Answer:
Explanation:
Eukaryotic cells are cells containing membrane-bound organelles and are the basis for both unicellular and multicellular organisms. In contrast, prokaryotic cells do not have any membrane-bound organelles and are always part of unicellular organisms.
A single gene with two alleles control variation in haemoglobin type in sheep. There are three different phenotypes corresponding to genotypes S^AS^A S^AS^B and S^BS^B respectively in a flock of 175 sheep the frequency of allele S^A was found to be 0.6 and frequency of allele S^B WAS found to be 0.4
Populations in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium express the same allelic and genotypic frequencies through generations. Number of individuals expressing each phenotype: 63 sheep S^AS^A, 84 sheep S^AS^B, 28 sheep S^BS^B.
What is Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium theory states that allelic and genotypic frequencies in populations that is in equilibrium remain the same through generations. No evolutive forces are acting on these populations, so no evolution occurs.
Assuming a diallelic gene,
Allelic frequencies
The frequency of the dominant allele f(X) is pThe frequency of the recessive allele f(x) is qGenotypic frequencies
p² (Homozygous dominant genotypic frequency), 2pq (Heterozygous genotypic frequency), q² (Homozygous recessive genotypic frequency).The addition of the allelic frequencies equals 1
p + q = 1.
The sum of genotypic frequencies equals 1
p² + 2pq + q² = 1
In the exposed example,
Alleles Frequencies
S^A f(S^A) = p = 0.6S^B f(S^B) = p = 0.4Genotypes
S^AS^A ⇒ homozygousS^AS^B ⇒ heterozygousS^BS^B ⇒ homozygousWe need to get the number of animals expressing each genotype and phenotype. To do it, we just need to use allelic frequencies and calculate genotypic frequencies (p², 2pq, and q²), and then multiply these values by the total number of animals (N = 175).
Genotypic and Phenotypic frequencies
F(S^AS^A) = p² = 0.6² = 0.36
F(S^AS^B) = 2pq = 2 x 0.6 x 0.4 = 0.48
F(S^BS^B) = q² = 0.4² = 0.16
Number of individuals expressing each phenotype
S^AS^A ⇒ 0.36 x 175 = 63 individualsS^AS^B ⇒ 0.48 x 175 = 84 individualsS^BS^B ⇒ 0.16 x 175 = 28 individualsYou can learn more about the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium at
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Complete question
A single gene with two alleles control variation in haemoglobin type in sheep. There are three different phenotypes corresponding to genotypes
S^AS^A S^AS^B and S^BS^BIn a flock of 175 sheep the frequency of allele S^A was found to be 0.6 and frequency of allele S^B WAS found to be 0.4.
Using the hardy weinberg equation calculate the number of sheep with each phenotypes in the flock show your working
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Flagellates are microbes that have a rod-shaped flagellum that helps with their locomotion. Certain flagellates reside inside termites. These flagellates provide enzymes for the termites to digest cellulose, which helps them survive. In turn, the termites provide nourishment to these flagellates. Termites need cellulose for their survival, and flagellates obtain nutrition only from termites. Which statement can be true about the association between these microbes and termites?
The statement that can be true about the association between these microbes and termites is "B. The flagellates and termites share an obligate mutualistic association."
The flagellates and termites share an obligate mutualistic association." This means that the relationship between the flagellates and termites is mutually beneficial and essential for both organisms' survival. The flagellates provide enzymes to help the termites digest cellulose, which is crucial for the termites' nutrition and survival. In return, the termites provide a habitat and a source of nourishment for the flagellates.
The association is considered obligate because neither the flagellates nor the termites can survive or function properly without each other. The flagellates rely solely on the termites for their nutrition, as they cannot obtain it from any other source. Likewise, the termites depend on the flagellates' enzymes to break down cellulose, which is a vital component of their diet.
This mutualistic association demonstrates how organisms can form interdependent relationships for their survival and highlights the intricate connections and dependencies that exist within ecosystems. Therefore, Option B is correct.
The question was incomplete. find the full content below:
Flagellates are microbes that have a rod-shaped flagellum that helps with their locomotion. Certain flagellates reside inside termites. These flagellates provide enzymes for the termites to digest cellulose, which helps them survive. In turn, the termites provide nourishment to these flagellates. Termites need cellulose for their survival, and flagellates obtain nutrition only from termites. Which statement can be true about the association between these microbes and termites?
A. The flagellates share a facultative mutualistic association with the termites.
B. The flagellates and termites share an obligate mutualistic association.
C. The flagellates share an obligate parasitic association with the termites.
D. The flagellates and termites share a commensal association.
E. The flagellates and termites share a facultative parasitic association.
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I need help with the fill in blanks
The following is a comprehensive work on Cellular respiration process
The Cells respiration processCells respiration begins with the process called Glycolysis ,which occurs in the Cytoplasm of the cell .this process can occur with or without Oxygen percent. In the presence of oxygen ,a molecule of glucose, ,which is a simple sugar, is substrate. The products of this reaction include ATP,NADH, and Co2 .this last molecule crosses the outer membrane, of the Mitochondria and enters the matrix of the Mitochondria. From here it crosses the inner membrane of the mitochondria and goes into the mitochondrial matrix ,which is the innermost part of the mitochondria.
Here, the pyruvate is quickly converted to Acetyl CoA, and fed into them Krebs Cycle .During this process, more NADH and ATP is formed. The first product of this reaction serves as an electron carrier because it moves electrons to the next stage of cell respiration.
The last step of cell respiration is the Electron Transport Chain . The hydride ion are removed from NADH and used to create energy for this process, and the electrons from NADH are also removed from the matrix electron. This gradual extraction of energy is used to create a proton gradient, ,which accumulates in the intermembrane space of the mitochondria. The accumulation of protons (H+) leads to a phenomenon called chemiosmosis ,whereby the protons flow from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. They flow across the inner membrane down through an enzyme called ATP Synthase.
