It was coming down very hard, and streams of water were
cascading down the driveway because the ground was saturated.
O aquifer
O evaporation
O reservoir
O runoff
starch and glycogen are both polymers of which of the following? sucrose l-fructose glucose-6-phosphate d-galactose d-glucose
Both glycogen and starch are polymers of: A) fructose. B) glucosamine 1-phosphate sucrose, a. D) D-glucose E) glucose.
What are the polymers of both starch and glycogen?In plants, starch serves as a kind of energy storage. It includes the glucose-based polymers amylose (linear) and amylopectin (branched). In animals, glycogen serves as a kind of energy storage. It is a polymer with branches made of glucose units.
Are both glucose polymers found in glycogen and starch?Glycogen is a polymer of glucose monomers, much like starch, and it has even more branched molecules than amylopectin. Typically, liver and muscle cells store glycogen.
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what consensus sequence is found on -10 nucleotides upstream of the transcription initiation site in e. coli? what consensus sequence is found on -10 nucleotides upstream of the transcription initiation site in e. coli? tataat ttttta tatata tatttt
TATAAT, is a consensus sequence located 10 nucleotides upstream of the transcription start site in Escherichia coli.
What is an initiation site?The site on DNA where the first RNA nucleotide is transcribed is called the +1 site or initiation site. Nucleotides preceding the start site are negatively numbered and are called upstream. Initiation is the start of transcription. This occurs when the enzyme RNA polymerase binds to a region of the gene called the promoter. This signals the DNA to coil so that the enzyme can "read" her one base in the DNA strand. The enzyme is now ready to create a strand of mRNA with complementary base sequences. The sites of transcription and translation are the cell nucleus and cytoplasm, respectively.
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Which aspect of normal lac operon function is an example of post-translational control?.
An example of post-translational control is lactose's interaction with the repressor of normal lac operon operation.
The lac operon contains genes related to metabolism. The genes don't express unless lactose and glucose are both absent. According to the quantities of glucose and lactose, the catabolite activator protein and lac repressor, which regulate the operon, are active and inactivated. The lac repressor stops the transcription of the operon. When lactose is present, it loses its ability to act as a repressor. The transcription of the operon is only triggered by the catabolite activator protein when blood glucose levels are low.
Lactose therefore acts as a feedback mechanism in the lac operon.
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What is chronological method of paragraph?.
The information is organized chronologically in "chronological order." The author describes what happened first, second, third, and last. Chronological organization is common in narrative writing, but it is not limited to it.
What is chronological paragraph example?
Chronology is any method of ordering time and placing events in the order in which they occurred.
The rehearsal dinner will be held on Friday evening. Following that, we hope that many of the guests will assist in cleaning up the area for tomorrow's wedding. Explanation: The transition "afterward" emphasizes a timeline of events in these sentences (first the dinner, then the cleaning).
Chronological, Sequential, and Consecutive Order 3 types of chronological order.
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today, a sanger sequencing reaction is carried out in a single tube, rather than one tube per nucleotide base. what must be modified in order for this to work?
Due to A unique dye that must be used on each dideoxynucleotide, a Sanger sequencing reaction is carried out in a single tube, rather than one tube per nucleotide base.
Genome sequencing is done using the Sanger method. It's also referred to as the chain termination approach. In 1977, Frederick Sanger and his associates created this procedure.
The nucleotide base in a section of DNA can be identified using this technique. Typically, the DNA segment employed is fewer than 1,000 base pairs long (bp).
The "gold standard" for validating DNA sequences is Sanger sequencing, which must be carried out with a base accuracy of 99.99%. The Human Genome Project employed Sanger sequencing as its primary sequencing technique. It uses a unique dye that must be used on each dideoxynucleotide, a Sanger sequencing reaction is carried out in a single tube, rather than one tube per nucleotide base.
The complete question is:
Today, a Sanger sequencing reaction is carried out in a single tube, rather than one tube per nucleotide base. What must be modified in order for this to work?
a) A different polymerase must be used.
b) A unique dye must be used on each dideoxynucleotide.
c) A primer is used that is more specific to the template DNA.
d) The final product is filtered to separate the dideoxynucleotide terminators after the reaction occurs.
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Please someone help me.
Answer: The factor that slows down the rate of reaction
Explanation: Limiting factors literally limit the reaction like photosynthesis when there's not enough water to produce glucose .
in 1988, richard lenski subjected 12 genetically identical populations of e. coli to the same conditions: a period of growth followed by starvation. after several years, all strains had adapted to the conditions in similar ways. however, their genetic sequences were very different. which of the following conclusions from this experiment is correct?
