What is the best possible coefficient of performance COPret for a refrigerator that cools an environment at -13.0°C and exhausts heat to another environment at 39.0°C? COPrel= How much work W would this ideal refrigerator do to transfer 3.125 x 10 J of heat from the cold environment? W = What would be the cost of doing this work if it costs 10.5¢ per 3.60 × 106 J (a kilowatt-hour)? cost of heat transfer: How many joules of heat Qu would be transferred into the warm environment?

Answer:

The right answer is c because when we heat solid object the molecule will start lose attraction on object

Explanation:

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The maximum distance at which the person can read the 81.0 cm high letters on the side of an airplane, given their visual acuity, is approximately 185.14 meters.

To find the maximum distance at which the person can read the 81.0 cm high letters on the side of an airplane, we can use the concept of similar triangles.

Let's assume that the distance from the person's eye to the airplane is D meters. According to the question, the person's visual acuity allows them to see objects clearly that form an image 4.00 μm high on their retina.

We can set up a proportion using the similar triangles formed by the person's eye, the airplane, and the image on the person's retina:

(image height on retina) / (object height) = (eye-to-object distance) / (eye-to-retina distance)

The height of the image on the retina is 4.00 μm and the object height is 81.0 cm, which is equivalent to 81,000 μm. The eye-to-retina distance is given as 1.75 cm, which is equivalent to 1,750 μm.

Plugging these values into the proportion, we have:

(4.00 μm) / (81,000 μm) = (D) / (1,750 μm)

Simplifying the proportion:

4.00 / 81,000 = D / 1,750

Cross-multiplying:

4.00 * 1,750 = 81,000 * D

Solving for D:

D = (4.00 * 1,750) / 81,000

Calculating the value:

D ≈ 0.0864

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The energy required to convert a 2 kg ice block from ice at –20°C to superheated steam at 150°C is 2,002,738.4 J.

The given problem is about finding the amount of energy required to convert 2 kg of ice from –20°C to superheated steam at 150°C. The process of conversion will occur in different stages, and each stage will require energy. The first step is to convert ice at –20°C to 0°C. The energy required for this stage is given as:

Q1 = mass x Lf x 0°C

Energy required = 2000 g x 333 J/g x 20°C = 13,320,000 J

The second step is to convert ice at 0°C to liquid water at 100°C. The energy required for this stage is given as:

Q2 = mass x c x ∆T = 2000 g x 4.186 J/g°C x (100-0)°C = 837,200 J

The third step is to convert water at 100°C to steam at 150°C. The energy required for this stage is given as:

Q3 = mass x Lv x (100 - 0)°C + mass x c x (150 - 100)°C = 2,000 g x 2260 J/g x 100°C + 2,000 g x 4.186 J/g°C x 50°C = 1,151,538.4 J

Total energy required = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = 13,320,000 J + 837,200 J + 1,151,538.4 J = 15,308,738.4 J

Therefore, the amount of energy required to convert a 2 kg ice block from ice at –20°C to superheated steam at 150°C is 2,002,738.4 J.

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The magnitude of the Coulomb repulsive force between two protons separated by 6.9 fm is calculated. The stability of a nucleus is then discussed based on the comparison between the Coulomb repulsion and the attractive force between nucleons.

To calculate the magnitude of the Coulomb repulsive force between two protons, we can use Coulomb's law, which states that the force is given by the equation F = kq1q2/r^2, where F is the force, k is the electrostatic constant, q1 and q2 are the charges, and r is the separation distance. In this case, both protons have the same charge, so we can substitute q1 = q2 = e, where e is the elementary charge. Plugging in the values and calculating the force, we find that the Coulomb repulsive force is significantly larger than 2000 N.

Based on this information, we can conclude that the nucleus is unstable. The attractive force between nucleons due to the strong nuclear force is far less than the Coulomb repulsion between protons. The strong nuclear force acts at very short distances and is responsible for holding the nucleus together. However, in this scenario, the strong force between nearest neighbors is nearly zero, while the Coulomb repulsion between protons is significant. As a result, the repulsive forces outweigh the attractive forces, leading to an unstable nucleus.

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Object distance = -2.715 cm; Image distance = -1.605 cm.

|f| = 19.5 cm

magnification (m) = +0.630

To calculate the object distance (do) and image distance (di), we will use the magnification equation:

m = -di/do

In this equation, the negative sign is used because the lens is a diverging lens since its focal length is negative.

Now substitute the given values in the equation and solve for do and di:

m = -di/do

0.630 = -di/do (f = -19.5 cm)

On cross-multiplying, we get:

do = -di / 0.630 * (-19.5)

do = di / 12.1425 --- equation (1)

Also, we know the formula:

1/f = 1/do + 1/di

Here, f = -19.5 cm, do is to be calculated and di is also to be calculated. So, we get:

1/-19.5 = 1/do + 1/di--- equation (2)

Substitute the value of do from equation (1) into equation (2):

1/-19.5 = 1/(di / 12.1425) + 1/di--- equation (3)

Simplify equation (3):-

0.05128205128 = 0.08236299851/di

Multiply both sides by di:

di = -1.605263158 cm

We got a negative sign which means the image is virtual. Now, substitute the value of di in equation (2) to calculate do:

1/-19.5 = 1/do + 1/-1.605263158

Solve for do:

do = -2.715 cm

The negative sign indicates that the object is placed at a distance of 2.715 cm in front of the lens (to the left of the lens). So, the object distance (do) = -2.715 cm

The image distance (di) = -1.605 cm (it's a virtual image, so the value is negative).

Hence, the answer is: Object distance = -2.715 cm; Image distance = -1.605 cm.

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At the specific location (2.0 cm, 1.0 cm, 2.0 cm), the y component of the electric field is determined to be 2 cm.

Given an electric potential V(x, y, z) = 2.5 - xy - 3.2z (in cm²), we need to calculate the y component of the electric field at the location (x, y, z) = (2.0 cm, 1.0 cm, 2.0 cm).

The electric potential represents the electric potential energy per unit charge and is measured in volts.

On the other hand, the electric field measures the electric force experienced by a test charge per unit charge and is measured in newtons per coulomb.

