The disadvantage of the payback method is that it ignores cash inflows earned after the payback period. The formula used to calculate the payback period is P=NCF/I. The discount rate used to measure the difference between the sum of all cash inflows and cash outflows when using the net present value technique is the weighted average cost of capital. When the internal rate of return is achieved, the cash outflow must equal the net present value.
The payback method has the disadvantage of ignoring cash inflows earned after the payback period. This means that any cash inflows received beyond the payback period are not taken into consideration when evaluating the profitability of a project. This limitation can lead to a skewed assessment of a project's true financial viability, as it fails to capture the full extent of its long-term profitability potential.
To calculate the payback period, the formula P=NCF/I is used. P represents the payback period, NCF denotes the net cash flows generated by the project, and I stands for the average annual cash inflows.
On the other hand, the discount rate used in the net present value (NPV) technique to measure the difference between the sum of all cash inflows and cash outflows is the weighted average cost of capital (WACC). The WACC takes into account the cost of capital from various sources, such as equity and debt, and reflects the required rate of return for the project. It considers both the time value of money and the risk associated with the investment.
When the internal rate of return (IRR) is achieved, the cash outflow must equal the net present value. This means that the project's initial investment has been fully recovered, and the net cash flows generated by the project are equal to zero. The IRR represents the discount rate at which the NPV of a project becomes zero, indicating that the project's cash inflows match the cash outflows.
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Define a problem where uncertainty is a significant part of the
equation. What decision making strategies would you use to solve
this.
Utilizing stop-loss orders provides a safety net to limit losses, while seeking professional advice adds expertise to decision-making.
Problem: Investing in a volatile market with uncertain outcomes.
Decision-making strategies:
1. Diversification: Spreading investments across different assets reduces the risk of relying on a single outcome.
2. Risk analysis: Assessing the potential risks associated with each investment and quantifying their impact on the portfolio.
3. Research and analysis: Conducting thorough research on market trends, historical data, and expert opinions to make informed investment decisions.
4. Scenario planning: Creating multiple scenarios based on different market conditions and evaluating the potential outcomes for each investment.
5. Utilizing stop-loss orders: Setting predefined price levels to automatically sell an investment if it reaches a specified loss, limiting potential losses.
6. Seeking professional advice: Consulting financial advisors or experts who specialize in navigating uncertain market conditions can provide valuable insights.
Uncertainty in investing arises due to unpredictable market fluctuations, economic factors, and unforeseen events. Employing a combination of diversification, risk analysis, research, and scenario planning can help mitigate the impact of uncertainty. Utilizing stop-loss orders provides a safety net to limit losses, while seeking professional advice adds expertise to decision-making. Employing these strategies helps balance risk and potential rewards, enabling informed investment decisions in uncertain markets.
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An overseas project is one done in a foreign country for a foreign firm. T/F
The statement "An overseas project is one done in a foreign country for a foreign firm" is True.
overseas project is a project carried out in a foreign country by a company located in another country. Companies may operate overseas for a variety of reasons, including establishing a new customer base, reducing manufacturing costs, and entering new markets. A foreign firm is one that is located in another country than where the project is being carried out.They also face thin margins and slower-than-expected growth in overseas projects.Recent overseas project information can be found for each project on the zoo website.
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Required information [The following information applies to the questions displayed below] The charter of Vista West Corporation specifies that it is authorized to issue 219.000 shares of common stock. Since the company was incorporated, it has sold a total of 151,000 shares (at $16 per share) to the public. It has bought back a total of 15,000 . The par value of the stock is $4. When the stock was bought back from the public, the market price was $25. Required:
1. Determine the authorized shares.
2. Determine the issued shares.
3. Determine the outstanding shares.
The authorized shares of Vista West Corporation are 219,000. This represents the maximum number of shares the company is allowed to issue according to its charter.
The issued shares of Vista West Corporation are 151,000. This indicates the total number of shares that have been sold to the public since the company's incorporation. Each share was sold at a price of $16.
The outstanding shares of Vista West Corporation can be calculated by subtracting the shares bought back from the issued shares. In this case, the company has bought back 15,000 shares. The outstanding shares, therefore, can be calculated as 151,000 (issued shares) minus 15,000 (bought back shares), resulting in 136,000 outstanding shares.
In summary, the authorized shares of Vista West Corporation are 219,000, while the issued shares are 151,000. The outstanding shares, after deducting the shares bought back, amount to 136,000.
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3. Identify and explain the FIVE foundation of economics, using own examples. 4. Using diagram, explain circular flow model
The 5 foundations of economics are Scarcity, Opportunity Cost, Marginal Analysis, Efficiency, and Equity.
The briefings are:
Scarcity: Scarcity refers to the restrained availability of sources relative to unlimited needs and wants. It forces people, agencies, and societies to make picks and allocate sources correctly. For instance, a farmer has a limited amount of land and ought to decide whether or not to apply it for developing wheat or corn.Opportunity Cost: Opportunity price is the cost of the next excellent alternative forgone while you make a decision. It highlights the exchange-offs worried in choice-making. For example, if a pupil decides to spend their evening studying, the possible value is the entertainment time they could have spent putting out with buddies.Marginal Analysis: Marginal evaluation examines the additional benefit or cost related to a small incremental alternate in an activity. It allows for determining the surest degree of decision-making. For example, a company analyzes the cost and sales of producing an additional unit of a product to decide whether or not it's far worthwhile.Efficiency: Efficiency refers to the allocation of sources to maximize universal societal welfare. It includes generating items and services within the maximum most appropriate way feasible. An instance of performance is whilst a production plant minimizes waste and maximizes productivity to provide goods at the lowest fee.Equity: Equity deals with the equity and distribution of sources and results. It focuses on addressing disparities and making sure equal possibilities. For example, an innovative profits tax machine aims to redistribute wealth by means of taxing higher-income individuals at a better fee to sell a greater equitable society.These foundations serve as essential standards in economics and offer a framework for know-how and studying numerous monetary phenomena, selection-making, useful resource allocation, and societal welfare.
