Alternative splicing is a mechanism that allows for multiple mRNA transcripts to be produced from a single gene.
This process involves the selective inclusion or exclusion of exons during mRNA processing, resulting in different protein isoforms being produced from the same gene. The biological advantage of alternative splicing is that it increases the functional diversity of the proteome, enabling cells to produce a wide variety of proteins with different functions, interactions, and regulation. This allows cells to respond to different environmental stimuli and developmental cues, and to adapt to changing conditions.
Alternative splicing is particularly important in complex organisms, such as humans, where a limited number of genes must generate a diverse array of tissues and organs. Alternative splicing can also play a role in disease, as mutations that affect splicing can lead to aberrant protein isoforms and contribute to the development of various genetic disorders. Overall, alternative splicing is a critical biological mechanism that enables cells to generate a diverse proteome and adapt to changing conditions, thereby enhancing their survival and fitness.
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Which term from the section refers to the principle of natural selection that states individuals in a population differ from one another?
The term that refers to the principle of natural selection that states individuals in a population differ from one another is variation. Variation is a key principle of natural selection, as it provides the raw material upon which natural selection acts to increase the frequency of beneficial traits in a population over time.
In any population, individuals exhibit variations in their physical, behavioral, and physiological traits. These variations are the result of genetic differences, environmental factors, or a combination of both. The principle of natural selection states that individuals with traits that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on these advantageous traits to their offspring. The process of natural selection thus leads to an increase in the frequency of beneficial traits in a population over time.
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In the 1930s, Dr. Link and his laboratory at the University of Wisconsin discovered and purified an important anti-Vitamin K substance. He purified this compound from:
In the 1930s, Dr. Link and his laboratory at the University of Wisconsin discovered and purified an important anti-vitamin K substance from spoiled sweet clover hay. This substance was identified as dicoumarol, a compound that inhibits the enzyme vitamin K epoxide reductase, which is involved in the activation of blood clotting factors.
Dr. Link and his laboratory at the University of Wisconsin discovered and purified an important anti-vitamin K substance in the 1930s. This substance was purified from spoiled hay that had caused fatal hemorrhages in cattle. The substance was later identified as dicoumarol, a compound that inhibits the action of vitamin K in blood clotting. The discovery of dicoumarol led to the development of anticoagulant medications, which are still widely used today to treat blood clots and prevent stroke and heart attack.
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assuming a 28-day ovarian cycle, on what day should ovulation occur? a. Day 7 b. Day 14 c. Day 21 d. Day 28
Assuming a 28-day ovarian cycle, ovulation should occur on day 14. This is because ovulation typically occurs around the midpoint of the cycle.
The ovarian cycle can be divided into three phases: the follicular phase, ovulation, and the luteal phase. The follicular phase begins on the first day of menstruation and lasts until ovulation. During this phase, follicles in the ovaries mature and prepare for ovulation. Ovulation occurs when a mature follicle releases an egg into the fallopian tube. The luteal phase begins after ovulation and lasts until the start of the next menstrual cycle. During this phase, the remaining cells in the follicle form the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone to prepare the uterus for a potential pregnancy.
It is important to note that not all women have a 28-day ovarian cycle, and cycle length can vary from person to person.
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What does "diversity"
mean?
A. study of
C. species
B. life
D. variety
Answer:]
D.
Explanation:
its D Variety is a synonym for diversity.
The diploid organism Biologica isawesema has 10 TOTAL chromosomes in each of its body (somatic) cells. A zygote produced from the fusion of a sperm and egg from Biologica isawesema would contain _____ CHROMOSOMES.
20
5
40
10
The diploid organism Biologica isawesema has 10 total chromosomes in each of its body (somatic) cells. A zygote produced from the fusion of a sperm and egg from Biologica isawesema would contain 10 chromosomes (Option E).
