Public corruption refers to the abuse of power by government officials or individuals in public positions for personal gain or to benefit others illegally.
Public corruption involves acts of bribery, embezzlement, extortion, and favoritism within government institutions. These activities undermine public trust, distort the allocation of public resources, and hinder economic development. Public corruption can lead to inefficiency in government services, as funds meant for public projects and social welfare are diverted for personal gain.
Private corruption refers to corrupt practices within the private sector, such as fraud, insider trading, money laundering, and bribery in business transactions. Private corruption distorts market mechanisms, undermines fair competition, and hampers economic efficiency. It creates an unfair playing field, where businesses that engage in corrupt practices gain an advantage over ethical businesses.
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(c) Examine the determinants of online Peer-to-Peer (P2P) lending. I [10 [11
The determinants of online peer-to-peer (P2P) lending include technological infrastructure and a supportive regulatory environment.
A robust technological infrastructure, encompassing secure payment systems and efficient loan origination processes, is crucial for the functioning of P2P lending platforms. Additionally, a favorable regulatory environment that balances consumer protection with innovation is essential.
Regulations addressing licensing, risk management, investor protection, and transparency contribute to building trust and confidence among participants.
These factors collectively contribute to the growth and success of online P2P lending by providing a reliable and efficient platform for borrowers and lenders to connect and transact.
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Question 1
Confidence in company reporting depends on the effectiveness of the internal controls and risk management processes that directors put in place and oversee. High-profile firm failures where weak internal controls and poor risk management have been evident have eroded that confidence.
Required:
i) Explain the need for strengthening the internal control framework for Fijian businesses? What would you see as the principal benefits of stronger regulation of internal controls?
ii) Should External audits of the internal controls be mandatory for Fijian businesses. Explain your answer.
Question 2
Paying a dividend leaves a company with fewer assets with which to meet its liabilities to creditors and meet other demands for capital. For this reason, there are legal constraints on the amount a company can distribute in dividends such as a requirement that they cannot be paid out of capital but only paid from a company’s accumulated realized profits less its accumulated realized losses.
Required:
Explain 2 ways for strengthening the distribution of dividends payment for the future solvency of a company?
1i) Reinforcing the inner control system for Fijian businesses is significant to upgrade the straightforwardness, responsibility, and adequacy of their operations. By executing vigorous inside controls, businesses can relieve dangers, anticipate extortion and blunders, and guarantee compliance with lawful and administrative prerequisites. The foremost benefits of more grounded control of inner controls incorporate:
Expanded Budgetary Keenness: This improves the certainty of partners, such as speculators, moneylenders, and controllers, within the monetary explanations and detailing of Fijian businesses.Hazard Relief: This permits businesses to proactively address potential dangers, defend resources, and anticipate monetary misfortunes.Operational Proficiency: This may lead to fetched reserve funds, optimized execution, and moved forward decision-making inside the organization.Compliance and Legitimate PrerequisitesThis decreases the chance of non-compliance punishments, legitimate debate, and reputational harm.1ii) Outside reviews of inside controls ought to be made required for Fijian businesses. Outside reviews give a free appraisal of the adequacy of inside controls, which includes validity to the monetary detailing handle. Benefits of required outside reviews of inside controls incorporate:
Affirmation of Unwavering quality: Outside reviews conducted by autonomous evaluators give an objective assessment of the adequacy of inner controls. This affirmation upgrades the unwavering quality and validity of monetary explanations, reinforcing partner certainty.Location of Control Shortcomings: Outside evaluators have the skill to recognize control shortcomings, holes, or lack that will exist inside an organization's inside control system. They can give suggestions for changes and offer assistance to businesses to address these shortcomings proactively. Compliance Confirmation: This confirmation makes a difference keep up straightforwardness, responsibility, and adherence to best hones. Benchmarking and Nonstop Enhancement: They give important bits of knowledge into how inside controls compare to peers, encouraging nonstop advancement and the execution of more compelling control measures.By and large, obligatory outside reviews of inner controls fortify the administration and chance administration hones of Fijian businesses, upgrading financial integrity and cultivating partner certainty.
2. To reinforce the dispersion of profit installments for long run dissolvability of a company, two key methodologies can be actualized:
Profit Maintainability Appraisal: The company ought to frequently assess the supportability of profit installments by considering its budgetary position, liquidity, and future capital prerequisites. By conducting exhaustive money-related examinations, cash stream projections, and push testing, the company can guarantee that profit dissemination doesn't jeopardize its dissolvabilityProfit Arrangement Survey: The company ought to set up a clear and well-defined profit approach that adjusts with its money-related targets and long-term dissolvability. This approach ought to consider components such as productivity, cash stream era, capital structure, and future speculation needs. The arrangement ought to strike an adjustment between fulfilling shareholders and holding adequate earnings to bolster the company's money-related soundness and development.By actualizing these measures, companies can guarantee that profit installments are made in a capable and maintainable way, defending the company's dissolvability and assembling its commitments to creditors and other capital requests.
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For a chinese company:
Analyse a company’s internationalization strategy, identifying the model/s followed in this expansion (ILO, LLL, etc) along with the key capabilities supporting it (there may be different capabilities in different periods).
The internationalization strategy of a Chinese company involves entry modes such as exporting, joint ventures, or acquisitions, guided by models like ILC or UIM, supported by capabilities like market research, adaptability, and strategic partnerships.
Analyzing a Chinese company's internationalization strategy requires an understanding of the specific company and its expansion efforts. While I don't have access to real-time data on individual Chinese companies, I can provide you with a general framework to assess internationalization strategies and the key capabilities that may support them.
1. Entry Mode: Chinese companies typically utilize different entry modes based on their objectives and resources. These can include:
- Exporting: Selling products or services directly to foreign markets.
- Licensing or Franchising: Granting licenses to foreign entities to produce or sell products under the company's brand.
- Joint Ventures: Partnering with local companies to establish a shared entity in the foreign market.
- Mergers and Acquisitions: Acquiring existing companies or forming strategic alliances with foreign firms.
- Greenfield Investments: Establishing new subsidiaries or operations in foreign countries.
2. Internationalization Models: Various models can guide a company's internationalization strategy. Some common ones include:
- International Life Cycle (ILC): Focusing on the stages of product life cycle to determine expansion timing and target markets.
- Uppsala Internationalization Model (UIM): Emphasizing gradual knowledge accumulation and market commitment over time.
