Arbitration is an alternative dispute resolution mechanism used to resolve disputes between two parties. In arbitration, a third party, known as an arbitrator, is appointed to help settle the dispute. The decision made by the arbitrator is known as an arbitral award and is binding on the parties involved. In addition to the facts of the case, other factors may influence an arbitrator's judgment and decision.
These factors include the following:
1. Personal Bias: Personal bias is one of the primary factors that can influence an arbitrator's judgment and decision. An arbitrator who has personal knowledge or a relationship with one of the parties involved in the dispute may be biased in favor of that party.
2. Precedents: Precedents are previously decided cases that may influence the arbitrator's decision. The arbitrator may look at past cases with similar facts and use them as a guide to help make their decision.
3. Legal Principles: Legal principles may also influence the arbitrator's decision. The arbitrator may look at legal principles such as the principle of fairness and impartiality to help make their decision.
4. Public Policy: Public policy considerations may also influence the arbitrator's decision. An arbitrator may consider the broader implications of their decision and how it will affect society as a whole.
Case examples that illustrate these factors:
1. Personal Bias: In a case involving a dispute between two companies, the arbitrator had previously worked for one of the companies involved. The arbitrator had a personal relationship with the CEO of the company and was biased in favor of that company.
2. Precedents: In a case involving a dispute between two construction companies, the arbitrator looked at past cases with similar facts and used them as a guide to help make their decision.
3. Legal Principles: In a case involving a dispute between two individuals over a property boundary line, the arbitrator looked at legal principles such as the principle of fairness and impartiality to help make their decision.
4. Public Policy: In a case involving a dispute over the construction of a new building, the arbitrator considered the broader implications of their decision and how it would affect the surrounding community.
In conclusion, other than the facts of the case, the above factors can influence an arbitrator's judgment and decision. It is important for arbitrators to remain impartial and make their decisions based on the merits of the case.
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Please define and discuss in length, contrast and analyze the 3
Strategic Options for Competing Globally. Please provide well
thought real world examples.
When competing globally, organizations have three strategic options to consider: international strategy, multinational strategy, and global strategy.
Each option represents a different approach to expanding operations and competing in international markets. In this discussion, we will define and analyze these strategic options, highlighting their contrasts and providing real-world examples.
1. International Strategy:
An international strategy focuses on leveraging the organization's core competencies and products in foreign markets through exports and limited local adaptations. The organization maintains a centralized structure, with decisions made at the headquarters. This strategy allows the company to take advantage of economies of scale, access new markets, and benefit from lower production costs.
Example: Coca-Cola is an excellent example of an international strategy. The company exports its beverages to various countries while maintaining a standardized product and marketing approach. Coca-Cola's core competencies in branding and distribution enable it to compete globally while adapting to local tastes and preferences through product variations.
2. Multinational Strategy:
A multinational strategy involves decentralizing decision-making and allowing subsidiaries or regional units to operate with significant autonomy. The organization adapts its products and marketing strategies to suit local markets, accounting for cultural differences, customer preferences, and regulatory requirements. This strategy enables a high level of local responsiveness and customization.
Example: McDonald's Corporation follows a multinational strategy. While maintaining its core menu items globally, McDonald's adapts its offerings to suit local tastes and cultural norms. For instance, in India, McDonald's introduced vegetarian options to cater to the predominantly vegetarian population, showcasing its flexibility and ability to customize its offerings for specific markets.
3. Global Strategy:
A global strategy emphasizes standardization across markets, with a centralized decision-making structure and a focus on cost efficiency and economies of scale. The organization treats the global market as a single entity, minimizing local adaptations and leveraging global synergies. This approach allows the company to achieve cost advantages and create a consistent brand image worldwide.
Example: IKEA exemplifies a global strategy. The company maintains a standardized product range and store layout across its global locations, promoting a uniform brand experience. By focusing on cost efficiency, bulk purchasing, and flat-pack furniture, IKEA has been able to provide affordable products while maintaining a strong global presence.
Contrast and Analysis:
The key contrasts among these strategic options lie in the degree of standardization, local adaptation, and decision-making centralization. International strategy focuses on centralization and standardization, multinational strategy emphasizes local adaptation and decentralization, while global strategy prioritizes standardization and centralized decision-making.
Organizations must carefully analyze their industry, target markets, and competitive advantages to determine the most suitable strategic option. Factors such as cultural differences, consumer preferences, regulatory environments, and resource capabilities play a significant role in this decision-making process.
It is important to note that organizations often employ a combination of these strategies based on the specific markets and products. They may adopt a multinational strategy in some regions while pursuing a global strategy in others, depending on the market dynamics and opportunities.
In conclusion, the strategic options for competing globally provide organizations with different approaches to expand their operations and compete in international markets. By understanding the contrasts, analyzing real-world examples, and considering their own capabilities and market conditions, organizations can make informed decisions to effectively compete and succeed on a global scale.
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Explain which of the following items are components of the opportunity cost of being a full-time college student who lives at home. The things that the student would have bought with
• A higher income
• Expenditure on tuition
• A subscription to the Rolling Stone magazine
• The income the student will earn after graduating
The things the student would have bought with____ are all components of the opportunity cost of being a full-time college student who lives at home.
O A. expenditure on tuition and the income the student will earn after graduating
O B. a higher income now and after graduation, expenditure on tuition and a subscription to the Rolling Stone magazine if it was required by a class
O C. a higher income, expenditure on tuition, and a subscription to the Rolling Stone magazine if it was required by a class
O D. a higher income and the income the student will earn after graduating
Option B includes a higher income, tuition expenditure, and a Rolling Stone magazine subscription as components of the opportunity cost.
The opportunity cost of being a full-time college student living at home refers to the value of the alternative choices forgone. Option B includes all the relevant components. A higher income now and after graduation represents the potential earnings that the student would have had if they were not pursuing full-time education.
Expenditure on tuition represents the financial resources that could have been used for other purposes. Lastly, if a subscription to the Rolling Stone magazine was required by a class, the cost of that subscription would also be part of the opportunity cost.
By choosing option B, we consider all the significant factors that represent the opportunities and resources that the student sacrifices by being a full-time college student living at home.
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All of the following are specific challenges and obstacles to global business systems except _ (blank) _. Select one: a. standards: different EDI, e-mail, telecommunications standards b. reliability: phone networks not uniformly reliable c. speed: different data transfer speeds, many slower than United States d. political laws: transborder data and privacy laws, commercial regulation e. personnel: shortages of skilled consultants
The correct option is e. All of the following are specific challenges and obstacles to global business systems except personnel: shortages of skilled consultants.