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The correct question is;
"Identify and explain the FIVE foundation of economics, using your own examples."
1. Which of following assertions is a key concern for cash?
A) classification and presentation
B) existence and classification
C) completeness and rights and obligations
D) existence and completeness
Answer:
D. Existence and completeness
Explanation:
Hope this helps!
Answer: Option D) Existence and completeness is the correct assertion.
Explanation:
The key concern for cash is its existence and completeness. Cash is a current asset that is readily available to an organization and it is important to ensure that it exists and is complete in terms of the amount recorded in the financial statements. This is to ensure that the organization has sufficient funds to meet its short-term obligations.
Which of the following statements is
correct?
Demand is described by economists as
elastic where:
Select one:
a.
Customers place a high value on the
product.
b.
Prices can rise substantially
Demand is described by economists as elastic where demand for the product is insensitive to price. The correct answer is option (d).
In contrast, when demand is inelastic, changes in price have a minimal effect on the quantity demanded. In this context, option (d) accurately captures the concept of inelastic demand. If customers are relatively indifferent to the product, as mentioned in option (c), it suggests a lack of preference or attachment to the product. However, this does not necessarily imply inelastic demand.
Similarly, option (a) stating that customers place a high value on the product doesn't necessarily indicate inelastic demand, as high value alone doesn't determine price sensitivity.Option (b) suggesting that prices can rise substantially without affecting demand contradicts the concept of elasticity. In elastic demand, price increases result in a significant decrease in quantity demanded, indicating price sensitivity. Therefore, option (d) correctly describes elastic demand by stating that demand for the product is insensitive to price, meaning price changes have minimal impact on the quantity demanded.
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Complete Question : Which of the following statements is
correct?
Demand is described by economists as
elastic where:
Select one:
a.Customers place a high value on the product.
b. Prices can rise substantially without affecting demand.
c.Customers are relatively indifferent to the product.
d. Demand for the product is insensitive to price.
The Platter Valley factory of Bybee Industries manufactures field boots. The cost of each boot includes direct materials. direct labor, and manufacturing (factory) overhead. The firm traces all direct costs to products, and it assigns
overhead cost to products based on direct labor hours The company budgeted $10,045 variable factory overhead cost. $93.100 for fixed factory overhead cost and 2,450 direct
labor hours (its practical capacity) to manufacture 4,900 pairs of boots in March. The factory used 4,600 direct labor hours in March to manufacture 4.700 pairs of boots and spent $17.700 on variable
ovethead during the month. The actual fixed overhead cost incurred for the month was $97,000
The Platter Valley factory of Bybee Industries uses a two variance analysis of the total factory overhead variance
Required: 1. Compute the total flexible-budget variance for overhead and the production volume variance for March. What was the total factory
overhead cost variance for March? Indicate whether each variance is favorable (F) or unfavorable (U). 2 Determine the three components of the total flexible-budget variance for overhead (i.e. the variable overhead spending variance. the variable ovethead efficiency variance, and the foxed overhead spending variance); in addition, show the production volume
variance for March, Indicate whether each variance is favorable (F) or unfavorable (U).
The total flexible-budget variance for overhead in March was $1,100 unfavorable, and the production volume variance was $2,500 favorable. Therefore, the total factory overhead cost variance for March was $1,400 unfavorable.
The total flexible-budget variance for overhead is the difference between the actual factory overhead cost and the flexible budget amount based on the standard hours allowed for the actual output. In this case, the actual variable overhead cost incurred in March was $17,700, which is $1,100 higher than the flexible budget amount of $16,600 ($10,045 + $6,555). This indicates an unfavorable variance of $1,100.
The production volume variance, on the other hand, measures the impact of operating at a different level of output compared to the standard level. The standard hours allowed for the actual output of 4,700 pairs of boots in March is 2,350 hours (4,700 pairs * 0.5 hours per pair). However, the actual direct labor hours used were 4,600. Since the standard hours allowed exceeded the actual hours used, the production volume variance is favorable. To calculate the variance, we subtract the standard hours allowed (2,350) from the actual hours used (4,600) and multiply it by the standard variable overhead rate of $3.00 per hour. The result is $2,500 favorable.
Combining the total flexible-budget variance ($1,100 unfavorable) and the production volume variance ($2,500 favorable), we find that the total factory overhead cost variance for March was $1,400 unfavorable.
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We consider the behaviour of a single, utility-maximising consumer, Rachel, whose utility function, U:U(b,c)=2b+c, who faces prices, pb and pc, and who has an amount m to finance consumption.
a) Obtain Rachel's marginal rate of substitution. [3 marks]
b) Explain why we would not expect to obtain an income expansion path for Rachel. [3 marks]
c) Define the elasticity of substitution as a property of a function, and without calculation, explain why for Rachel's utility function, there is perfect (infinite) elasticity. [4 marks]
a. Rachel's marginal rate of substitution (MRS) is 2. b. As a result, there is no income effect on her utility. c. The elasticity of substitution measures the degree to which a consumer is willing to substitute one good for another.
a) Rachel's marginal rate of substitution (MRS) is the rate at which she is willing to trade one good for another while keeping her utility constant. It is calculated as the ratio of the marginal utility of good b to the marginal utility of good c. In this case, the utility function U(b, c) = 2b + c implies that the marginal utility of good b is 2 and the marginal utility of good c is 1. Therefore, Rachel's MRS is 2.
b) An income expansion path shows the combinations of goods that a consumer can afford at different levels of income while maintaining the same utility level. In Rachel's case, her utility function U(b, c) = 2b + c does not explicitly depend on her income (m). Her utility is solely determined by the quantities of goods b and c that she consumes. As a result, there is no income effect on her utility, and we would not expect to observe an income expansion path for Rachel.
c) The elasticity of substitution measures the degree to which a consumer is willing to substitute one good for another in response to changes in their relative prices. It is defined as the percentage change in the ratio of two inputs divided by the percentage change in their relative prices. In Rachel's utility function U(b, c) = 2b + c, the marginal rate of substitution is constant at 2, regardless of the relative prices of goods b and c. This implies that Rachel is perfectly willing to substitute goods b and c at any rate, resulting in a perfect (infinite) elasticity of substitution. The constant MRS reflects the fact that Rachel values goods b and c in a fixed proportion, regardless of their prices.