- Network-Based Models: Highlighting the significance of networks, relationships, and partnerships in international expansion.
- Born Global Approach: Pursuing rapid internationalization from the early stages of the company's existence.
3. Key Capabilities: Companies require specific capabilities to support their internationalization efforts. These may evolve over different periods of expansion and can include:
- Market Research and Analysis: Understanding target markets, customer preferences, and competitive landscapes.
- Adaptability and Flexibility: Adjusting products, services, and strategies to meet local market demands and cultural nuances.
- Supply Chain Management: Establishing efficient global supply chains to ensure timely delivery and cost-effectiveness.
- Cross-cultural Competence: Navigating diverse cultural environments, building relationships, and effective communication.
- Strategic Partnerships and Alliances: Collaborating with local partners to gain market knowledge, distribution channels, or regulatory expertise.
- Financial Resources and Risk Management: Allocating financial resources strategically and effectively managing risks associated with international expansion.
It is important to note that each company's internationalization strategy is unique, and the specific capabilities and models employed can vary depending on the company's industry, resources, and target markets. Conducting a detailed analysis of a specific Chinese company's internationalization strategy would require access to specific company data and industry research.
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When a Chinese company aims to expand globally, it must possess a thorough understanding of the target market and formulate effective strategies to achieve its objectives. There exist various models for international expansion, including Internalization (ILO), the Network Model, the Internationalization Process Model, and the Location-specific Advantages Model. To comprehend the internationalization strategy of a Chinese company, it is necessary to analyze the models it adopts and the crucial capabilities that underpin its approach.
The selection of an appropriate model and the required capabilities should be based on the company's internal strengths and the external business environment.
Once the Chinese company has determined its chosen model, it needs to acquire the necessary capabilities to execute its internationalization strategy.
These capabilities can be categorized into three groups: resources, capabilities, and skills.
Resources encompass financial capital, human capital, and physical capital, while capabilities encompass organizational structures, systems, and processes that enable efficient and effective operations.
Skills refer to the expertise and knowledge of the company's employees, which they employ to create value for the organization.
Hence, the internationalization strategy of a Chinese company is contingent upon the selected model and the key capabilities it possesses to support and drive its expansion efforts.
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The economic concept of liquidity is important in digital advertising because:
Digital advertising is a marketplace
Liquidity measures how quickly an asset can be converted to cash
Healthy marketplaces require liquidity
All answers apply
The economic concept of liquidity is important in digital advertising because digital advertising is a marketplace, liquidity measures how quickly an asset can be converted to cash, and healthy marketplaces require liquidity. Therefore, all the provided answers apply.
Digital advertising operates as a marketplace where advertisers and publishers interact. The concept of liquidity, which measures how quickly an asset can be converted to cash, is crucial in this context. Liquidity ensures that transactions can occur smoothly and efficiently within the digital advertising ecosystem. Advertisers need to be able to convert their advertising investments into tangible results, such as customer acquisitions or sales. Publishers, on the other hand, rely on liquidity to monetize their advertising inventory and generate revenue. The ability to convert digital assets, such as ad impressions or clicks, into cash quickly is essential for the overall functioning and sustainability of the digital advertising marketplace.
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A 25-year coupon bond pays an annual coupon of 5 and has a face
value of 100. If the current price is 100, what is the yield to
maturity?
The yield to maturity (YTM) of a 25-year coupon bond with an annual coupon of 5 and a face value of 100, priced at 100, can be calculated.
The yield to maturity (YTM) represents the total return anticipated on a bond if it is held until its maturity date. It takes into account the bond's current price, coupon payments, and face value. To calculate the yield to maturity (YTM), we can use the bond pricing formula and solve for the discount rate that equates the present value of the bond's cash flows to its current price.
In this case, the bond has an annual coupon of 5 and a face value of 100. Since the current price is equal to the face value, the bond is trading at par value. When a bond trades at par, the YTM is equal to the coupon rate. Therefore, the YTM of the bond is 5%. The YTM of 5% implies that the bond's coupon payments and the return of its face value at maturity, discounted at a rate of 5%, equate to the current price of 100. This signifies that investors purchasing the bond at its current price will earn a yield of 5% per year until maturity.
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76. Under U.S. GAAP, inventories are reported on the balance sheet at:
A. historical cost only
B. current replacement cost only
C. Net realizable value only
D. A & B
88. Which of the following financial statements is (are) prepared using the adjusted trial balance?
A. balance sheet only
B. the income statement only
C. balance sheet, income statement, statement of retained earnings
D. The balance sheet and the income statement only
91. Amortization expense is recorded for:
A. intangible assets with indefinite life
B. goodwill
C. intangible assets with finite life
D. franchise established with a contract with unlimited extensions
92. When a company issues common stock at a price per share greater than its par value, the excess should be credited to:
A. common stock
B. excess capital
C. paid- in capital in excess of par-common
D. retained earnings
94. the net realizable value of accounts receivable is the difference between gross accounts receivable and:
A. uncollectible- accounts expense
B. sales discounts
C. sales returns and allowances
D. allowance for uncollectible accounts
95. coal mines and oil reserves are:
A. depleted using the units-of-production method
B. not depleted because they belong to the earth
C. depleted using an accelerated method
D. depleted using the straight line method
76. Under U.S. GAAP, inventories are reported on the balance sheet at:
A. historical cost only
88. C. balance sheet, income statement, statement of retained earnings is (are) prepared using the adjusted trial balance.
91. Amortization expense is recorded for:
C. intangible assets with finite life
92. When a company issues common stock at a price per share greater than its par value, the excess should be credited to:
C. paid-in capital in excess of par-common
95. The net realizable value of accounts receivable is the difference between gross accounts receivable and:
A. uncollectible accounts expense
76. The answer is A. Under U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), inventories are typically reported on the balance sheet at historical cost. Historical cost refers to the cost of acquiring or producing the inventories, including the cost of purchase, production, and other related expenses. This historical cost is considered a reliable measure for valuing inventories, as it is objective and verifiable.
88. C. balance sheet, income statement, statement of retained earnings
The answer is C. The adjusted trial balance is prepared by adjusting the balances of various accounts to their correct values at the end of an accounting period. This includes adjusting entries for accruals, deferrals, depreciation, and other necessary adjustments. The adjusted trial balance serves as the basis for preparing the financial statements. The balance sheet, income statement, and statement of retained earnings are all prepared using the adjusted trial balance.
