which of the following statements is not accurate regarding complement? a. the effect of complement typically depends on activation of complement factor c3 b. complement are non-cellular protein factors c. activated complement factors can combine to form pores in the plasma membrane of infecting cells and kill them d. complement only works in conjunction with the adaptive immune system e. complement is present in blood serum
complement only work in conjunction with adaptive immune system is not accurate regarding complement system
One of the key processes by which pathogen identification is transformed into an efficient host response against an early infection is the complement system. Complement is a system of plasma proteins that may either be activated directly by pathogens or indirectly by pathogen-bound antibodies. This activation causes a series of events to take place on the surface of the pathogens, which produces active components with varied effector roles. There are three ways to activate the complement system: the traditional pathway, which is activated by the pathogen directly or indirectly through antibody binding to the pathogen surface; the MB-lectin pathway; and the alternative pathway, which also serves as an amplification loop for the other two pathways. As part of innate immunity, all three processes can be started without the aid of an antibody.
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a particular virus strain is highly effective in activating an immune response. in other words it has a high degree of
A particular virus strain is highly effective in activating an immune response. in other words it has a high degree of immunogenicity .
Immunogenicity tells about the capability of a molecules to induce cellular and humoral immune response. Immunogenicity of any antigen is defined by four properties these are Foreignness, molecular size, chemical composition and heterogenicity .
Proteins and few polysaccharides have immunogenic properties, that allows them to induce humoral immune responses They are chemically more complex also bacteria , have so many different proteins and each different protein have different epitopes.
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space between the lungs in the chest: a.trachea b.peritoneum c.pleura d.mediastinum e.bronchial tubes
The space between the lungs in the chest: (c) pleura.
Lungs are the respiratory organs that are involved in the exchange of gases from the body. They are connected to the respiratory tract that mediates the passage of air to and from the outer environment. On the lungs are very small air sacs that increase the surface area of lungs in order to maximize the exchange.
Pleura is actually a thin layer of tissue surrounding the lungs. Its function is to protect the lungs from sudden shock and injury. The cells of pleura also produce a fluid that functions to cushion the lungs.
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You're studying a sample of igneous rock. The rock formed within Earth's crust. The sample contains a very high concentration of dark-colored, high-density minerals. Classify the rock by type and composition.
Answer: Rhyolite
Explanation: Rhyolite is an extrusive igneous rock. It is formed by the volcanic eruption. This rock have glassy appearance. It is a fine grained rock. It has light color due to small grain size and deposition of silica so the color is pink or gray. It also comprises of dark colored mineral specks like quartz, sanidine, plagioclase, biotite, and others. This rock also comprises of trapped gases. The rock appears in the crystalline form and appearance. The low content of the mafic minerals also contribute to the light color of the rhyolite rock.
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How do human organ systems interact to provide for the needs of the human organism?
Answer:
The organ system works together to provide for the needs of the human organism. For example, the respiratory system and circulatory system work together to deliver oxygen to the cells and gets rid of the carbon dioxide that the cells produce
Explanation:
Human organ systems interact through complex physiological processes to provide for the needs of the human organism, such as obtaining oxygen, nutrients, and eliminating waste products.
The human body consists of multiple organ systems that work together to maintain homeostasis and meet the needs of the organism. These organ systems include the circulatory, respiratory, digestive, nervous, muscular, skeletal, endocrine, immune, urinary, and integumentary systems, among others.
The interaction between these organ systems is essential for the overall functioning of the human organism. For example:
The respiratory system exchanges gases, taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide. The circulatory system, composed of the heart and blood vessels, transports oxygen-rich blood to tissues and carries waste products away.The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients that can be absorbed into the bloodstream. The circulatory system then delivers these nutrients to cells throughout the body.The nervous system receives and processes information from the environment, coordinating responses. It works closely with the muscular system, allowing movement and maintaining posture.The endocrine system produces hormones that regulate various bodily functions. These hormones are transported through the circulatory system to target organs, influencing their activities.The urinary system filters waste products from the blood, maintaining fluid balance and regulating electrolyte levels. It works in conjunction with the circulatory system to remove waste products and maintain homeostasis.
The integration and coordination between these organ systems ensure the provision of oxygen, nutrients, and the elimination of waste products necessary for the survival and optimal functioning of the human organism. Each system has specialized functions that complement and support one another, forming a complex network that allows for the maintenance of health and the fulfillment of the body's needs.