Global Business Systems (GBS) is a management concept that combines internal and external processes, systems, and activities to enable businesses to compete in a global economy.
The objective of GBS is to deliver a holistic solution that is based on end-to-end business processes and enables the company to operate in a global environment.
All of the following are specific challenges and obstacles to global business systems except personnel: shortages of skilled consultants.
Personnel: shortages of skilled consultants is not one of the specific challenges and obstacles to global business systems. Other challenges include standards, reliability, speed, and political laws.
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Direct mersale ( ponds at 50.50 per pound) Direct labor (2 hours at $10 per hour) Variable manufacturing overhead (2 hours at 55 per hour) 10 During November, 8,000 units were produced. The costs associated with November operations were as follows Material purchased (36,000 pounds at 50.60 per pound) $21,600 Material used in production (28,000 pounds) Direct labor (18,400 hours at $9.75 per hour) 179,400 Variable manufacturing overhead incurred 110,400 What is the variable overhead efficiency variance for the product for November? O$ 18,400 Unfavorable. $ 18,400 Unfavorable $ 12,000 Favorable $ 12,000 Unfavorable 4
To calculate the variable overhead efficiency variance, we need to compare the actual hours of direct labor with the standard hours allowed for the production output. The formula for the variable overhead efficiency variance is as follows:
Variable Overhead Efficiency Variance = (Standard Hours Allowed - Actual Hours) x Variable Overhead Rate
Given information:
Standard Hours allowed per unit = 2 hours
Actual Hours worked = 18,400 hours
Variable Overhead Rate = $55 per hour
Now, let's calculate the variable overhead efficiency variance:
Standard Hours Allowed = Standard Hours per Unit x Actual Output
Standard Hours Allowed = 2 hours x 8,000 units
Standard Hours Allowed = 16,000 hours
Variable Overhead Efficiency Variance = (Standard Hours Allowed - Actual Hours) x Variable Overhead Rate
Variable Overhead Efficiency Variance = (16,000 hours - 18,400 hours) x $55 per hour
Variable Overhead Efficiency Variance = (-2,400 hours) x $55 per hour
Variable Overhead Efficiency Variance = -$132,000
Since the result is negative, the variable overhead efficiency variance is unfavorable.
Therefore, the correct answer is $18,400 Unfavorable.
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Assume that the market for wood is perfectly competitive.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, many people work from home and therefore need to build or improve their home offices. Using a supply and demand diagram explain how this event may affect the market equilibrium price and quantity of wood.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the increased demand for home offices may have an impact on the market equilibrium price and quantity of wood. Using a supply and demand diagram, we can explain this as follows:
Begin with a standard supply and demand diagram, with the quantity of wood on the x-axis and the price of wood on the y-axis.
Due to the increased demand for home offices, the demand curve for wood will shift to the right, indicating a higher quantity demanded at each price level. This shift represents the increased willingness of consumers to purchase wood for home office construction or improvement.
As a result of the increased demand, the equilibrium price of wood will rise, reflecting the upward pressure on prices due to the higher demand. This is because the increased number of people working from home creates a higher need for wood products, such as desks, shelves, or renovations.
The equilibrium quantity of wood will also increase due to the increased demand. This implies that more wood will be bought and sold in the market to meet the higher consumer demand.
Therefore, the increased demand for home offices during the COVID-19 pandemic would lead to a higher equilibrium price and quantity of wood in the market. The specific magnitude of the price increase and quantity increase would depend on the elasticities of demand and supply for wood.
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Advice Standard Chartered Bank on the changes or improvements which ought to bedone as to the banking related sector in order to overcome the competition as faced by the similar industry players now strategically beside their business model.
The banking industry is one of the most competitive industries, and Standard Chartered Bank must make significant improvements in order to stay competitive. To stay competitive in the banking industry, Standard Chartered Bank must make certain changes and improvements in the banking sector.
Standard Chartered Bank must make improvements in the banking sector in order to compete with other industry players. In the current banking sector, the use of advanced technologies is one of the most crucial aspects to consider.Standard Chartered Bank can use artificial intelligence and other cutting-edge technology to improve customer engagement, customer retention, and data security. The use of artificial intelligence will improve customer engagement by providing a personalized experience to each customer. It can also be used to prevent fraud and provide faster and more accurate credit decisions. Standard Chartered Bank must improve its infrastructure to keep up with the pace of technological advancements.
Long answer:Standard Chartered Bank is a global financial institution that has to compete with other industry players in the banking sector. The banking industry is one of the most competitive industries, and Standard Chartered Bank must make significant improvements in order to stay competitive. To stay competitive in the banking industry, Standard Chartered Bank must make certain changes and improvements in the banking sector. Below are some of the recommendations that Standard Chartered Bank can use to improve its banking-related sector:Improvements in InfrastructureStandard Chartered Bank must improve its infrastructure to keep up with the pace of technological advancements. The infrastructure must be able to support the use of advanced technologies. Standard Chartered Bank must invest in state-of-the-art technologies that can help in improving customer engagement and retention.Improvements in Customer EngagementStandard Chartered Bank can use artificial intelligence and other cutting-edge technology to improve customer engagement, customer retention, and data security.
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Use the following data to determine the company's cash payments for August and September: August July. $24.000 Sales $32,000 Purchases.... $14,400 $19,200 Payments for purchases.. Selling expenses.... Administrative expenses.... Rent expense.... Equipment depreciation………... One month after purchase 15% of sales, paid in the month of sale 10% of sales, paid in the month of sale $2,400 per month $1,300 per month September $36,000 $21,600
To determine the company's cash payments for August and September, we need to consider the given data on sales, purchases, and various expenses. the company's cash payments for August and September are $5,900 and $36,700, respectively.
