Chargaff's rule is a constant for a species and explains the ratio of the different nitrogenous bases contained inside the DNA molecule. It also helps determine the structure and composition of DNA in distinct organisms.
Any organism's DNA should include purine and pyrimidine nucleotides in a 1:1 ratio. Another term for Chargaff's rule is the base pair rule. It demands that the guanine and cytosine concentrations match. Adenine and thymine are present in equal amounts. This model predicts that the proportion of double-stranded DNA is the same as the proportion of nitrogenous base pairs. The proportion of adenine is equal to the proportion of thiamine, according to the second parity rule.
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what stage of action potential is when the polarity of the cell switches from negative to positive?
Hyperpolarization is when the membrane potential becomes more negative at a particular spot on the neuron's membrane, while depolarization is when the membrane potential becomes less negative (more positive).
A cell's membrane potential changes during hyperpolarization to become more negatively charged. It is a depolarization's opposite. By requiring more stimuli to raise the membrane potential to the action potential threshold, it prevents action potentials.
K+ (a cation) efflux through K+ channels or Cl- (an anion) influx through Cl- channels are frequent causes of hyperpolarization. The suppression of Na+ or Ca2+ currents, on the other hand, will likewise cause a hyperpolarization if a cell has those currents at rest. The hyperpolarization state is produced by this voltage-gated ion channel response. Immediately after an action potential is generated in neurons, the cell goes into a hyperpolarized state.
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A ______ is the protective covering made up of glial cells.
A protective covering known as the myelin sheath insulates most axons as well. Glial cells with specialised functions form the myelin sheath, which encircles the axon.
The peripheral nervous system's Schwann cells sheath the neurons, while the central nervous system's neurons are insulated by oligodendrocytes. By the time a child is five years old, the majority of the myelination process is finished, but the process continues until the fourth decade of life. The nodes of Ranvier found in myelinated axons allow electrical impulses to spread quickly because of their uniform spacing.
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How do you calculate the allele frequency of a population?
An allele frequency is calculated by dividing the number of times the allele of interest is observed in a population by the total number of copies of all the alleles at that particular genetic locus in the population.
[tex]1 = p2+2pq+q2[/tex]
The allele frequency represents the incidence of a gene variant in a population. Alleles are variant forms of a gene that are located at the same position, or genetic locus, on a chromosome. An allele frequency is calculated by dividing the number of times the allele of interest is observed in a population by the total number of copies of all the alleles at that particular genetic locus in the population. Allele frequencies can be represented as a decimal, a percentage, or a fraction. In a population, allele frequencies are a reflection of genetic diversity. Changes in allele frequencies over time can indicate that genetic drift is occurring or that new mutations have been introduced into the population.
The allele frequency of distinct alleles is represented by p and q.
The word p2 refers to the homozygous dominant genotype's frequency.
The alternative term, q2, refers to the homozygous recessive genotype's frequency.
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what is the sites where dna replication and separation occur?
The sites where DNA replication and separation occur are called the replication fork.
During DNA replication, the double-stranded DNA molecule is "unzipped" by specialized enzymes called helicases, which break the hydrogen bonds holding the two strands together. The resulting Y-shaped structure is called the replication fork, where the newly synthesized DNA strands are produced. The leading strand is synthesized continuously in the 5' to 3' direction, while the lagging strand is synthesized in short fragments called Okazaki fragments. Replication occurs bidirectionally from the replication fork, and the two strands are separated as the fork progresses. Once the replication is complete, the two resulting DNA molecules are identical to each other and to the original molecule. The replication fork is a critical structure in DNA replication, and its proper function is essential for the accurate transmission of genetic information.
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What is reinforcement in behavior?
Reinforcement in behavior refers to a process that increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated in the future.
Reinforcement is a key concept in the field of behaviorism and is used to modify behavior in animals and humans. Reinforcement can be positive, where a desirable stimulus is added after a behavior is performed, or negative, where an aversive stimulus is removed after a behavior is performed. The goal of reinforcement is to increase the frequency of a desired behavior and decrease the frequency of an undesired behavior. For example, a teacher may reinforce a student's good behavior by giving them a sticker, while taking away a toy may reinforce a child's behavior of sharing. The concept of reinforcement has been widely applied in fields such as psychology, education, and animal training, and is a crucial component in shaping and maintaining behavior.