The electric field can be obtained by taking the negative gradient of the electric potential with respect to the spatial coordinates.

Therefore, we can determine the y component of the electric field by taking the partial derivative of the electric potential with respect to y. Subsequently, we evaluate this expression at the given location (2.0 cm, 1.0 cm, 2.0 cm) to obtain the desired result.

This means that the gradient of the electric potential has to be found. In 3D cartesian coordinates, the gradient operator is given by:

[tex]$\vec\nabla$[/tex] = [tex]$\frac{\partial}{\partial x}$[/tex]

[tex]$\hat i$[/tex] + [tex]$\frac{\partial}{\partial y}$[/tex]

[tex]$\hat j$[/tex] + [tex]$\frac{\partial}{\partial z}$[/tex]

[tex]$\hat k$[/tex]

V(x, y, z) = 2.5 - xy - 3.2z

Taking the partial derivative with respect to y,$\frac{\partial}{\partial y}$ V(x, y, z) = -x

The y component of electric field E is given by, $E_y$ = - $\frac{\partial V}{\partial y}$

Putting x = 2 cm, y = 1 cm, z = 2 cm in the above equation,

[tex]$E_y$[/tex] = - [tex]$\frac{\partial V}{\partial y}$[/tex] = -(-2 cm) = 2 cm

Therefore, at the specific location (2.0 cm, 1.0 cm, 2.0 cm), the y component of the electric field is determined to be 2 cm.

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The reactance is approximately 13.7 kΩ.

An inductor designed to filter high-frequency noise from power supplied to a personal computer placed in series with the computer.

The formula that is used to calculate the inductance value is given by;

X = 2πfL

We are given that the reactance that the inductor should produce is 2.83 Ω for a frequency of 150 kHz.

Therefore substituting in the formula we get;

X = 2πfL

L = X/2πf

  = 2.83/6.28 x 150 x 1000

Hence L = 2.83/(6.28 x 150 x 1000)

              = 3.78 x 10^-6 H

The reactance is given by the formula;

X = 2πfL

Substituting the given values in the formula;

X = 2 x 3.142 x 57.07734 x 10^6 x 3.78 x 10^-6

   = 13.67 Ω

   ≈ 13.7 kΩ

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Given data,

Mass, m = 75 kg

Height of tower, h = 105 x 3 = 315 m

Table 1

Pineapple juice 60 Chicken breast 165

Part i)

Change in internal energy ΔU is given by,

ΔU = Q - W where

Q = Heat transfer

W = work done

To lift the body to the top floor,

W = mgh

   = 75 x 9.8 x 315

   = 220275 Joules

   = 220.3 kJ

Energy required to climb the tower, Q = 60 kJ (from table 1)

Therefore, the change in internal energy is

ΔU = Q - W

     = 60 - 220.3

     = -160.3 kJ

Part ii)

Energy required to climb up to 80th floor,

W = mgh

   = 75 x 9.8 x 80 x 3

   = 176400 Joules

   = 176.4 kJ

Energy required to digest the chicken breast,

Q = 165 kJ (from table 1)

Therefore, the change in internal energy is

ΔU = Q - W

     = 165 - 176.4

     = -11.4 kJ

Part iii)

The athlete will not use up the calories both from the pineapple juice and the chicken breast if he climbed to the top because the energy required to climb to the top of the tower is more than the energy provided by the chicken breast and the pineapple juice.

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According to the question The maximum shear stress is approximately 184.73 psi and the angle of twist is approximately 0.014 radians.

To calculate the maximum shear stress and the angle of twist of the aluminum propeller shaft.

Let's consider the following values:

Length of the shaft (L) = 10 ft

Outer diameter (D) = 6 in = 0.5 ft

Inner diameter (d) = 2/3 * D = 0.333 ft

Power transmitted (P) = 5000 hp

Speed of rotation (N) = 300 rev/min

Modulus of rigidity (G) = 3.5 × 10^6 psi

First, let's calculate the torque transmitted by the shaft (T) using the formula:

[tex]\[ T = \frac{P \cdot 60}{2 \pi N} \][/tex]

Substituting the given values:

[tex]\[ T = \frac{5000 \cdot 60}{2 \pi \cdot 300} \approx 15.915 \, \text{lb-ft} \][/tex]

Next, we can calculate the maximum shear stress [tex](\( \tau_{\text{max}} \))[/tex] using the formula:

[tex]\[ \tau_{\text{max}} = \frac{16T}{\pi d^3} \][/tex]

Substituting the given values:

[tex]\[ \tau_{\text{max}} = \frac{16 \cdot 15.915}{\pi \cdot (0.333)^3} \approx 184.73 \, \text{psi} \][/tex]

Moving on to the calculation of the angle of twist [tex](\( \phi \))[/tex], we need to find the polar moment of inertia (J) using the formula:

[tex]\[ J = \frac{\pi}{32} \left( D^4 - d^4 \right) \][/tex]

Substituting the given values:

[tex]\[ J = \frac{\pi}{32} \left( (0.5)^4 - (0.333)^4 \right) \approx 0.000321 \, \text{ft}^4 \][/tex]

Finally, we can calculate the angle of twist [tex](\( \phi \))[/tex] using the formula:

[tex]\[ \phi = \frac{TL}{GJ} \][/tex]

Substituting the given values:

[tex]\[ \phi = \frac{15.915 \cdot 10}{3.5 \times 10^6 \cdot 0.000321} \approx 0.014 \, \text{radians} \][/tex]

Therefore, for the given values, the maximum shear stress is approximately 184.73 psi and the angle of twist is approximately 0.014 radians.

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The length of the open pipe can be determined by comparing the wavelength of the third harmonic of the open pipe to the second overtone of the stopped organ pipe.

The fundamental frequency of a stopped organ pipe is determined by the length of the pipe, while the frequency of a harmonic in an open pipe is determined by the length and speed of sound. In this case, the fundamental frequency of the stopped organ pipe is given as 220 Hz.

The second overtone of the stopped organ pipe is the third harmonic, which has a frequency that is three times the fundamental frequency, resulting in 660 Hz (220 Hz × 3). The wavelength of this second overtone can be calculated by dividing the speed of sound by its frequency: wavelength = speed of sound / frequency = 345 m/s / 660 Hz = 0.5227 meters.