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If markdowns in the shoe department were $7,680 and net sales
were $48,000, what was the markdown percent for the month?
To calculate the markdown percent, we need to divide the markdown amount by the net sales amount and then multiply by 100.
Given:Markdowns = $7,680 Net Sales = $48,000
Markdown Percent = (Markdowns / Net Sales) * 100
Plugging in the values:
Markdown Percent = ($7,680 / $48,000) * 100
Markdown Percent ≈ 0.16 * 100
Markdown Percent ≈ 16
Therefore, the markdown percent for the month is approximately 16%. This means that the markdowns in the shoe department accounted for 16% of the net sales for the month.
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Corporate social policy
1. Identify and explain TWO (2) unethical business practices that the Clothing Forever 21 company is/was engaged in 10 Marks
2. Discuss each issue from the perspectives of ethical theories or principles. You have to use a different theory or perspective for each ethical issue you have identified in No.2. 10 Marks
3. Suggest how the Clothing forever 21 company can be more ethical in the future. Each issue identified in No, 2 must have ONE (1) solution. Therefore, you will have TWO (2) Solutions. 10 Marks
1. Unethical business practices of Forever 21: Exploitation of sweatshop labor and deceptive pricing/advertising.
2. Ethical perspectives: Utilitarianism and rights-based perspective for labor exploitation, Kantian ethics and virtue ethics for deceptive practices.
3. Solutions: Adopt a comprehensive code of conduct for suppliers to ensure fair treatment of workers and implement stricter policies on pricing and advertising transparency.
1. Unethical Business Practices of Clothing Forever 21:
a) Exploitation of Sweatshop Labor: Forever 21 has been criticized for its involvement in sourcing products from sweatshops, where workers are subjected to poor working conditions, low wages, long hours, and even physical abuse. There have been reports of garment workers being paid below the minimum wage, denied overtime pay, and forced to work in unsafe environments.
b) Deceptive Pricing and Advertising: Forever 21 has faced allegations of deceptive pricing and advertising practices. The company has been accused of artificially inflating the original prices of their products to make their discounts seem more significant. Additionally, they have been criticized for misrepresenting the quality and origin of their clothing items.
2. Ethical Perspectives on the Unethical Business Practices:
a) Exploitation of Sweatshop Labor:
- Utilitarian Perspective: From a utilitarian perspective, Forever 21's exploitation of sweatshop labor is unethical because it causes harm and suffering to a large number of workers. The overall happiness and well-being of these workers are significantly compromised for the sake of the company's profits and affordability of their products.
- Rights-based Perspective: According to a rights-based perspective, Forever 21's actions infringe upon the basic human rights of the sweatshop workers. These workers have the right to fair wages, safe working conditions, and protection from exploitation. Forever 21's practices violate these fundamental rights and are therefore ethically wrong.
b) Deceptive Pricing and Advertising:
- Kantian Ethics: From a Kantian perspective, Forever 21's deceptive pricing and advertising practices are unethical because they treat customers as mere means to achieve sales and profits. By intentionally misleading consumers about the original prices and quality of their products, Forever 21 fails to treat customers with respect and honesty, violating the principle of treating individuals as ends in themselves.
- Virtue Ethics: Virtue ethics would view Forever 21's deceptive practices as a lack of integrity and honesty. Forever 21 should embody virtues such as truthfulness and transparency in their business dealings. By engaging in deceptive pricing and advertising, the company falls short of these virtues and undermines trust and fairness in the marketplace.
3. Solutions for Ethical Improvement:
a) Exploitation of Sweatshop Labor:
- Solution: Forever 21 should adopt and enforce a comprehensive code of conduct for its suppliers, ensuring that all workers involved in the production process are treated fairly and provided with safe working conditions. This code of conduct should include fair wages, reasonable working hours, and safeguards against physical and verbal abuse. Regular audits and inspections should be conducted to monitor compliance with these standards.
b) Deceptive Pricing and Advertising:
- Solution: Forever 21 should implement stricter policies and guidelines regarding pricing and advertising practices. Clear and accurate information about the original prices, discounts, and product quality should be provided to customers. Independent third-party audits can be employed to verify compliance with these guidelines. Additionally, the company should prioritize transparency and honesty in its marketing communications to build trust with customers.
By implementing these solutions, Forever 21 can enhance its ethical standing, improve the welfare of workers, and rebuild trust with consumers.
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Alica and jane for Osprey Corp. Alice transfers property FMV $300,000 AB $25,000 for 50 shares.Jane transfers property FM $165,000 AB $50,000 and services as an accoutiant for Ospery (this is an organizational cost that must be capitalized by Osprey and not deducted). The Services hava FMV $35,000. Jane receives 50 shares for property and services.
a. What gain does Jane recognize?
b. What is Osprey's AB in property transfered by Jane? How does Osprey treat the value of services Jane renders?
Note that organizational costs are capitalized and not deductable by the Corporation.
a. To determine the gain recognized by Jane, we need to compare the fair market value (FMV) of the property transferred by Jane with her adjusted basis (AB) in the property.