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pemphigus causes blisters because the skin cells cannot firmly attach to each other. pemphigus is an autoimmune disease that produces antibodies against which strength-producing transmembrane protein?
This kind is associated with desmoglein 3 IgG antibodies, either by themselves or in combination to antidesmoglein 1 antibodies. The production of autoantibodies that selectively target keratinocyte proteins causes pemphigus vulgaris (PV), an autoimmune skin disease.
Pemphigus vulgaris results from a malfunction in the immune system, the body's line of defence against infection. Whenever the immune system isn't functioning properly, it accidentally attacks the skin rather than germs. Blisters form as a result, and the skin is damaged. D-penicillamine use is usually associated with the drug-induced illnesses pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus.This kind is associated with desmoglein 3 IgG antibodies, either by themselves or in combination to antidesmoglein 1 antibodies. The production of autoantibodies that selectively target keratinocyte proteins causes pemphigus vulgaris (PV), an autoimmune skin disease.
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How do substitution insertion and deletion mutations form?
Substitution mutations occur when a base pair is replaced with a different base pair, insertion mutations occur when extra nucleotides are added to a DNA sequence, and deletion mutations occur when one or more nucleotides are removed from a DNA sequence.
The primary distinction between substitution insertion and deletion mutations is their origin. Substitution mutations occur when a base pair is replaced with a different base pair, insertion mutations occur when extra nucleotides are added to a DNA sequence, and deletion mutations occur when one or more nucleotides are removed from a DNA sequence.A mutation is a change in the DNA nucleotide sequence. A gene has a unique nucleotide sequence.Gene mutations can change the genetic information contained within the nucleotide sequence of a gene. The mutation can range in size from a single base change to a large fragment of a chromosome containing multiple genes. Mutations occur for a variety of reasons. Some of the major causes are errors in DNA copying during cell division, exposure to ionizing radiation, exposure to chemicals known as mutagens, and viral infections.
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what would be the fate of a drosophila larva that inherits two copies of a mutant bicoid gene (one mutant allele from each heterozygous parent)?
A drosophila larva that inherits two copies of a mutant bicoid gene from each heterozygous parent would not develop a head or thorax.
The mutant bicoid gene is essential in establishing the anterior-posterior axis of the fly embryo, with high levels of the bicoid protein present at the anterior end of the embryo. Without functioning bicoid heterozygous parents protein, the larva would fail to develop the head and thorax structures, resulting in a lethal phenotype. In wild-type individuals, the bicoid gene is inherited maternally, with the mother depositing bicoid protein into the egg during oogenesis. Therefore, the inheritance of two mutant bicoid alleles from the heterozygous parents would result in a complete loss of bicoid protein and a failure to develop anterior structures, leading to the death of the larva.
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The visceral layer of the serous pericardium is also called the ______.
The myocardial of the heart is protected by the visceral serous pericardium, also referred to as the epicardium, which can be regarded as its serosa.
A mesothelium covering some loose connective tissue rich in elastin makes up the majority of its structure.
The wave of depolarization travels from the endocardial to the epicardial surface during ventricular contraction. Both of these layers work to lubricate the heart during activity to reduce friction.
The parietal serous pericardium connects with the visceral serous pericardium at the anatomical base of the heart and extends to the root of the major arteries. The ventricular outflow tracts, where the aorta and pulmonary trunk exit the heart, and the ventricular inflow tracts, where the superior/inferior vena cava and pulmonary veins enter the heart, are where this juncture occurs.
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QuestionThe ability of an organism to respond to stimuli is called .AsensitivityBsensibilityCmovement
The ability of an organism to respond to stimuli is called sensitivity. Sensitivity is the ability of an organism or a system to detect and respond to changes in its environment or internal conditions.