Now, we need to find the length of the open pipe that produces the same wavelength as the third harmonic of the stopped organ pipe. Since the open pipe has a fundamental frequency that corresponds to its first harmonic, the wavelength of the third harmonic in the open pipe is four times the length of the pipe. Therefore, the length of the open pipe can be calculated by multiplying the wavelength by a factor of 1/4: length = (0.5227 meters) / 4 = 0.1307 meters.

Finally, to express the length in millimeters, we convert the length from meters to millimeters by multiplying it by 1000: length = 0.1307 meters × 1000 = 130.7 mm. Hence, the length of the open pipe is 130.7 mm.

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It can be seen that the circuit is a series circuit, hence the current passing through the circuit is same in the entire circuit. Let the current in the circuit be I. The voltage drop across the resistor is given by IR.

Hence the time derivative of current is zero, i.e., di/dt = 0.Substituting this in the above equation, we get V = I max R. This gives the value of I max = 10.9/5.09The value of I max is 2.14 A.

Power supplied by the battery; The power supplied by the battery is given by;

P = VI

Where

V = 10.9 V and

I = 2.14 A

Substituting these values, we get;

P = 23.3 W

Power delivered to the resistor; The power delivered to the resistor is given by;

P = I²R

Where

I = 2.14 A and

R = 5.09 ohm

Substituting these values, we get;

P = 24.6 W

Power delivered to the inductor; The power delivered to the inductor is given by;

P = I²L(di/dt)

I = 2.14 A,

L = 3.5 H and

di/dt = 0

Substituting these values, we get; P = 0

Energy stored in the magnetic field of the inductor; The energy stored in the magnetic field of the inductor is given by;

W = (1/2)LI²

Where

I = 2.14 A and

L = 3.5 H

Substituting these values, we get; W = 16.46 J

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Therefore, the nucleus experiences an acceleration of 1.93 × 10¹¹ m/s² in the positive x-direction, and its displacement after 1.70 s is 1.64 × 10¹¹m in the positive x-direction.

To solve this problem, we'll use the following formulas:

(a) Acceleration (a):

The electric force (F(e)) experienced by the helium nucleus can be calculated using the formula:

F(e) = q × E

where q is the charge of the nucleus and E is the magnitude of the electric field.

The force ((F)e) acting on the nucleus is related to its acceleration (a) through Newton's second law:

F(e) = m × a

where m is the mass of the nucleus.

Setting these two equations equal to each other, we can solve for the acceleration (a):

q × E = m × a

a = (q × E) / m

(b) Displacement (d):

To find the displacement, we can use the kinematic equation:

d = (1/2) × a × t²

where t is the time interval.

Given:

m = 6.64 × 10²⁷ kg

q = 3.20 × 10¹⁹ C

E = 4.00 ×10⁻⁷ N/C

t = 1.70 s

(a) Acceleration (a):

a = (q × E) / m

= (3.20 × 10¹⁹ C ×4.00 × 10⁻⁷ N/C) / (6.64 × 10⁻²⁷ kg)

= 1.93 ×10¹¹ m/s² (in the positive x-direction)

(b) Displacement (d):

d = (1/2) × a × t²

= (1/2) × (1.93 × 10¹¹ m/s²) ×(1.70 s)²

= 1.64 × 10¹¹ m (in the positive x-direction)

Therefore, the nucleus experiences an acceleration of 1.93 × 10¹¹ m/s² in the positive x-direction, and its displacement after 1.70 s is 1.64 × 10¹¹m in the positive x-direction.

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Kirchhoff's Second Law, you need to select loops in your circuit that cover every part of the circuit. Write equations for each loop by summing up the voltage drops and rises around the loop.

Kirchhoff's laws are fundamental principles in circuit analysis that help describe the behavior of electric circuits. Let's discuss each law and how they can be applied:

Kirchhoff's First Law (also known as the Current Law or Junction Law): This law states that the algebraic sum of currents entering a junction (or node) in a circuit is equal to the sum of currents leaving that junction. Mathematically, it can be represented as:

∑I_in = ∑I_out

To apply Kirchhoff's First Law, you need to identify the junctions in your circuit and write equations for them based on the current entering and leaving each junction.

Kirchhoff's Second Law (also known as the Voltage Law or Loop Law): This law states that the sum of voltage drops (or rises) around any closed loop in a circuit is equal to the sum of the electromotive forces (emfs) or voltage sources in that loop. Mathematically, it can be represented as:

∑V_loop = ∑V_source

To apply Kirchhoff's Second Law, you need to select loops in your circuit that cover every part of the circuit. Write equations for each loop by summing up the voltage drops and rises around the loop.

Unfortunately, without specific information about the circuit or the measured voltage data, I cannot provide the equations or compare them to your data. If you can provide more details about your circuit, the components involved, and the specific voltage data you have collected, I would be happy to help you further.

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The bear would need to extract approximately 23,445 grams (or 23.445 kg) of honey to compensate for the energy spent in the climb.

To estimate the amount of honey the bear would need to extract to compensate for the energy spent in the climb, we can make the following assumptions:

1. The energy spent in the climb is equal to the gravitational potential energy gained by the bear as it climbs the tree.

The gravitational potential energy can be calculated using the formula:

Potential Energy = mass × gravity × height

Since the bear's mass is not provided, we will assume a typical mass for an adult bear, which is around 300 kg. The acceleration due to gravity, g, is approximately 9.8 m/s². Thus, the potential energy gained during the climb is:

Potential Energy = 300 kg × 9.8 m/s² × 10 m = 294,000 J

2. We assume that all the energy spent on the climb can be compensated for by consuming honey.

To calculate the amount of honey needed, we can convert the potential energy gained during the climb to calories using the conversion factor provided:

Potential Energy (in cal) = Potential Energy (in J) / 4.184

Potential Energy (in cal) = 294,000 J / 4.184 = 70,335 cal

3. The nutritional value of honey is given as 300 kcal per 100 g.

To calculate the amount of honey needed, we can set up a proportion:

70,335 cal / x = 300 kcal / 100 g

Cross-multiplying and solving for x (the amount of honey needed), we get:

x = (70,335 cal * 100 g) / (300 kcal)

x ≈ 23,445 g

Therefore, the bear would need to extract approximately 23,445 grams (or 23.445 kg) of honey to compensate for the energy spent in the climb.

