An example of Central Dogma is when DNA makes RNA through transcription, and RNA makes protein through translation.
DNA → RNA → protein.
The greatest revolution in the Central Dogma was the discovery of retroviruses that transcribe RNA into DNA using a specialized enzyme called reverse transcriptase, making an exception to the Central Dogma.
A central tenet of molecular biology is the theory that genetic information flows in only one direction, either from DNA through RNA to proteins or from RNA directly to proteins.
The central dogma of molecular biology is that DNA encodes RNA, and RNA encodes proteins. At The Central Dogma, learn about the critical roles of messenger, transfer, and ribosomal RNA in the protein assembly process.
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What are enzymes biologically known as?.
An enzyme is an organic catalyst and is sort of usually a protein. It hastens the charge of a selected chemical response in the mobile.
The enzymes are referred to as biocatalysts due to the fact they accelerate biochemical reactions in living organisms. They function as catalysts, lowering the activation electricity and for that reason speeding up the response. A biocatalyst is an enzyme that hastens a chemical reaction without altering its equilibrium.
In step with the global Union of Biochemists (I U B), enzymes are divided into six useful training and are categorized based totally on the kind of response wherein they may be used to catalyze. The six kinds of enzymes are hydrolases, oxidoreductases, lyases, transferases, ligases, and isomerases.
Organic catalysts are referred to as enzymes. there's, as an example, an enzyme in our saliva that converts starch to a simple sugar, which is utilized by the mobile to supply energy and every other enzyme which degrades the extra lactic acid produced whilst we overexert ourselves.
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Black coat is dominant over white coat in guinea pigs. A homozygous black pig is mated with another homozygous black pig. What are the genotypes of the parents?.
Genotype of parent s are BB and BB.
What is genotype?
An organism's entire genetic makeup is known as its genotype. The term "genotype" can also refer to the alleles or variants that a person possesses in a specific gene or genetic region.
The ploidy, also known as the number of copies of each chromosome found in that species, determines how many alleles a person can have for a certain geneDue to the presence of two complete sets of chromosomes in diploid animals like humans, each person has two alleles for each gene. The genotype is referred to as homozygous if both alleles are the same. The genotype is referred to as heterozygous if the alleles are different.Hence, genotype of parent s are BB and BB.
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during translation, the formation of a peptide bond between an amino acid at the p site and an amino acid at the a site is catalyzed by 1. the large ribosomal subunit. 2. a specialized segment of dna. 3. a specialized segment of rna. 4. the initiation complex. 5. initiation factors.
During translation, the formation of a peptide bond between an amino acid at the p site and an amino acid at the a site is catalyzed by the large ribosomal subunit.
What is a Peptide bond?A peptide bond is an amide type of covalent chemical connection that connects two adjacent alpha-amino acids along a peptide or protein chain, starting at C1 of one and N2 of another.
What is amino acid?Organic substances known as amino acids have both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. Alpha-amino acids, which make up proteins, are by far the most significant of the hundreds of amino acids found in nature. In the genetic code, only 22 alpha amino acids are present.
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the central dogma is represented by the following flowchart: dna --> --> --> trait (gene expression) which of the following best completes this diagram?
DNA → RNA → Protein → trait (gene expression) : is the best representation of Central Dogma .
The fundamental tenet of molecular biology holds that RNA copies the DNA code, which includes the instructions for building a protein. The instructions are then used by RNA to produce a protein. Briefly stated, the process is DNA to RNA to Protein.
According to the fundamental tenet of molecular biology, DNA codes for RNA, which codes for proteins. You may read about the crucial functions of messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA in the protein-building process in The Central Dogma.
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Secondary consumers are: (a) Herbivores; (b) Producers; (c) Carnivores; (d) None of these
Carnivores, option (c) is correct. In a food web or chain,
There will be producers like the plants. This is the right response. As their name suggests, they use sunlight to make their own food, as well as nourishment for other species. Then the primary consumers, or herbivores—animals that eat plants like cows, goats, etc.—eat them. The secondary consumers, or carnivores—animals that eat meat like lions, tigers, etc.—then eat the primary consumers.
A food chain is a group of related plants or animals where each organism is consumed as food by another. There are producers, consumers, and decomposers in it.