This can include a wide range of stimuli, such as light, sound, touch, temperature, chemicals, and other environmental factors. Sensitivity is a key characteristic of living organisms, allowing them to adapt and respond to changing conditions in their environment. Sensibility, on the other hand, refers to the capacity for emotional or intellectual response, rather than the ability to respond to physical stimuli. Movement, while related to sensitivity and often a response to stimuli, refers specifically to the physical act of moving or changing position. The ability of an organism to respond to stimuli is called sensitivity. Sensitivity is the ability of an organism or a system to detect and respond to changes in its environment or internal conditions. This can include a wide range of stimuli, such as light, sound, touch, temperature, chemicals, and other environmental factors. Sensitivity is a key characteristic of living organisms, allowing them to adapt and respond to changing conditions in their environment. Sensibility, on the other hand, refers to the capacity for emotional or intellectual response, rather than the ability to respond to physical stimuli. Movement, while related to sensitivity and often a response to stimuli, refers specifically to the physical act of moving or changing position.
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A reaction is said to be ___________________ when the addition of free energy from the environment is required for the reaction to proceed.
A reaction is said to be endergonic when the addition of free energy from the environment is required for the reaction to proceed.
DefinitionAny response that needs free energy to continue is considered to be endergonic. Photosynthesis is a biologically significant endergonic reaction. The reduction of carbon dioxide to glucose and the oxidation of water to oxygen are both fueled by solar photons, which are used by photosynthetic organisms to carry out this reaction.The entire energy change in the system is known as the enthalpy (H), and this total energy change in the system is used to calculate G: G=H-TS. To calculate G, subtract the energy lost to entropy (S) from the total energy change in the system. The G for an energonic reaction will be positive because they demand an energy input.For more information on endergonic kindly visit to
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All of the following are found in the cell walls of gram-positive bacteria EXCEPT N-acetylglucosamine lipoteichoic acidteichoic acid peptidoglycan lipid A
Lipid A is not found in the cell walls of gram-positive bacteria. Instead, it is a component of the cell walls of gram-negative bacteria.
Lipid A is a complex molecule that anchors the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria to the peptidoglycan layer in the periplasmic space. It is an important virulence factor and is responsible for many of the toxic effects of gram-negative bacteria.
In contrast, gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell walls, which provides structural support and protection against osmotic stress. In addition to peptidoglycan, gram-positive bacteria also have teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid in their cell walls. These molecules are involved in cell wall maintenance, adherence to host cells, and recognition by the immune system.
N-acetylglucosamine is a sugar that is a component of the peptidoglycan layer in both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. However, it is not specifically associated with the cell walls of gram-positive bacteria and is also found in other cellular structures, such as the capsules of some bacterial species. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is lipid A.
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petunia is very skilled at sniffing out the fungus, which this farmer can then sell for as much as $3,600 per pound. what fungus is the farmer trying to grow and what group of fungi does it belong to?
White truffles, is the farmer trying to grow and Ascomycota group of fungi does it belong to
It is primarily found in the Piedmont region of northern Italy's Langhe and Montferrat areas, as well as the countryside around the cities of Alba and Asti. Acqualagna, in the northern Marche near Urbino, is another hub for the cultivation and commercialization of white truffles, with one of the most prominent yearly festivals in Italy.
Ascomycota is a monophyletic group of organisms (it contains all descendants of one common ancestor). Asexual (or anamorphic) ascomycetes, which were previously classified as Deuteromycota along with asexual species from other fungal taxa, are now identified and categorised based on morphological or physiological similarities to ascus-bearing taxa, as well as phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences.
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Full Question: A farmer in France has tried very unsuccessfully to cultivate a valuable type of fungus as a means to augment her income. Due to her unsuccessful attempts (so far at least) to cultivate this fungus, she continues to rely on her pet pig Petunia to find and harvest the wild fungus, which grows naturally on the wooded part of her property. Petunia is very skilled at sniffing out the fungus, which this farmer can then sell for as much as $3,600 per pound. What fungus is the farmer trying to grow and what group of fungi does it belong to?
the human gut is home to about how many microorganisms?
The human gut is a home to approximately about 30 to 400 trillion microorganisms. These microorganisms include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microbes.
