The correct term for a tick that feeds on a rabbit during its larval and nymphal stages, but feeds on a cow after it becomes an adult is two hosted tick.
The organism that benefits is called the parasite, while the organism that is harmed is called the host. Because the parasite lives and gets food from its host, the death of the host will bring death to the parasite itself.
Types of Parasitism Symbiosis
Parasites that live on the host in parasitism symbiosis are divided into two types of parasitism, namely ectoparasitism and endoparasitism. These two types of parasitism symbiosis have different lives.
Ectoparasites are parasites that live attached to their host's body and take nutrients from outside the human body. Endoparasites are parasites that live inside their host's body.
Example: Fleas and Animals
Fleas are small organisms that get food by sucking the blood of other living things they live in, including cats, dogs, goats, buffalo.
The advantage of fleas is getting shelter and food while animals infested with fleas become uncomfortable and itchy
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a lobed accessory organ that overlies the stomach that produces bile to help digest fat, and serves other metabolic and regulatory functions is the:
A lobed accessory organ that overlies the stomach that produces bile to help digest fat , and serves other metabolic and regulatory functions is the LIVER .
What are the functions of liver ?
It continuously produces bile which helps in digestion .
The yellowish-brown fluid which is secreted by the liver helps in chemical digestion by emulsifying fats in the duodenum .
Bile secreted by liver then flows towards the right and left hepatic ducts and then into common hepatic duct , which further leads it into the small intestine to help with digestion and the absorption of fats .
It also plays an important role in metabolism , which includes the decomposition of RBCs , production of hormones and glycogen storage .
Hence , liver is the organ which secrets bile and helps in fat digestion .
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all of these increase blood pressure except norepinephrine. antidiuretic hormone (adh). angiotensin ii. atrial natriuretic peptide.
Atrial natriuretic peptide(ANP) does not increase blood pressure because a cardiac hormone called atrial natriuretic peptide is involved in the physiological upkeep of blood volume and arterial blood pressure.
What is blood pressure?
The force your heart needs to pump blood throughout your body is measured by your blood pressure.
How is blood pressure regulated in the body?
The body controls blood pressure by altering blood vessel widths in response to variations in cardiac output and stroke volume. The sizes of the blood arteries can change as a result of factors including stress, nutrition, medicines, exercise, or disease. This can modify blood pressure.
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select all that are true regarding the endosteum. check all that apply it lines the medullary cavity.it lines the medullary cavity. it surrounds the periosteum.it surrounds the periosteum. it contains osteoblasts.it contains osteoblasts. it contains osteoclasts.it contains osteoclasts.
It surrounds the periosteum..it contains osteoblasts. it contains osteoclasts are true regarding the endosteum.
Endosteum: The endosteum is the membrane that borders the inner surface of the bony wall and is also known as the membrane that lines the bone marrow cavity. It also lines the Haversian canal and all of the internal cavities of the bone. Osteoblasts are specialized mesenchymal cells that produce bone matrix and regulate the skeleton's mineralization. During skeletal growth and remodeling, osteoblasts' main function is to lay down new bone.
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what is(are) the advantage(s) of there being a low blood pressure in the pulmonary circuit? check all that apply.
B. blood flows more slowly through the pulmonary capillaries and therefore has more time for gas exchange.
C. it prevents fluid accumulation in the alveolar walls and lumens.
D. oncotic pressure overrides hydrostatic pressure so pulmonary capillaries are engaged almost entirely in absorption.
The major function of the cardiovascular system is to transport gases, nutrients, waste products, and other materials to and from the body's cells. Small molecules can pass right through the endothelial cell membranes of the capillary wall, including gases, lipids, and compounds that are soluble in lipids. Transporters are used to assist the diffusion of glucose, amino acids, and ions such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride across certain membrane channels because of low blood pressure. Through intercellular clefts, bigger molecules like ions and glucose can also escape circulation. Larger molecules and even huge plasma proteins can fit through the fenestrated capillaries' holes and the sinusoids' enormous gaps. Some substantial low blood pressure plasma proteins can enter and exit endothelial cells through vesicles via Endocytosis and exocytosis allow some large blood plasma proteins to move into and out of endothelial cells while being packaged inside of vesicles. By osmosis, water moves. The pulmonary capillaries' slower blood flow allows for more time for gas exchange. It avoids fluid buildup that might impair gas exchange in the alveolar walls and lumens. Since oncotic pressure prevails over hydrostatic pressure, the majority of pulmonary capillaries' functions are absorption-related. Blood has more time for gas exchange because it moves through the pulmonary capillaries more quickly.