For August:
Cash payments for purchases = Purchases - Payments for purchases from the previous month
Cash payments for purchases = $14,400 - $19,200 = -$4,800 (Assuming a negative value indicates that there were no payments for purchases carried over from the previous month)
Cash payments for selling expenses = Sales x 15%
Cash payments for selling expenses = $24,000 x 0.15 = $3,600
Cash payments for administrative expenses = Sales x 10%
Cash payments for administrative expenses = $24,000 x 0.10 = $2,400
Cash payments for rent expense = $2,400 (Given)
Cash payments for equipment depreciation = $1,300 (Given)
Total cash payments for August:
= Cash payments for purchases + Cash payments for selling expenses + Cash payments for administrative expenses + Cash payments for rent expense + Cash payments for equipment depreciation
= -$4,800 + $3,600 + $2,400 + $2,400 + $1,300
= $5,900
For September:
Cash payments for purchases = Purchases - Payments for purchases from the previous month
Cash payments for purchases = $19,200 - (-$4,800) = $24,000
Cash payments for selling expenses = Sales x 15%
Cash payments for selling expenses = $36,000 x 0.15 = $5,400
Cash payments for administrative expenses = Sales x 10%
Cash payments for administrative expenses = $36,000 x 0.10 = $3,600
Cash payments for rent expense = $2,400 (Given)
Cash payments for equipment depreciation = $1,300 (Given)
Total cash payments for September:
= Cash payments for purchases + Cash payments for selling expenses + Cash payments for administrative expenses + Cash payments for rent expense + Cash payments for equipment depreciation
= $24,000 + $5,400 + $3,600 + $2,400 + $1,300
= $36,700
Therefore, the company's cash payments for August and September are $5,900 and $36,700, respectively.
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A firm practices a pure chase strategy. Production last quarter was 1200. Demand over the next four quarters is 900, 700, 1100, 1300. Hiring is $10 per unit. Layoff is $4 per unit. Production cost is $20 per unit. Inventory is $10 per unit. Outsourcing is $5 per unit. Next year, what will be the sum of hiring, layoff, production, inventory, and outsourcing costs?
Given the demand forecast for the next four quarters and the associated costs, the total cost can be determined by considering the necessary adjustments in workforce levels to match the demand.
The total cost is influenced by hiring and layoff expenses, production costs, inventory carrying costs, and any outsourcing required to meet the demand fluctuations.
A pure chase strategy aims to adjust the workforce levels to precisely match the demand, minimizing the need for excessive inventory or backorders. To calculate the total cost for the next year, we consider the hiring and layoff costs, production costs, inventory carrying costs, and outsourcing expenses.
The demand forecast for the next four quarters is as follows: 900, 700, 1100, and 1300 units. To match the demand, the workforce needs to be adjusted accordingly. The difference between the previous quarter's production and the current quarter's demand determines the hiring or layoff requirement. If the demand exceeds the previous quarter's production, hiring is required, and if the demand is lower, layoff is needed.
Let's calculate the adjustments and associated costs for each quarter. In the first quarter, the demand is 900 units, and the previous quarter's production was 1200 units. Therefore, 300 units need to be laid off, resulting in a layoff cost of $4 per unit.
In the second quarter, the demand is 700 units, and the previous quarter's production was 900 units. Hence, 200 units need to be laid off, incurring a layoff cost of $4 per unit.
In the third quarter, the demand is 1100 units, and the previous quarter's production was 700 units. Therefore, 400 units need to be hired, resulting in a hiring cost of $10 per unit.
In the fourth quarter, the demand is 1300 units, and the previous quarter's production was 1100 units. Hence, 200 units need to be hired, incurring a hiring cost of $10 per unit.
Along with the workforce adjustments, we also need to consider the production, inventory carrying, and outsourcing costs. Given that the production cost is $20 per unit, inventory carrying cost is $10 per unit, and outsourcing cost is $5 per unit, we multiply these costs by the respective demand for each quarter to calculate the total cost.
Finally, by summing up the hiring, layoff, production, inventory carrying, and outsourcing costs for all four quarters, we can determine the total cost for the next year.
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According to Mark Cohen and co-authors in "Safety Culture in High Risk Industries," which of the following is not a quality that High-Reliability Organizations (HRO's) exhibit? O Reluctance to simplify interpretations Close control over workers Commitment to resilience O Pre-occupation with failure O Sensitivity to operations Question 18 1 pts A moral manager demonstrates and practices all of the following except: O Rewarding ethical behavior O Open and regular communication about ethics O Role modeling O Establishing an ethics culture O Demanding loyalty
According to Mark Cohen and co-authors in "Safety Culture in High Risk Industries," High-Reliability Organizations (HROs) do not exhibit the quality of close control over workers.
High-Reliability Organizations (HROs) are known for their safety culture and their ability to operate in high-risk industries with minimal accidents. They demonstrate a reluctance to simplify interpretations, a commitment to resilience, a pre-occupation with failure, and sensitivity to operations. However, close control over workers is not considered a quality exhibited by HROs.
In the context of safety culture, close control over workers can hinder the development of a proactive and empowered workforce. HROs recognize the importance of granting workers autonomy and decision-making authority to ensure they can respond effectively to unexpected situations and contribute to the overall safety of the organization. This approach promotes a culture of accountability and fosters a sense of ownership among employees, which is essential for maintaining a high level of safety in high-risk industries. Therefore, close control over workers is not aligned with the principles of HROs.
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Which of the following statements is correct? O a. A tax offset can result in a refund if it relates to franking credits. O b. Tax offsets are same as allowable deductions as both reduce assessable income. c. Any tax offset can increase deductions. d. Tax offsets are used to reduce your taxable income.
The correct statement is A. A tax offset can result in a refund if it relates to franking credits.
Option A states that a tax offset can result in a refund if it relates to franking credits, and this statement is correct. A tax offset is a type of tax benefit that directly reduces the amount of tax payable by an individual or entity. If the tax offset exceeds the amount of tax owed, it can result in a refund. Franking credits, which represent tax already paid by a company on its profits, can be used as a tax offset by shareholders, and if the franking credits exceed the tax liability, a refund can be claimed.
Option B is incorrect because tax offsets and allowable deductions are not the same. Allowable deductions reduce assessable income, while tax offsets directly reduce the amount of tax payable.Option C is incorrect because tax offsets do not increase deductions. Tax offsets are separate from deductions and are applied to reduce the final tax liability.Option D is incorrect because tax offsets are used to directly reduce the tax payable, not the taxable income.Therefore, the correct statement is A. A tax offset can result in a refund if it relates to franking credits.
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Alexander and Vanessa. If Alexander and Vanessa are the only two individuals in a society, which equation CORRECTLY represents the marginal social benefit (MSB) of scientific research? Scenario: Alexander and Vanessa Alexander and Vanessa benefit from scientific research. Alexander's marginal private benefit from such research is given by the equation MPB = 200 - where Q refers to the amount of research undertaken and MPB captures the marginal private benefit Alexander gets from different marginal quantities. Meanwhile, Vanessa's marginal private benefit from such research is given by the equation MPB = 100 - Q. The marginal social cost of such research is constant at $100. MSB = 100 - Q. MSB = 100. MSB = 300 - 20 MSBE 200- contact us help terms of use about us 1 privacy policy Careers w W A A stv
The equation that correctly represents the marginal social benefit (MSB) of scientific research when Alexander and Vanessa are the only two individuals in a society is "MSB = 200 - Q".