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What causes the death of Laertes?.
Laertes dies via his very own sword that became poisoned and meant to kill Hamlet while the two duel in Act 5, Scene 2. He became fighting Hamlet to avenge the death of both his father and his sister.
Hamlet is ultimately wounded by the poisoned sword. Then, in a scuffle, the swords are switched. Hamlet wounds Laertes with his personal poisoned blade, and Laertes then falls as well. best then does he absolutely appear to feel guilty, for he tells Osric he has been "justly killed" with his own treachery.
Like several fantastic tragic individuals, it is this conviction that destroys Laertes. Blinded by his desire for justice and manipulated by using Claudius, he actually dies through his own sword, however no longer before forgiving Hamlet for his sins and accepting his fate as justice for his personal crimes.
Throughout the in shape, Claudius conspires with Laertes to kill Hamlet. They plan that Hamlet will die both on a poisoned rapier and with poisoned wine. The plans pass awry when Gertrude unwittingly liquids from the poisoned cup and dies. Then both Laertes and Hamlet are wounded by using the poisoned blade, and Laertes dies.
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John relies solely on his vision to sit, walk, and stand erect. If someone turns off the lights, he loses all control of movement and crumples to the floor like a rag doll. Most likely, John has lost the functioning of his ______.A) proprioception senseB) vestibular senseC) interoceptive senseD) skin sense
Based on the explanation above, John has lost the vestibular sense function. (B)
Vestibular senseVestibular is located in the inner ear, however this sensory system is very influential on the balance of the human body, gravity and also movement. The vestibular is responsible for maintaining one's balance when moving. The vestibular sense is an internal sense whose job is to regulate balance when the body moves.
Someone who has disturbances in this sensory system, with hypersensitivity a person can be afraid of simple movements, for example going on a swing, refusing to be carried, afraid to take lifts, escalators and often feels anxious.
While the proprioceptive sense is an internal sense whose job is to give messages about body position and movements made by a person
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(a) two methods have been proposed for choosing where to place the salt licks: a simple random sample or a stratified random sample, with area as strata. Give one reason why the stratified random sample might be the better method for choosing where to place the salt licks.
In the hypothetical situation, stratified sampling would be preferable to ordinary random sample.
What is hypothetical situation?Hypothetical situation is defined as a situation based on fictitious rather than real-world concepts or circumstances. Contrasting the sampling distribution of a metric under several fictitious scenarios with what actually transpired is the foundation of hypothetical reasoning.
For example, if one is interested in distinctions across groups based on color, gender, or education, stratified random sampling is frequently used by researchers to learn about different subgroups or strata depending on the total population being researched.
Thus, in the hypothetical situation, stratified sampling would be preferable to ordinary random sample.
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Cells are made of organelles, specialized structures that each perform specific functions that help the cell maintain homeostasis. This is much like the body systems work together to help the body maintain homeostasis. Consider the function of the various body systems. Which organelle(s) share functions with the muscular system? select all that apply.
The endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and mitochondria all help to produce and transport proteins, lipids, and other molecules necessary for muscle contraction and relaxation, as well as to produce the energy needed for muscle contraction. Without these organelles, the muscular system would not be able to function properly.
The muscular system is responsible for movement, posture, and balance. Muscles are composed of proteins, which are produced by certain organelles. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle that produces proteins and is therefore integral to the functioning of the muscular system. The ER are important for muscle contraction.
The Golgi apparatus is another organelle that plays a key role in muscle activity. It helps to package and transport proteins and other molecules necessary for muscle contraction and relaxation.
Finally, mitochondria are organelles that are essential to muscle contraction. Mitochondria produce the energy needed for muscle contraction, and they also help to break down nutrients for energy production. They are also involved in the production of ATP, the molecule that provides energy for muscle contraction.
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How many base pairs per gene are in the human genome?.
The human genome is a complete set of nucleic acid sequences for human beings, encoded as DNA within the 23 chromosome pairs in mobile nuclei and in a small DNA molecule found within-person mitochondria. those are usually handled one at a time as the nuclear genome and the mitochondrial genome.