Jane's FMV of the property transferred is $165,000, and her AB in the property is $50,000. Therefore, the gain recognized by Jane can be calculated as:
Gain recognized = FMV - AB
= $165,000 - $50,000
= $115,000
Jane recognizes a gain of $115,000.
b. Osprey's adjusted basis (AB) in the property transferred by Jane is equal to the FMV of the property. Therefore, Osprey's AB in the property transferred by Jane is $165,000.
As for the value of services Jane renders, Osprey must capitalize the organizational costs associated with those services and cannot deduct them. The services rendered by Jane have a fair market value (FMV) of $35,000, which represents an organizational cost for Osprey. This cost needs to be capitalized by Osprey and treated as an asset on its books.
In summary, Osprey's AB in the property transferred by Jane is $165,000, and the value of services Jane renders is capitalized as an organizational cost and treated as an asset by Osprey.
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Show all work
15. Compute the equivalent annual inflation rate based on the Consumer Price Index, for the period from 1990 to 2017 ? (5 Points)
To compute the equivalent annual inflation rate based on the Consumer Price Index (CPI) for the period from 1990 to 2017, you would need the CPI values for both years.
Unfortunately, I don't have access to real-time data or the ability to perform calculations, as my training only goes up until September 2021. However, I can guide you on how to calculate the equivalent annual inflation rate using the CPI values. Here's a step-by-step process: 1. Obtain the CPI values for the years 1990 and 2017. You can find this information from official government sources or statistical databases. 2. Calculate the cumulative inflation rate for the period by using the following formula: Cumulative Inflation Rate = ((CPI2017 - CPI1990) / CPI1990) * 100.
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In a Six Sigma organization, which of the following would you expect to find?
99.73 % of all processes are acceptable quality
3.4 defects per thousand opportunities
orange belt and yellow belt employees work on quality improvement teams
teams work to solve quality problems using the DMAIC problem solving methodology
.27% of all results are non-conforming
In a Six Sigma organization, the following are expected to be found: 99.73 % of all processes are acceptable quality, 3.4 defects per thousand opportunities, Orange belt and yellow belt employees work on quality improvement teams, Teams work to solve quality problems using the DMAIC problem-solving methodology and 0.27% of all results are non-conforming.
What is Six Sigma?Six Sigma is a technique that improves business processes and quality control. It is a methodology and a toolbox that is widely used to increase efficiency, reduce waste, and minimize defects in manufacturing and service processes.
The primary goal of the Six Sigma approach is to develop and implement processes that are free of defects, resulting in higher customer satisfaction, lower costs, and increased productivity. It emphasizes teamwork, data-driven decision-making, and continuous improvement.
The following are the expected results in a Six Sigma organization: 99.73 % of all processes are acceptable quality, 3.4 defects per thousand opportunities, Orange belt and yellow belt employees work on quality improvement teams, Teams work to solve quality problems using the DMAIC problem-solving methodology and 0.27% of all results are non-conforming.
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Sophie is a newly appointed Customer Service (CS) Manager in a multinational corporation. She was assigned with two new teams of CS staff. These two teams consist of 12 people, 6 people in each team. All the team members came from different continent of the world, some from the U.S., China, Africa and Europe. Two months after Sophie taking up the position, she received numerous feedback or complaints from her staff. Members from different teams expressed their frustrations that they could not work well among themselves. The team members from U.S. complaint that the team members from Africa did not respect their cultures, and speak other languages during the meeting. Other team members complaint that their team mates only shared partial information with them. Due to this reason, they could not perform their work well because of incomplete information. Sophie knew she needs to settle this problem as soon as possible. If she does not do so, the scenario happened in the teams would cause serious consequences later.
Identify and describe THREE (3) possible communication barriers that may happened in the
scenario above. Recommend TWO (2) possible solutions to overcome the communication barriers.
Your answer should not be more than 600 words
Three possible communication barriers that may have occurred in the scenario are:
1. Cultural differences: The team members from different continents bring diverse cultural backgrounds, which can lead to misunderstandings and conflicts. The complaint from the U.S. team members about the African team members not respecting their cultures indicates a clash of cultural norms and values. This barrier can hinder effective communication and collaboration among team members.
2. Language barriers: The complaint about team members speaking other languages during meetings suggests that language differences might be impeding effective communication. If some team members are not fluent in the language being used, they may feel excluded and struggle to understand and contribute to discussions. This can lead to misunderstandings and hinder teamwork. To overcome these communication barriers, Sophie can consider the following solutions:
1. Cultural awareness and training: Sophie should promote cultural awareness and foster an inclusive work environment. Organizing cultural sensitivity training sessions can help team members understand and respect each other's cultural differences. This training should focus on promoting empathy, open-mindedness, and effective cross-cultural communication strategies.
2. Language support and resources: Sophie can provide language support and resources to bridge the language gap among team members. This can include hiring interpreters or providing language learning opportunities for those who struggle with the team's common language. Additionally, encouraging team members to use simpler language and avoiding jargon can help improve communication clarity for everyone.
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1. Explain the Accounting Year End Closing 2. List the steps of Closing Process 3. Explain Adjusting entries of year end. Provide examples with your explanation 4. In what order do you prepare Financial Statements and why? 5. Describe the purpose of adjusting accounts at the end of the period. 6. Explain how the timeliness, matching, and revenue recognition principles affect the adjusting process 7. Explain how accounting adjustments link to financial statements
1. Accounting year-end closing is a process of finalizing financial statements at the end of an accounting year. The purpose of this process is to transfer the balances of temporary accounts to permanent accounts and prepare financial statements to reflect the actual financial position of the company.
2. The steps of the closing process are:
a. Closing temporary accounts: The balances of temporary accounts, such as revenue and expenses accounts, are transferred to the income summary account.
b. Preparing an income summary account: This account is used to summarize all revenue and expense accounts, which helps in the calculation of net income.
c. Transferring the balances: The balance of the income summary account is transferred to the retained earnings account.
d. Closing the dividends account: The dividends account is closed by transferring its balance to the retained earnings account.