Marginal Private Benefit (MPB) is a term used to describe the incremental gain an individual gets from consuming an additional unit of a good or service. The Marginal Social Benefit (MSB) refers to the incremental benefit that society derives from an additional unit of consumption of a good or service. When the Marginal Private Benefit of consuming a good or service is lower than the Marginal Social Benefit, the good is deemed underprovided in the market. Conversely, if the Marginal Private Benefit is greater than the Marginal Social Benefit, then the good is over-provided in the market.
Here, Alexander's Marginal Private Benefit (MPB) from research is given by the equation MPB = 200 - Q, and Vanessa's Marginal Private Benefit (MPB) from research is given by the equation MPB = 100 - Q. Given that the Marginal Social Cost of research is constant at $100, we can obtain the Marginal Social Benefit of research by subtracting the Marginal Social Cost from the sum of Alexander's and Vanessa's Marginal Private Benefits.
MSB = MPB(Alexander) + MPB(Vanessa) - MSC
MSB = (200 - Q) + (100 - Q) - 100
MSB = 300 - 2Q
MSB = 200 when Q = 50
If there are only two people in the society, Alexander and Vanessa, the equation that correctly represents the marginal social benefit (MSB) of scientific research is MSB = 200 - Q.
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Six months ago, you purchased 100 shares of stock in ABC at a price of $43.26 a share. The stock pays a quarterly dividend of $.10 a share. Today, you sold all your shares for $46.71 per share.
What is your holding period total return? Discuss the importance of holding the period rate of return to an investor.
What is your total dollar return on this investment?
The holding period return is found to be 110.28% found using the holding period rate of return.
Holding period return is defined as the rate of return earned on an investment over the holding period in which it was held. The holding period total return formula is the sum of income, and capital gains or losses, divided by the cost basis and expressed as a percentage.
Let's calculate the holding period return for the given scenario.
Given data:
Purchase price per share = $43.26
Selling price per share = $46.71
Number of shares purchased = 100
Quarterly dividend per share = $0.10
Dividend for one share per year = 4*0.1 = $0.4
Total dividend received for 100 shares = 100*0.4 = $40
Income from dividends + Capital gains or losses = Total dollar return
= $40 + ((100*46.71) - (100*43.26)) = $445
Cost basis = Purchase price per share * Number of shares purchased
= $43.26 * 100 = $4326
Therefore, the holding period return is:
HPR = ((445 + 4326)/4326) * 100
= 110.28%
Holding period rate of return is an important concept that helps an investor make well-informed decisions about future investment opportunities and assesses their previous investments’ profitability.
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The First Bank of Flagstaff has issued perpetual preferred stock with a $100 par value. The bank pays a quarterly dividend of $1.65 on this stock. What is the current price of this preferred stock given a required rate of return of 12.00 percent?
The current price of the preferred stock is $55.
To calculate the current price of the preferred stock, we can use the formula for the present value of a perpetuity.
Given:
Par value of the preferred stock = $100
Quarterly dividend payment = $1.65
Required rate of return = 12.00%
Step 1: Calculate the annual dividend payment
Since the dividend is paid quarterly, we need to convert it to an annual dividend payment.
Annual Dividend Payment = Quarterly Dividend Payment * Number of Dividend Payments per Year
Annual Dividend Payment = $1.65 * 4 = $6.60
Step 2: Calculate the current price of the preferred stock
Current Price = Annual Dividend Payment / Required Rate of Return
Current Price = $6.60 / 0.12 = $55
Therefore, the current price of the preferred stock is $55.
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Consider the market for t-shirts sold at the X store. Suppose, that aggregate daily demands for shirts is given by Qd= 300-10P. Suppose, that aggregate daily demand for shirts is given by Qd= 300-10P where P represents the price of a shirt and Q represents that quantity of shirts in a day. Suppose aggregate supply is given by Qs= 5P.
The original pre-tax market equilibrium is thus given by Q*= 100 and P*= 20
a) If X store levies a $6 tax (per shirt) on shirt sales. What is the incidence of the $6 tax split between consumers and the supplier?
b) If the consumer demand changes to be Qd= 300- 20P, Will the deadweight loss of the tax be larger or smaller? Why?
(a) The incidence of the $6 tax split between consumers and the supplier is $4 on consumers and $2 on the supplier. (b) If the consumer demand changes to Qd = 300 - 20P, the deadweight loss of the tax will be larger.
(a) When a $6 tax is levied on shirt sales, the tax burden is split between consumers and the supplier. The tax is reflected in the form of an increased price for consumers and a decreased price received by the supplier. In this case, since the original equilibrium price was $20 and the new price including the tax is $26 ($20 + $6), consumers bear the burden of $4 ($26 - $20) per shirt, while the supplier's price decreases by $2 ($6 - $4).
(b) If the consumer demand changes to Qd = 300 - 20P, the deadweight loss of the tax will be larger. The deadweight loss of a tax represents the loss of consumer and supplier surplus due to a market distortion caused by the tax. When consumer demand becomes more elastic (as indicated by the increased coefficient -20 in front of P), the change in quantity demanded in response to a given change in price becomes larger. As a result, the tax burden becomes more pronounced, leading to a larger deadweight loss. This occurs because consumers are more responsive to price changes, reducing their willingness to buy at higher prices and further distorting the market equilibrium.
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The term demand chain suggests a sense and respond view of the market which starts by identifying the needs of target customers and organize recourses to create customer value. O True O False
The given statement "The term demand chain suggests a sense and respond view of the market which starts by identifying the needs of target customers and organize resources to create customer value" is true.
The process of the production of goods and services involves a chain of interrelated activities. In business terms, this chain is known as the supply chain. It covers all the events and activities in the production of a commodity from its inception to its distribution in the market.
In this way, the supply chain consists of all the events and actions that are necessary to move the product from the producer to the customer. On the other hand, the demand chain is the process that is triggered by a customer order, which is designed to deliver goods or services in response to customer demand. It involves all the events and actions that are necessary to satisfy customer requirements.What is a market?A market is defined as a group of potential buyers or sellers who come together to perform the functions of buying and selling.
It is a place where buyers and sellers interact to exchange goods or services for money or other goods. The market may be local or global, and it can include different types of commodities or services that are traded for money.
The demand chain approach for Market:The demand chain approach is all about identifying the needs of target customers and organizing resources to create customer value. It involves understanding the needs of customers and delivering the right product or service to the right customer at the right time. The demand chain process starts with the identification of customer needs and ends with the delivery of the product or service to the customer. It requires a sense and respond view of the market to be effective.