An organism's whole set of DNA is referred to as its genome. simply every single mobile in the body carries a whole replica of the approximately 3 billion DNA base pairs, or letters, that make up the human genome. With its 4-letter language, DNA includes the information had to build the whole human body.
A genome is all of the genetic fabric in an organism. it's miles product of DNA (or RNA in a few viruses) and includes genes and different factors that manipulate the interest of these genes. every person has an identical genome The human genome is mostly the same in each person.
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What condition is a combination of psychological and physiological factors that causes the walls of the vagina, as well as pelvic floor muscles, to painfully spasm?.
An uncontrollable tightening of the vagina is called viginismus. A specific kind of sexual dysfunction is vaginismus. When the vaginal muscles twitch repeatedly or uncontrollably, it happens.
Although viginismus doesn't affect arousal, it might hurt during a sexual encounter and make penetration challenging. The reflexive response of the body to the fear of any sort of vaginal penetration is known as viginismus. Your vaginal muscles automatically contract if penetration is attempted. You are powerless to change it. After menopause, some women suffer vaginismus. When oestrogen levels fall, there is less lubrication and suppleness in the vaginal, which can make having sex painful, difficult, or impossible. In certain women, this can result in vaginismus.
The complete question is:
In this condition, a combination of psychological and physiological factors cause the walls of the vagina, as well as the pelvic floor muscles, to spasm. These spams occur in anticipation of coitus and cause the outer third of the vagina to close causing pain and making sexual penetration impossible.
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when cells leave the cell cycle, they exit during g1 phase and then enter g0 phase, a resting period. most normal cells can leave g0 phase and reenter the cell cycle at g1 phase before entering s phase. cancer cells are different because they cannot enter g0 phase and are likely to do which of the following?
When cells exit the cell cycle, they exit during the g1 phase and then enter the g0 phase, which is a resting period. Cancer cells, on the other hand, cannot enter the g0 phase and are likely to resume the cell cycle indefinitely.
A cell cycle is the sequence of events that occur inside a cell as it expands and divides. A cell spends the majority of its time in interphase, in which it develops, replicates its chromosomes, and adjusts for cell division. The cell then egresses interphase, goes through mitosis, and divides completely. The daughter cells that form access their own interphase and start a new phase of the cell cycle.
G1, S, G2, and M are the cell cycle stages. When a cell enters the G1 stage, it is preparing to divide. To accomplish this, the cell enters the S phase, during which it copies all of the DNA. The letter S represents DNA synthesis. When all of the genetic material has been copied and a complete extra set is present, the cell enters the G2 stage, where it gathers and condenses the genetic material before dividing. M, which stands for mitosis, is the next stage. At this point, the cell then divides the two versions of the genetic information into two daughter cells. After M phase, cell division occurs, leaving two cells and allowing the cell cycle to restart.
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Complete question :
When cells leave the cell cycle, they exit during G1 phase and then enter G0 phase, a resting period. Most normal cells can leave G0 phase and reenter the cell cycle at G1 phase before entering S phase. Cancer cells are different because they cannot enter G0 phase and are likely
to do which of the following?
answer choices
Fail to complete S phase
Mutate during G1 phase
Repeat the cell cycle continuously
Die after completing mitosis
paramecium dividing video player question 1 are paramecium unicellular or multicellular organisms? responses unicellular unicellular multicellular multicellular question 2 how are paramecium able to move through the water?
A single-celled creature called Paramecium propels itself through freshwater by the beating of many cilia. Holotrichous ciliates, or unicellular members of the phylum Ciliophora with cilia covering their bodies.
The paramecium moves through the water at a speed that is "four times its body length per second" because to its cilia, which behave like numerous tiny oars. Osmosis, a process, is how water enters and exits the paramecium. Water moves through cilia membrane through osmosis when it passes from an area with low solute concentration to one with high solute concentration to cilia.
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A pod collided with the space station both objects experienced a force
When there is a collision, the pod's motion increases dramatically relative to the space station's motion, hence option 3 is correct.
What is collision?The definition of a collision is the encounter of two objects in space that results in the generation of force with the same speed and strength but directed in opposite directions.
While the pod may appear to be moving when viewed from orbit, the space station is not visible as moving.