Biologica isawesema is a diploid organism, meaning it has two sets of chromosomes in its somatic cells. It has 10 total chromosomes in each somatic cell, which means it has 5 chromosomes from each parent (5 from the sperm and 5 from the egg). When a sperm (with 5 chromosomes) and an egg (with 5 chromosomes) from Biologica isawesema fuse, the resulting zygote will have a total of 10 chromosomes (5 from each parent).
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How is the GFP different from the lux gene
The GFP codes for a protein that fluoresces green while the lux gene codes for a protein that produces bioluminescence.
In what ways do the GFP and the lux gene differ from each other?The GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein) and the lux gene are two different types of genes that code for different types of proteins with distinct properties.
The GFP is a gene that codes for a protein that fluoresces green when exposed to light. This protein has become a widely used tool in biology and biotechnology as it can be fused with other proteins to visualize their location and movements inside cells.
On the other hand, the lux gene codes for a protein that produces bioluminescence. This means that it emits light in the presence of oxygen and a substrate called luciferin. The lux gene is commonly found in bioluminescent bacteria and has been used in biotechnology applications such as detecting environmental pollutants and monitoring gene expression.
Therefore, while both the GFP and the lux gene produce light, they do so through different mechanisms and produce different types of light. The GFP produces fluorescence while the lux gene produces bioluminescence.
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correctly match the term and definition: a joint formed by fusion of two bones
The correct term for a joint formed by fusion of two bones is "synostosis".
SynostosisSynostosis is a type of joint formed by the fusion of two bones, resulting in a rigid and immovable connection between them.
The process of synostosis occurs when the two bones become fused together by the deposition of bony tissue, resulting in a complete loss of movement at the joint. This type of joint is also known as a bony joint or a fused joint.
Synostosis can occur naturally during development, such as in the fusion of the skull bones, or as a result of injury or surgery. Despite the loss of mobility, synostosis can provide increased stability and strength to the affected joint.
Therefore the correct term for a joint formed by fusion of two bones is "synostosis".
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TRUE/FALSE. In interactions between species, sometimes one species seems to be unaffected by the species with whom it interacts.
The given statement "In interactions between species, sometimes one species seems to be unaffected by the species with whom it interacts." is true because in interactions between species, sometimes one species seems to be unaffected by the species with whom it interacts.
This phenomenon is known as interspecific interactions or ecological interactions. In these interactions, certain species can have adaptations or characteristics that allow them to avoid or withstand the effects of other species. This could be due to differences in resource requirements, physical traits, or behavioral strategies.
Examples include predator-prey relationships where prey species have developed defenses or camouflage to avoid predation, or mutualistic interactions where one species benefits while the other is unaffected or may also benefit. These interactions play a crucial role in shaping ecosystems and maintaining biodiversity.
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6.25 If the initiating codon of an mRNA were altered by mutation, what might be the effect on the transcript?
The initiating codon of an mRNA is the codon that signals the start of translation and specifies the amino acid methionine. If this codon is altered by a mutation, the effect on the transcript will depend on the specific nature of the mutation.
If the mutation changes the initiating codon to a different codon that also specifies methionine, then translation may still proceed normally, as long as the new codon is recognized by the ribosome and properly positioned in the P site.
However, if the mutation changes the initiating codon to a codon that specifies a different amino acid, translation may be disrupted or halted entirely.
This is because the ribosome will attempt to incorporate the wrong amino acid at the beginning of the protein sequence, potentially altering its function or causing it to be degraded.
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Which of the following sites is considered a facility in the RBRVS payment system?
Ambulance
Hsaio
Harvard
APCs
APCs (Ambulatory Payment Classifications) are a type of payment system used for outpatient services, and are not directly related to facilities in the RBRVS payment system.