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A company is selling Toyota cars. An Islamic bank invests USD 10 million for a 50% profit share. The investor invests USD 3 million for a 40% profit share. The sale proceeds in the first year of operations USD 10,000,000. Ignore any management fees and expenses. Answer the following What is the total return for each party? How would your answey change it the sale proceeds are less by For the toolbar, press ALT+F10 (PC) or ALT+FN+F10 (Mac) BIVS Paragraph 10pt EVE 2 IXD BQ
In the given scenario, the total return for each party can be calculated based on their respective profit shares. However, without a specific percentage decrease in sale proceeds, the impact on the returns cannot be determined.
The Islamic bank invests USD 10 million for a 50% profit share, while the investor contributes USD 3 million for a 40% profit share. To calculate the total return for each party, we need to determine the profit earned.
Profit for the Islamic bank: Profit = (Profit Share / Investment) * Sale Proceeds = (50% / 100%) * USD 10,000,000 = USD 5,000,000
Profit for the investor: Profit = (Profit Share / Investment) * Sale Proceeds = (40% / 100%) * USD 10,000,000 = USD 4,000,000
Therefore, the total return for the Islamic bank is USD 5,000,000, and the total return for the investor is USD 4,000,000.
If the sale proceeds were to decrease, the total returns for each party would also be impacted. However, the specific percentage decrease in sale proceeds is not mentioned in the scenario, making it impossible to provide an accurate calculation or determine the exact impact on the returns.
The total returns for the parties involved will depend on the actual decrease in sale proceeds. A higher decrease would result in lower returns, while a lesser decrease would result in relatively higher returns.
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Q3. y=LAK and (p = $10, w = $5,r= $5). Find the optimal labor and capital, (L", K") to maximize profit.
Given y = LAK, p = $10, w = $5 and r = $5. The profit function, π can be obtained as follows;π = py - wL - rK
π = 10LAK - 5L - 5K
π = 5LK(2A - 1) - 5L - 5K
To maximize profit, take the partial derivative of π with respect to L and K respectively and equate them to zero:
∂π/∂L = 5K(2A - 1) - 5 = 0
∂π/∂K = 5L(2A - 1) - 5 = 0
Solving for L and K respectively, we have;
∂π/∂L = 5K(2A - 1) - 5 = 05K(2A - 1) = 5K = 5/(2A - 1) .(1)
∂π/∂K = 5L(2A - 1) - 5 = 05L(2A - 1) = 5L = 5/(2A - 1) ...(2)
From equations (1) and (2);L = 1/
K5/(2A - 1) = K
Sub stituting K into equation (1);
K = 5/(2A - 1)
L = 5/(2A - 1)
Therefore, the optimal labor and capital (L", K") to maximize profit is (5/(2A - 1), 5/(2A - 1))Therefore, the answer is: The optimal labor and capital (L", K") to maximize profit is (5/(2A - 1), 5/(2A - 1)).
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Samantha has been working for a law firm and earning an annual salary of $80,000. She decides to open her own practice. Her annual expenses will include $15,000 for office rent, $3,000 for equipment rental, $1,000 for supplies, $1,200 for utilities, and a $35,000 salary for a secretary/bookkeeper. Samantha will cover her start-up expenses by cashing in a $20,000 certificate of deposit on which she was earning annual interest of $500. Refer to Scenario 13-5. Samantha's annual accounting costs will equal $55,200. $75,200. $80,000 $80,500 $165,700 Supply 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Dantity Refer to Figure 8-6. When the tax is imposed in this market, buyers effectively pay what amount of the $10 tax? Supply Demand + + 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 + Dronni Refer to Figure 8-6. When the tax is imposed in this market, the price sellers effectively receive is $4. $6. $10. $16. $20 Supply 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 imposed rice buyers Refer to Figure 8-6. When effectively pay is $4. $6. $10. $16. $20 Figure 15-5 Refer to Figure 15-5. A profit-maximizing monopoly will produce an output level of Ooo 04.
The point where the marginal cost and marginal revenue curves intersect is at an output level of Q = 4. At this output level, the price is P = $20. The shaded area represents the monopoly's profit.
Samantha's annual accounting costs will equal $75,200. When Samantha opens her own practice, her annual expenses will include the following:
Office rent: $15,000
Equipment rental: $3,000
Supplies: $1,000
Utilities: $1,200
Secretary/bookkeeper's salary: $35,000
Adding up all the annual expenses gives us a total of $55,200.
However, the start-up expenses are $20,000. Also, Samantha's salary was not mentioned. Therefore, we can assume that she intends to pay herself the same annual salary of $80,000.Adding up the start-up expenses, the annual expenses, and Samantha's salary gives:
Start-up expenses: $20,000
Samantha's salary: $80,000
Annual expenses: $55,200Total: $155,200
Refer to Figure 8-6. When the tax is imposed in this market, buyers effectively pay $6 of the $10 tax.
When a tax is imposed on a market, buyers and sellers share the burden of the tax. The buyers pay some portion of the tax, while the sellers pay the remaining portion.
In this case, the $10 tax results in a new equilibrium price of $26 and a new equilibrium quantity of 400 units. The original equilibrium price was $20, and the original equilibrium quantity was 500 units.
The tax raises the price paid by buyers, and it lowers the price received by sellers. The new price paid by buyers is $26, which is $6 higher than the original equilibrium price. The new price received by sellers is $20, which is $6 lower than the original equilibrium price.
Therefore, buyers effectively pay $6 of the $10 tax, while sellers effectively pay $4 of the $10 tax.
Refer to Figure 8-6. When the tax is imposed in this market, the price sellers effectively receive is $20. When a tax is imposed on a market, the sellers receive a lower price than the buyers pay. In this case, the $10 tax results in a new equilibrium price of $26 and a new equilibrium quantity of 400 units.
The original equilibrium price was $20, and the original equilibrium quantity was 500 units. The tax raises the price paid by buyers, and it lowers the price received by sellers. The new price paid by buyers is $26, which is $6 higher than the original equilibrium price. The new price received by sellers is $20, which is the same as the original equilibrium price. Therefore, sellers effectively receive $20, while buyers effectively pay $26 - $20 = $6 of the tax.
Refer to Figure 15-5. A profit-maximizing monopoly will produce an output level of Ooo 04. The profit-maximizing monopoly will choose an output level where marginal cost equals marginal revenue. In the graph, marginal cost is the upward-sloping curve, and marginal revenue is the downward-sloping curve.