Therefore, the reason for this is that when a collision takes place, the starting momentum determines the speed of both the pod and the space station, hence option 3 is correct.
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identify different types of evolutionary adaptations explain ways in which genetic variation and environmental factors contribute to evolution by natural selection and diversity simulate the effects of natural selection and genetic variation under specific environmental conditions
Structural, physiological, and behavioral evolutionary adaptations through natural selection can influence the process of natural selection, as genetic diversity can influence the process of natural selection by increasing the likelihood of survival within a species. Contribute to evolution.
Describe genetic variation.Genetic variation is the term used to describe variations in DNA sequences in each of our genomes. Genetic variations make every person unique, be it hair color, skin tone, or face shape.
There are three types adaption: Structural, physiological, behavioral.Genetic mutations that alter gene activity or protein function can introduce various traits into an organism. Genetic variations are more likely to be passed on to the next generation if the trait is beneficial and helps individuals survive and reproduce (a process known as natural selection).It is the numerous different genetic sequences that give rise to the many different plants and animals we see today. Genetic diversity is important for adapting to new environments. This is because greater genetic variation means that more individuals in a population have traits that are favorable for them to survive harsh conditions.To know more about genetic variation, visit:
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what types of information may be gathered to aid in the identification of a microbiological specimen?
The macroscopic appearance, pharmacological sensitivity, genetic typing, physiological qualities, and immunological characteristics can all be used to gather information to help identify a microbe.
Identification of bacteria (including mycobacteria) is based on growth characteristics, colony and microscopic morphology, biochemical, physiologic, and, in some cases, antigenic or nucleotide sequence characteristics. Growth characteristics include the time it takes for growth to appear or the environment in which growth occurs.The identification of microbe can be done using chromogenic media, microscopy, biochemical, and molecular methods.
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Multicellular organisms generally utilize more complex gene regulation than unicellular organisms via mechanisms that include?.
Multicellular organisms generally utilize more complex gene regulation than unicellular organisms via mechanisms that include transcriptional repression and epigenetic modification.
An essential technique for finely controlling gene expression is transcription repression. Through interactions with other DNA binding proteins or directly through DNA binding domains, transcription repressors are linked to their target genes. The repressor protein can conceal the transcription activation domain, prevent the activator from interacting with other elements of the transcription mechanism, or take the place of the activator in the DNA in order to specifically suppress transcription. Additionally, DNA response elements have the ability to have an allosteric influence on transcription regulators, allowing them to stimulate transcription in the context of one gene while repressing it in another.
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During conjugation, if an hfr cell is mated with an f- cell, why will the f- cell remain f-?.
The Hfr genome couldn't be completely transferred because the cells couldn't stay in contact for long enough. Bacterial sex is another name for bacterial conjugation.
What transpires when a F cell and a Hfr cell pair up?Recipient cell remains recipient following the cross between Hfr and F- cells. Chromosomes and some F-factor are almost always transferred from the donor to the recipient cell during this conjugation. Recombination occurs frequently as a result.
Gene conversion will occur much less frequently in Hfr strains (F+ strains with an integrated F factor, such as B, C, and D). The F factor is the last piece of the bacterial chromosome to be transferred during conjugation.
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What happens to chromosome during reproduction?.
To create sperm and egg cells, a two-step process that cuts the number of chromosomes in half (from 46 to 23) is used.
Mitosis and meiosis are the two distinct processes of cell division. When people talk about "cell division," they typically mean mitosis, which is the process of creating new cells for the body. The cell division process known as meiosis is what produces egg and sperm cells.
A vital process for life is mitosis. A cell divides into two identical daughter cells after duplicating all of its components, including its chromosomes. Due to the importance of this procedure, specific genes carefully regulate each phase of mitosis. Health issues like cancer may develop when mitosis is improperly controlled.
Meiosis, the second sort of cell division, makes sure that each generation of people has the same number of chromosomes.
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Explain one possible path a carbon molecule might take if it began in a small fish and ended up in a blade of grass.
It is possible that the small animal ate some sort of grass and the strict vegetarian did as well. So the Carbon atom originally in the stomach of the small animal came out when the animal breathed out, landed on the grass blades, and the strict vegetarian ate the blades of grass and consumed the carbon atom as well.