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because each old strand of the parent molecule serves as a(n) for and is present in each new daughter strand, the process of dna replication can be described as .
Because every vintage strand of the determine molecule serves as a template for and is found in every new daughter strand, the process of DNA replication may be described as semiconservative.
Every newly synthesized DNA strand is made with the aid of adding complementary nucleotides to the original DNA strand. thus, DNA replication is semi-conservative. that is, one determine strand is continually exceeded on to her DNA daughter helix.
DNA bases are linked to each other via hydrogen bonds. Adenine and thymine are connected by means of two hydrogen bonds, and cytosine and guanine are related by means of 3 hydrogen bonds.
these bases make up the rungs of the twisted ladder that is DNA. Seals a DNA sequence into consecutive double strands.
DNA replication results in DNA molecules which include a brand new strand of nucleotides and an antique strand of nucleotides. A DNA strand complementary to the parental DNA strand is constantly synthesized inside the direction of the replication fork permitting the polymerase to feature nucleotides in that route.
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Match the following facts about food chains and food webs.
______ show one set of predator/prey relationship
______ show all predator/prey relationships in the ecosystem
______ shows how energy is passed through different consumers
______ Does not include producers
a. Both food chains and food webs
b. Food chains
c. Food webs
d. Wrong since both food chains
and food webs do this
Answer:
- Food chains show one set of predator/prey relationship
- Food webs show all predator/prey relationships in the ecosystem
- Both food chains and food webs shows how energy is passed through different consumers
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biologists have been able to produce mice that lack functioning genes for aquaporins. how would the urine of these mice compare to that of mice with normal aquaporins?
Higher volume and decreased osmolarity are seen in the urine. As a result, the urine is less osmolar than regular pee and has a bigger volume.
What about aquaporins?The majority of aquaporins answer osmotic gradients produced by active solute transport by moving water across cell membranes as their main job.Anybody of a variety of proteins found in cell membranes that let water flow through the membrane.Osmotic gradients control the flow of water through aquaporins.Red cells placed into water will grow and explode because water enters the cell, but red cells thrown into seawater would shrink because water exits the cells.Aquaporins (AQP) are essential membrane proteins that act as conduits for the passage of water and, occasionally, tiny solutes.Animals, plants, and microorganisms all have them preserved.The most Intrinsic Protein (MIP) group of channel proteins, mentioned as aquaporins (AQP), features a big impact on how plants interact with water.Transport of water and other tiny, neutral molecules through cellular biological membranes is the first function of aquaporins in plants.Aquaporins (AQPs) are essential to life and are responsible for preserving water homeostasis and transferring solutes.In response to osmotic gradients in cells, AQPs are tiny integral membrane water transport proteinsLearn more about aquaporins here:
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the major disadvantage of cassava as a dietary staple is that it is very low in protein. significant disadvantage of planting hybrid seeds?
Cassava contains less protein than other cereal grains, and the protein it does contain is of poor quality and contains relatively few important amino acids.
Describe proteins.Large, complex proteins known as protein perform a variety of vital roles in the body. They are crucial for the structure, operation, and control of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems and carry out the majority of their job inside cells.
What are the primary advantages of protein?A vital component of a processes that give you energy and allow your blood to transport oxygen around your body is protein. Furthermore, it helps in the production of antibodies which fight against infections and diseases & stimulates the development of new cells.
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Compared to other cereal grains, cassava has a lower protein content, and the protein that is there is of poorer quality and contains fewer essential amino acids.
Is cassava a sweet potato substitute?
Despite the fact that the spelling is sometimes confused, the two are unrelated. Similar to potatoes, cassava seems to be a root vegetable which can be prepared in a variety of ways. This starchy tuber has thicker skin and the appearance of a butternut squash or yam on the outside. Cassava seems to have a neutral flavour and a tender, airy texture when cooked.
Is cassava unhealthy for You?
Although cassava has a lot of carbohydrates, it also contains a lot of fiber and a good amount of vitamins and minerals.
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a golf course superintendent discovered the apparent mutation that was subsequently marketed as merion kentucky bluegrass. True or False
The statement that a golf course superintendent discovered the apparent mutation that was subsequently marketed as Merion Kentucky bluegrass is True.
What is the origin of Merion Kentucky bluegrass?Kentucky bluegrass development began with Joe Valentine, the superintendent in Merion Golf club in Pennsylvania discovered the mutation of a large patch of bluegrass. It was found that the patch performed better than the common grass types found on other parts of the course.