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The Board Of Directors Declared A Stock Dividend On March 1st, For Shareholders Of Record On March 15th, To Be Issued At March 31st. The Historical Cost Per Share Is $15 And The Share Price On March 1st, 15th And 31st Was $13, $12, $16 Respectively. Which One Of The Following Is The Price The Stock Dividend Will Be Issued At?
The board of directors declared a stock dividend on March 1st, for shareholders of record on March 15th, to be issued at March 31st. The historical cost per share is $15 and the share price on March 1st, 15th and 31st was $13, $12, $16 respectively. Which one of the following is the price the stock dividend will be issued at?
a.
$12
b.
$16
c.
$15
d.
$13
The stock dividend will be issued at a price of- A. $12 as The stock dividend is a dividend payment made in shares instead of cash. It is also known as a bonus share.
The number of shares each shareholder owns increases with this type of dividend. The shareholders receive more shares but the total value of their shares remains the same.
What is a stock dividend?A dividend payment made in shares instead of cash is called a stock dividend. It is also known as a bonus share. The number of shares each shareholder owns increases with this type of dividend. The shareholders receive more shares but the total value of their shares remains the same.
During stock dividend, the value of outstanding shares is distributed among the shareholders in proportion to their existing holding. For example, if a company offers a 5% stock dividend and you own 100 shares, you'll receive an additional 5 shares. If you own 1,000 shares, you'll receive 50 additional shares.
The value of your total investment, however, remains the same because each share is worth less after the stock dividend .In the given question, The historical cost per share is $15 and the share price on March 1st, 15th and 31st was $13, $12, $16 respectively. Here, we can see that on March 1st, the share price was $13 which is less than the historical cost per share $15. Hence, there is no possibility of issuing the stock dividend at $15.On March 15th, the share price was $12 which is the same as the historical cost per share $15.
Therefore, the stock dividend will be issued at a price of $12 which is less than the historical cost per share and also aligns with the rules of stock dividend.
Hence, option a. is correct.
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PIS Question 36 Century Ford of Mt. Airy has total fixed costs of $35,000,000 a year. The owner estimates that average variable cost for its line of Ford F-450 Trucks will be about $30,000 next year. The selling price to consumers will be $50,000. The dealership expects a profit of $3,000,000. On these facts, the target-profit break-even would be: 1.600 units 1 200 units 1.750 units 1,900 units 700 units
To calculate the target-profit break-even point, The number of units that need to be sold in order to cover the fixed costs and achieve the desired profit.
Break-even point (in units) = Target profit / Profit per unit
Break-even point = $38,000,000 / $20,000
Break-even point = 1,900 units
Therefore, the target-profit break-even point for Century Ford of Mt. Airy would be 1,900 units.
Target profit refers to the specific level of profit that a company aims to achieve within a given period. It is the desired or planned profit amount that a business sets as a goal. Target profit takes into account the company's costs, expenses, and revenue projections, and it serves as a benchmark for evaluating the financial performance and success of the business.
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Ask If a firm's forecasted sales are $264,000 and its break-even sales are $197,000, the margin of safety in dollars is: Multiple Choice O O O O O $67,000. $264.000. $197,000. $461,000. $24,700.
The margin of safety in dollars is $67,000 if a firm's forecasted sales are $264,000 and its break-even sales are $197,000. Margin of safety is calculated by subtracting the break-even point (sales).
From the budgeted or actual sales amount. The formula is as follows:Margin of safety = Actual or Budgeted sales - Break-even pointIn this case, the break-even point is $197,000, and the budgeted sales amount is $264,000. As a result,Margin of safety = $264,000 - $197,000 Margin of safety = $67,000The margin of safety in dollars is $67,000. Therefore, the correct option is O $67,000.
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A firm reports net income of $403,100.00 for 2020. The firm has a dividend payout ratio of 24.00%. The firm currently has $939,825.00 in debt, and $1,813,500.00 in shareholder equity.
The firm pays 6.00% annual interest on their outstanding debt. The firm wants to maintain its debt to equity ratio.
If the firm wants to maintain its same debt-to-equity ratio, how much debt can the firm issue in the coming year IF the firm will not issue any new shares?
The firm can issue up to approximately $938,536.05 in debt in the coming year while maintaining its same debt-to-equity ratio if it does not issue any new shares.
To calculate the amount of debt the firm can issue while maintaining its debt-to-equity ratio, we need to find the equity value first. The equity value is equal to the total assets minus the total debt.
Equity Value = Total Assets - Total Debt
Equity Value = $1,813,500.00 - $939,825.00
Equity Value = $873,675.00
The firm can issue debt up to the amount that maintains the same debt-to-equity ratio. The debt-to-equity ratio is calculated by dividing the total debt by the equity value.
Debt-to-Equity Ratio = Total Debt / Equity Value
Debt-to-Equity Ratio = $939,825.00 / $873,675.00
Debt-to-Equity Ratio ≈ 1.074
To maintain the same debt-to-equity ratio, the firm can issue debt up to approximately 1.074 times the equity value.
Maximum Debt Issuance = Debt-to-Equity Ratio x Equity Value
Maximum Debt Issuance ≈ 1.074 x $873,675.00
Maximum Debt Issuance ≈ $938,536.05
Therefore, the firm can issue up to approximately $938,536.05 in debt in the coming year while maintaining its same debt-to-equity ratio if it does not issue any new shares.
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Which of the following statements about databases and the data hierarchy is not true?
Which of the following statements about databases and the data hierarchy is not true?
A table and a file are essentially the same
The database management system is a software package that can handle relational databases better than non-relational databases
The data stored in an inventory file that lists and describes every item of inventory that a company carries would make sense to be stored in a master file
A record stores the information about one file entity (e.g., one employee in a payroll file, one sales transaction in a sales file, etc.)
The statement that is not true about databases and the data hierarchy is -A. A table and a file are essentially the same.
What is a database?A database is a collection of data that is organized in such a way that it can be accessed, handled, and updated quickly and efficiently. A database is made up of many tables, and each table is made up of a set of records, each of which contains a certain number of fields.
What is a data hierarchy?Data are structured in a hierarchy or arrangement, with each level providing progressively more detail. This hierarchy can be used to compare and contrast data sets. Data are structured in the following manner in a data hierarchy:
A bit is the smallest unit of data. A byte is made up of 8 bits. A field is made up of one or more related bytes.
A database management system (DBMS) is a software system that handles the creation, maintenance, and use of a database. It can handle both relational and non-relational databases. A file, on the other hand, is a collection of related records that are saved on a computer's hard drive or in another storage medium. It is made up of multiple records that are not linked to one another.