What is Carbon atom?Carbon atom is a chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6. Carbon atom is a non-metal and is tetravalent.That atom donates four electrons to form a covalent chemical bond. It is present in the group 14 of the periodic table. Carbon atom makes up only about 0.025% of the Earth's crust. Carbon atom has two electron shells, the first shell holds two electrons and the second shell holds four of the eight possible positions.When atoms bond, they share electrons in their outermost shells. In the outer carbon shell he has four vacancies that allow him to bond with four other atoms of her. But perhaps more important is the ability of carbon to form covalent bonds. Carbon atoms can form covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, making them suitable for forming the basic structure or “backbone” of macromolecules.To learn more about Carbon atom from the given link :
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suppose two patients have inherited mutated copies of brca1 and have developed breast cancer. you collect tumor samples from each patient and look at the mutations. t/f: if they have children, these patients can pass all of the new tumor mutations on to their offspring.
False, these patients can not pass all of the new tumor mutations on to their offspring.
The organization of genetic material from largest to smallest Genome, chromosomes, nucleotide, gene. Acquired mutations result in a tumor as they formed out of damage to genes in a particular cell during a person's life.
Example may include a breast cell or a colon cell, which can developed from division of cell many times and form a tumor. A tumor is an abnormal mass. All the tumors cannot be passed to the next generation .
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When watson and crick built and proposed the dna structure, they determined three important features. What were the three features they proposed?.
The 3 important features of the proposed molecule of DNA from Watson Crick are
a type of sugar called “ribose”a phosphate (phosphorous surrounded by oxygen) responsible for its acidity four kinds of bases — adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C).In Watson and Crick's model, DNA is modelled as a double-stranded, antiparallel, right-handed helix. The nitrogenous bases are situated on the interior of the helix and form hydrogen-bonded pairs that hold the DNA strands together. The sugar-phosphate backbones of the DNA strands make up the outside of the helix.
Hence, Watson and Crick's model proposed DNA is double-stranded, antiparallel and right-handed helix.
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dna replication involves unwinding two strands of parent dna, copying each strand to synthesize complementary strands, and releasing the parent and daughter dna. which of the following accurately describes this process?
The process of DNA replication involves unwinding the two strands of parental DNA, copying each strand to synthesize complementary strands, and releasing the parent and daughter DNA is an anabolic process.
An anabolic process is a constructive process in which complex molecules are synthesized from simple molecules.
Such as photosynthesis and glycogen synthesis that produce complex molecules. This is because DNA replication synthesizes long double-stranded polynucleotides that are coiled from a single strand (as in semi-conservative replication). Therefore, we can conclude that it is an anabolic process.
Thus, the process of DNA replication involves unwinding the two strands of the parental DNA, copying each strand to synthesize a complementary strand, and liberating the parent and daughter DNA is an anabolic process.
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which are more closely related, the western diamondback rattlesnake and the adder or the western diamondback rattlesnake and the cobra?
Western diamond rattlesnake and the adder are more closely related
This taxonomy consists of venomous snakes. This is correctly known as monophyletic.
monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor and all of its lineal descendants.
Monophyletic taxon : a set composed of a set of organisms, consisting of the most current common ancestor of all those organisms and all the descendants of that most recent common ancestor. A monophyletic taxon is likewise referred to as a clade.
Examples : Mammalia, Aves (birds), angiosperms, insects, and so forth.
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a student has two flasks of growing algae. to one flask he adds some phosphorus, while he leaves the other flask alone. he monitors population numbers of the algae daily for three weeks. at the end of this time both populations are stable, but the phosphorus-containing flask has 10 times more algae. which statement is true?
The environment's carrying capacity was raised by the phosphorous.
Numerous things can limit the size of the population. Competition, predation, parasitism, illnesses, and overcrowding are limiting factors that depend on density. But density-independent limiting variables include things like unexpected weather and natural disasters.
Fires, natural disasters (such as earthquakes, floods, and tornadoes), and the results of pollution fall under the category of density independent limiting factors. There is no relationship between the population's size and the likelihood of dying from any of these limiting factors.