It was later marketed with the name of the golf club. Merion Kentucky bluegrass is also known as soft meadow grass or common meadow grass.
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which of the following statements about the process of dna replication is false? choose one: a. uncorrected mistakes introduce mutations into the dna base sequence. b. most mistakes made in the copying process are not successfully corrected. c. many different enzymes are needed for the process to function properly. d. mistakes can be corrected at multiple steps in the process.
Option B. is incorrect as mistakes can be corrected in the process of DNA replication.
Option C. is incorrect as incorrect uncorrected mistakes tend to introduce a mutation into the DNA base sequence.
What are the functions of DNA?
DNA is accountable for sporting and transmitting hereditary substances or genetic commands from dad and mom to offspring. In addition to making sure that every one dwelling matters by skip on their genetic information, DNA is vital for the synthesis of proteins.
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looking at the punnet square above, how does this demonstrate codominance
Answer:
Both characteristics of the parental traits for fur colour were present in the offspring, this is because both parents were homozygous dominant for their respective colour and when fertilization occurred, co dominance was shown
Thymine makes up 24% of the nucleotides in a sample of DNA from an organism. Approximately what percentage of the nucleotides in this sample will be adenine?
Answer: 24%
Explanation:
In double stranded DNA Thymine binds to Adenine. The number of Thymine and adenine should be equal .
How is the reproductive system useful
An antimicrobial disk on a kirby-bauer plate that shows no zone of inhibition indicates that the microbe being tested is __________ to the drug.
Answer: Resistance
Explanation:
The antimicrobial disk had no effect on the growth of the microbe indicating that the microbe is resistant to that specific antimicrobial.
a new hormone is discovered that appears to play a role in bone development. the hormone is hydrophilic and composed of several amino acids. how should this hormone be classified?
Hormonal transport, because some hormones are water soluble, they can move around freely in the circulation (hydrophilic). Since the steroid hormones are fat soluble and hydrophobic, transport proteins must bind to and move them (like albumin and globulins which are blood proteins produced by the liver).
The membrane is permeable to hydrophobic hormones, which allow them to diffuse through and engage with an intracellular receptor. Contrarily, hydrophilic hormones need to engage cell membrane receptors in order to function. These are frequently linked to a G protein, which is activated as soon as the hormone binds the receptor.Our brain's pituitary gland produces growth hormone, which controls how tall we get, how long our bones get, and how big our muscles get.
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How can too much fertilizer affect an ecosystem ? What are tel ways in which plants could acquire nitrogen
1. Any chemical digestion changes __ to___
Any chemical digestion changes nutrients to smaller parts
Chemical digestion break down nutrients such as protein, carbohydrates as well fats into even smaller parts and fast break down into fatty acids and monoglycerides and nucleic acid break down into nucleotides and polysaccharides or carbohydrates sugar, break down into monosaccharides and chemical digestion is also called as mechanical digestion in which involve physically breaking down food substances into the smaller particles to more efficiently undergo chemical digestion and the role of chemical digestion is to further degrade the molecular structure of the ingested compound by digestive enzymes into a form that is absorbable into the bloodstream
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Explore the biotic and abiotic factors of this system in the Factors menu, including the definitions of how
these factors are measured. Describe the difference between how the fishes are counted and how the
algae and coral are counted.
In ecology, biotic and abiotic elements refer to all living and nonliving components of an ecosystem. Biotic variables are related to living creatures and their interactions. Abiotic variables are non-living ecosystem components such as sunshine, water, temperature, wind, and nutrients.
The fish are estimated within a certain area while the coral and algae are calculated by seeing how many algae and coral cover the reef.
What are the benefits of Abiotic Factors to the Factors Menu?Abiotic variables are non-living elements of the environment that have a significant impact on living organisms. They can assist in determining how tall trees grow, where animals and plants live, and why birds migrate. Water, sunshine, oxygen, soil, and temperature are the most significant abiotic variables.
Abiotic variables are the ecosystem's non-living components, which include chemical and physical elements. Abiotic variables have an impact on other abiotic factors.
Furthermore, they have a significant influence on the diversity and quantity of life in an ecosystem, whether on land or in water. Living creatures would be unable to consume, develop, or reproduce without the presence of abiotic forces. The following is a list of some of the most important abiotic elements.
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6co2 6h2o light energy ---> c6h12o6 6o2 what do you think will happen to the rate of the reaction as the light source is moved further away from the aquatic plant
The process of photosynthesis, which results in the production of glucose in plants, is 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O light C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 6CO2+6H2O.