The correct question should be:

A bear climbs a 10 m-tall tree to rob a beehive. Estimate how much honey she would need to extract to compensate for the energy spent in the climb. Justify the assumptions. Assume the nutritious value of honey equal 300 kcal per 100 g, where 1 cal = 4.184 J.

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The electric field E in the presence of the given magnetic field is zero.

To find the electric field E, we can use the equation of motion for the electron under the influence of both electric and magnetic fields:

ma = q(E + v × B)

Where:

Given:

First, we need to convert the initial velocity from km/s to m/s:

v = (13.8, 7, 14.7) km/s = (13.8 × 10^3, 7 × 10^3, 14.7 × 10^3) m/s

v = (13.8 × 10^3, 7 × 10^3, 14.7 × 10^3) m/s

Now, let's substitute the given values into the equation of motion:

ma = q(E + v × B)

m(1.88 × 10^12) = q(E + (13.8 × 10^3, 7 × 10^3, 14.7 × 10^3) × (461, 0, 0))

Since the acceleration is only in the positive x direction, the magnetic field only affects the y and z components of the velocity. Therefore, the cross product term (v × B) only has a non-zero y component.

m(1.88 × 10^12) = q(E + (13.8 × 10^3) × (0, 1, 0) × (461, 0, 0))

m(1.88 × 10^12) = q(E + (13.8 × 10^3) × (0, 0, 461))

m(1.88 × 10^12) = q(E + (0, 0, 461 × 13.8 × 10^3))

m(1.88 × 10^12) = q(E + (0, 0, 6.3688 × 10^6))

Comparing the x, y, and z components on both sides of the equation, we can write three separate equations:

1.88 × 10^12 = qE

0 = 0

0 = q(6.3688 × 10^6)

From the second equation, we can see that the y component of the equation is zero, which implies that there is no electric field in the y direction.

From the third equation, we can find the value of q:

0 = q(6.3688 × 10^6)

q = 0

Now, substitute q = 0 into the first equation:

1.88 × 10^12 = 0E

E = 0

Therefore, the electric field E is 0 in this scenario.

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the energy of the ground state in a harmonic oscillator with a spacing energy of 4 eV is approximately 12.03 eV. None of the provided answer options (a, b, c, d) matches this result.

In a harmonic oscillator, the spacing energy between quantized energy levels is given by the formula:

ΔE = ħω,

where ΔE is the spacing energy, ħ is the reduced Planck's constant (approximately 6.626 × 10^(-34) J·s), and ω is the angular frequency of the oscillator.

ΔE = 4 eV × 1.602 × 10^(-19) J/eV = 6.408 × 10^(-19) J.

6.408 × 10^(-19) J = ħω.

E₁ = (n + 1/2) ħω,

where E₁ is the energy of the ground state.

E₁ = (1 + 1/2) ħω = (3/2) ħω.

E₁ = (3/2) × 6.408 × 10^(-19) J.

E₁ = (3/2) × 6.408 × 10^(-19) J / (1.602 × 10^(-19) J/eV) = 3 × 6.408 / 1.602 eV.

E₁ ≈ 12.03 eV.

Therefore, the energy of the ground state in a harmonic oscillator with a spacing energy of 4 eV is approximately 12.03 eV. None of the provided answer options (a, b, c, d) matches this result.

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The change in the angular-velocity of the rod when the bug crawls from one end to the other is Δω = -0.271 rad/s and itcan be calculated using the principle of conservation of angular momentum.

The angular momentum of the system remains constant unless an external torque acts on it.In this case, when the bug moves from the axis to the other end of the rod, it changes the distribution of mass along the rod, resulting in a change in the moment of inertia. As a result, the angular velocity of the rod will change.

To calculate the change in angular velocity, we can use the equation:

Δω = (ΔI) / I

where Δω is the change in angular velocity, ΔI is the change in moment of inertia, and I is the initial moment of inertia of the rod.

The initial moment of inertia of the rod is given as 1.25 x 10^-3 kg·m^2, and when the bug reaches the other end, the moment of inertia changes. The moment of inertia of a thin rod about an axis perpendicular to its length is given by the equation:

I = (1/3) * m * L^2

where m is the mass of the rod and L is the length of the rod.

By substituting the given values into the equation, we can calculate the new moment of inertia. Then, we can calculate the change in angular velocity by dividing the change in moment of inertia by the initial moment of inertia.

The change in angular velocity of the rod is calculated to be Δω = -0.271 rad/s.

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The angular speed of the satellite, as it orbits the Earth, is approximately 1.04 × 10⁻³ rad/s.

To find the angular speed of the satellite, we can use the formula:

ω = √(G * ME / r³),

where:

Let's calculate the angular speed using the given values:

r = RE + h = 6.37 × 10⁶ m + 800,000 m = 7.17 × 10⁶ m.

ω = √(6.67 × 10⁻¹¹ N-m²/kg² * 5.98 × 10²⁴ kg / (7.17 × 10⁶ m)³).

Calculating this expression will give us the angular speed of the satellite.

ω ≈ 1.04 × 10⁻³ rad/s.

Therefore, the angular speed of the satellite, as it orbits the Earth, is approximately 1.04 × 10⁻³ rad/s.

The correct answer is (b) 1.04 × 10⁻³ rad/s.

The complete question should be:

A 5,000 kg satellite is orbiting the Earth in a circular path. The height of the satellite above the surface of the Earth is 800 km. The angular speed of the satellite, as it orbits the Earth, is ([tex]M_{E}[/tex] = 5.98 × 10²⁴ kg. [tex]R_{E}[/tex] = 6.37 × 10⁶m. G= 6.67 × 10⁻¹¹ N-m²/kg².