The complete question is:
What is(are) the advantage(s) of there being low blood pressure in the pulmonary circuit? Check all that apply. Check All That Apply.
A. hydrostatic pressure overrides oncotic pressure
B. blood flows more slowly through the pulmonary capillaries and therefore has more time for gas exchange
C. it prevents fluid accumulation in the alveolar walls and lumens
D. oncotic pressure overrides hydrostatic pressure so pulmonary capillaries are engaged almost entirely in absorption
E. Blood flows more quickly through the pulmonary capillaries
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protons are pumped across the mitochondrial inner membrane as electrons are transferred through the mitochondrial electron transport chain. which of the following statements about proton pumping are correct?
If the facts about proton pumping are true, then protons are pumped into the matrix of the mitochondria.
What causes the electron transport chain's proton pumping?Proton pumps are found in the electron transport chain's complexes I, III, and IV. The complexes absorb the energy generated when electrons migrate energetically downward and use it to pump H +start superscript, plus, end superscript ions out of the matrix and into the intermembrane gap.
when outside of the Matrix are protons pumped?At complexes I, III, and IV, the matrix is pumped of protons (2 per complex). The resultant proton gradient drives ATP synthesis: 2 H+ are generated for every ATP. The inner mitochondrion is charged differently due to the proton gradient.
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how transcription regulators (proteins) recognize and bind to regulatory DNA sequences in a DNA double helix.
-proteins that recognize a specific nucleotide sequence do so because the surface of the protein fits tightly against the surface features of the DNA double helix in that region
-these surfaces features will vary depending on the nucleotide sequence, different DNA-binding proteins will recognize different nucleotide sequences
-protein inserts into the major groove of the DNA double helix and makes a series of intimate, noncovalent molecular contacts with the nucleotide pairs within the groove
DNA sequences in a DNA double helix proteins that recognize a specific nucleotide sequence do so because the surface of the protein fits tightly against the surface features of the DNA double helix in that region
these surfaces features will vary depending on the nucleotide sequence, different DNA-binding proteins will recognize different nucleotide sequences
protein inserts into the major groove of the DNA double helix and makes a series of intimate, noncovalent molecular contacts with the nucleotide pairs within the groove
There are two strands of DNA, also known as deoxyribonucleic acid, in each cell of the body. A double helix is created when these strands engage with one another. During replication, a portion of this Bis changed into a single-stranded form to serve as a template.
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While abundant quantities of proteins are produced by free ribosomes in the cytosol, new proteins are also produced by which of the following organelles?~lysosomes~mitochondria~the nucleolus~the Golgi apparatus
The proteins of the Golgi apparatus are produced by free ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
where does the lysosome protein get made?Lysosomes first appear in the trans-Golgi network, a component of the Golgi complex that is in charge of sorting newly produced proteins into subcellular compartments like lysosomes, endosomes, and the plasma membrane.
Why does a cell produce new proteins?Ribosomes are the areas in a cell where protein synthesis takes place. The precise number of ribosomes in a cell depends on how quickly proteins are made. For instance, cells that divide quickly frequently have high ribosome levels. A lysosome is essentially an enzyme-containing specialized vesicle.
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The german biologist, walter flemming, was the first to microscopically observe the process of.
Answer:
Normal cell division (mitosis)
Explanation:
I learned about this not too long ago. So it should be right.
I hope this helps.
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the generation of transgenic mice using disarmed retroviral vectors or lentivirus vectors often results in multiple sites of insertion with the individual sites frequently varying in their level of transgene expression. what approaches could you use to determine whether or not transgenic mice carry more than one transgene and, if so, where the transgenes are inserted into chromosomes? remember to indicate what method you would use to detect the transgene.
One approach to determine if transgenic mice carry more than one transgene is:
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)Southern blottingFluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)Explanation of each of the methods to detect the transgeneTo determine if transgenic mice carry more than one transgene, is to use PCR-based analysis. This involves amplifying the transgene sequence using primers specific to the transgene and then sequencing the PCR product to detect multiple copies of the transgene. Additionally,
Southern blotting can be used to detect multiple transgenes by isolating the chromosomal DNA from the transgenic mice and then using a labeled probe specific to the transgene to detect multiple transgene copies.