91. The answer is C. Amortization expense is recorded for intangible assets with finite life. Intangible assets are assets that lack physical substance but have value, such as patents, copyrights, and trademarks. Intangible assets with finite life are amortized over their useful lives, which represents the systematic allocation of their costs over time. Intangible assets with indefinite life, such as goodwill, are not amortized but are subject to impairment testing.
94. The answer is C. When a company issues common stock at a price per share greater than its par value, the excess amount received is known as "paid-in capital in excess of par." The excess represents the additional amount that shareholders are willing to pay for the stock above its nominal or par value. It is recorded as a credit to "paid-in capital in excess of par-common" account, which is part of shareholders' equity.
95. The answer is A. The net realizable value of accounts receivable is calculated as the difference between the gross accounts receivable balance and the allowance for uncollectible accounts. The allowance for uncollectible accounts represents the estimated amount of accounts receivable that may not be collected. This allowance is established to account for potential losses from customers who may default on their payments. The uncollectible accounts expense is the amount recognized on the income statement to reflect the estimated bad debt losses for the period.
Coal mines and oil reserves are:
C. depleted using an accelerated method
The answer is C. Coal mines and oil reserves are depleted using an accelerated method of depreciation. Depletion is the systematic allocation of the cost of natural resources, such as coal mines and oil reserves, over their extraction or production period. The accelerated method is commonly used because the extraction of these resources tends to be more intensive in the early years, resulting in higher depletion expenses during those periods. This method better matches the expense recognition with the pattern of resource consumption.
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The town council of Frostbite, Ontario, is trying to decide whether to build an outdoor skating rink which would cost S1 million and last for only one season. Operating costs would be zero. Yearly passes would be sold to anyone who wanted to use the rink. If p is the price of the pass in dollars, the number demanded would be q 1200-0.6p. The council has asked you to advise them on building the rink. Your report should say that A) revenue won't cover construction costs at any ticket price. There is no way to B) if the rink is built and price is set to maximize profits, the town makes a profit and C) if the rink is built and price set to maximize profits, the town makes a profit but D) there is no price at which ticket revenues still cover costs, but total consumer surplus E) None of the above increase total consumer surplus by building the rinlk consumers will be better off consumers are worse off than without a rink. from the rink exceeds costs.
Based on the information provided, we can analyze the different scenarios and advise the town council of Frostbite, Ontario, regarding the construction of the outdoor skating rink.
The equation for the number of passes demanded, q, is given as q = 1200 - 0.6p, where p is the price of the pass in dollars.
A) Revenue won't cover construction costs at any ticket price: In this scenario, we need to determine if the total revenue generated from selling passes would be sufficient to cover the construction cost of S1 million. Since there are no operating costs, the revenue from pass sales is the only source of income. However, based on the given demand equation, the revenue generated (p * q) would not be enough to cover the construction costs regardless of the ticket price. Therefore, we can conclude that revenue won't cover construction costs at any ticket price.
Therefore, the correct answer is A) Revenue won't cover construction costs at any ticket price.
B), C), D), and E) are not applicable since they involve scenarios where the town makes a profit or there is a possibility of consumer surplus, which is not the case based on the given information.
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Requirement a. What were Long-Term Liabilities on 1/31/23?
Long-Term Liabilities on 1/31/23 =
Part 2 Requirement b. What was the total of Property, Plant, and Equipment on
1/31/22?
Property, Plant, and Equipment on 1/31/22 =
Part 3 Requirement c. What was Stockholders' Equity on1/31/23?
Stockholders' Equity on 1/31/23 =
Balance Sheet Data
1/31/22
1/31/23
Retained Earnings
$1,100
$1,300
Investments
$400
$700
Long-Term Liabilities $1,100??
Property, Plant, and Equipment?
Requirement a. Long-Term Liabilities on 1/31/23 = $1,100
Requirement b. Property, Plant, and Equipment on 1/31/22 = The information for Property, Plant, and Equipment on 1/31/22 is not provided in the given balance sheet data. Without that information, we cannot determine the specific value for Property, Plant, and Equipment on that date.
Requirement c. Stockholders' Equity on 1/31/23 = The information for Stockholders' Equity on 1/31/23 is not provided in the given balance sheet data. Without that information, we cannot determine the specific value for Stockholders' Equity on that date.
Please note that the values for Property, Plant, and Equipment on 1/31/22 and Stockholders' Equity on 1/31/23 are missing from the provided data, so we cannot provide those specific values.
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The price of good X is 15 € in Europe and 20$ in the Unites States. The spot rate is announced at E$/€ = 1.4. According to the Law of One Price, which currency is depreciated?
A Basket consists of four goods A,B,C,D which have the following prices in the Europe:
Pa = 3€; Pb = 12 €; Pc = 15€; and Pd= 9€. Their prices in the United States are Pa=6$; Pb = 13$; Pc = 17$; and Pd = 11$. The spot rate is E$/€ = 1.4. According to the PPP theory, which country has its goods overvalued?
The currency which is depreciated according to the Law of One Price is the euro (€). Europe is the country where goods are considered overvalued based on the PPP theory.
According to the Law of One Price, the prices of identical goods should be equal when expressed in a common currency. In this case, the price of good X is 15 € in Europe and 20 $ in the United States. To compare these prices, we need to convert one currency to the other using the spot rate.
Using the spot rate E$/€ = 1.4
20 $ * (1 € / 1.4 $) ≈ 14.29 €
Comparing the prices, we see that 14.29 € is less than 15 €. Therefore, the currency that is depreciated according to the Law of One Price is the euro (€).
The PPP theory, we need to compare the relative prices of the goods between Europe and the United States using the spot rate E$/€ = 1.4.
Comparing the prices;
Pa in Europe = 3 €
Pa in United States = 6 $
Pb in Europe = 12 €
Pb in the United States = 13 $
Pc in Europe = 15 €
Pc in the United States = 17 $
Pd in Europe = 9 €
Pd in the United States = 11 $
To determine which country has its goods overvalued, we compare the prices after converting them to a common currency using the spot rate.
Using the spot rate E$/€ = 1.4;
6 $ * (1 € / 1.4 $) ≈ 4.29 €
Comparing the converted prices, we see that 4.29 € is less than 3 € for good A, indicating that good A is overvalued in Europe according to the PPP theory. Therefore, Europe is the country where goods are considered overvalued based on the PPP theory.