The data is stored in a file, which can be processed by a computer.
Thus, the statement "A table and a file are essentially the same" is not true.
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i. Syawal Sdn. Bhd. annual sales are 42,000 units. The cost of placing an order is RM54 and it takes two weeks to arrive. Syawal Sdn. Bhd. offers at lowest price, which is RM6.50 per unit. The firm's carrying cost per unit is RM3.60. The order should be placed in multiple of 10 units. Syawal Sdn. Bhd. decided to maintain 76 units on safety stock. (Assume 50 weeks in a year) Calculate the optimal level of quantity.. Calculate the total inventory cost. At what inventory level should reorder be made? ii. 5 iii. BM/DEC 2015/FIN420/540
i. Syawal Sdn. Bhd. is considering the optimal inventory level to make the most out of its annual sales of 42,000 units, which offers the lowest price of RM6.50 per unit. The firm's carrying cost per unit is RM3.60, and it requires orders in multiples of 10 units.
It has a safety stock of 76 units. The optimal level of quantity: To calculate the optimal level of quantity, we need to use the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) formula, which is given by the equation: EOQ = √(2DS/H), where
D = annual demand (units/year)
= 42,000
S = ordering cost
= RM54H
= carrying cost
= RM3.60∴
EOQ
= √(2DS/H)
= √(2 × 42,000 × 54/3.6)
= 1400 units Therefore, the optimal quantity that Syawal Sdn. Bhd. should order is 1400 units. Inventory Cost Calculation: Total inventory cost can be calculated using the formula:
Total Inventory Cost (TIC)
= (Q/2) * H + (D/Q) * S,
where Q = optimal
order quantity = 1400 units,
D = annual demand (units/year)
= 42,000S
= ordering cost
= RM54H
= carrying cost = RM3.60∴
TIC = (Q/2) * H + (D/Q) * S
= (1400/2) * 3.60 + (42,000/1400) * 54
= 2520 + 1620
= RM 4140
The reorder point (ROP) is a level of inventory that signals the need to reorder more stock. It is calculated as follows: ROP = D × L + SSwhereD = annual demand (units/year) = 42,000L = lead time (time between placing an order and receiving it) = 2 weeks = 2/50 years (since 50 weeks in a year)SS = safety stock = 76 units∴ ROP = D × L + SS= 42,000 × 2/50 + 76= 1680 units Therefore, Syawal Sdn. Bhd. should place an order to replenish the inventory level when it reaches 1680 units. The total inventory cost of Syawal Sdn. Bhd is RM 4140. The inventory cost is the sum of the carrying and the ordering cost. Carrying cost is RM 3.60 per unit. Order cost is RM 54. Using the optimal order quantity of 1400 units, the inventory cost of Syawal Sdn. Bhd is:
Total Inventory Cost (TIC)
= (Q/2) * H + (D/Q) * S
= (1400/2) * 3.60 + (42,000/1400) * 54
= 2520 + 1620= RM 4140.
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Uncollectible Accounts-Percentage of Sales Alvin's Transport has total credit sales for the year of $170,000 and estimates that 3% of its credit sales will be uncollectible. Record the end-of-period adjusting entry on December 31, in general journal form, for the estimated bad debt expense. Assume the following independent conditions existed prior to the adjustment: 1. Allowance for Doubtful Accounts has a credit balance of $925. Page: 1 2 1 DATE 2 20-- Dec. 31 DATE ACCOUNT TITLE 20-- Dec. 31 Bad Debt Expense Allowance for Doubtful Accounts 2. Allowance for Doubtful Accounts has a debit balance of $385. Page: ACCOUNT TITLE Bad Debt Expense DOC. POST. NO. REF. Allowance for Doubtful Accounts DEBIT DOC. POST. NO. REF. 4,175 X DEBIT CREDIT 5,485 X ✓ 1 4,175 X 2 CREDIT ✓ 1 5,485 X 2
The end-of-period adjusting entry for the estimated bad debt expense on December 31 is a debit to Bad Debt Expense for $4,175 and a credit to Allowance for Doubtful Accounts for $4,175.
The adjusting entry is necessary to record the estimated bad debt expense based on a percentage of sales. Since the credit sales for the year are $170,000 and the estimated uncollectible percentage is 3%, the estimated bad debt expense is calculated as $170,000 x 3% = $5,100. However, the Allowance for Doubtful Accounts already has a credit balance of $925, so the net adjustment required is $5,100 - $925 = $4,175. The adjusting entry debits Bad Debt Expense to recognize the expense and credits Allowance for Doubtful Accounts to increase the provision for potential bad debts. This adjustment ensures that the financial statements reflect the estimated amount of uncollectible accounts receivable and the associated expense for the period.
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The equity section of CFAS Company revealed the following information on December 31, 2022:
Preference share capital, P100 par
| P5,000,000
Share premium-preference shares
Ordinary share capital, P50
3,200,000
Share premium-ordinary shares
463,899
Subscribed ordinary share capital
Retained earnings-appropriated
250,000
Subscription receivable-ordinary shares
Retained earnings- unappropriated
3,500,000
Treasury shares-ordinary
How much is the contributed capital of CFAS Company as of December 31, 2022?
As per the information given in the question, the contributed capital of CFAS Company as of December 31, 2022 can be calculated as follows:
Contributed capital = Preference share capital + Ordinary share capital + Share premium-preference shares + Share premium-ordinary shares Preference share capital = P5,000,000Ordinary share capital = 3,200,000 Share premium-preference shares = 0Share premium-ordinary shares = 463,899
Therefore, Contributed capital = P5,000,000 + 3,200,000 + 0 + 463,899 = P8,663,899 Hence, the contributed capital of CFAS Company as of December 31, 2022 is P8,663,899.
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.Jacks Company manufactured 32,000 ice chests during April. The variable overhead cost-allocation base is $13.45 per machine-hour. The following variable overhead data pertain to April:
Actual Budgeted
Production 32,000 units 26,000 units
Machine-hours 15,200 hours 10,800 hours
Variable overhead cost per machine-hour: $13.25 $13.45
What is the variable overhead spending variance?
To calculate the variable overhead spending variance, we need to compare the actual variable overhead cost incurred with the budgeted variable overhead cost.