What is type of payment system used for outpatient services?In the Resource-Based Relative Value Scale (RBRVS) payment system, a facility is defined as a place where healthcare services are provided to patients. Among the options provided, the ambulance is considered a facility in the RBRVS payment system. This is because ambulances are considered mobile facilities where medical services are provided to patients during transportation. The RBRVS payment system uses different codes and payment rates for services provided in facilities compared to those provided in non-facility settings. This is because facilities typically have higher overhead costs and require more resources to provide services compared to non-facility settings. Hsaio and Harvard are not considered facilities in the RBRVS payment system. APCs (Ambulatory Payment Classifications) are a type of payment system used for outpatient services, and are not directly related to facilities in the RBRVS payment system.
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2. How is the chromosome theory of inheritance related to Mendel's findings
The chromosome theory of inheritance is directly related to Mendel's findings in genetics. In Mendel's experiments with pea plants, he observed the inheritance of traits from one generation to the next. He postulated that traits were passed down in discrete units, which he called "factors" (now known as genes).
Later, scientists discovered that these genes were located on chromosomes, which are the structures that carry genetic information in cells. The chromosome theory of inheritance states that genes are located on chromosomes and are passed down from parents to offspring during reproduction. This theory is consistent with Mendel's findings and provides a mechanism for how traits are inherited from one generation to the next.
In summary, the chromosome theory of inheritance helps to explain the physical basis of Mendel's observations and provides a framework for understanding how genetic information is passed down from generation to generation.
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Which amino acid substitution for the conserved residue at position 64 is LEAST likely to affect the enzymatic function of IN?
Highly conserved residue = D64
A) Asparagine
B) Glutamate
C) Lysine
D) Valine
Asparagine (Option A) is correct.
How to minimize IN dysfunction?The conserved residue at position 64 (D64) of the integrase (IN) enzyme is important for its enzymatic activity. The substitution of D (Aspartic acid) with A (Alanine) at this position can significantly affect the function of IN. However, replacing D with N (Asparagine) is the least disruptive substitution as both amino acids have similar chemical properties. Asparagine can also form hydrogen bonds and stabilize protein structure, like Aspartic acid. Therefore, option A (Asparagine) is the least likely to affect the enzymatic function of IN. The other options, Glutamate, Lysine, and Valine, are significantly different in their chemical properties and are more likely to have an impact on IN function when substituted for D at position 64.
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Why do kids have increased risk of dehydration?
When the body needs to exercise after muscle cells develop oxygen debt, it carries out _____________.
When the body needs to exercise after muscle cells develop oxygen debt, it carries out anaerobic respiration.
When the body needs to exercise after muscle cells develop oxygen debt, it carries out anaerobic respiration to produce energy without relying on oxygen. This process involves breaking down glucose to produce ATP, which allows the muscles to continue contracting even when oxygen is limited. However, this process also produces lactic acid, which can build up in the muscles and cause fatigue. Once oxygen becomes available again, the body can switch back to aerobic respiration, which is more efficient and does not produce lactic acid.
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During which change of state is there a decrease in molecular motion
During the change of state from a gas to a liquid, there is a decrease in molecular motion. As the gas cools, the molecules lose energy and slow down, causing them to come closer together and form a liquid. The decrease in molecular motion is a key factor in this change of state.
When a state changes from a higher energetic state to a less energetic state, molecular motion normally slows down. This alteration can be seen during the phase shift from a liquid to a solid or from a gas to a liquid. The molecules slow down and become more densely packed together as the temperature drops and the intermolecular interactions between them strengthen throughout these transitions. As a result, the molecules' mobility slows down and the system becomes more organised. A phase transition is characterised by a reduction in molecular mobility, which is connected to the release or absorption of energy during the transition.
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If using a 3M stock solution of NaCl, how much of it would be needed to make a 0. 1M solution that totals 0. 6 L (or 600 mL)
To make a 0.1 M solution of NaCl with a total volume of 0.6 L (or 600 mL), we can use the dilution formula:
C1V1 = C2V2
where C1 is the initial concentration, V1 is the initial volume, C2 is the final concentration, and V2 is the final volume.