What kind of reaction produces C6H12O6 6O2 energy from 6CO2 6H2O?6CO2+6H2OC6H12O6+6O2 is the chemical equation for photosynthesis. 6CO2+6H2O→C6H12O6+6O2. In plants, the chloroplasts in the mesophyll of the leaves are where photosynthesis occurs.
What part of photosynthesis does 6CO2 play?Carbon dioxide and water are changed into glucose and oxygen during photosynthesis. Since glucose is a big molecule (C6H12O6) with six carbon atoms, only six molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2) are needed to create one molecule of glucose.
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phenotypes that are influenced by the combined effects of both genetic and environmental factors are called
Phenotypic plasticity is the effect of both genetic and environmental factors.
What is Phenotypic plasticity?
It is basically defined as the ability of single genotypes to make different phenotypes when they are exposed to various environmental factors. It permits species to keep up with environmental changes (global changes) due to its environmental variability response mechanism.
Phenotypic plasticity is particularly crucial for plants, whose life style requires them to deal with constant ambient changes.
For example: water flea(daphnia) clones which are genetically identical, can have different morphologies depending on whether they were grown in presence or absence of predator.
Therefore, Phenotypic plasticity is the effect of both genetic and environmental factors
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define hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic. is it possible for a solution to be both hypertonic and hypotonic? why or why not? explain what happens to an animal cell in a hypertonic solution? a plant? why is it different? what happens in a hypotonic solution? (create an illustrated representation of hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic solutions using any plant or animal cell to help distinguish between the three types of environments.)
If surrounding solution has higher solute concentration compared to inside the cell, then it is called hypertonic solution. A hypertonic solution has a higher concentration of solutes. If surrounding solution has high solvent concentration compared to the inside of the cell, then it is called hypotonic solution. A hypotonic solution has a lower concentration of solutes than cytoplasm of cell. If both surrounding solution and solution inside the cell has same concentration of solvent and solute, then it is known as isotonic solution.
A solution can be both hypertonic and hypotonic depending on type of cell or substance kept in solution. If cell has more solutes than solution then it may swell and if it has less solutes than solution then it may shrink.
If animal or plant cell is kept in hypertonic solution that is solution with higher solute concentration than water molecules will move outside of the cell from inside of the cell ie; exosmosis will take place. Due to this reason, both animal as well as plant cell will shrink. Plant cell is said to become plasmolysed.
In hypotonic solution, animal and plant cell will swell as solution has lower solute concentration than inside of the cell present in solution. Animal cell will swell and ultimately burst ie cell will lysed but, plant cell will not burst it will swell and develop turgor pressure. Hence, plant cell becomes turgid in hypotonic solution. It is normal condition of plant cell.
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a heterozygous brown rabbit is crossed with a homozygous white rabbit. what percentage of the offspring would be white?
50 % percentage of the offspring would be white This is a test cross,
A test cross is , a cross between heterozygous individual is crossed with homozygous recessive trait.
Taken,
heterozygous rabbit - Bb ( brown)
homozygous rabbit - bb ( white )
when we cross the heterozygous brown rabbit with homozygous white,
Bb X bb - PARENTS
the gametes are - B b b b
offspring - Bb Bb bb bb
The results are 50 % heterozygous brown ( Bb) and 50% white (bb)
therefore, 50 % percentage of the offspring would be white.
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One challenge for organisms that live in this ecosystem?
Answer:
Habitat Loss.
Explanation:
More challenges include but are not limited to, climate change including sea level rise, and levee stability.
Which of these is produced during photosynthesis?
A. chemical energy
B. water
C. carbon dioxide
Answer:
it's A
Explanation:
the chemical energy is in the glucose it produces along with the oxygen.
you have generated mutations in the dna sequence of a eukaryotic promoter at its tata box, resulting in severely reduced transcription of the downstream gene. you have identified a suppressor mutation at an independent gene locus that restores transcription of this gene. this suppressor mutation is most likely a dna sequence that encodes:
This suppressor mutation is most likely a DNA sequence that encodes: The TBP domain of the TFIID protein
A suppressor mutation is a second mutation that mitigates or reverses the phenotypic consequences of an already existing mutation in a process known as a synthetic rescue. Therefore, genetic suppression brings back the phenotype that existed before the initial background mutation.