This collection of microorganisms is commonly referred to as the gut microbiome, and it is believed to play an important role in human health and disease. The composition of the gut microbiome can vary widely from person to person, and it can be influenced by factors such as diet, genetics, and environment. The gut microbiome is a complex ecosystem of microorganisms that inhabit the digestive tract. The majority of these microorganisms are bacteria, and there are estimated to be more than 1,000 different species of bacteria in the gut. Other microorganisms found in the gut microbiome include viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea. The gut microbiome is an important part of the human body, and it is involved in many physiological processes, including digestion, immune function, and metabolism. The gut microbiome can also have an impact on overall health, and disruptions to the gut microbiome have been linked to a variety of conditions, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, and even neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease and depression.
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One city is at a higher latitude than another city. How does this make the two climates different? The higher the latitude, the lower the temperature. The higher the latitude, the higher the temperature. Latitude does not affect precipitation, but changes the temperature. Latitude does not affect temperature, but changes the precipitation.
Latitude affects the climate of two cities by altering the temperature of the air.
What is Latitude affect?Latitude affects many aspects of the environment, including climate, vegetation, landforms, and wildlife. The angle of the sun's rays, the amount of hours of daylight, temperature, precipitation, and air pressure all vary depending on the latitude. Generally, the further north or south of the equator a location is, the colder it will be.
Cities located at higher latitudes generally experience cooler temperatures than cities located at lower latitudes due to the sun's angle of incidence. This is because the sun's rays are more direct at lower latitudes, heating the atmosphere more effectively. As a result, cities located at higher latitudes tend to experience cooler temperatures than cities at lower latitudes. Additionally, latitude does not affect precipitation levels, but changes in temperature can influence the amount of precipitation that a city receives.
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Describe how bacteria causes food poisoning
two living species can share similar traits not inherited by a common ancestor. t/f
A homoplasious characteristic is a similarity between organisms that was not passed down from their shared ancestor. Three processes can lead to homoplasies (though the lines between these categories are often blurry).
A physical trait that distinguishes two or more species, such as a complicated bone structure or a body plan, may have been passed down from a common ancestor. A common ancestor's evolutionary history causes physical characteristics to be homologous.
We have overwhelming evidence that all species are linked, or that they have a common ancestry. Darwin discovered proof of these connections more than 150 years ago in the startling physical similarities between various species, both extant and alive.
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what did hershey and chase prove was the hereditary material?
Hershey and Chase proved that DNA was the hereditary material. Through their experiments, they were able to demonstrate that the genetic material of a virus is composed of DNA and not protein.
They were able to locate the viral particles using radioactive isotopes of sulphur and phosphorus, and they discovered that the phosphorus was in the virus's nucleic acid and the sulphur was in its protein.
By doing this, they were able to demonstrate that the virus' genetic material was made up of DNA rather than protein. To confirm the veracity of their findings, they also ran a control experiment. They utilised two separate viral strains, one tagged with sulphur and the other with phosphorus.
They were able to demonstrate that DNA was the hereditary material by comparing the findings and finding that only the virus with the tagged phosphorus was transmitted to the following generation.
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If human activity continues at its present rate, what will probably happen to the levels of carbon dioxide and the other gases?
If human activity continues at its present rate, the levels of carbon dioxide and other gases increases.
What are the effects of human activities on the environment?The effects of human activities on land and in the sea can have a significant impact on ecosystems.
Among the various issues that ecosystems face include climate change, ocean acidification, habitat loss, eutrophication, stormwater runoff, air pollution, pollutants, and invasive species.
Therefore, If human activity continues at its present rate, the levels of carbon dioxide and other gases increases.
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the anatomy of the intrinsic conduction system causes contraction of the ventricles to begin at the apex and move superiorly. why is this important? view available hint(s)for part a the anatomy of the intrinsic conduction system causes contraction of the ventricles to begin at the apex and move superiorly. why is this important? so blood is forced upward, toward the semilunar valves so the atria can finish contracting before the ventricles contract because the av bundle is the only electrical connection between the atria and the ventricles because the purkinje fibers conduct action potentials away from the heart apex
Starting at the apex, contraction forces blood upward, through the semilunar valves, and into the aorta and pulmonary trunk.
It allows the pumping of blood upwards towards the respective blood vessel from each ventricle.