Convergent evolution, evolution by natural selection, similar selective pressure can have different effects, all these conclusion is correct from Richard Lenski's experiments.
The 12 genetically identical populations of E. Coli underwent convergent evolution resulting from similar environmental conditions.
From a variety of underlying genotypes, similar phenotypes may result.
Evolution by natural selection can be observed directly in organisms with short generation times.
On genetically identical organisms, similar selective pressures can have different effects at the level of the genome.
All of the above are correct conclusions which are drawn from Richard Lenski's experiments.
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TRUE/FALSE.are preparations of live microbes used as a preventive or therapeutic measure to displace or compete with potential pathogens.
Probiotics are preparations of live microbes used as a preventive or therapeutic measure to displace or compete with potential pathogens.
What types of living beings are adequately treated by antibiotics?With the aid of antibiotics, certain bacterial infections can be treated or avoided. They either eliminate germs or prevent them from growing and dispersing. Antibiotics are ineffective for treating viral infections. This includes most coughs, sore throats, the common cold, and the flu.
How is it possible for bacteria to develop an antibiotic resistance?Through mutation and selection, bacteria can develop antibiotic resistance. For instance, although some bacteria have developed enzymes to render the antibiotic inactive, others have developed biochemical "pumps" that can eliminate an antibiotic before it reaches its target.
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a student made lists of structures observed in cells from two very different organisms. which statement describes the most likely difference in the way that organism 1 and organism 2 obtain energy?
The statement which best describes this
Only organism 1 uses solar energy to make energy-rich compounds.
What do you mean by Energy Rich Compounds?
The most common source of energy for cells is ATP. Adenosine triphosphate is mainly made of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus.It comprises of phosphoanhydride, acyl phosphate, enolphosphate, guanidine phosphate and thioester bonds.Apart from this Carbohydrate , Starch , sugar is used.This is how both organism can be differentiated.
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Describe the processes of how carbohydrates, protein and fats are digested. Include in your answer the location, cells involved and the digestive molecules needed.
Enzymes assist in breaking down large molecules like proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates into smaller ones that can be quickly absorbed by the body.
How are proteins, carbs, and lipids digested?In the colon, where digestion occurs, the following basic building blocks of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids are formed: sugars from carbohydrates. amino acid synthesis from proteins.
What is digestion and how does the body break down proteins and carbohydrates?The pancreatic juice is responsible for digesting both protein and carbohydrate. Lipase is one of the enzymes produced by the pancreas, and it converts triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides. Proteins are broken down by trypsin, chymotrypsin, and elastase. The extra complex carbs are broken down into monosaccharides by amylase.
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its july in philadelphia and julie steps outside to walk her dog. what type of receptors will activate to inform julie of the 80 degree weather she just walked outside to?
When Julie walks her dog outside in the weather of 80 degrees, her thermoreceptors get activated.
Thermoreceptors are biologically free nerve endings present in the skin, liver, skeletal muscles and hypothalamus. They have the ability to detect any change in the temperature. They are extremely sensitive to temperature.
Thermoreceptor is defined as non-specialized sense receptor. They are divided as high and low threshold receptors. Those which are high threshold receptors have unmethylated C-fibres. This temperature sense enters into human body through the nerve ending to the spinal cord to finally the ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus. They increase the potential discharge rate so human fell warm.
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the maximum volume of air contained in the lung by a full forced inhalation is called . a. total lung capacity b. ventilation rate c. vital capacity d. tidal volume
Total lung capacity refers to how much air can fit into the lung during a full forceful inhale.
What are respiratory Volumes and capacity?Tidal flow the amount of air that is inspired or exhaled during a typical respiration is close to 500 ml.Vital capacity is the largest amount of air that a person can inhale before being compelled to exhale or inhale.Total lungvolume (TLC)the total lung capacity (TLC) at the end of a forceful inspiration is the amount of air that can be held there.Inspiratory (IC) IC is the maximum amount of air that a person can inhale following a typical expiration with tidal volume.Expiratory (EX) Total amount of air that can be exhaled by a person following a typical inhalation.To know more about lung capacity, visit:
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The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine during sympathetic stimulation. Which of the following statements describes why epinephrine would increase the sympathetic response? The same receptors that respond to norepinephrine also respond to epinephrine, increasing the action of both.
The same receptors that respond to norepinephrine also respond to epinephrine, enhancing both activity.