Given:
C1 = 3 M (initial concentration of the stock solution)
V1 = ? (initial volume of the stock solution, to be determined)
C2 = 0.1 M (final concentration of the desired solution)
V2 = 0.6 L (final volume of the desired solution)
Rearranging the formula, we can solve for V1:
V1 = (C2 * V2) / C1
Substituting the given values:
V1 = (0.1 M * 0.6 L) / 3 M
V1 = 0.02 L or 20 mL
Therefore, you would need 20 mL of the 3 M NaCl stock solution to make a 0.1 M NaCl solution with a total volume of 0.6 L (or 600 mL).
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How does gene duplication occur? What role does it play in evolution?
Gene duplication occurs when a chromosome or a portion of a chromosome is replicated, resulting in an extra copy of a gene. This can happen due to errors during DNA replication or recombination events. The extra copy can then accumulate mutations and evolve separately from the original gene.
Gene duplication plays a significant role in evolution as it provides genetic material for the evolution of new traits and functions. The duplicated gene may undergo changes that allow it to perform a new function, or it may evolve to have a slightly different function from the original gene. This can lead to an increase in genetic diversity and the evolution of new traits, which can ultimately lead to the formation of new species. Additionally, duplicated genes can provide redundancy, which allows for a backup copy in case of a harmful mutation or environmental change. Overall, gene duplication is an essential mechanism for the evolution of complex organisms.
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The Punnett square was introduced in 1906 by Reginald Punnett and provides a simple and convenient method of tracking possible combinations of gametes that might be produced in a given cross.
True/False
True. The Punnett square, introduced by Reginald Punnett in 1906, is indeed a straightforward and useful tool for predicting the potential combinations of gametes in a given genetic cross.
This method allows for a visual representation of the possible genetic outcomes of a cross between two organisms, based on their genotypes. It is widely used in genetics to determine the likelihood of specific traits being inherited by offspring.
Gametes are the reproductive cells (sperm and egg) that contribute genetic material to offspring during sexual reproduction. Each gamete carries a single set of chromosomes, which combine to form the offspring's genotype. The Punnett square is particularly helpful in illustrating how different alleles from parental gametes can combine to form various genotypes in the offspring.
By organizing the parental gametes along the rows and columns of the Punnett square, the possible combinations of alleles can be easily observed. The resulting grid displays the various genotypic possibilities for the offspring, allowing for an estimation of the probabilities of inheriting specific traits.
In summary, the statement is true. The Punnett square, introduced by Reginald Punnett in 1906, is a convenient method for tracking potential combinations of gametes in a genetic cross. This tool is valuable in the study of genetics and understanding the inheritance of traits in offspring.
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Which technique ionizes polypeptides by releasing them from a small metallic capillary at high voltage
The technique you are referring to is called electrospray ionization (ESI). It is a widely used method for ionizing polypeptides and other biomolecules for mass spectrometry analysis.
In ESI, the sample is dissolved in a volatile solvent and is then introduced into a small metallic capillary. A high voltage is applied to the capillary, which leads to the formation of a highly charged aerosol of droplets. As the solvent evaporates from these droplets, the charges on the surface of the droplets increase, resulting in the formation of highly charged polypeptide ions. The charged ions are then transferred into the mass spectrometer, where they are separated based on their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) and detected. ESI has several advantages, such as its ability to handle complex mixtures of molecules, low sample consumption, and high sensitivity.
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Which nuclear structure(s) contain(s) the hereditary material?
The hereditary material in eukaryotic cells is contained within the nucleus, specifically within the chromatin.
Chromatin is made up of DNA wrapped around histone proteins, which condense into chromosomes during cell division. Within the chromosomes, the DNA contains genes, which are the units of hereditary information passed down from parents to offspring. In prokaryotic cells, which lack a true nucleus, the hereditary material is contained within a single, circular chromosome located in the cytoplasm.
This chromosome contains all of the genetic information necessary for the cell's survival and reproduction. Therefore, whether in eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells, the hereditary material is always located within a specific nuclear structure, such as chromatin or a chromosome.