Actual variable overhead cost
= Actual machine-hours * Actual variable overhead cost per machine-hour
= 15,200 hours * $13.25 per hour
= $201,200
Budgeted variable overhead cost = Budgeted machine-hours * Budgeted variable overhead cost per machine-hour
= 10,800 hours * $13.45 per hour
= $145,560
Variable overhead spending variance = Actual variable overhead cost - Budgeted variable overhead cost
= $201,200 - $145,560
= $55,640
The variable overhead spending variance is $55,640. This variance indicates the difference between the actual variable overhead cost incurred and the budgeted variable overhead cost, showing whether the company spent more or less than expected on variable overhead during the production process. In this case, the variance is positive, indicating that the actual variable overhead cost exceeded the budgeted amount.
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Which of the following examples would be considered perfect competition, monopoly, oligopoly, or monopolistic competition?
1. A pharmaceutical company with a drug under patent. Explain why.
2. US airline firms. Explain why
3. The market for soybeans. Explain why.
4. Retail clothing stores. Explain why.
The market structures are defined by their degree of competition, entry barriers, and market share of the firms involved.
The given examples can be categorized as follows:1. A pharmaceutical company with a drug under patent is an example of a monopoly. This is because they are the sole provider of the patented drug and have a monopoly on its production and sale.2. US airline firms can be classified as an oligopoly. This is because the market is dominated by a few large firms that have a significant influence on pricing and competition.3. The market for soybeans is an example of perfect competition. This is because there are a large number of buyers and sellers in the market, with no single participant having a significant influence on pricing or competition.
4. Retail clothing stores can be considered an example of monopolistic competition. This is because there are many firms in the market that offer similar products, but each has its own unique selling points to differentiate from the competition.Overall, the market structures are defined by their degree of competition, entry barriers, and market share of the firms involved. In general, perfect competition represents the most competitive market structure while a monopoly represents the least competitive one.
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Sheridan Manufacturing's sales slumped badly in 2022 due to so many people purchasing gifts online. The company's income statement showed the following results from selling 500,000 units of product: net sales $2,215,000; total costs and expenses $2,609,020; and net loss $394,020. Costs and expenses consisted of the following: Cost of goods sold Selling expenses Administrative expenses Total $2,037,020 236,000 68,000 336,000 168,000 $2,609,020 $1,555,000 (a) Variable $1,319.000 Fixed $718,020 168,000 168,000 $1,054,020 Management is considering the following alternative for 2023: Purchase new automated equipment that will change the proportion between variable and fixed expenses to 45% variable and 55% fixed. Your answer has been saved. See score details after the due date. Compute the break-even sales dollars for 2022. (Round per unit value to 2 decimal places, eg. 52.75 and final answer to 0 decimal places, e.g. 5,275.) 55% fixed. (a) Your answer has been saved. See score details after the due date. Compute the break-even sales dollars for 2022. (Round per unit value to 2 decimal places, e.g. 52.75 and final answer to 0 decimal places, e.g. 5,275.) Break-even sales dollars $ (b) Break-even sales dollars $ 3537355 Compute the break-even sales dollars under the alternative course of action, (Round per unit value to 2 decimal places, eg. 52.75 and final answer to 0 decimal places, eg. 5,275.) Save for Later Attempts: 1 of 1 used Attempts: 0 of 1 used Submit Answer
To compute the break-even sales dollars for 2022, we need to determine the contribution margin per unit and then divide the fixed costs by the contribution margin ratio.
Given the information provided:
Net sales = $2,215,000
Total costs and expenses = $2,609,020
To find the contribution margin per unit:
Contribution margin per unit = (Net sales - Cost of goods sold) / Number of units sold
Contribution margin per unit = ($2,215,000 - $1,555,000) / 500,000
Contribution margin per unit = $660,000 / 500,000
Contribution margin per unit = $1.32
To find the fixed costs:
Fixed costs = Total costs and expenses - (Variable costs + Selling expenses + Administrative expenses)
Fixed costs = $2,609,020 - ($1,319,000 + $168,000 + $168,000)
Fixed costs = $2,609,020 - $1,655,000
Fixed costs = $954,020
Now, we can calculate the break-even sales dollars:
Break-even sales dollars = Fixed costs / Contribution margin ratio
Break-even sales dollars = $954,020 / (1 - 0.55)
Break-even sales dollars = $954,020 / 0.45
Break-even sales dollars = $2,120,044.44
Therefore, the break-even sales dollars for 2022 is approximately $2,120,044.44.
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Define the term ‘whistle-blowing’. Using examples published in online news sources since 2021, discuss when whistle-blowing is an ethically justified course of action. Using an example, discuss when whistle-blowing is an ethically obligated course of action. What strategies would you put in place to maximise internal whistle-blowing in the workplace?
Whistle-blowing refers to the act of an individual reporting or disclosing information about illegal, unethical, or harmful activities within an organization to the relevant authorities or the public. Whistle-blowing can be ethically justified when it exposes significant harm, violations of laws or regulations, or threats to public safety or well-being.
Whistle-blowing is an important mechanism for individuals to expose wrongdoing within organizations. It is ethically justified when it uncovers significant harm or wrongdoing. For example, if an employee discovers that their company is engaging in fraudulent activities that could harm investors or the general public, whistle-blowing becomes justified as it serves the greater good by preventing harm and upholding the principles of honesty and accountability.
Whistle-blowing can also be an ethically obligated course of action when there is a moral duty to prevent or address wrongdoing. For instance, if an employee becomes aware of workplace discrimination or harassment and the organization is not taking appropriate action to address it, whistle-blowing becomes an ethical obligation to protect the rights and well-being of individuals affected by such misconduct.
To maximize internal whistle-blowing in the workplace, several strategies can be implemented. First and foremost, clear reporting channels should be established, ensuring that employees have accessible and confidential avenues to report concerns. This can include anonymous reporting mechanisms to protect the identity of whistle-blowers.
Secondly, organizations should take proactive steps to protect whistle-blowers from retaliation. Whistle-blowers often face risks such as job loss, ostracization, or legal consequences. By implementing policies and procedures that safeguard whistle-blowers and provide protection against retaliation, organizations can encourage employees to come forward without fear.
Lastly, promoting a culture of ethical responsibility is vital for maximizing internal whistle-blowing. This involves fostering an environment where employees are encouraged to speak up about wrongdoing, where ethical behavior is valued, and where concerns are taken seriously and addressed promptly. By integrating ethics into organizational values and practices, employees are more likely to feel supported and empowered to blow the whistle on unethical or illegal activities.
Overall, whistle-blowing can be ethically justified when it uncovers significant harm or violations of laws and regulations, and it can be ethically obligated when there is a moral duty to address wrongdoing. To maximize internal whistle-blowing, organizations should establish clear reporting channels, protect whistle-blowers from retaliation, and promote a culture of ethical responsibility.
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