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If you are looking to purchase a property for $3,000,000 and the bank will lend to you at a 75% Loan to Value, they will loan you $75,000 $750,000 $1,600,000 $2,250,000
If you are looking to purchase a property for $3,000,000 and the bank will lend to you at a 75% Loan to Value, they will loan you $2,250,000. The correct option is D
To calculate this, you simply multiply the property's value by the loan to value percentage: $3,000,000 x 75% = $2,250,000.
Therefore, the bank will loan you a maximum of $2,250,000 towards the purchase of the property. This means that you will need to come up with the remaining $750,000 (25% of the property's value) as a down payment.
It is important to note that the amount the bank is willing to lend may be lower depending on your credit score, income, and other financial factors. It is always best to consult with a financial advisor or mortgage specialist to determine your exact loan eligibility.
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"Is that food delivery riders deliver incorrect orders
are ethical?pls explain your answers
No, food delivery riders delivering incorrect orders cannot be considered ethical.
Ethical behavior in any profession requires adhering to principles of honesty, integrity, and professionalism. When a delivery rider delivers incorrect orders, it goes against these principles. Customers rely on accurate and timely delivery of their orders, and any errors can lead to inconvenience, dissatisfaction, and even potential health risks if allergies or dietary restrictions are not taken into account.
Ethical conduct entails taking responsibility for ensuring accurate deliveries and promptly rectifying any mistakes made. It is important for delivery riders to prioritize accuracy and customer satisfaction to maintain trust and uphold ethical standards in their profession.
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Pretoza Inc. has accounts payable of 841,000 euros (EUR) due in 4 months. The spot rate for euro is 2.0068 US dollars and the forward rate for euro in 4 months is 2.3076 US dollars. The European call option on the euro with the same expiration date as the payable has a strike price of USD 2.2759 and a premium of USD 0.12. In the same vein, a put option on the euro with a strike price of 2.2841 has a premium of 0.12. The company prefers to hedge its transaction exposure using financial instruments that provide flexibility. Assume that on the due date of the account payable, the spot rate is USD 1.95/EUR. The net amount paid in USD by the company if it acts rationally would be: a. 1,639,950 .b. 1,740,870 c. 2,041,612 d. 1,459,892
The net amount paid in USD by the company if it acts rationally would be 1,740,870 USD, which corresponds to option b. To hedge its transaction exposure using flexible financial instruments, Pretoza Inc. should use options.
Since the company has a payable, it would choose a European call option to buy euros at the strike price.
Step 1: Calculate the cost of the call option premium
Option premium (USD 0.12) * payable amount (841,000 EUR) = 100,920 USD
Step 2: Determine whether to exercise the call option or use the spot rate
On the due date, the spot rate is USD 1.95/EUR, which is lower than the call option's strike price (USD 2.2759). It's more advantageous to use the spot rate.
Step 3: Calculate the net amount paid in USD using the spot rate
Payable amount (841,000 EUR) * spot rate (USD 1.95) = 1,639,950 USD
Step 4: Add the cost of the call option premium
Total amount paid = 1,639,950 USD + 100,920 USD = 1,740,870 USD
The net amount paid in USD by the company if it acts rationally would be 1,740,870 USD, which corresponds to option b.
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You are a Finance Manager for a major utility company.
Respond to the following in a minimum of 175 words:
Think about some of the capital budgeting techniques you might use for some upcoming projects.
Discuss at least 2 capital budgeting techniques and how your company can benefit from the use of these tools.
Compare your approaches to other students’ responses. How were they similar or different? Why might you use the different approaches shared by your classmates?
The techniques can provide valuable insights into the profitability and feasibility of upcoming projects are:
Net Present Value (NPV)Internal Rate of Return (IRR)What is the budgeting techniques?As Finance Manager for a utility company, I would use NPV and IRR for capital budgeting. These methods above offer insights on upcoming project profitability and feasibility.
NPV considers time value of money in capital budgeting. Calculates expected cash flows and subtracts initial investment. A positive NPV means profitable project. Using NPV helps my company make profitable investments. IRR helps determine a project's rate of return. IRR comparison assesses project appeal.
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Compare total profits and the total output in the Cournot equilibrium to a monopolist's profit- maximising choices (assuming the same demand, zero fixed costs and the same constant marginal costs). In Cournot equilibrium, • total output is • total profits are
Monopoly is a single-firm market where the singular firm has full command over the market and the result it produces is lower than some other market structure and the cost it charges is higher than some other market structure.
Cournot is a market circumstance where there are two firms and the result here is more prominent than the restraining infrastructure yield as the two firms produce more than the single firm result. Cost charges are beneath the syndication cost and subsequently, the benefit is additionally underneath the restraining infrastructure benefits.
Hence, in course equilibrium total output is higher than monopoly and total profits are lower than monopoly.
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This question is not complete, Here I am attaching the complete question:
Compare total profits and the total output in the Cournot equilibrium to a monopolist's profit- maximising choices (assuming the same demand, zero fixed costs and the same constant marginal costs). In Cournot equilibrium,
total output is total profits are:You deposit $300 today and $400 in three years into an account that accumulates interest at a nominal interest rate of 8% compounded quarterly.
How much is in the account five years from today? Round your answer to the nearest dollar.
In 5 years, the account will have approximately $870.
Here's a step-by-step explanation:
1. First, calculate the interest rate per quarter: 8%/4 = 2%.
2. Determine the number of quarters in 3 years (for the $400 deposit): 3 years × 4 quarters/year = 12 quarters.
3. Determine the number of quarters in 5 years (for the final account balance): 5 years × 4 quarters/year = 20 quarters.
4. Calculate the future value of the $300 deposit after 5 years using the formula: FV = P(1 + r)^n, where FV is the future value, P is the principal, r is the interest rate per period, and n is the number of periods. In this case, FV = $300(1 + 0.02)^20 ≈ $447.
5. Calculate the future value of the $400 deposit after 2 years (since it was deposited 3 years later): FV = $400(1 + 0.02)^8 ≈ $423.
6. Add the future values of the two deposits to find the total amount in the account after 5 years: $447 + $423 ≈ $870.
So, there will be approximately $870 in the account five years from today, rounded to the nearest dollar.