An ecosystem's biodiversity increases with increasing inputs. It's true that ecosystems are dynamic and that more input results in more biodiversity.
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FILL IN THE BLANK. ___ is a normal human glycoprotein produced in response to immune stimuli and can be used therapeutically to fight viruses and cancer.
A typical human glycoprotein called reverse transcriptase can be utilized therapeutically to combat cancer and viruses. It is created in response to immunological stimuli.
A glycoprotein called interferon is primarily produced by leukocytes and fibroblasts in response to diverse immunological stimuli. How bacteria develop resistance: Mutation: Some bacteria experience mutations during the process of cell reproduction, which makes it resistant to antibiotics. The likelihood of bacteria surviving an antibiotic attack is higher when they contain the resistant mutation. For infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus (Staph), vancomycin is frequently prescribed. Other prevalent gram-positive bacteria, including the streptococci and enterococci species, are also susceptible to it. Innate, adaptive, & passive immunological stimuli are the three kinds that exist in humans. innate defense: Innate immunity is a form of all-encompassing defense that is present from birth. The skin, for instance, creates a glycoprotien to prevent the body from absorbing pathogens.
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What is the meaning of perfection in Mahayana Buddhism?.
Perfection is the state of completeness in Mahayana Buddhism in order to attain enlightenment or 'nirvana'.
Perfection is also called 'paramita' in Mahayana Buddhism whose Sanskrit meaning is gone beyond. It is a six-step pathway that leads a person towards enlightenment. There are six 'paramitas', namely: generosity, morality, patience, energy, meditation and wisdom. Th first three perfections are virtuous while the other three are spiritual.
Enlightenment is the state in Buddhism where a person gets above the vicious cycle of birth, death and rebirth. In Sanskrit, it is termed as Nirvana. Once achieved, it is considered that the person understood the real meaning of life leaving behind the sufferings of life.
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One of the virulence factors for Yersinia pestis is murine toxin (Ymt). Ymt is much more toxic in mice and rats than larger mammals like dogs and monkeys. Ymt functions as a phospholipase. Which of the following statements best describes the activity of phospholipases?
C. Removal of polar head groups from membrane phospholipids
The statement that best describes the activity of phospholipases is C. Removal of polar head groups from membrane phospholipids.
In the field of science, phospholipases can be described as enzymes that function in the breaking of phospholipids. The phospholipids are broken into fatty acids or other smaller lipid compounds by the phospholipases.
Phospholipases are known to act on the polar heads of the phospholipid molecules hence separating the polar head from the non-polar tail of the phospholipid molecule.
Factors such as murine toxin (Ymt) that act as phospholipases are harmful because they will break the cell membrane for the host organism as the cell membrane is made of phospholipids.
Although a part of your question is missing, you might be referring to this question:
One of the virulence factors for Yersinia pestis is murine toxin (Ymt). Ymt is much more toxic in mice and rats than larger mammals like dogs and monkeys. Ymt functions as a phospholipase. Which of the following statements best describes the activity of phospholipases?
A. Removal of lipids from oil
B. Removal of phosphate ions from sledge
C. Removal of polar head groups from membrane phospholipids
D. Removal or oil from water
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From where do all preganglionic nerve fibers of the sympathetic nervous system arise?.
Answer:Thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord
Explanation:
The probability that a student at a local high school fails the screening test for scoliosis (curvature of the spine) is known to be 0.004. Of the next 1875 students at the school who are screened for scoliosis, find the probability that (a) fewer than 5 fail the test; (b) 8, 9, or 10 fail the test.
A scoliosis screening is a quick, noninvasive test carried out by a skilled expert, such as your child's physician or school nurse, to see if your child's spine might be curved and require evaluation by a pediatric orthopedic specialist.
When should scoliosis screening begin?Although idiopathic scoliosis is more frequently found during a child's development spurt, children can be examined at any age (10 to 15 years old).
Why isn't scoliosis screening advised?The direct negative effects of screening are uncertain, though. Unnecessary follow-up visits, a higher risk of cancer from radiation exposure, overtreatment, or psychosocial repercussions from the diagnosis of clinically insignificant scoliosis are a few potential negative impacts of false-positive results.
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