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How does fuzzy accuracy assessment differ from contingency matrix approach (3 ways)?
Fuzzy assessment are universal approximators. If the data matches certain conditions, the fuzzy system can approximate the data with high accuracy, whether it is built intuitively, or tuned by ANFIS.
Fuzzy assessment is an important part of any classification project. It compares the classified image to another data source that is considered to be accurate or ground truth data.
The purpose of fuzzy assessment is the identification and measurement of map errors. It involves comparison of a site on a map ('classified data') against field or photo information ('reference data') for the same site.
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2 dominant alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways ex-> AB blood
This phenomenon is known as codominance, where two dominant alleles both affect the phenotype in separate and distinguishable ways. In the case of AB blood type, the A and B alleles are both dominant over the recessive O allele, and they are codominant with each other.
When an individual inherits one A allele and one B allele (genotype AB), both of these alleles are expressed equally, resulting in the AB blood type phenotype. In this situation, the individual's red blood cells have both A and B antigens on their surface. Since neither A nor B allele is dominant over the other, the distinct traits of each allele can be observed in the phenotype.
This codominance is different from incomplete dominance, where the phenotype of heterozygous individuals is an intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes. In codominance, both alleles are fully expressed without blending, leading to the presence of two distinguishable traits in the organism. This genetic mechanism allows for greater genetic diversity and unique combinations of traits in the population.
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If the same test is performed on this individual's urine after they drink a liter of water, what parameters will most likely change?
Drinking water can affect urinalysis results significantly.
How does drinking water affect urine parameters?Drinking water can have a significant impact on the results of a urinalysis. Urine volume is likely to increase after drinking a liter of water, leading to a decrease in the concentration of solutes in the urine and a subsequent decrease in specific gravity. The color of urine may also become more dilute after drinking water, appearing more clear or pale yellow. Additionally, the pH of urine may become more alkaline after water intake. Electrolyte concentrations, such as sodium, potassium, and chloride, may also be diluted in the urine after drinking water. It is important to take into account recent water intake when interpreting the results of a urinalysis.
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Rotational speed N is related to the angular velocity of rotation by the equation N =2piomega.
T/F
It is true that the rotational speed N is related to the angular velocity of rotation by the equation N = 2πω.
The equation N = 2πω relates the rotational speed N (measured in revolutions per second or RPM) to the angular velocity ω (measured in radians per second) of a rotating object. The factor of 2π converts the angular velocity from radians per second to revolutions per second, since there are 2π radians in one revolution.
The rotational speed N is indeed related to the angular velocity of rotation by the equation N = 2πω.
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dna parts labeling drag the words on the left to their location on the figure
Shown here is the process of transcription in which mRNA (the green strands in the image) is synthesized using a DNA template (the blue strands in the image)
During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to the DNA template and separates the two strands. It then uses one of the strands as a template to synthesize a complementary mRNA molecule. The mRNA molecule is formed by the addition of nucleotides in a specific sequence that is complementary to the DNA template.
Once the mRNA molecule is synthesized, it is released from the DNA template and can be used as a template for protein synthesis during translation. The process of transcription is essential for gene expression as it converts the genetic information stored in DNA into a functional form that can be used by the cell.
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The correct question is:
DNA parts labeling drag the words on the left to their location on the figure
Shown here is the process of ______________ in which _____________ (the green strands in the image) is synthesized using a DNA template (the blue strands in the image)
Thrush is caused by ____________ _______________. Group of answer choices Crytococcus neoformans unicellular yeast Trypanosoma brucei infected ticks
Thrush is caused by the yeast species.
What is Thrush?Thrush is caused by the yeast species Candida albicans, which could be a unicellular organism. Crytococcus neoformans could be a distinctive yeast species that can cause a sort of parasitic disease called cryptococcosis, whereas Trypanosoma brucei could be a protozoan parasite that causes African trypanosomiasis (resting affliction) and is transmitted by contaminated tsetse flies, not ticks.