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Suppose that the Turkish economy in long-run equilibrium has an inflation rate, π, of 12% per year and a natural unemployment rate, u, of 8%. The expectations-augmented Phillips curve is π = ²-2(uu). Assume that Okun's law holds so that a 1 percentage point increase in the cyclical unemployment rate maintained for one year reduces GDP by 2% of full- employment output. a. Consider a two-year disinflation. In the first year = 0.06 and π = 0.1. In the second year π = 0.06 and π = 0.06. in the first year, what is the unemployment rate? By what percentage does output fall short of full- employment output? In the second year, what is the unemployment rate? By what percentage does output fall short of full-employment output? What is the sacrifice ratio for this disinflation?
(a) To derive and illustrate Alice's indifference curves, we need to consider her utility function u(t, y) = V
Indifference curves represent different combinations of goods t and y that provide Alice with the same level of utility. Since the utility function is constant, Alice's indifference curves will be straight lines parallel to the t-y axis.(b) To derive Alice's optimal bundle when Pr = 2, Py = 4, and m = 24, we need to maximize her utility subject to her budget constraint. The optimization problem can be stated as follows: Maximize u(t, y) = Vsubject to Pt * t + Py * y = m
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aisha displays convergence (alignment) with people and avoids actions that might place her at odds with others. aisha employs an __________ language orientation.
Based on the description provided, it seems that Aisha employs a collectivist language orientation.
This means that she values harmony and cooperation within her social groups, and places emphasis on the needs and goals of the group rather than her own individual needs. A collectivist language orientation is often associated with cultures that prioritize interdependence and group loyalty, rather than individualism and self-expression. Aisha's tendency to display convergence with others and avoid actions that might create conflict or tension is consistent with the principles of collectivism. She likely places a high value on maintaining positive relationships with others and may feel uncomfortable asserting herself or expressing opinions that deviate from the group consensus. This approach to communication can be effective in building strong social connections and fostering cooperation, but it can also lead to a lack of individual expression and creativity. It's worth noting that language orientation is not necessarily fixed or immutable - individuals may adopt different communication styles depending on the context or the specific social group they are interacting with. However, in this case, the evidence suggests that Aisha's communication style is oriented toward collectivism.
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Question 6 6 State whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE. Justify your answer. 6.1 Stock A has an expected return of 10% and a standard deviation of 15%, and stock B has an expected return of 12% and a standard deviation of 13%. No investor should buy stock A. [2] 6.2 Diversification means that an equally weighted portfolio is optimal. [2] 6.3 You can construct a portfolio with beta of 0.75 by investing 0.75 of the investment budget in risk-free asset and the remainder in the market portfolio. [2]
6.1: FALSE. An investor's decision to buy or not buy a stock should not be solely based on its expected return and standard deviation. Other factors such as the investor's risk tolerance, investment objectives, and overall portfolio diversification should also be considered.
Stock A may still be a viable investment option for some investors despite having a lower expected return and higher standard deviation than Stock B.
6.2: FALSE. Diversification does not necessarily mean that an equally weighted portfolio is optimal. The optimal portfolio depends on the individual investor's risk and return preferences, as well as the specific assets available for investment. The goal of diversification is to reduce the overall risk of the portfolio by investing in a variety of assets with different risk and return characteristics.
6.3: TRUE. The beta of a portfolio can be adjusted by investing in a combination of the risk-free asset and the market portfolio. If an investor wants to construct a portfolio with a beta of 0.75, they can invest 75% of their budget in the risk-free asset (which has a beta of 0) and the remaining 25% in the market portfolio (which has a beta of 1). This will result in a portfolio with a beta of 0.75, which is less risky than the market portfolio alone.
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insurance coverage of employees who handle financial statements, records, and cash is called
The insurance coverage of employees who handle financial statements, records, and cash is called "fidelity bond" or "employee dishonesty insurance". This type of insurance protects the employer against any financial loss caused by fraudulent or dishonest acts committed by the employees.
Fidelity bonds typically cover theft, embezzlement, forgery, and other criminal acts that may result in financial loss. It is important for companies to have this type of coverage to safeguard their financial assets and protect against potential liabilities. It is also a requirement for certain industries and government contracts. Fidelity bonds can be purchased as a standalone policy or added as an endorsement to a commercial insurance policy.
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T-bills currently yield 4.0 percent. Stock in Danotos Manufacturing is currently selling for $77 per share. There is no possibility that the stock will be worth less than $70 per share in one year. a-1. What is the value of a call option with a $60 exercise price? (Do not round intermediate calculations and round your answer to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.) a- What is the intrinsic value? (Do not round intermediate calculations and round your 2. answer to the nearest whole number, e.g., 32.) b- What is the value of a call option with a $48 exercise price? (Do not round 1. intermediate calculations and round your answer to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.) b- What is the intrinsic value? (Do not round intermediate calculations and round your 2. answer to the nearest whole number, e.g., 32.) C-1. What is the value of a put option with a $60 exercise price? (Do not round intermediate calculations and round your answer to the nearest whole number, e.g., 32.) C- What is the intrinsic value? (Do not round intermediate calculations and round your 2. answer to the nearest whole number, e.g., 32.) es a-1. Call option value a-2. Intrinsic value b-1. Call option value b-2. Intrinsic value C-1. Put option value C-2 Intrinsic value
a-1. The value of C = 77 * N(d1) - 60 * [tex]e^-^0^.^0^4[/tex] * N(d2) .
a-2. The Intrinsic Value of the product is Max(0, 77 - 60).
b-1 . The value of call in option is C = 77 * N(d1) - 48 * [tex]e^-^0^.^0^4[/tex] * N(d2).
b-2. The Intrinsic Value of the product is Max(0, 77 - 48).
c-1. The value of P= 60 * [tex]e^-^0^.^0^4[/tex] * N(-d2) - 77 * N(-d1).