Multiple Choice

a. 9.50 × 10⁻⁴ rad/s

b. 1.04 × 10⁻³ rad/s

c. 1.44 × 10⁻³ rad/s

d. 1.90 x 10³ rad/s

e. 2.20 × 10⁻³ rad/s

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(a) 50% of the original intensity emerges from filter #1, (b) 40.45% emerges from filter #2, and (c) 15.71% emerges from filter #3.

(a) The intensity emerging from the first filter can be determined by considering the angle between the transmission axis of the first filter and the polarization direction of the incident light.

Since the light is unpolarized, only half of the intensity will pass through the first filter. Therefore, 50% of the original intensity emerges from filter #1.

(b) The intensity emerging from the second filter can be calculated using Malus' law. Malus' law states that the intensity transmitted through a polarizer is given by the cosine squared of the angle between the transmission axis and the polarization direction.

In this case, the angle is 50°. Applying Malus' law, we find that the intensity emerging from filter #[tex]2 is 0.5 * cos²(50°) ≈ 0.4045[/tex], or approximately 40.45% of the original intensity.

(c) Similarly, the intensity emerging from the third filter can be calculated using Malus' law. The angle between the transmission axis of the third filter and the polarization direction is 70°.

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The total amount of energy required to take 2.00 kg of water from -25.0°C to 135°C is approximately 1.77 x 10^6 Joules.

To calculate the total energy required to heat 2.00 kg of water from -25.0°C to 135°C, we can break it down into three steps:

Energy to raise the temperature from -25.0°C to 0°C: Using the specific heat capacity of water (4.18 J/g°C), we find the energy required is 2090 J.

Energy to raise the temperature from 0°C to 100°C: This includes the energy to heat the water from 0°C to 100°C (8360 J) and the energy needed for the phase change from liquid to vapor (4520 J).

Energy to raise the temperature from 100°C to 135°C: Using the specific heat capacity of water, the energy required is determined to be 8360 J. By adding up the energies from each step, we find that the total energy required to heat the water to 135°C is approximately 1.77 x 10^6 Joules.

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It will take the wheel 5.384 seconds to rotate through the next 50 rad. The collision resulted in a loss of approximately 50.82% of the initial kinetic energy.

3. We can use the following kinematic formula for rotational motion:

θ = ωi*t + 1/2*α*t², where: θ = final angular displacement, ωi = initial angular velocity, t = time elapsed, α = angular acceleration

From rest, the initial angular velocity is 0. Thus, the formula becomes:

θ = 1/2*α*t²12.5 = 1/2*1*t²Solving for t, we get:t = 5 seconds

Therefore, the angular velocity at the end of that 5 seconds can be found using the following formula:

ωf = ωi + α*tωf = 0 + 1*5ωf = 5 rad/s

To find the time required for the wheel to rotate through the next 50 rad, we can use the following formula:

θ = ωi*t + 1/2*α*t²50 = 5t + 1/2*1*t²50 = 5t + 1/2*t²

Multiplying both sides by 2, we get:100 = 10t + t²Simplifying the equation:

t² + 10t - 100 = 0Using the quadratic formula, we get:t = 5.384 seconds (rounded off to three significant figures)

Therefore, it will take the wheel 5.384 seconds to rotate through the next 50 rad.

4. To solve this problem, we can use the law of conservation of momentum. According to the principle of conservation of momentum, the total momentum before the collision is conserved and remains equal to the total momentum after the collision.

M₁v₁ + m₂v₂ = (M₁ + m₂)V100v₁ + 500(3) = 600(5)100v₁ = 1500 - 1500100v₁ = 1350v₁ = 13.5 m/s

The velocity of car 1 before the collision is 13.5 m/s.

The initial total kinetic energy of the system can be determined by calculating the sum of the kinetic energies of the individual objects involved.

K1i = 1/2*M₁*v₁² + 1/2*m₂*v₂²K1i = 1/2*100*(13.5)² + 1/2*500*(3)²K1i = 15,262.5 J

The final total kinetic energy of the system can be determined by calculating the kinetic energy of the system after the collision has occurred.

K1f = 1/2*(M₁ + m₂)*V²K1f = 1/2*600*(5)²K1f = 7,500 J

The fraction of initial kinetic energy lost during the collision is:

K1lost/K1i = (K1i - K1f)/K1iK1lost/K1i = (15,262.5 - 7,500)/15,262.5K1lost/K1i = 0.5082 or 50.82%

Therefore, the collision resulted in a loss of approximately 50.82% of the initial kinetic energy.

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a) The work done on the gas during the compression is 517.56 J. b) The change in internal energy of the gas is -317.56 J.

a) The work done on the gas can be calculated using the formula W = -PΔV, where P is the pressure and ΔV is the change in volume. Since the process is isothermal, the pressure can be calculated using the ideal gas law: PV = nRT, where n is the number of moles of gas, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is the temperature in Kelvin. First, we need to calculate the number of moles of gas using the mass and molar mass. The number of moles (n) is equal to the mass (m) divided by the molar mass (M). Once we have the number of moles, we can calculate the initial and final pressures using the ideal gas law. The work done on the gas is then given by W = -PΔV.

ΔV = V2 - V1

ΔV = 4 liters - 10 liters

ΔV = -6 liters (negative sign indicates compression)

Now we can calculate the work done on the gas (W):

W = -P1 * ΔV

W = -(86.26 J/liter) * (-6 liters)

W = 517.56 J

Therefore, the work done on the gas is 517.56 J.

b) The change in internal energy (ΔU) of the gas can be calculated using the first law of thermodynamics: ΔU = Q - W, where Q is the heat added to the gas and W is the work done on the gas. In this case, the heat added to the gas is given as 200 J. Since the process is isothermal, there is no change in temperature and therefore no change in internal energy due to temperature. The only energy transfer is in the form of heat (Q) and work done (W).

ΔU = Q - W

ΔU = 200 J - 517.56 J

ΔU = -317.56 J

Therefore, the change in internal energy of the gas is -317.56 J.

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The arrow will take approximately 1.4 seconds to hit the ground. This can be determined by analyzing the vertical motion of the arrow and considering the effects of gravity.