Cryptococcal meningitis is an contamination caused by the organism Cryptococcus after it spreads from the lungs to the brain. The indications of cryptococcal meningitis incorporate: Cerebral pain. Fever. Neck torment.
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Temperature is a measure of an object's O a O b O c C Od average molecular kinetic energy average molecular potential energy flow of thermal energy total molecular kinetic energy and molecular potential energy
Temperature is a measure of an object's average molecular kinetic energy.
What is temperature?Temperature expresses a fundamental characteristic at play within substances and systems through its determination of their respective degrees of hotness or coldness.
The average kinetic energies found at this level directly relate to specific particle behaviors exhibited in those substances and systems. It quantifies these behaviors through degrees corresponding to relative amounts of thermal energy that can be evaluated through analysis.
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new alleles that might allow a bacterium to become resistant to an antibiotic arise through
New alleles that might allow a bacterium to become resistant to an antibiotic arise through several mechanisms, including genetic mutation and horizontal gene transfer.
Genetic mutation is a spontaneous, random change in the DNA sequence of a bacterium that can lead to the development of a new allele that confers antibiotic resistance. Mutations can occur naturally during DNA replication, exposure to mutagens such as radiation or chemicals, or through errors in DNA repair mechanisms. Horizontal gene transfer is the transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another through mechanisms such as conjugation, transduction, or transformation.
Antibiotic resistance genes can be transferred between bacteria through these mechanisms, allowing the acquisition of new alleles that confer resistance to antibiotics. Overuse and misuse of antibiotics can promote the emergence of new alleles that confer antibiotic resistance by providing selective pressure that favors the growth of resistant bacteria. This can lead to the evolution of new strains of bacteria that are difficult to treat with existing antibiotics.
To combat the development of antibiotic resistance, it is important to use antibiotics judiciously and to develop new strategies for treating bacterial infections.
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How are genes and proteins grouped into families and superfamilies?
Genes and proteins are grouped into families and superfamilies based on similarities in their structure, function, and sequence. This classification allows for better understanding of their evolutionary relationships and functional characteristics.
Protein families are composed of proteins with related structures and functions, often resulting from gene duplication events in evolution. These proteins share significant sequence similarity and have conserved regions that are critical for their function. For instance, the serine protease family includes enzymes that share a common catalytic mechanism and conserved amino acid sequence.
Superfamilies comprise multiple protein families that share a common structural fold, even if their sequences are less similar. They often perform related functions and may have a common evolutionary origin. One example is the immunoglobulin superfamily, which includes proteins involved in cell adhesion and immune response.
Gene families are sets of homologous genes that share a common ancestor and encode proteins with similar functions. These genes may be located within the same organism or spread across multiple species. The globin gene family, responsible for oxygen transport in various organisms, is a well-known example.
In summary, grouping genes and proteins into families and superfamilies provides insights into their evolutionary history and functional roles, while facilitating research and identification of novel therapeutic targets.
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Electrical impulses pass through the conduction system of the heart in the following sequence:
Electrical impulses pass through the conduction system of the heart in a specific sequence, which is crucial for coordinating the contractions of the different chambers of the heart.
The sequence is as follows:
1. The sinoatrial (SA) node, located in the right atrium, generates an electrical impulse that spreads through the atria, causing them to contract.
2. The impulse reaches the atrioventricular (AV) node, located in the interatrial septum, which delays the impulse briefly to allow for the atria to empty completely.
3. The impulse then travels down the bundle of His, which is a specialized pathway of fibers that extends from the AV node into the ventricular septum.
4. The bundle of His divides into right and left bundle branches, which transmit the impulse to the Purkinje fibers.
5. The Purkinje fibers distribute the impulse throughout the ventricles, causing them to contract in a coordinated manner, from the bottom up.
This sequence ensures that the blood is pumped efficiently and effectively throughout the body, with each chamber contracting in the correct sequence and timing.
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