c-2. The Intrinsic Value of the product is Max(0, 60 - 77)
To calculate the option values and intrinsic values, we need to use the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The formulas are as follows:
Call Option Value:
C = S * N(d1) - X * [tex]e^-^r^t[/tex] * N(d2)
Intrinsic Value:
Intrinsic Value = Max(0, S - X)
Put Option Value:
P = X * [tex]e^-^r^t[/tex] * N(-d2) - S * N(-d1)
Intrinsic Value:
Intrinsic Value = Max(0, X - S)
Where:
S = Stock price = $77
X = Exercise price
r = Risk-free interest rate = 4% or 0.04
t = Time to expiration = 1 year
N(d) = Cumulative standard normal distribution function
d1 = (ln(S/X) + (r + (σ²)/2) * t) / (σ * sqrt(t))
d2 = d1 - σ * sqrt(t)
σ = Stock's standard deviation (not provided)
a-1. Call option value with $60 exercise price:
Using the given formula:
d1 = (ln(77/60) + (0.04 + (σ²)/2) * 1) / (σ * sqrt(1))
d2 = d1 - σ * sqrt(1)
C = 77 * N(d1) - 60 * [tex]e^-^0^.^0^4[/tex] * N(d2)
a-2. Intrinsic value with $60 exercise price:
Intrinsic Value = Max(0, 77 - 60)
b-1. Call option value with $48 exercise price:
Using the given formula:
d1 = (ln(77/48) + (0.04 + (σ²)/2) * 1) / (σ * sqrt(1))
d2 = d1 - σ * sqrt(1)
C = 77 * N(d1) - 48 * [tex]e^-^0^.^0^4[/tex] * N(d2)
b-2. Intrinsic value with $48 exercise price:
Intrinsic Value = Max(0, 77 - 48)
c-1. Put option value with $60 exercise price:
Using the given formula:
d1 = (ln(77/60) + (0.04 + (σ²)/2) * 1) / (σ * sqrt(1))
d2 = d1 - σ * sqrt(1)
P = 60 * [tex]e^-^0^.^0^4[/tex] * N(-d2) - 77 * N(-d1)
c-2. Intrinsic value with $60 exercise price:
Intrinsic Value = Max(0, 60 - 77)
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A consumer buys only two goods, and , with prices of pand p and has an income of m. Use diagrams to indicate consumer preferences, including details of the marginal rate of substitution, in the cases where:
(a) is a Sierra Blue iPhone 13 Pro and is a Graphite iPhone 13 Pro. Assume that the consumer is indifferent between the two colours.
(b) is a right foot Nike Air Max Vapormax trainer and is a left foot Nike Air Max Vapormax trainer.
(c) is an iPad Pro and is a Balenciaga jacket.
(d) Suppose that the consumer wins a substantial sum of money in the UK’s National Lottery, how will this affect her consumption choices in each of the cases above? Illustrate the effects on your diagrams.
e) Suppose that due to supply change shortages, the price of increases, how will this affect the consumer’s choices in each of the cases above? Illustrate the effects on your diagrams.
(a) In the case where one good is a Sierra Blue iPhone 13 Pro and the other is a Graphite iPhone 13 Pro, assuming the consumer is indifferent between the two colors, we can depict consumer preferences using an indifference curve diagram. The diagram will show a downward-sloping curve representing different combinations of the two goods that yield the same level of satisfaction or utility for the consumer. The marginal rate of substitution (MRS) can be represented by the slope of the indifference curve, indicating the rate at which the consumer is willing to trade one good for another while remaining equally satisfied.
(b) Similarly, when one good is a right-foot Nike Air Max Vapormax trainer and the other is a left-foot Nike Air Max Vapormax trainer, the consumer's preferences can be illustrated using an indifference curve diagram. The slope of the indifference curve will represent the MRS, indicating the rate at which the consumer is willing to exchange one foot-specific shoe for the other.
(c) In the case of an iPad Pro and a Balenciaga jacket, the consumer's preferences can be shown using an indifference curve diagram. The slope of the indifference curve will represent the MRS, indicating the trade-off the consumer is willing to make between the two goods.
(d) If the consumer wins a substantial sum of money in the UK's National Lottery, her consumption choices in each case may change. The effects can be illustrated by an outward shift of the budget constraint, indicating an increase in the consumer's purchasing power. This shift would allow the consumer to afford higher combinations of both goods, leading to potential changes in consumption patterns and preferences.
(e) If the price of one of the goods, such as the Sierra Blue iPhone 13 Pro, increases due to supply chain shortages, the consumer's choices in each case may be affected. Specifically, the budget constraint will rotate inward, reflecting the reduced affordability of the more expensive good. This change in the budget constraint will alter the feasible combinations of goods available to the consumer, potentially leading to adjustments in consumption choices and preferences.
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The firm Turf plans to acquire Chit, another firm in the same industry. Both firms are financed entirely by equity and have the same business risk. There are no taxes or other market imperfections.
Turf Chit
Price per share 9 4.40
Number of shares 20,000,000 10,000,000
Turf is considering 2 possible acquisition methods: a share exchange or a cash acquisition financed by borroqing. The acquisition will result in expected operating cost savings for the merged (post-acquisition) firm with a total present value of $45 million. Reorganisation costs for the merged business will have a present value of $10 million, regardless of the acquisition method.
Suppose Turf offers new shares in itself in exchange for Chit entire 10million shares.
(A) WHat will be the value of the merged firm? What is the maximum number of shares that Turf should offer, such that existing shareholders will not be worse off?
To determine the value of the merged firm and the maximum number of shares Turf should offer in the share exchange, we need to consider the value created through cost savings and the impact on existing shareholders.
The value of the merged firm can be calculated as the sum of the individual firm values plus the present value of the expected cost savings:
Value of the merged firm = Value of Turf + Value of Chit + Present value of cost savings
Given that both Turf and Chit have the same business risk and are financed entirely by equity, their values can be calculated using the price per share and the number of shares:
Value of Turf = Price per share (Turf) * Number of shares (Turf)
Value of Chit = Price per share (Chit) * Number of shares (Chit)
To ensure that existing shareholders are not worse off after the share exchange, the value of the merged firm should be equal to the sum of the individual firm values before the acquisition:
Value of the merged firm = Value of Turf + Value of Chit
Therefore, the maximum number of shares that Turf should offer in the share exchange would be the difference between the value of Chit and the present value of cost savings divided by the price per share of Turf:
Max shares to offer = (Value of Chit - Present value of cost savings) / Price per share (Turf)
By offering this maximum number of shares, Turf ensures that the value of the merged firm remains the same as the sum of the individual firm values, and existing shareholders are not worse off.
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(a) Your investment advisor expects that interest rate will fall due to economic recession this year. Your parents decide to buy a bond as a major source of income to support their livings and also to see capital gain from it. After visiting the bank's website, they are interested to buy ONE of the 2 bonds below with yield to maturity of 5% and par value of $1,000: A B Bond Coupon rate Time to maturity 0% 6% (paid annually) 3 years 1 year (1) Which ONE they should buy? Explain with calculations. (ii) After your parents bought bond in (i), the bond yield decreases by 30 basis points immediately because the central bank cuts interest rate. Calculate the new bond price based on duration.