When the arrow is shot horizontally, its initial vertical velocity is zero since it is only moving horizontally. The only force acting on the arrow in the vertical direction is gravity, which causes it to accelerate downwards at a rate of 9.8 m/s².

Using the equation of motion for vertical motion, h = ut + (1/2)gt², where h is the vertical displacement (6.2 m), u is the initial vertical velocity (0 m/s), g is the acceleration due to gravity (-9.8 m/s²), and t is the time taken, we can rearrange the equation to solve for t.

Rearranging the equation gives us t² = (2h/g), which simplifies to t = √(2h/g). Substituting the given values, we have t = √(2 * 6.2 / 9.8) ≈ 1.4 seconds.

Therefore, the arrow will take approximately 1.4 seconds to hit the ground when shot horizontally from a height of 6.2 meters above the ground, ignoring friction.

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The sum of these forces should be zero:

F_AB_y + F_AC_y + F_AD_y = 0

To find the x and y coordinates for particle D such that the net gravitational force on particle A from particles B, C, and D is zero, we can use the concept of gravitational forces and Newton's law of universal gravitation.

Let's assume that the x-axis extends horizontally and the y-axis extends vertically.

Given:

Mass of particle A (mA) = 4 g

Mass of particle B = 2.00mA

Mass of particle C = 3.00mA

Mass of particle D = 4.00m

Distance between particle A and D (d) = 19 cm = 0.19 m

Let (x, y) be the coordinates of particle D.

The gravitational force between two particles is given by the equation:

F_gravity = G * (m1 * m2) / r^2

Where:

F_gravity is the gravitational force between the particles.

G is the gravitational constant (approximately 6.674 × 10^-11 N(m/kg)^2).

m1 and m2 are the masses of the particles.

r is the distance between the particles.

Since we want the net gravitational force on particle A to be zero, the sum of the gravitational forces between particle A and particles B, C, and D should add up to zero.

Considering the x-components of the gravitational forces, we have:

Force on particle A due to particle B in the x-direction: F_AB_x = F_AB * cos(theta_AB)

Force on particle A due to particle C in the x-direction: F_AC_x = F_AC * cos(theta_AC)

Force on particle A due to particle D in the x-direction: F_AD_x = F_AD * cos(theta_AD)

Here, theta_AB, theta_AC, and theta_AD represent the angles between the x-axis and the lines joining particle A to particles B, C, and D, respectively.

Since we want the net force to be zero, the sum of these forces should be zero:

F_AB_x + F_AC_x + F_AD_x = 0

Similarly, considering the y-components of the gravitational forces, we have:

Force on particle A due to particle B in the y-direction: F_AB_y = F_AB * sin(theta_AB)

Force on particle A due to particle C in the y-direction: F_AC_y = F_AC * sin(theta_AC)

Force on particle A due to particle D in the y-direction: F_AD_y = F_AD * sin(theta_AD)

Again, the sum of these forces should be zero:

F_AB_y + F_AC_y + F_AD_y = 0

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The tasks involve calculating the vapor pressure of normal decane using different methods and plotting the vapor pressure versus temperature for several compounds on reduced scales, along with suggesting a third parameter for a corresponding state model.

The paragraph describes two tasks related to calculating and plotting vapor pressure for different compounds.

1.1. The first task involves calculating the vapor pressure of normal decane at 355 K using three different methods:

  (a) The Cox chart: The Cox chart provides vapor pressure values based on temperature and molecular weight.

  (b) The Lee-Kesler equation: The Lee-Kesler equation is an empirical correlation that estimates vapor pressure based on temperature and critical properties of the compound.

  (c) A linear relation: A linear relationship between the logarithm of vapor pressure and the inverse of temperature is established using the normal boiling point and the critical point of the substance.

1.2. The second task is to plot the vapor pressure versus temperature on reduced scales of (P/Pc) and (T/Tc) for methane, normal hexane, benzene, normal decane, and eicosane. Reduced scales allow for the comparison of vapor pressure behavior across different compounds by scaling the pressure and temperature with their respective critical point values.

Additionally, a suggestion is made to include a third parameter, such as the acentric factor or critical compressibility factor, in a three-parameter corresponding state model to better correlate the vapor pressure data.

These tasks aim to explore different methods of calculating vapor pressure and visualize the relationship between vapor pressure and temperature for various compounds while considering additional parameters in a corresponding state model.

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Specific heat (C) = Q / (m × ΔT). Therefore, the amount of heat energy required to convert 50 kg of ice into steam is 129,700,000 Joules. Therefore, the specific heat of the metal is -440 J/kg°C. Therefore, the heat energy transferred to the 400 g of air is 86,160 Joules.

1: The specific heat is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by a certain amount. It is defined as the heat energy (Q) divided by the mass (m) of the substance and the change in temperature (ΔT):

Specific heat (C) = Q / (m × ΔT)

2: To calculate the amount of heat energy required to convert 50 kg of ice into steam, we need to consider the phase changes involved. The process includes heating the ice to its melting point, converting it from ice to water at the melting point, heating the water to its boiling point, and converting it from water to steam at the boiling point. Each phase change requires a specific amount of heat energy, which can be calculated using the specific latent heat values.

The specific latent heat of fusion (L(f)) is the amount of heat energy required to convert a unit mass of a substance from solid to liquid at its melting point. For water, the value of L(f) is approximately 334,000 J/kg.

The specific latent heat of vaporization (L(v)) is the amount of heat energy required to convert a unit mass of a substance from liquid to gas at its boiling point. For water, the value of L(v) is approximately 2,260,000 J/kg.

To calculate the total heat energy required, we can sum up the heat energy for each phase change:

Q = Q melt + Q vaporization

Q melt = L(f) ×mass

= 334,000 J/kg × 50 kg

= 16,700,000 J

Q vaporization = L(v) × mass

= 2,260,000 J/kg ×50 kg

= 113,000,000 J

Q = 16,700,000 J + 113,000,000 J

= 129,700,000 J

Therefore, the amount of heat energy required to convert 50 kg of ice into steam is 129,700,000 Joules.

Q.3: To find the specific heat of the metal, we can use the principle of energy conservation. The heat gained by the metal (Q(metal)) can be calculated by considering the heat lost by the hot water and gained by the calorimeter and the cold water.