From the right ventricle, blood is pumped upwards into the pulmonary artery while the left ventricle pumps the blood upwards into the aorta. The contraction of the ventricle starts at the apex and moves upwards to pump the blood from the left and right ventricle into the aorta and pulmonary artery respectively.
The aortic and pulmonary valves are called semilunar valves. As the blood pressure in ventricles exceeds the pressure in the aorta and pulmonary arteries, the semilunar valves are opened and blood is pumped into respective arteries.
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although both sexes experience changes in muscle tissue and body fat, the ratio of muscle to body fat is
Because Skeletal muscle makes up about 32% of BW in women and roughly 40% of BW in males. Each person's increase in muscle mass is influenced by a variety of elements, one of which is the food factor.
What happens to body fat during puberty?Males gain more skeletal and fat-free mass during puberty than females, who get much more fat mass. The pubertal years are when both sexes reach their maximal bone accretion, but men grow a larger skeletal mass.Studies have indicated that obesity among adolescent girls and young female adults is linked to an earlier start to puberty.Women have 6 to 11 percent more body fat than males do on average. According to studies, oestrogen makes it harder for women to burn off calories after meals, which causes extra fat to be accumulated throughout the body. According to the review, the purpose is most likely to prepare women for motherhood. According to the research that has been published thus far, rather than early puberty causing an increase in body fat, obesity in females may be causally related to it. In contrast, very few studies have discovered a connection between male boys' body fat and earlier puberty.
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which event occurs during anaphase? which event occurs during anaphase? the nuclear envelope breaks up. chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell. sister chromatids become separate chromosomes.
A chromosome is a long DNA molecule that holds all or some of the genetic material for an organism.
Meiosis I is the stage of cell division in which the parent cell is divided into two daughter cells, each of which splits once more to produce two additional cells during meiosis II. The homologous chromosome separates and travels to the opposing poles by the action of the microtubules or mitotic spindles during Anaphase I of meiosis I. The telophase, during which the nuclear membrane once more covers the genome, and cell division came after the separation. Histones cling to and compress the DNA molecule in conjunction with chaperone proteins to protect it from harm. Most eukaryotic chromosomes are made of histone proteins. These chromosomes' peculiar three-dimensional structure is crucial for controlling transcription.
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a urease test is used to identify mycobacterium tuberculosis because
a. urease is a sign of tuberculosis. b. M. tuberculosis produces urease. c. urease is part of an acid-fast cell wall. d. urea accumulates during tuberculosis. e. All of these choices are correct.
The urease test is a simple, rapid and cost-effective method used to identify Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). All of the choices listed are correct,
And they all help to explain why the urease test is used to identify M. tuberculosis. Urease is a sign of tuberculosis, and M. tuberculosis produces urease, which is part of an acid-fast cell wall. During tuberculosis, urea accumulates, and this accumulation can be detected by the urease test. Through the use of the urease test, M. tuberculosis can be identified quickly, accurately and economically. The urease test is especially useful for detecting tuberculosis in low-resource settings. It is a simple, inexpensive and effective way to identify M. tuberculosis and help prevent the spread of the disease.
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you make 180 liters of filtrate per day but create only 1.8 liters of urine. what happens the water in the filtrate to account for the concentration of solutes in the urine?
The water in the filtrate is absorbed by the nephron tubules in the kidneys. The tubules have different sections that allow them to reabsorb different solutes and water from the filtrate, depending on the needs of the body.
In this case, the tubules are reabsorbing a large proportion of the water, while also selectively allowing certain solutes to pass into the urine. This process of selective reabsorption not only creates the concentration of solutes in the urine but also creates the osmotic pressure required for the urinary bladder to concentrate and store the urine until it is ready to be eliminated from the body. As the water is reabsorbed, it becomes a part of the body's fluid balance and is redistributed throughout the body in the form of blood.
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What is an alternate solution to using pesticides on beetles for natural selectionn and genetic variation
An alternate solution to using pesticides on beetles for natural selection and genetic variation is Polyculture which is also known as Companion Planting.
In this process, partner plants are planted together with crops such that it will support the crops. From a pest-control perspective, it's ideal to plant plants that naturally repel specific pests of your crop.