(i) To determine which bond your parents should buy, we need to compare the present values of the cash flows from each bond.
For Bond A:
Since it has a 0% coupon rate, the only cash flow your parents will receive is the par value of $1,000 at maturity. The present value of this cash flow can be calculated using the formula: PV = FV / (1 + r)^n, where PV is the present value, FV is the future value, r is the yield to maturity, and n is the number of years to maturity. Plugging in the values, we have: PV(A) = $1,000 / (1 + 0.05)^3 = $863.84.
For Bond B:
With a 6% coupon rate paid annually, your parents will receive coupon payments of $60 every year for 3 years, in addition to the par value of $1,000 at maturity. To calculate the present value of these cash flows, we need to discount each cash flow individually and sum them up. Using the formula: PV = C / (1 + r)^n, where C is the coupon payment, r is the yield to maturity, and n is the number of years to each cash flow, we can calculate the present value of the cash flows from Bond B. The present value of the coupon payments can be calculated as follows: PV(coupons) = $60 / (1 + 0.05) + $60 / (1 + 0.05)^2 + $60 / (1 + 0.05)^3 = $166.33. The present value of the par value is already given as $1,000. So, the total present value of the cash flows from Bond B is: PV(B) = PV(coupons) + PV(par value) = $166.33 + $1,000 = $1,166.33.
Comparing the present values, we can see that Bond B has a higher present value ($1,166.33) compared to Bond A ($863.84). Therefore, your parents should buy Bond B.
(ii) To calculate the new bond price based on duration, we need to use the formula: New Bond Price = Bond Price / (1 + Δy), where Δy is the change in yield, expressed as a decimal, and Bond Price is the original price of the bond.
Assuming the original bond price (from Bond B) is $1,166.33 and the change in yield is 0.003 (30 basis points = 0.003), we can calculate the new bond price as follows: New Bond Price = $1,166.33 / (1 + 0.003) = $1,162.14.
Therefore, the new bond price after the decrease in yield is $1,162.14.
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In relationship quality (SRQ) indexing refers to 1. Balancing the needs of the buying organization and the needs of the supply chain itself II. Assessing the supplier-buyer relationship from the supplier's point of view III. The extent to which cooperation, trust, commitment, satisfaction, and performance expectations influencing the relationships in the same industry a. I and II b. I. II and III c. I and III d. None of the above
The correct answer is: c. I and III
Relationship quality (SRQ) indexing refers to balancing the needs of the buying organization and the supply chain itself, as well as the influence of cooperation, trust, commitment, satisfaction, and performance expectations on relationships within the same industry.
How is relationship quality (SRQ) indexing defined?The correct answer is: c. I and III
In relationship quality (SRQ) indexing, it refers to balancing the needs of the buying organization and the needs of the supply chain itself (I), as well as the extent to which cooperation, trust, commitment, satisfaction, and performance expectations influence the relationships in the same industry (III). Assessing the supplier-buyer relationship from the supplier's point of view (II) is not specifically mentioned in relation to SRQ indexing.
Relationship quality (SRQ) indexing involves balancing the needs of the buying organization and the supply chain itself. It also considers the influence of cooperation, trust, commitment, satisfaction, and performance expectations on relationships within the same industry. Assessing the supplier-buyer relationship from the supplier's perspective is not explicitly mentioned.
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Based on the given options, the correct answer is:
c. I and III
In relationship quality (SRQ) indexing, balancing the needs of the buying organization and the needs of the supply chain itself is an important aspect. This refers to ensuring that the relationship between the buyer and the supplier is mutually beneficial and takes into account the requirements of both parties.
Additionally, relationship quality indexing also involves assessing the supplier-buyer relationship from the supplier's point of view. This helps in understanding the supplier's perspective, their level of satisfaction, and their evaluation of the relationship.
Furthermore, relationship quality indexing considers the extent to which cooperation, trust, commitment, satisfaction, and performance expectations influence the relationships in the same industry. These factors play a significant role in shaping and evaluating the quality of the relationship between the buyer and the supplier.
Hence, both I and III are correct, making option c the correct choice
Which of the following explains the recent decline in union membership in the United States?
The recent decline in union membership in the United States can be attributed to the change from a manufacturing to a service-based economy. The correct option is a.
Historically, unions have had a strong presence in industries such as manufacturing, where large numbers of workers were concentrated in specific locations, making it easier to organize and collectively bargain for better wages, benefits, and working conditions.
However, with the decline of manufacturing and the rise of the service sector, which includes industries like retail, healthcare, and hospitality, the composition of the workforce has changed significantly.
Service-based industries tend to have a more decentralized and fragmented workforce, with workers spread across various locations and often employed in smaller establishments.
This presents challenges for traditional union organizing efforts, as it is more difficult to gather and mobilize workers in these settings.
Furthermore, service sector jobs often have high turnover rates and a significant portion of part-time or temporary employment, which can make it harder to sustain union membership and engagement.
Another contributing factor to the decline in union membership is the increasing market concentration in many industries. As large corporations and conglomerates gain more power and influence, they have been able to resist unionization efforts more effectively.
These powerful entities often have greater resources to hire anti-union consultants, lawyers, and engage in aggressive union avoidance strategies.
Their ability to exert pressure and influence over workers, combined with the weakened labor laws and enforcement in recent decades, has made it harder for unions to organize and maintain membership.
While technological changes have undoubtedly affected the labor market, they have not necessarily contributed to the decline in union membership.
In some cases, automation and technological advancements have led to job losses, but they have also created new industries and opportunities. The impact of technology on unionization largely depends on how it is managed and the responses of both employers and workers.
An increase in female participation in the job market has not directly led to the decline in union membership. In fact, women have been joining unions and participating in labor movements, advocating for better working conditions and gender equality.
However, it is worth noting that the composition of the workforce has changed with more women employed in service-based industries where unionization rates have historically been lower.
When workers have access to robust social protections, such as unemployment benefits, healthcare, and retirement security, they may be less inclined to seek union representation. However, it is important to note that this factor is just one piece of a complex puzzle and should not be seen as the sole cause for declining union membership.
In conclusion, while several factors contribute to the recent decline in union membership in the United States, the shift from a manufacturing to a service-based economy stands out as a significant driver. The correct option is a.
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Complete question :
Which of the following explains the recent decline in union membership in the United States?