Finally, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) can be used to detect and localize the transgene insertion sites within the chromosomes. This involves hybridizing a labeled probe specific to the transgene to the chromosomal DNA followed by visualization of the transgene insertion sites under a fluorescent microscope.
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describe the 3 types of radioactive waste produced by nuclear power plants aned explain the threats they pose to humans
Radioactivity levels are used to categorize nuclear waste into three categories:
Low radioactivity Intermediate radioactivity High radioactivityIonizing radiation can harm a person's health right away at large levels, and at very high radioactive level, can even result in radiation sickness and death. Ionizing radiation can have negative health effects at low radioactive levels, including cataracts, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. It mostly causes cancer due to DNA damage, which can result in cancer-causing gene mutations.
Due to the fact that their bodies are still growing and developing, children and adolescents may be more susceptible to the cancer-causing effects of ionizing radiation than adults. Additionally, the number of years after radiation exposure during which cancer may develop is typically greater in children and teenagers.
Hence, radiation is disastrous to health if beyond permissible limit
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Certain prokaryotes, such as e. Coli , can alter its own metabolic activity. What allows it to do so?.
by using operon system e.coli can alter their metabolic activity.
What are the characteristic features of E.coli ?E. coli is an intestinal pathogen or commensal of the animal intestine and is found in the faeces.
Detection of E. coli in drinking water is an indicator of pollution with faeces, E. coli is Gram-negative straight rod, 1-3 µ x 0.4-0.7 µ, arranged singly or in pairs.
It is motile by peritrichous flagellate, though some strains are non-motile. Spores are not formed. Capsules and fimbriae are found in some strains
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which of the following organelles contain their own dna? (select all that apply.) which of the following organelles contain their own dna? (select all that apply.) smooth er chloroplasts
The cell organelle that contains its own DNA is: Chloroplast.
Organelles are the sub-cellular structures that are present in the cytoplasm of the cell. These are essential for making the cell living. Each organelle performs its own specific function. Cell organelles are present only is eukaryotic cells. The examples are: chloroplasts, nucleus, mitochondria, etc.
Chloroplast is the cell organelle present in autotrophic organisms. They contain a green-colored pigment called chlorophyll. The function of chloroplast is to absorb the sunlight energy and make food for the living organism. The chloroplast also contains its own DNA which signifies about its prokaryotic origin.
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What is the meaning of health code?.
A health code is a set of regulations drawn up and enforced by the government for things like plumbing and other health-related criteria.
A health code is a set of local laws and ordinances created to safeguard the public's health. A wide range of activities and public services are subject to health codes. In addition to other things, the regulating health code mandates that restaurants maintain their kitchens to a specific standard of cleanliness and provides acceptable municipal water treatment procedures. Health regulations are propagated and upheld at the local or county level in the majority of community. They often operate independently of local, state, or federal laws governing health and safety since they are intended to advance community welfare.
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Are mutations a rare occurrence?.
A mutation is pretty rare once is starts to occur. So yes in a way it is rare.
I hope this helps!!!
blank: receptors for static equilibrium.target 1 of 6 blank: receptors for dynamic equilibrium.target 2 of 6 blank: pitch of a sound.target 3 of 6 blank: loss of nerve function.target 4 of 6 blank: damage to the tympanic membrane.target 5 of 6 blank: site of auditory receptors.target 6 of 6 request answer
1. Receptors for static equilibrium are maculae.
2. Receptors for dynamic equilibrium are cristae.
3. Pitch of a sound is the frequency of sound.
4. Loss of nerve function is nerve deafness.
5. Damage to the tympanic membrane is conduction deafness.
6. Site of auditory receptors is the cochlea.
The receptors for the stаtic equilibrium аre known аs mаculаe, аnd the receptors for the dynаmic equilibrium аre known аs the cristа аmpullаris.
The sensаtion of а frequency is commonly referred to аs the pitch of а sound. А high pitch sound corresponds to а high-frequency sound wаve аnd а low pitch sound corresponds to а low-frequency sound wаve.
Sensorineurаl heаring loss (SNHL) is cаused by dаmаge to these speciаl cells, or to the nerve fibers in the inner eаr. Sometimes, the heаring loss is cаused by dаmаge to the nerve thаt cаrries the signаls to the brаin.
А conductive deаfness is а deficit relаted to аn obstructed, or аltered, trаnsmission of sound to the tympаnic membrаne or through the ossicle chаin of the middle eаr.