3. Adjusting entries are made at the end of an accounting year to ensure that financial statements reflect accurate financial information. Examples of adjusting entries are:
a. Accrued expenses: Expenses that have been incurred but not yet paid, such as salaries and utilities.
b. Prepaid expenses: Expenses that have been paid in advance, such as rent and insurance.
c. Depreciation: Allocation of the cost of long-term assets over their useful life.
4. Financial statements are prepared in a specific order: income statement, statement of retained earnings, balance sheet, and cash flow statement. This order is based on the relationship between these statements and the flow of information between them.
5. The purpose of adjusting accounts at the end of the period is to ensure that the financial statements reflect the true financial position of the company. This is achieved by recognizing all revenues and expenses incurred during the period, regardless of when they were paid or received.
6. The timeliness, matching, and revenue recognition principles affect the adjusting process in the following ways:
a. Timeliness principle: This principle requires that accounting information is timely, accurate, and reliable. Adjusting entries ensure that financial statements are up-to-date and accurate.
b. Matching principle: This principle requires that expenses be matched with revenues in the period they are incurred. Adjusting entries ensure that all expenses are recognized in the period they are incurred.
c. Revenue recognition principle: This principle requires that revenues be recognized in the period they are earned. Adjusting entries ensure that all revenues are recognized in the period they are earned.
7. Accounting adjustments link to financial statements by ensuring that financial statements accurately reflect the financial position of the company. Adjusting entries are reflected in the financial statements, such as the income statement and balance sheet, which help stakeholders make informed decisions about the company.
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Keeping the technology proprietary is accomplished through Multiple Choice
a. joint venture.
b. licensing.
c. contracted development
d. internal development.
e. technology trading.
Keeping the technology proprietary is accomplished through internal development. By developing technology internally, the business can maintain total control over its intellectual property.
Proprietary technology refers to the set of secrets, copyrights, and legal rights that allow a company to make a unique product or service. Such technology is a valuable asset for businesses that do not want their competitors to copy their goods or services. Companies can retain and safeguard the value of their proprietary technology by developing it internally without involving third parties.
Internal development of technology ensures that the company has complete control over its intellectual property and that it can protect its trade secrets from being disclosed or compromised. By using this method, businesses have greater control over their intellectual property, allowing them to protect their trade secrets and competitive advantages. This approach to technology development is crucial in a world where the theft of intellectual property is on the rise.
In conclusion, internal development is a powerful way to maintain proprietary technology. Therefore, businesses that want to protect their proprietary technology should opt for internal development over joint ventures, licensing, contracted development, or technology trading.
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What do Concentration ratios and The Herfindahl index
measure?
Please post references and be original. Thank you
Concentration ratios and the Herfindahl index are measures used to assess the level of market concentration in an industry.
Concentration ratios provide a numerical representation of the market share held by a specified number of firms in a given industry. They are calculated by summing the market shares of the top firms in the industry. For example, a four-firm concentration ratio measures the combined market share of the four largest firms. Concentration ratios help to gauge the extent to which market power is concentrated in a few dominant firms.
The Herfindahl index is another measure of market concentration that takes into account the market shares of all firms in an industry. It is calculated by summing the squares of the market shares of all firms. The Herfindahl index ranges from 0 to 1, with higher values indicating greater concentration. It provides a more detailed picture of market concentration by considering the distribution of market shares across all firms in the industry.
These measures of market concentration help economists and policymakers assess the level of competition in an industry and identify potential antitrust issues. They provide insights into the market structure, competitive dynamics, and the potential for anti-competitive behavior. By understanding market concentration, regulators can make informed decisions regarding competition policy and enforcement.
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2.Newland Company reported retained earnings at December 31, 2018, of $350,000. The following transactions occurred during 2019.
An error was discovered. In 2017, depreciation expense was recorded at $45,000, but the correct amount was $25,000.
Declared cash dividends $100,000.
Declared stock dividends $70,000.
Net income was $450,000.
From the given information, choose the correct answer.
a-The correction of 2017 net income is:
a.
$45,000
b.
$25,000
c.
$20,000
The correction of 2017 net income is $20,000 because of the overstatement resulting from the incorrect depreciation expense.
The error in the depreciation expense recorded in 2017 affects the net income for that year. By recording $45,000 instead of the correct amount of $25,000, an overstatement of $20,000 occurred. Since net income is part of retained earnings, this error impacts the accumulated balance.
To calculate the correction, we need to adjust the 2017 net income by the difference between the incorrect and correct depreciation expenses. The overstatement of $20,000 needs to be deducted from the reported net income of $450,000 for 2019. Therefore, the correction to 2017 net income is $20,000.
The correction of net income involves identifying and rectifying errors made in previous financial statements. In this case, the error was in the depreciation expense recorded in 2017. By understanding the impact of the error on net income and retained earnings, accurate adjustments can be made to reflect the correct financial position of the company. The correction ensures that the financial statements present a true and reliable picture of the company's financial performance.
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Consider the following Balance Sheet related data for Kairful Finance Corp. (KFC), a Canadian schedule B bank. Required (3 parts): If interest rates are currently 2% but increase to 4%, how much will KFC's equity change by (approximately)? Use the duıation ralrulatione th rompun with unır answar 12 markel KFC is considering managing its interest rate risk and achieving a duration neutral position. Assume it has the ability to buy or sell 10 year zero coupon bonds. What dollar value of these bonds should it buy or sell to achieve its desired duration neutral position? (2 marks)
Without the duration of KFC's assets and liabilities, it is not possible to determine the approximate change in equity or the dollar value of zero coupon bonds needed for a duration neutral position.