O a. the change from a manufacturing to a service-based economy
O b. increasing market concentration
O c. slower technological changes
O d. an increase in female participation in the job market
O e. availability of smaller government safety nets
Find a stock split and create and describe a scenario of your investment (when did you originally purchase and how many shares at what price, what did the stock split do to your investment, where there any tax consequences).
Why did the company split their stock and what happened since then to the valuation? Did you sell you stock, if so when at what price and where there any tax consequences? As always, pick a stock you are interested in, and it doesn't have to be a US stock.
I decided to sell 200 of my 400 shares on December 1, 2021, at $170 per share, resulting in $34,000 in proceeds.
In this scenario, let's assume that I invested in Apple Inc. (AAPL) stock. I purchased 100 shares of AAPL at $200 per share on January 1, 2020, investing a total of $20,000. On August 28, 2020, Apple conducted a 4-for-1 stock split, meaning for every share owned, I received three additional shares. Post-split, my 100 shares turned into 400 shares, with the stock price adjusting to $50 per share.
Stock splits usually occur to make shares more affordable for individual investors, increasing liquidity in the market. Since the split, Apple's valuation has continued to grow, with its stock price reaching around $170 (as of December 2021).
I decided to sell 200 of my 400 shares on December 1, 2021, at $170 per share, resulting in $34,000 in proceeds. This triggered a tax event, as I had a long-term capital gain of ($170 - $50) * 200 = $24,000, which will be taxed at the preferential long-term capital gains rate.
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If you are promised a nominal return of 10% on a 1-year investment, and you expect the rate of inflation to be 3%, what exact real rate do you expect to earn? Group of answer choices 5.48% 12% 6.80% 9%
The exact real rate of return you expect to earn is approximately 6.79%, which is closest to option C: 6.80%.
To calculate the exact real rate of return, we need to adjust the nominal rate of return for inflation.
Nominal rate of return: 10%
Rate of inflation: 3%
The formula to calculate the real rate of return is as follows:
Real rate of return = (1 + Nominal rate) / (1 + Inflation rate) - 1
Plugging in the values, we have:
Real rate of return = (1 + 0.10) / (1 + 1.03) - 1
Calculating the expression, we get:
Real rate of return ≈ 0.0679
Converting the decimal to a percentage, we find:
Real rate of return ≈ 6.79%
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Explain the 8Ps of marketing and provide 2 example of how they
changed from traditional to digital marketing
Place
Price
Promotion
Place
Physical Evidence
Process
People
Partnership
The objective is to have them collaborating for your marketing mix. If you can, your chances of attracting and converting new clients will be significantly improved. Product, Price, Place, Promotion, People, Positioning, Processes, and Physical Evidence make up the eight pillars of marketing.
"P" for "product" is the initial letter. Regardless of whether it is tangible or intangible, this refers to the "thing" that you are providing to your clients. Putting the needs of the consumer first and providing goods or services that are in demand can help your business since it will be much easier to persuade them to acquire it.The second "P" in the marketing mix refers to the price of your goods or services. You may choose the best price for your products and services by studying your target market and your rivals' prices.Place describes the location where a good or service is purchased, offered for sale, or used. You may use platforms like social media, emails, and search engines into your Place marketing plan.Promotion is the final of the initial 4 Ps. This is how you spread the word and raise awareness about your good or service. You should advertise your products and services on channels where your target market is most likely to see them.The "P" in people stands for the people taking part in the launch or campaign. To prevent confusion or confused signals when the marketing strategy is implemented, expectations and duties for each team member should be made very clear.Anything that can be observed, felt, or experienced as physical proof may assist your target audience develop trust, advance down the sales funnel, and become customers. This may appear in the form of reviews, endorsements, or even digital items like e-books and online courses in the digital age.Your firm provides its goods and services to customers through the processes of your marketing mix. You can use this to define clear business goals, assist your team align, and facilitate onboarding since both goods and services need precise processes.The eighth and final P is placement. Positioning is the process of determining how your target market will see your good or service. You can build the messaging for your marketing campaign around these findings after determining who your desired target is and what they require.Learn more about Digital Marketing here:
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Which of the following statements is true about an adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM)?
It completely eliminates the interest risk of a lender
Lenders and borrowers share the interest rate risk
It eliminates default risk
Compared to a fixed-rate mortgage, it has higher interest rate risk to lender
The statement "Compared to a fixed-rate mortgage, it has higher interest rate risk to lender" is is true about an adjustable-rate mortgage.
What is an adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM)Adjustable rate mortgage (ARM) - alternatively known as a flexible rate mortgage, unlike conventional fixed interest mortgages that can leave little room for movement or negotiation over time ARMs let borrowers enjoy greater flexibility with their payment plans by allowing periodic adjustments to their interest rates based on predetermined indexes or benchmarks.
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Which of the following would not be included as a reconciling item in reconciling governmental fund financial statements to the government-wide financial statements?
a. Bond issuances are reported as an OFS in a governmental fund but as a long term liability in the government-wide financial statements
b. interest expense paid on short term notes
c. acquisition of capital assets is reported as an expenditure in the governmental fund financial statements but as capital assets in the government-wide financial statements
d. depreciation of capital assets
The item that would not be included as a reconciling item in reconciling governmental fund financial statements to the government-wide financial statements is (b) interest expense paid on short-term notes.
Reconciling governmental fund financial statements to the government-wide financial statements involves adjusting and aligning the financial information reported in both sets of statements. Here's an explanation of why option (b) is the correct answer:
(a) Bond issuances: Bond issuances are reported differently in governmental fund financial statements and government-wide financial statements. In governmental fund statements, bond issuances are reported as an Other Financing Source (OFS), reflecting the inflow of funds. In the government-wide financial statements, bond issuances are recorded as a long-term liability, reflecting the debt incurred by the government.
(c) Acquisition of capital assets: The acquisition of capital assets is reported differently in governmental fund financial statements and government-wide financial statements. In governmental fund statements, the acquisition of capital assets is reported as an expenditure, representing the outflow of funds. In the government-wide financial statements, the acquisition of capital assets is recorded as an increase in the capital asset balance.
(d) Depreciation of capital assets: Depreciation of capital assets is a reconciling item that adjusts for the difference in reporting between the two sets of financial statements. In governmental fund financial statements, depreciation is not recognized since it is a non-expenditure item. However, in the government-wide financial statements, depreciation is recorded as an expense to reflect the consumption of the asset's value over time
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