The cochleа is responsible for the phаse of аuditory trаnsduction thаt tаkes plаce in the inner eаr.
Your question is incomplete, but your full question can see in the attachment.
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in western united states, coyotes often prey upon small mammals such as mice and rabbits. what is the best description for this relationship?
Predation is a biological interaction type that includes prey and predation.
What is biological interaction?Biological interaction is defined as the impact that two species sharing a community have on one another. The food web is maintained by biological interaction, which is one of its benefits. A food web illustrates the interdependence of living things, and most food webs begin with green plants.
Predation is the act of consuming all or a portion of the body of a prey organism. One species often kills another species in order to use it as food. In predation, one population serves as the other's resource. Predation occurs vertically between distinct resource levels, whereas competition happens horizontally on the same level of resources.
Thus, predation is a biological interaction type that includes prey and predation.
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why are the regions of l2, the sacroiliac joint, and the site where the ureters join the urinary bladder particularly susceptible places for kidney stones to lodge in the ureters?
Regions of l2 areas of the ureter have smaller diameters than other areas.
The sacroiliac (SI) joints link the hip bone to the sacrum at the base of the spine. They offer a lot of power to balance strong pressures between the upper and lower bodies. 1,2 Due to their restricted range of motion and the extremely sturdy ligaments that connect them to the L5-S1 segment, these joints also safeguard the lowest-movement portion of the spine, L5-S1.
The sacroiliac joints are supported by a vast system of strong and durable ligaments, allowing the upper body to be supported in a solid but flexible manner.
The sacroiliac joint is formed by the articulation of the inner side of the hip bone (ilium), which resembles a butterfly, with the outer side of the sacrum of the spine.
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an instructor is preparing a teaching plan for a class on the various pituitary hormones. which hormone would the instructor include as being released by the posterior pituitary gland?
Oxytocin hormone would the instructor include as being released by the posterior pituitary gland.
The posterior pituitary gland produces which hormones What are their roles?Oxytocin and vasopressin, also referred to as antidiuretic hormone, are the two hormones made by the posterior pituitary gland. Oxytocin serves a variety of functions, such as assisting uterine contractions during labor, enabling milk release during breastfeeding, encouraging social bonding, and regulating testosterone levels.
Four hormones that the anterior pituitary gland secretes regulate the actions of other endocrine glands. These hormones include follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and luteinizing hormones.
The anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary glands are what make them up. The anterior lobe is where hormones are made and released. Although the hypothalamus's nerve cells do the actual production of the hormones, the posterior lobe does release them into the bloodstream.
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what is genetic drift? how did the model population size and sampling techniques relate to this process?
Genetic drift is a random change in the frequency of genetic variants present within a population. Genetic drift can completely eliminate genetic variants, thereby reducing genetic variation. It may also cause alleles that were originally rare to become more common and even become fixed. Genetic drift reduces genetic diversity within populations. This is an allele frequency change that is entirely due to chance and tends to affect small populations more than large populations. Underpopulation can lead to genetic drift.
Small populations tend to lose genetic diversity faster than large populations due to stochastic sampling errors (that is, genetic drift). This is because some versions of genes can be lost randomly, which is more likely to occur in small populations.
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the aerated activated biosolid digestion process and produces material that can be used as fertilizer on non-human consumption crops.
The aerated activated biosolid digestion process is the secondary treatment of sewage. It is used to produces material that can be used as fertilizer on non-human consumption crops.
In the absence of oxygen, bacteria use anaerobic digestion to break down organic wastes including animal dung, wastewater biosolids, and food scraps. A reactor is used to conduct anaerobic digestion in order to produce biogas. The process of treating wastewater results in the creation of biosolids. The liquids and solids in wastewater are separated during treatment. These solids are then subjected to physical and chemical processing to create biosolids, a semisolid, nutrient-rich byproduct.
Hence, secondary treatment produces fertilizer used in non human consumption crop.
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which prey food has been on the endangered species list since 1999, indicating a substantial loss of stable food for the srkw? group of answer choices squid seals chinook salmon penguins
Since 1999, the chinook salmon prey food has been listed as an endangered species, which indicates a significant loss of stable food for the srkw.
What fish is ideal for SRKW?The whales primarily eat Chinook salmon that are returning to the Fraser River in British Columbia and Puget Sound in the summer. Other months, the whales broaden their diet to include bottomfish like halibut and lingcod as well as smaller amounts of other salmon species like chum, coho, and steelhead.