TATA-binding protein (TBP) and a collection of evolutionarily conserved proteins called TBP-associated factors (TAFs) make up the TFIID protein. To the lp with complex assembly and transcription initiation, TAFs can change general transcription factors (GTFs), operate as coactivators, recognize promoters, and engage in basal transcription. TATA-binding protein (TBP), a protein that binds to TATA, is encoded by this gene. The N-terminal region of TATA-binding protein (TBP) is characterized by a lengthy glutamine chain. This area of the protein controls how actively the C terminus binds to DNA, and changes in DNA binding impact how quickly transcription complexes assemble and how quickly transcription begins. Spinocerebellar ataxia 17 is a neurological ailment that is categorized as a polyglutamine disease. It is caused by an extension of the number of CAG repeats, which normally ranges from 25 to 42 and increases the length of the polyglutamine string.
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. from the examination of the structures of lactose and starch, which saccharide(s) would be produced from the hydrolysis of each?
From the examination of the structures of lactose and starch, Glucose and galactose saccharide(s) would be produced from the hydrolysis of each.
Lactose is a milk disaccharide. It is hydrolyzable to produce one unit of glucose and one unit of galactose. Lactose is the enzyme responsible for catalyzing this hydrolysis. Lactose malabsorption causes digestive symptoms in lactose intolerance. Lactose malabsorption occurs when your small intestine is unable to digest or break down all of the lactose you consume. Lactose is composed of two carbohydrates: -D galactose and -D glucose.. As a result, when hydrolyzed, it yields -D galactose and -D glucose.
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a hemoglobin molecule can bind up to four oxygen molecules on the iron atom in a heme group and experiences cooperative binding, which means that as oxygen molecules are added to one heme group, it is easier to add another oxygen molecule to one of the other heme groups. in other words, through cooperative binding, once a deoxyhemoglobin molecule, which has a low affinity for oxygen, starts to bind oxygen it more easily binds additional oxygen molecules and once a hemoglobin molecule starts to release oxygen, it more readily releases additional oxygen. how does cooperative binding relate to oxygen use during rest and strenuous exercising? (choose all that apply)
Because muscles do not require oxygen while a person is at rest, hemoglobin uses less oxygen. When a person transitions from rest to exercise, hemoglobin molecules are released into the muscles.
What does a low hemoglobin level mean?Hemoglobin levels may fall if an illness or condition interferes with your body's capacity to make red blood cells. Your body isn't receiving enough oxygen when your haemoglobin level is low, which makes you feel extremely exhausted and weak.
Why does hemoglobin level rise?When your body needs more hemoglobin to carry oxygen, which typically happens when you smoke, your hemoglobin count rises. You produce more red blood cells naturally if you reside at a high altitude to make up for the area's lower oxygen levels.
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in a cross of a homozygous dominant individual with green peas to a homozygous recessive individual with yellow peas, what are the expected genotype frequencies for the offspring?
Mendel noted in his breeding studies that 100% of the YG progeny will have a yellow phenotype because the Y (yellow) allele is dominant over the G (green) allele in pea plants.
Heterozygous genotype refers to an organism with one dominant allele and one recessive allele. This genotype's designation in our case is Bb. Finally, homozygous recessive refers to an organism's genotype that consists of two recessive alleles. This genotype is represented as bb in the example of the eye colour.
A mating experiment between two organisms that are equally hybrid for two traits is referred to as a dihybrid cross. A heterozygous organism is one that possesses two distinct alleles at a certain genetic location, making it a hybrid.
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Use the background information to write a CER responding to the driving question:
"Why is there so much peat?"
Your CER must Include:
• Components: Living and nonliving components of the Arctic system.
Interactions: Flow of energy and matter between the components.
•Mechanism: Role of cellular respiration.
• Evidence: At least two pieces of evidence from our investigations.
• Label the sentences for your claim, evidence, and reasoning.
Peat forms when plant material does not fully decay in acidic and anaerobic conditions.
Wetland vegetation, primarily bog plants comprising mosses, sedges, and shrubs, make up the majority of its composition. The peat traps water as it builds up. This gradually makes the environment wetter, which permits it.
Peat is often hand-cut and allowed to dry out in the sun. However, businesses may employ compression to extract moisture from either the peat, which would be soft enough readily compressed as well as may be used as gasoline once dry, for industrial uses. of wetlands to grow.
The three types of peat are fibric, hemic, and sapric. The least decomposed peats contain intact fiber and are called fabric peats. Sapric peats are among the most degraded, followed by hemic peats.
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