What is meant by Epinephrine ?Adrenaline, often known as epinephrine, is a hormone and medicine that regulates visceral functions (e.g., respiration). It appears as a white microcrystalline particle. Adrenaline is generally created by the adrenal glands and a small number of neurons in the medulla oblongata. It aids in the fight-or-flight response by increasing blood flow to muscles, cardiac output via the SA node, pupil dilation reaction, and blood sugar level. It accomplishes this by attaching to alpha and beta receptors. It is found in numerous species, including humans, as well as some single-celled creatures. It has also been isolated from the plant Scoparia dulcis, which grows in Northern Vietnam.
The statements describes that epinephrine would increase the sympathetic response is the same receptors that respond to norepinephrine also respond to epinephrine, increasing the action of both.
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What type of gene encodes proteins that stop the cell cycle following dna damage?.
Answer:
Tumor suppressor genes
Explanation:
Answer:
Tumor suppressor genes
Explanation:
Tumor suppressor genes are segments of DNA that code for negative regulator proteins, the type of regulators that, when activated, can prevent the cell from undergoing uncontrolled division.
after a plasmid has been digested into linear fragments in a restriction endonuclease assay, dna fragments may be resolved using migration through an agarose gel matrix. the largest linear fragments will travel the
DNA fragments may be resolved using migration through a gel matrix called agarose. The largest linear fragments will travel the slowest while the smallest ones will travel the fastest.
A technique to separate DNA fragments (including other macromolecules like proteins and RNA) based on their charge and size is called gel electrophoresis. The molecules, based on their size and charge, will travel through the gel in different directions or at different speeds, which allows them to be separated from one another. Larger/longer pieces of DNA will travel through the pores of the gel matrix slower than the shortest/smallest ones.
Gel electrophoresis involves a gel, as the name suggests. For DNA separation, the gel is made out of a polysaccharide called agarose.
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which enzyme makes? a. dna polymerase b. rna polymerase c. primase d. aminoacyl t-rna synthetase
Enzyme makes DNA polymerase. So, correct answer is option (a).
DNA polymerases (DNAPs) are a class of enzymes that create new copies of DNA in the form of nucleic acid molecules. Nucleic acids are polymers, large molecules made up of small repeating units that are chemically linked together.
In prokaryotes, polymerase III is the major replicative polymerase, responsible for the synthesis of both the leading strand of DNA and the Okazaki fragment by elongation of RNA primers.
Enzymes are biological catalysts and are most often proteins. It speeds up certain chemical reactions in cells. Enzymes are not destroyed during reactions and can be used repeatedly.
Enzymes are proteins that accelerate metabolism and chemical reactions in the body.They construct a few materials and wreck down others.All living things have enzymes. Our bodies naturally produce enzymes.
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red-green color blindness is an x-linked recessive trait in humans. two people with normal color vision have a color-blind son. what are the genotypes of the parents? group of answer choices
XCXc and XCY are the genotype of the parents in which red-green color blindness is an x-linked recessive trait in humans. two people with normal color vision have a color-blind son.
A diminished capacity to tell some colors apart. Frequently, the condition is hereditary. Other factors include specific eye conditions and drugs. Men are affected more than women.
A common symptom of color blindness is the inability to discern between different red and green hues.
Inherited color blindness is not treatable. Treating the underlying issue may be helpful if another condition is the cause of color blindness.
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You’re investigating inheritance of two traits – size (the g gene) and design (the f gene) – of the leaves of the coleus plant. In this story, giant size and striped design are the dominant phenotypes. You’ve completed a mating experiment where you crossed a dihybrid with an individual who is homozygous recessive for both traits; offspring data are listed here.
phenotype
# of offspring
giant, striped
32
giant, solid
112
small, striped
115
small, solid
29
a) List all of possible the genotypes of the offspring from this cross.
b) Are these genes linked? How did you know?
c) Sweet. So, if you can determine it, which phenotypes are parental and which are recombinant?
A) The possible genotypes of the offspring from this cross are:Giant, striped: GGFF, GgFF, GgFf , Giant, solid: GGFf, GgFf , Small, striped: ggFF, ggFf and Small, solid: ggFf.
B) Yes these genes are linked.
C) The parental phenotypes are giant and striped, and small and solid. The recombinant phenotypes are giant and solid, and small and striped.
These genes appear to be linked because the data shows that they are inherited together more often than would be expected if they were unlinked. This can be seen in the fact that there are no offspring with the genotype GgFf for giant and solid, which would be expected if the genes were unlinked.
This can be determined by looking at the proportions of the different genotypes in the offspring. For example, the giant and striped phenotypes have three possible genotypes (GGFF, GgFF, GgFf), while the small and solid phenotypes have only one possible genotype (ggFf). Therefore, the giant and striped phenotypes are more likely to be parental and the small and solid phenotypes are more likely to be recombinant.