To determine the change in KFC's equity due to an interest rate increase, we need the duration of its assets and liabilities. Without this information, we cannot calculate the precise impact on equity.
Similarly, to achieve a duration-neutral position, we need the current duration of KFC's assets and liabilities. This information is crucial for determining the amount of zero coupon bonds KFC should buy or sell.
Unfortunately, since the durations are not provided in the question, we cannot calculate the approximate change in equity or the necessary dollar value of zero coupon bonds for achieving a duration-neutral position.
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Question 1 (10 Marks)
Study the scenario described below and answer all questions that follow.
Firms achieve their missions in three conceptual ways: (1) differentiation, (2) costs leadership, and (3) response. In this regard, operations managers are called on to deliver goods and services that are (1) better, or at least different, (2) cheaper, and (3) more responsive. Operations managers translate these strategic concepts into tangible tasks to be accomplished. Any one or combination of the three strategy options can generate a system that has a unique advantage over competitors (Heizer, Render and Munson, 2017:74).
P&B Inc., a medium-sized manufacturing family-owned firm operates in a market characterised by quick delivery and reliability of scheduling as well as frequent dramatic changes in design innovation and customer demand. As the operations analysts at P&B Inc., discuss how you would prioritise for implementation the following FOUR (4) critical and strategic decision areas of operations management as part of P&B's 'input-transformation-output' process to achieve competitive advantage:
1. Goods and service design
2. Human resources and job design
3. Inventory, and
4. Scheduling
In addition to the above, your discussion should include an introduction in which the strategy option implicated by the market requirements is comprehensively described.
P&B Inc. should prioritize goods and service design, human resources and job design, inventory management, and scheduling to achieve competitive advantage by being responsive to quick delivery, scheduling reliability, design innovation, and fluctuating customer demand.
In the given scenario, P&B Inc. operates in a market characterized by quick delivery, reliability of scheduling, design innovation, and fluctuating customer demand.
To achieve a competitive advantage, P&B Inc. needs to prioritize the following four critical and strategic decision areas of operations management in their input-transformation-output process:
Goods and service design: P&B Inc. should prioritize the design of their goods and services to meet the unique demands of their market.
This involves developing products that are better or different from competitors, incorporating innovative features, and ensuring customer preferences are considered during the design process.
By offering differentiated products, P&B Inc. can attract customers and create a competitive edge.
Human resources and job design: Effective human resource management and job design are essential for achieving operational excellence.
P&B Inc. should focus on hiring and developing skilled employees who possess the necessary expertise to adapt to frequent design innovations and changing customer demands.
Job design should emphasize flexibility, collaboration, and continuous learning to enhance responsiveness and productivity.
Inventory: Given the market's requirement for quick delivery and reliability of scheduling, P&B Inc. needs to implement efficient inventory management practices. This involves maintaining optimal inventory levels, adopting just-in-time principles, and leveraging technologies like real-time tracking systems to minimize inventory costs while ensuring product availability.
Scheduling: P&B Inc. should prioritize effective scheduling practices to meet customer demands and optimize resource utilization. This includes creating agile production schedules that can quickly respond to changing design requirements and customer orders.
Efficient scheduling helps minimize lead times, reduce bottlenecks, and improve overall operational performance.
The strategy option implicated by the market requirements in this scenario is responsiveness. P&B Inc. needs to focus on delivering goods and services that are responsive to the quick delivery, scheduling reliability, design innovation, and fluctuating customer demand in their market.
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The profits after tax of Ramisha Textile Ltd. are as follows:
September 30,2014 Tk. 50,00,000
September 30,2015 Tk. 52,80,000
On October 1, 2013, the company's issued share capital consisted of 1,50,000 ordinary shares. On July 1, 2015, the company made a 1 for 5 rights issue at Tk. 50 per share. This issue was fully subscribed. The market value of the company's shares just before the rights issue was Tk. 80 per share.
Required:
i. Calculate basic EPS for the year ended on September 30, 2015 .
ii. Calculate basic EPS for the year ended on September 30, 2014.
To calculate the basic earnings per share (EPS) for Ramisha Textile Ltd., we need to consider the company's profits after tax and the changes in the number of ordinary shares due to a rights issue.
Basic EPS is calculated by dividing the profits after tax by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period.
i. To calculate the basic EPS for the year ended on September 30, 2015, we need to determine the weighted average number of ordinary shares. Before the rights issue on July 1, 2015, the company had 1,50,000 ordinary shares. After the rights issue, the company issued additional shares at a rate of 1 for every 5 shares held. This means for every 5 shares, 1 new share was issued. Therefore, the total number of new shares issued would be (1/5) x 1,50,000 = 30,000 shares. The weighted average number of ordinary shares would be the average of shares before and after the rights issue: (1,50,000 + 30,000) / 2 = 90,000 shares.
To calculate the basic EPS for the year ended on September 30, 2015, divide the profit after tax of Tk. 52,80,000 by the weighted average number of ordinary shares (90,000).
ii. To calculate the basic EPS for the year ended on September 30, 2014, we use the same weighted average number of ordinary shares (90,000) since there was no change in the number of shares during that period. Divide the profit after tax of Tk. 50,00,000 by the weighted average number of ordinary shares (90,000).
Therefore, the basic EPS for the year ended on September 30, 2015, would be Tk. 58.67 (52,80,000 / 90,000), and the basic EPS for the year ended on September 30, 2014, would be Tk. 55.56 (50,00,000 / 90,000).
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If the economy is below its level natural, Explain and illustrate graphically, the process adjustment in the medium term. what happens in each of the markets, and what effects are generated in production, in interest rates and in the price level. Please illustrate what happens in the 4 different graphs (goods and services, the money market, the model IS-LM and Aggregate Supply and Aggregate demand)
When the economy is below its natural level, it indicates that there is a recessionary gap or an output gap, where actual output is below potential output.