The Southern Resident Killer Whale was added to the Endangered Species Act's list of threatened species in 2005. Find out more about the status, administration, recovery initiatives, and partnerships in outreach and education related to the southern resident killer whale.
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according to the blank species concept, a species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring. the separation between species is maintained by blank isolation, which prevents gene flow between species. but in some cases, distinct species can occasionally interbreed, producing blank offspring.
According to the biological species concept, a species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring. The separation between species is maintained by reproduction isolation, which prevents gene flow between species. But in some cases, distinct species can occasionally interbreed, producing hybrid offspring.
In science there are several concepts of species from various viewpoints of experts. One of them is the concept of biological species which describes a species as a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce suburban and suburban offspring. Speciation or the formation of new species can be caused by geographic isolation, reproduction, and genetic changes. Reproductive isolation will prevent cross-breeding between two sympatric species to produce fertile marriages.
Hybrid offspring occurs because two different species can sometimes cross over. If the individual has one different trait it is called monohybrid, two different traits are called dihybrid, three different traits are trihybrid, and so on.
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the bacterium bacillus anthracis, commonly known as anthrax, causes an often fatal disease that is also called anthrax. the u.s. centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) recommends that anyone who might have been exposed to anthrax begin treatment with the antibiotic ciprofloxacin, a dna- synthesis inhibitor.
Anthrax is a serious infectious disease caused by gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria known as Bacillus anthracis. It occurs naturally in soil and commonly affects domestic and wild animals around the world.the u.s. centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) recommends that anyone who might have been exposed to anthrax begin treatment with the antibiotic ciprofloxacin, a dna- synthesis inhibitor.
Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria called Bacillus anthracis are the source of the dangerous infectious illness anthrax. Animals both domestic and wild are frequently harmed by it since it exists naturally in soil. Anthrax may make people ill if they come into touch with diseased animals or tainted animal products. Several bacterial illnesses can be treated with the fluoroquinolone antibiotic ciprofloxacin. You may not see a reduction in your symptoms for two to three days even if ciprofloxacin begins to act within hours of taking it.
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the thoracic duct collects lymph from most of the body except for the right upper quadrant. true false
The answer is False.
The lymphatic system plays an important role in the immune system. This system is made up of glands and vessels that work together to drain lymph fluid into the circulatory system. The thoracic duct drains lymph from most of the body, apart from the right upper limb, right breast, right lung and right side of head and neck.
The quadrant system divides the stomach into four parts. The right upper quadrant consists of the right lobe of the liver, gallbladder, pylorus, duodenum, head of the pancreas, hepatic flexure of the colon, parts of the transverse and ascending colon. So, the right upper quadrant includes the part of the body where the thoracic duct collects lymph.
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Under the neutral theory, we should observe a positive correlation between the amount of polymorphism in a species and the amount of divergence between species because: The timescales of divergence and polymorphism are very different The population size of a species predicts the rate of evolution The neutral mutation rate influences both polymorphism and divergence If a species has high polymorphism then a related species should also show high polymorphism
According to the neutral theory, stochastic processes provide the best explanation for how genetic diversity evolves because the majority of molecular variation has no impact on fitness.
The neutral theory of molecular evolution holds that the majority of evolutionary changes and polymorphisms within species result from random genetic drift, not natural selection.
The molecular evolution neutrality theory. It was hypothesized in the late 1960s that most evolutionary changes occur at the molecular level in a selectively "neutral" manner, indicating that genetic drift rather than natural selection is to blame.
In the context of genomics, polymorphism refers to the occurrence of two or more variant forms of a particular DNA sequence in various individuals or populations. A single nucleotide can vary in polymorphism, which is the most prevalent type.
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identify the structure at the end of the arrow. structures that protect the brain identify the structure at the end of the arrow. structures that protect the brain an arachnoid granulation the membrane covering the lateral ventricle and choroid plexus epidural space
Arachnoid granulations are prolongations into the dural sinuses whose function is to reabsorb cerebrospinal fluids and return them into the bloodstream. The structure at the end of the arrow is an arachnoid granulation.
What are arachnoid granulations?
Arachnoid granulations are prolongations of the arachnoidal membrane toward the dural sinuses that filter and reabsorb cerebrospinal fluid.