The replacement of hazardous pesticides can be done for natural selection and genetic variation using the alternatives which are much safer and are sustainable and cost effective. Some of them are listed below:
Integrated Pest ManagementConservation agricultureOrganic agricultureAgroecologyBiological pesticidesBiological pest controlPEATPlantixThe techniques like crop rotation, intercropping and organic pesticides can be used. Also microbes can be used for the destruction of the pests. Integrated pest management, genetic control and the natural methods are some of the other methods.
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or sensory neurons are those that convey information from receptors in the periphery of the body to the brain and spinal cord.
Afferent as well as sensory neurons are the ones that transmit data to the spinal cord and brain from receptors on the body's periphery.
The spinal cord is where information processing starts after afferent neurons inside the dorsal roots convey impulses from of the body's sense receptors. Efferent motor neurons, that regulate the body's periphery, are found in the ventral horns. Efferent neurons transmit motor information out from the central nervous system to a muscles or glands of the body, whereas afferent neurons transport information from sensory receptors of a skin as well as other organs to a central nervous system. Efferent neurons, also referred to as motor neurons, transmit information from the central nervous system (CNS) to muscles as well as other peripheral systems like organs and glands.
(X or sensory neurons are those that convey information from receptors in the periphery of the body to the brain and spinal cord?)
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tourist experiences among unique wildlife and ecosystems. answer choices. a. hybrids. b. ecotourism. c. biodiversity. d. genetic diversity.
The tourist experiences among unique wildlife and ecosystems is called as Ecotourism (b). Ecotourism is a type of tourism that involves visiting natural areas and experiencing and learning about unique wildlife and ecosystems in a way that is responsible and sustainable.
Ecotourism often emphasizes conservation, education, and community involvement, and seeks to minimize negative impacts on the environment and wildlife. Ecotourism is a type of tourism that involves visiting natural areas and experiencing and learning about unique wildlife and ecosystems in a way that is responsible and sustainable. Ecotourism often emphasizes conservation, education, and community involvement, and seeks to minimize negative impacts on the environment and wildlife. One of the key goals of ecotourism is to promote conservation and sustainability. This is often accomplished by supporting local communities and economies and by providing alternative economic opportunities to activities that may be harmful to the environment or wildlife, such as hunting or logging. Ecotourism can also raise awareness of the importance of protecting natural areas and wildlife, and can provide funding for conservation efforts and environmental education programs.
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what is the source of glucose that is needed for cellular respiration in humans?
Glycogen, the body's storage form of glucose, and dietary sources provide the glucose needed for the production of ATP during cellular respiration.
What does a high glucose level mean?Because the body doesn't produce enough insulin, hypoglycemia (high blood glucose) occurs if there is too much glucose in the blood. Hyperglycemia, a diabetic condition, can cause vomiting, increased hunger and thirst, a quick heartbeat, eyesight issues, and other symptoms. Serious health issues may result from untreated hyperglycemia.
Why does the body use glucose?The primary form of glucose in the body, glucose serves as the body's cells' principal source of energy. Glucose may be produced by the body from other chemicals or it can be obtained from the meals we eat. The cells receive glucose from the blood. One hormone that controls blood glucose levels is insulin.
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What do atypical glandular cells mean?
Answer:
Is a term that has been used to describe abnormal cells that come from glands in the walls of the cervix
Identify the shape of the bacteria
Bacteria are classified into five different groups according to their shape. one of them is the cocci group, composed of spherical bacteria. In the image we can identify spherical cells (white circles), which might be cocci.
What is bacteria classification?
Bacteria are prockaryotic unicellular organisms that might show cytoplasmic extensions or not (phlagellum), and might be either solitary or form colonies.
Bacteria are classified into different groups according to their characteristics (i.e. gram possitive or negative, mobile or non-mobile).
Regarding their shape, they are classified into five different categories,
Cocci ⇒ spherical shape, Bacilli ⇒rod shape, Spirilla ⇒spiral shape, Vibrios ⇒comma shapeSpirochaetes ⇒corkscrew shape.In the exposed example we can see several spherical shapes that might belong to cocci bacteria.
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