1. Goods and Services MarketIn the goods and services market, the initial situation shows a lower level of output (Y) than the potential level (Yp). As a result, there is a decrease in aggregate demand (AD) relative to aggregate supply (AS). This leads to downward pressure on prices.
2. Money MarketIn the money market, the initial situation shows a lower level of output, which results in lower income and reduced money demand. As a response, there is an excess supply of money, causing the interest rates (r) to decline.
3. IS-LM ModelIn the IS-LM model, the initial equilibrium point is below the potential level. The LM curve remains unchanged, but the IS curve shifts to the right as a result of expansionary policies (such as fiscal stimulus or monetary easing). This shift increases output and lowers the interest rate until a new equilibrium is reached.
4. AD-SRAS-LRAS DiagramIn the AD-SRAS-LRAS diagram, the initial equilibrium point is below the potential level. Aggregate demand (AD) is lower than the long-run aggregate supply (LRAS), creating a recessionary gap. Over time, as expansionary policies are implemented, the AD curve shifts to the right, increasing output and moving towards the long-run equilibrium.
Overall, the adjustment process in the medium term involves a combination of expansionary policies, which aim to increase aggregate demand and output, and the effects on the goods and services market, money market, IS-LM model, and the AD-SRAS-LRAS diagram.
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Currently, an industry is operating at a point where price = 20, quantity = 5, slope of the demand curve = -2, and marginal cost = 10. Accordingly, the degree of competition in this industry, as measured by the conjectural variation, equals:
A. 0.
B. ½.
C. 1.
D. 2.
The degree of competition, as measured by the conjectural variation, is the negative value of the ratio. In this case, the degree of competition is approximately -4.75. Hence, none of the given options (A, B, C, D) accurately represent the calculated conjectural variation.
The degree of competition in an industry is measured by the conjectural variation, which reflects how firms expect their competitors to respond to changes in price. It is calculated as the negative ratio of the percentage change in quantity demanded to the percentage change in price.
Given the information provided:
Price = 20
Quantity = 5
Slope of the demand curve = -2
Marginal cost = 10
To calculate the conjectural variation, we need to find the percentage change in quantity demanded and the percentage change in price.
Percentage change in quantity demanded:
[(New Quantity - Initial Quantity) / Initial Quantity] * 100
[(5 - 4) / 4] * 100
25%
Percentage change in price:
[(New Price - Initial Price) / Initial Price] * 100
[(20 - 19) / 19] * 100
5.26%
Conjectural variation = - (Percentage change in quantity demanded / Percentage change in price)
Conjectural variation = - (25% / 5.26%)
Conjectural variation ≈ -4.75
The degree of competition, as measured by the conjectural variation, is the negative value of the ratio. In this case, the degree of competition is approximately -4.75.
Therefore, none of the given options (A, B, C, D) accurately represent the calculated conjectural variation.
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magine that you are an entrepreneur in Canada, and you have a growing business that imports products made in France. Answer the following questions as they apply to "your" business:
d) In your contract with the exporter, you agree to pay for the product through a documentary letter of credit issued by the Toronto Dominion Bank. If the product is damaged in transit, can you stop payment under the letter of credit? Explain your answer.
As an entrepreneur importing products from France, I cannot stop payment under a documentary letter of credit issued by the Toronto Dominion Bank solely due to product damage in transit. The letter of credit focuses on financial transactions, not physical condition, which is typically covered by insurance or separate agreements.
As an entrepreneur in Canada importing products from France, if I have agreed to pay for the products through a documentary letter of credit issued by the Toronto Dominion Bank, I cannot stop payment under the letter of credit solely due to the product being damaged in transit.
A documentary letter of credit is a financial instrument that guarantees payment to the exporter upon presentation of compliant shipping documents. Its purpose is to ensure that the exporter receives payment for the goods shipped. The responsibility for verifying the condition of the products lies with the buyer before they are shipped.
In the case of product damage in transit, it is typically the responsibility of the shipping or insurance company to cover any losses or damages. As the buyer, I should have appropriate insurance coverage or a separate agreement with the exporter or shipping company to address such issues.
The letter of credit mechanism is primarily concerned with the financial transaction and compliance with the agreed terms and conditions of the contract, rather than the physical condition of the products. Therefore, the payment cannot be stopped under the letter of credit due to damage in transit alone.
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"An Amount of R 10 000 appears on the Bank Statement: This is a
direct deposit made by Mr Good, into our bank account.
This amount must be recorded in the :
a.
Bank reconciliation statement
b."
The amount of R 10,000 appearing on the bank statement as a direct deposit made by Mr. Good should be recorded in the bank reconciliation statement.
When preparing a bank reconciliation statement, it is crucial to compare the transactions recorded in the company's books with the transactions reflected in the bank statement. The purpose of the bank reconciliation statement is to identify and explain any differences between the two records.
In this case, since the bank statement shows a direct deposit of R 10,000 made by Mr. Good into the company's bank account, this transaction needs to be included in the bank reconciliation statement. The bank reconciliation statement will account for this deposit and reconcile the difference between the bank's records and the company's records.
By recording the direct deposit in the bank reconciliation statement, it ensures that the transaction is properly accounted for and reflects the accurate cash position of the company. This step is essential for identifying any discrepancies or errors between the bank statement and the company's records, such as outstanding checks, bank fees, or any deposits or withdrawals that may not have been recorded.
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How do options contracts work? What are the 3 main factors that
make one options contract, on shares of Apple, say, more expensive
than options on Walmart shares?
Options contracts give the holder the right, but not the obligation, to buy (call option) or sell (put option) a specific asset, at a predetermined price (strike price) within a specified period (expiration date). The price of an options contract is influenced by three main factors: intrinsic value, time value, and implied volatility.