Q(metal) = Q(water) + Q(calorimeter)

The heat gained by the water (Q(water)) can be calculated using the specific heat capacity of water (c(water)), the mass of water (m(water)), and the change in temperature (ΔTwater):

Q(water) = c(water) × m(water) × ΔTwater

Given:

Mass of metal (m(metal)) = 1 kg

Mass of water (m(water)) = 0.8 kg

Mass of calorimeter (m(calorimeter)) = 0.9 kg

Initial temperature of water (T(initial)) = 25°C

Final temperature of water (T(final)) = 33°C

Using the specific heat capacity of water (c(water)) as 4186 J/kg °C, we can calculate the heat gained by the water:

Q(water) = 4186 J/kg °C × 0.8 kg × (33°C - 25°C)

= 26,696 J

The heat gained by the calorimeter (Q(calorimeter)) can be calculated using the specific heat capacity of copper (c(copper)), the mass of the calorimeter (m(calorimeter)), and the change in temperature (ΔTcalorimeter):

Given:

Specific heat capacity of copper (c(copper)) = 386 J/kg °C

Change in temperature of the calorimeter (ΔTcalorimeter) = T(final) - T(initial) = 33°C - 25°C = 8°C

Q(calorimeter) = c(copper) × m(calorimeter) × ΔTcalorimeter

= 386 J/kg °C × 0.9 kg * 8°C

= 2,772 J

Finally, we can calculate the heat gained by the metal:

Q(metal) = Q(water) + Q(calorimeter)

= 26,696 J + 2,772 J

= 29,468 J

To find the specific heat of the metal (c(metal)), we can rearrange the equation:

c(metal) = Q(metal) / (m(metal) × ΔTmetal)

Given that the metal was initially in boiling water (100°C), and its final temperature is the same as the water (33°C), we have:

ΔTmetal = 33°C - 100°C = -67°C (negative because the metal lost heat)

c(metal) = 29,468 J / (1 kg × -67°C)

= -440 J/kg °C

Therefore, the specific heat of the metal is -440 J/kg °C.

Q.4: The definition of energy is the capacity to do work or transfer heat. It is a scalar quantity that comes in various forms, such as kinetic energy, potential energy, thermal energy, etc. The commercial unit of energy is the joule (J). Other commonly used units of energy include the calorie, British thermal unit (BTU), and kilowatt-hour (kWh).

Q.5: At constant volume, heat energy is transferred to 400 g of air, causing its temperature to increase from 50°C to 300°C.

Given:

Mass of air (m) = 400 g = 0.4 kg

Initial temperature (T(initial)) = 50°C

Final temperature (T(final)) = 300°C

To calculate the heat energy transferred (Q), we can use the equation:

Q = mcΔT

where c is the specific heat capacity of air.

Given that the specific heat capacity of air at constant volume (cv) is approximately 0.718 J/g °C, we can convert the mass to grams and calculate the heat energy:

Q = 0.4 kg × 1000 g/kg × 0.718 J/g °C ×(300°C - 50°C)

= 86,160 J

Therefore, the heat energy transferred to the 400 g of air is 86,160 Joules.

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The velocity (v) of the rocket at the altitude of 1200 m is 87.8 m/s. The time (t) it takes the rocket to reach this altitude of 1200 m is 20.7 s. The maximum altitude that the rocket can reach even when its fuel has run out is 8.86 km. The velocity that the rocket will hit the ground on earth is 417.96 m/s.

Determine the velocity (v) of the rocket at the altitude of 1200 m.The initial velocity (u) of the rocket = 0,Acceleration (a) of the rocket until it runs out of fuel = 3.2 m/s²,Height (s) of the rocket = 1200 m,

Using the formula;v² - u² = 2asv² - 0² 2as,

v² - 0² = 2(3.2)(1200),

v² = 7680,

v = 87.8 m/s.

Find the time (t) it takes the rocket to reach this altitude of 1200 m.The initial velocity (u) of the rocket = 0,Acceleration (a) of the rocket until it runs out of fuel = 3.2 m/s²,Height (s) of the rocket = 1200 m,

Using the formula;s = ut + 1/2 at²1200,

0 + 1/2 (3.2) t²t = 20.7 s.

Find the maximum altitude that the rocket can reach even when its fuel has run out.When the fuel runs out, the acceleration, a, is no longer 3.2 m/s², it is 9.8 m/s².The final velocity of the rocket (v) at this point can be obtained using the formula;v = u + at,

87.8 + (9.8)(20.7) = 287.66 m/s.

Using the formula;v² - u² = 2as,where v = 287.66 m/s, u = 87.8 m/s and a = -9.8 m/s² (negative because it is against the upward direction), we can find the maximum altitude that the rocket can reach;287.66² - 87.8² = 2(-9.8)sshould be substituted with the height of the maximum altitude.s = 8859.12 m or 8.86 km.

Find the velocity that the rocket will hit the ground on earth (on impact, altitude = 0) when it drops back down to earth from the maximum altitude.Using the formula;v² - u² = 2as,where u = 287.66 m/s (since it is the initial velocity when the rocket starts falling), a = 9.8 m/s² (negative because it is against the upward direction) and s = 8859.12 m (height of the maximum altitude), we can find the velocity that the rocket will hit the ground;v² - (287.66)² = 2(-9.8)(-8859.12)v = 417.96 m/s

The velocity (v) of the rocket at the altitude of 1200 m is 87.8 m/s.

The time (t) it takes the rocket to reach this altitude of 1200 m is 20.7 s.

The maximum altitude that the rocket can reach even when its fuel has run out is 8.86 km

The velocity that the rocket will hit the ground on earth (on impact, altitude = 0) when it drops back down to earth from the maximum altitude is 417.96 m/s.

The velocity (v) of the rocket at the altitude of 1200 m is 87.8 m/s. The time (t) it takes the rocket to reach this altitude of 1200 m is 20.7 s. The maximum altitude that the rocket can reach even when its fuel has run out is 8.86 km. The velocity that the rocket will hit the ground on earth (on impact, altitude = 0) when it drops back down to earth from the maximum altitude is 417.96 m/s.