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All of possible the genotypes of the offspring from this cross are Gf/gF (Dihybrid) x gf/gf ----Testcross gf/GF
Gf/gF (Dihybrid) x gf/gf ----TestcrossgfGFGF / gf ---Giant, stripedGfGf/ gf---giant, solidgFgF/ gf---small, stipedgfgf/ gf---small, solidDihybrid X homozygous recessive ---TestcrossExpected testcross progeny of dihybrid go might be 1:1:1:1 ratio consistent with Mendel experiments. But the given numbers of the progeny aren't just like 1:1:1:1 ratio. So, the genes aren't in diverse independently and they're linked.Giant, striped = RecombinantGiant, solid = ParentalSmall, striped = ParentalSmall, solid = RecombinantRead more about genotypes:
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a surgical incision introduces mrsa from the skin into the soft tissues. which two immune cells are the most critical during the early stages of the inflammatory response?
The immune cells which are critical during early stages of inflammation are Neutrophils and Mast Cells.
Neutrophils are important part of the innate immune system especially during injury to the skin. They are one of the first circulating immune cells during wound or injury to defend infection. They immediately trap and kill the invading pathogen.
Mast cell play a major role in fibroblast proliferation and wound concentration. They secrete tryptase and histamine which are required for the fibroblast production of collagen and SMA contraction.
During a surgical incision, there is introduction of mrsa from the skin into the soft tissues, which can cause infection and inflammation. It can lead to fever, redness, increase in body temperature and inflammation.
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a microscope has a 20x ocular (eyepiece) and two objectives of 10x and 43x. calculate the low and high power objective of this microscope.
Low power objective : (10X) (10X) equals 100X; high dry (10X) equals 400X; and oil immersion (10X) equals 1000X.
High power objective: lens has a 100x magnification and is an oil immersion objective lens.
This microscope's low power magnification with the formula and everything working:
Low power objectives provide a large field of vision and can be used to survey several tiny specimens or examine big specimens.The microscope may be aligned with the help of this objective.The bottom objective has a 10X power. Crank the specimen as near as it will go to the target while seeing from the side.Caluculation :Low power objectives: (10X) (10X) equals 100X; high dry (10X) equals 400X; and oil immersion (10X) equals 1000X.Magnification is the process of expanding something's perceived size rather than its actual size.This expansion is measured in terms of a calculated quantity known as "magnification."It is frequently referred to as magnification or de-magnification when this number is less than one because it denotes a reduction in size.This microscope's high power objective with the formula and all the work
When used with a 10x eyepiece lens, a high-power objective lens may magnify an object by a total of 400 times, making it perfect for studying extremely minute details like the striations in skeletal muscle or the nerve cells in the retina.High-power objective lens has a 100x magnification and is an oil immersion objective lens.Then, using the following formula, the higher power's field of vision may be determined:High power magnification combined with a high power field of vision equals low power magnification.To learn more about magnification click here,
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Part a - name and describe the chemical process producers use to make glucose and the chemical process used by both consumers and producers to make atp to contribute to the exchange. part b - identify the products of each process and explain how these products are used in the exchange.
Producers make food for the rest of the ecosystem through the process of photosynthesis, where energy from the sun is used to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose.
During photosynthesis, plants absorb carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) from the air and soil. Inside the plant cell, water is oxidized, meaning it loses electrons, while carbon dioxide is reduced, meaning it gains electrons. This transforms water into oxygen and carbon dioxide into glucose.
cellular respiration, the process by which organisms combine oxygen with food molecules, diverting the chemical energy of these substances into life-sustaining activities and discharging carbon dioxide and water as waste products.
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some corepressors inhibit transcription by modifying amino acids in the tails of proteins. other corepressors interact directly with the rna pol ii basal complex and prevent it from binding to the
To enhancers, bring in corepressor proteins. Some corepressors directly interact with the RNa pol II basal complex to stop it from binding to the promotor.
What is able to stop RNA polymerase?Also susceptible to IPTG induction are these shorter RNAs. This model system demonstrates the ability of a protein-DNA complex to obstruct RNA polymerase II movement and provides some understanding of the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression during transcription elongation, a phenomena seen in a number of systems.
How does one stop RNA polymerase?The goal of RNA inhibition is to prevent the DNA template from binding, and this is done by attaching the RNA to Pol II before the creation of an open complex. When a DNA template is already firmly linked to Pol II, RNA cannot remove it.
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