These prolongations are lined by a thin layer of granulosa cells of the arachnoid and by endothelial cells of the vein wall. They have several capillaries.
Cerebrospinal fluids flow and are reabsorbed into the bloodstream through this permeable membrane that covers them.
Their main function is then to return cerebrospinal liquid to the venous circulation.
Arachnoid granulations are usually small-sized. However, when they reach a certain size, they are recognized as giant arachnoid granulations. At this point, they can occupy and dilate the dural venous sinuses and even cause expansion of the internal cranial table.
The structure at the end of the arrow is an arachnoid granulation.
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when comparing an endurance runner to a resistance-trained athlete, which of the following would likely be higher for the endurance runner?
Mitochondria number will be higher in muscles would be higher in endurance runner.
A mitochondrion is an organelle that may be found in the cells of the majority of Eukaryotes, including mammals, plants, and fungi. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is produced by aerobic respiration in mitochondria and used as a source of chemical energy throughout the cell, is produced by mitochondria using their double membrane structure. They were found in the voluntary muscles of insects by Albert von Kölliker in 1857. Carl Benda first used the term "mitochondrion" in 1898. The phrase "powerhouse of the cell" was popularized by Philip Siekevitz in a 1957 essay of the same name and is often used to refer to the mitochondrion.
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which of the following statements best explains how neurons and some other specialized cells divide infrequently?
The following statement which best explains how neurons and some other specialized cells divide infrequently is they have been shunted into G0 and is denoted as option C.
What is Cell division?This is referred to as the process by which a parent cell divides into two daughter cells and are of two types which are mitosis and meiosis.
The G0 phase describes a cellular state outside of the replicative cell cycle and is caused by environmentral factors such as shortage of the resources needed for its proliferation etc and explains how neurons and some other specialized cells divide infrequently.
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The options are:
A) They no longer have active nuclei.
B) They no longer carry receptors for signal molecules.
C) They have been shunted into G0.
D) They can no longer bind Cdk to cyclin.
E) They show a drop in MPF concentration.
Enzymes are a special type of protein that speeds up biological reactions. How do they accomplish this task?.
Enzymes are a special type of protein that speeds up biological reactions. They accomplish this task as they
lower the activation energy of reactions.
what are enzymes?
They can be defined as biological polymers that catalyze biochemical reactions
The majority of enzymes are proteins with catalytic capabilities crucial to perform the different processes.Metabolic processes and other chemical reactions in cell are carried out by a set of enzymes that are necessary to sustain life.What is activation energy?
Activation energy is defined as minimum amount of extra energy required by a reacting molecule to get converted into product
The process of speeding up a reaction by reducing its activation energy is known as catalysis and the factor that's added to lower activation energy is called catalyst. The lower the activation energy for a reaction, faster the rate. Thus enzymes speed up the reactions by lowering activation energy.learn more about enzymes at - Brainly.com https://brainly.com/question/14577353
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A __ is an enzyme secreted by certain bacteria that cleaves the beta-lactam ring of penicillin and cephalosporin and thus provides for resistance against the antibiotic.
1. penicillinase
2. lipase
3. DNA polymerase
4. beta-lactamase
penicillinase
beta-lactamase
Penicillin and cephalosporin's beta-lactam rings are broken down by an enzyme called a penicillinase, which is released by certain bacteria. This results in resistance to the antibiotic.
A bacterial strain exposed to penicillin may develop penicillinase, an extracellular enzyme that leaves the bacterial cell to break down the penicillin surrounding it and inactivate the antibiotic. This is done by hydrolyzing the cyclic amide bond in the beta-lactam ring of the penicillin.
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The beta-lactam ring on penicillin and cephalosporin is broken down by a penicillinase, an enzyme released by certain bacteria, leading to resistance to the antibiotic.
The penicillinase-resistant penicillins withstand the bacterial enzymes' hydrolysis of the beta-lactam ring. Although less effective than penicillin G, they are effective against the majority of organisms that are sensitive to natural penicillins and offer extensive protection against resistant variants. A penicillinase enzyme, which is secreted by certain bacteria, breaks down the beta-lactam rings of penicillin and cephalosporin. As a result, the drug develops resistance. Penicillinase, a extracellular enzyme that exits the bacterial cell to degrade any penicillin around it and render the antibiotic inactive, may emerge in a strain of bacteria exposed to penicillin. The penicillin's beta-lactam ring's cyclic amide bond is hydrolyzed in order to do this.
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