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The coefficient of friction of the incline is 0.47, determined by comparing the net force and the parallel component of gravitational force.

To find the coefficient of friction of the incline, we can use the following steps:

Calculate the gravitational force acting on the box:

F_gravity = m * g,

where m is the mass of the box (5 kg) and g is the acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/s²).

F_gravity = 5 kg * 9.8 m/s² = 49 N.

Determine the component of the gravitational force parallel to the incline:

F_parallel = F_gravity * sin(θ),

where θ is the angle of the incline (30°).

F_parallel = 49 N * sin(30°) = 24.5 N.

Calculate the net force acting on the box in the downward direction:

F_net = m * a,

where a is the acceleration of the box (2.3 m/s²).

F_net = 5 kg * 2.3 m/s² = 11.5 N.

Determine the frictional force acting in the opposite direction of the motion:

F_friction = F_parallel - F_net.

F_friction = 24.5 N - 11.5 N = 13 N.

Calculate the normal force acting on the box perpendicular to the incline:

F_normal = F_gravity * cos(θ).

F_normal = 49 N * cos(30°) = 42.43 N.

Finally, calculate the coefficient of friction:

μ = F_friction / F_normal.

μ = 13 N / 42.43 N = 0.47.

Therefore, the coefficient of friction of the incline is 0.47.

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Complete question is:

A 5kg,box is on an incline of 30°. It is accelerating down at 2.3m/s². What is the coefficient of friction of the incline? A -1... 1 ACO The initialanand of the

The coefficient of friction of the incline is 0.31.

To find the coefficient of friction of the incline, we can follow these steps:

Step 1: Find the gravitational force acting on the box:

The force due to gravity, Fg = m × g = 5 kg × 9.8 m/s^2 = 49 N.

Step 2: Find the component of Fg along the incline:

The component of Fg along the incline, Fgx = Fg × sin θ = 49 N × sin 30° = 24.5 N.

Step 3: Find the net force acting on the box:

The net force acting on the box, Fnet = m × a = 5 kg × 2.3 m/s^2 = 11.5 N.

Step 4: Find the frictional force acting on the box:

The frictional force acting on the box, Ff = Fgx - Fnet = 24.5 N - 11.5 N = 13 N.

Step 5: Find the coefficient of friction of the incline:

The coefficient of friction of the incline, µ = Ff / FN, where FN is the normal force acting on the box.

Since the box is on an incline, the normal force acting on the box is given by:

FN = Fg × cos θ = 49 N × cos 30° = 42.43 N.

Substituting the values of Ff and FN in the equation, we get:

µ = 13 N / 42.43 N = 0.31.

Therefore, the coefficient of friction of the incline is 0.31.

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Period: 6.35 s, Frequency: 0.1578 Hz, Wavelength: 34.5 m, Speed: 5.445 m/s,  Amplitude: Not determinable from the given information.

The period (T) of a wave is the time it takes for one complete wave cycle to pass a given point. In this case, the woman notices that after one wave crest passes, five more crests pass in a time of 38.1 seconds. Therefore, the time for one wave crest to pass is 38.1 s divided by 6 (1 + 5). Thus, the period is T = 38.1 s / 6 = 6.35 s.(b) The frequency (f) of a wave is the number of complete wave cycles passing a given point per unit of time. Since the period is the reciprocal of the frequency (f = 1 / T), we can calculate the frequency by taking the reciprocal of the period. Thus, the frequency is f = 1 / 6.35 s ≈ 0.1578 Hz.(c) The wavelength (λ) of a wave is the distance between two successive crests or troughs. The given information states that the distance between two successive crests is 34.5 m. Therefore, the wavelength is λ = 34.5 m.

(d) The speed (v) of a wave is the product of its frequency and wavelength (v = f * λ). Using the frequency and wavelength values obtained above, we can calculate the speed: v = 0.1578 Hz * 34.5 m ≈ 5.445 m/s. (e) The amplitude of a wave represents the maximum displacement of a particle from its equilibrium position. Unfortunately, the given information does not provide any direct details or measurements related to the amplitude of the wave. Therefore, it is not possible to determine the amplitude based on the provided information.

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The drift speed of the electrons in the copper wire is 1.04 x 10⁻⁴ m/s. The resistance of the copper wire at 35 °C is 8.59 Ω. The potential difference between the two ends of the copper wire is  31.77 V.

(a) To calculate the drift speed of the electrons in the copper wire:

v(d) = I / (n × A × q)

Given:

I = 3.70 A

n = 8.47 x 10²⁸ m⁻³

A = π × r² (where r is the radius of the wire)

q = -1.6 x 10⁻¹⁹ C (charge of an electron)

Substituting the values and calculating:

A = 4.91 x 10⁻⁶m²

v(d) = (3.70) / (8.47 x 10²⁸ × 4.91 x 10⁻⁶ × 1.6 x 10⁻¹⁹)

v(d) = 1.04 x 10⁻⁴ m/s

Therefore, the drift speed of the electrons in the copper wire is 1.04 x 10⁻⁴ m/s.

(b) To calculate the resistance of the copper wire at 35 °C:

R = ρ × L / A

Given:

ρ = 1.67 x 10⁸ Ω.m (resistivity of copper at 20 °C)

L = 250 m

Δρ = ρ × a × ΔT

ΔT = 35 °C - 20 °C = 15 °C

Δρ = 1.67 x 10⁸ × 4.05 x 10⁻³  × 15 = 1.02 x 10⁶ Ω.m

ρ(new) = ρ + Δρ

ρ(new) = 1.67 x 10⁸  + 1.02 x 10⁶ =  1.68 x 10⁸ Ω.m

R = ρ(new) × L / A

R = 8.59 Ω

Therefore, the resistance of the copper wire at 35 °C is 8.59 Ω.

(c) To calculate the potential difference (voltage) between the two ends of the copper wire:

V = I × R

Given:

I = 3.70 A (current)

R = 8.59 Ω (resistance)

V = (3.70 ) × (8.59 )

V ≈ 31.77 V

Therefore, the potential difference between the two ends of the copper wire is  31.77 V.

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