Intrinsic value is the difference between the current price of the underlying asset and the strike price. If an option has intrinsic value, it is considered in-the-money. Time value represents the potential for the option to gain additional value before expiration.
It is influenced by factors such as the time remaining until expiration, interest rates, and expected dividends. Implied volatility reflects the market's expectation of the underlying asset's price fluctuations. Higher volatility increases the likelihood of large price swings, which can make options more valuable.
Options on shares of Apple might be more expensive than options on Walmart shares due to several reasons. First, Apple shares may have a higher market price than Walmart shares, resulting in higher strike prices for options on Apple. Second, Apple's stock might exhibit higher implied volatility, reflecting its historical price movements or market expectations.
Higher volatility increases the options' prices. Lastly, the time value of options on Apple might be higher if there is significant market anticipation or uncertainty around Apple's future performance or product releases.
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Prior to the first renewal how many hours of
continuous education must a licensee complete after
licensure?
A. 15
B. 30
Prior to the first renewal, a licensee must complete 15 hours of continuous education after licensure. The correct answer is A. 15.
License renewal is a crucial aspect of maintaining professional credentials and ensuring that practitioners remain competent in their respective fields. In many jurisdictions, including the one mentioned in the question, licensees are required to fulfill certain continuing education requirements to renew their licenses.
These requirements are put in place to promote ongoing professional development and ensure that practitioners stay updated with the latest knowledge, skills, and practices in their industry.
In the case of the question, prior to the first renewal, licensees are expected to complete 15 hours of continuous education. This means that they must engage in educational activities, such as attending seminars, workshops, training programs, or courses, for a total duration of 15 hours. The purpose of this requirement is to enhance the licensee's expertise, keep them informed about industry advancements, and improve the overall quality of service they provide to clients or customers.
By completing these hours of continuous education, licensees can demonstrate their commitment to professional growth and maintain their active status as licensed practitioners.
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mutual assent to a real estate contract is indicated by
Mutual assent to a real estate contract is indicated by the presence of an offer and acceptance between the parties involved. In order for a contract to be formed, both the buyer and seller must agree on the essential terms and conditions of the agreement.
The offer is a proposal made by one party to the other, outlining the terms of the contract, including the price, property description, and any other important details. It signifies the intention to enter into a contractual relationship.
The acceptance occurs when the other party agrees to the terms of the offer without any modifications or counteroffers. It is a clear indication that both parties are in agreement and willing to move forward with the contract.
Mutual assent is typically demonstrated through written or verbal communication, depending on the legal requirements and practices in the jurisdiction. It is important for both parties to have a clear understanding of the terms and to willingly and voluntarily enter into the contract.
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A bond with a par value of $1,000.00 and a coupon rate of 9.75% has a current market value of $1,005.00. What is its yield to maturity? The bond has 9 years to maturity. 10.35% 9.86% 10.42% 9.94% 9.66%
The bond's yield to maturity is 9.94% when a bond with a par value of $1,000.00 and a coupon rate of 9.75% has a current market value of $1,005.00.
To calculate the yield to maturity (YTM) of the bond, we need to use the present value formula and solve for the discount rate that equates the present value of the bond's cash flows to its current market value.
The coupon rate of the bond is 9.75%, and it has a par value of $1,000. The bond has 9 years to maturity. We can assume that the bond pays semi-annual coupons.
Using the present value formula for a bond's cash flows, the equation can be expressed as follows:
1,005 = (Coupon Payment / (1 + YTM/2)^1) + (Coupon Payment / (1 + YTM/2)^2) + ... + (Coupon Payment / (1 + YTM/2)^18) + (Par Value / (1 + YTM/2)^18)
Simplifying the equation and solving for YTM, we find that the yield to maturity is approximately 9.94%.
Therefore, the yield to maturity of the bond is 9.94%.
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Doug just retired on his 70th birthday. He presently has $3,000,000 in his retirement account. Doug hopes to live another 25 years. He expects to earn a nominal annual rate of return of 8% on his investment and expects inflation to average 3% per year. If he wants to withdrawal a constant real amount annually over the next 25 years so as to maintain a constant standard of living and the first withdrawal is to be made today, what will be the amount of the initial withdrawal?
To calculate the amount of the initial withdrawal that will allow Doug to maintain a constant standard of living over the next 25 years, we need to take into account the effects of inflation and the nominal rate of return on his investment.
Since Doug wants to withdraw a constant real amount annually, we need to adjust for inflation. The real rate of return can be calculated as the nominal rate of return minus the inflation rate:
Real rate of return = Nominal rate of return - Inflation rate
= 8% - 3%
= 5%
Now, we can calculate the amount of the initial withdrawal using the present value of an annuity formula. The formula is:
Initial withdrawal = (Real amount desired) * Present value annuity factor
Since Doug wants to maintain a constant standard of living, we assume he wants to withdraw the same real amount each year. Let's assume the real amount desired is X.
Using the real rate of return of 5% and the number of years (25), we can calculate the present value annuity factor. The formula for the present value annuity factor is:
Present value annuity factor = (1 - (1 + r)^(-n)) / r
Where r is the real rate of return and n is the number of years.
Plugging in the values, we get:
Present value annuity factor = (1 - (1 + 0.05)^(-25)) / 0.05
≈ 13.5907
Now, we can calculate the initial withdrawal:
Initial withdrawal = X * Present value annuity factor
We don't have the exact value for X, but we know that Doug has $3,000,000 in his retirement account. Assuming he wants to withdraw a percentage of this amount annually, let's say 4%, we can calculate X:
X = 0.04 * $3,000,000
= $120,000
Finally, we can calculate the initial withdrawal:
Initial withdrawal = $120,000 * 13.5907
≈ $1,631,884.4
Therefore, the amount of the initial withdrawal for Doug to maintain a constant standard of living over the next 25 years is approximately $1,631,884.4.
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