The protons are pulled through the enzyme because a molecule of ,which we breathe ,pulls them through. When this molecule joins a proton, a molecule of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is formed.(Another byproduct of cell respiration is Carbon dioxide ,which we exhale ).The proton flow through this enzyme causes a phosphate group to join a molecule of adenosine diphosphate, ,and ATP is created.
What is Cellular respiration?Cellular respiration is the process in plant and animal Cell respiration in which conversion takes place in the cell where the chemical energy that are stored in food molecules is converted into the energy usable to the cell known as ATP. Cellular respiration takes place in many steps, starting with glycolysis in the cytoplasm of the cell, then through the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain to form ATP. Below are Cells respiration process
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Brown eye color is a dominant trait and blue eye color is a recessive trait.
What typically happens when someone inherits one allele for brown eyes and one for blue eyes?
Answer:
Explanation:Eye color is a polygenic trait, which means it is determined by multiple genes. However, the two most important genes that determine eye color are OCA2 and HERC2. The OCA2 gene provides instructions for making a protein called P protein, which is involved in the production of melanin, the pigment that gives color to our skin, hair, and eyes. The HERC2 gene regulates the expression of the OCA2 gene.
The amount and type of melanin produced by our body determines our eye color. Brown eyes have more melanin than blue eyes. Blue eyes have less melanin and reflect more light, which makes them appear blue.
Brown eye color is dominant over blue eye color because the OCA2 gene variant associated with brown eyes is more active than the variant associated with blue eyes. This means that if an individual inherits one copy of the brown-eye allele and one copy of the blue-eye allele, they will have brown eyes because the brown-eye allele is dominant.
However, it is possible for two brown-eyed parents to have a blue-eyed child if both parents carry a copy of the recessive blue-eye allele. In this case, there is a 25% chance that their child will inherit two copies of the blue-eye allele and have blue eyes.
In summary, brown eye color is dominant over blue eye color because the OCA2 gene variant associated with brown eyes is more active than the variant associated with blue eyes.
Top 3 Authoritative Reference Publications or Domain Names Used in Answering this Question:
1. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)
2. Genetics Home Reference
3. ScienceDirect
y shows the process of DNA replication. Identify the components of the process.
Okazaki fragment
X
lagging
strand
leading
topoisomerase
DNA polymerase
original DNA
HHH
ए
RNA
primer
RNA primase
DNA helicase
parent
DNA
AD
Answer:
DNA Synthesis
There are four basic components required to initiate and propagate DNA synthesis mechanism . These are: substrates, template, primer and enzymes.
Explanation:
Template DNA
enzyme - DNA polymerase, Helicase, DNA primase, topoisomerases ,
DNA ligase
Okazaki fragments
Single-stranded binding proteins
DNA POLYMERASE
how are the order of condons determined
Overall, the order of codons is determined by the genetic code, which specifies how nucleotide triplets are translated into amino acids. The order of codons is crucial because it determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein, which in turn determines its structure and function.
In genetics, a codon is a three-nucleotide sequence in RNA or DNA that encodes a single amino acid or signals the end of the amino acid chain during translation.
The order of codons is crucial because it specifies the sequence of amino acids in a protein, which in turn determines its structure and function.
The order of codons is determined by the genetic code, which is a set of rules that specifies how nucleotide triplets are translated into amino acids.
The genetic code is nearly universal, meaning that the same codons code for the same amino acids in almost all organisms, from bacteria to humans.
The genetic code is degenerate, meaning that multiple codons can code for the same amino acid.
For example, the amino acid leucine can be encoded by six different codons: UUA, UUG, CUU, CUC, CUA, and CUG.
The genetic code also has several codons that signal the end of a protein. These codons are known as stop codons, and they include UAA, UAG, and UGA.
The order of codons in DNA is determined by the sequence of nucleotides in the DNA molecule.
The order of codons in RNA is determined by the transcription of DNA into RNA, which involves the complementary base pairing of nucleotides.
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Food safety is a risk based process true or false
food safety is a risk based process is true
1. which of the following should be large to over thus keep more eggs Warm?
A. artificial incubation
B.feed and water provided
c. natural incubation
Answer:
A
Explanation:
it has to be artificial incubation larger as it generates more hrat and helps the eggs fell safe and warm hope.it helped
How far will an S wave travel in 14 minutes?
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Answer:
C. It increases the number of possible chromosome combinations that can occur in offspring.
Explanation:
As a result of independent assortment, the number of possible chromosome combinations that can occur in offspring increases. For example, let's consider just three pairs of homologous chromosomes. If there were no independent assortment, the possible combinations of chromosomes in gametes would be limited to only two options: one gamete with all paternal chromosomes and another gamete with all maternal chromosomes. However, with independent assortment, there are eight possible combinations of chromosomes that can occur in gametes, as each pair can segregate independently.
These different combinations of chromosomes in gametes contribute to increased genetic variation in offspring. When these gametes combine during fertilization, the resulting zygote will have a unique combination of chromosomes from the parents. This increases the potential for new allele combinations and genetic diversity in subsequent generations.
Therefore, the correct answer is C. Independent assortment increases the number of possible chromosome combinations that can occur in offspring, thereby promoting genetic variation.
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Answer:
They perform specilaized function
Answer: C. They perform specialized functions.
Explanation:
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Answer: virus is exception
Explanation
virus wall is made up of proteins hence they lack of cell wall therefore it is exception
why bone grow in bidirectional
Explanation:
Bones grow in different directions because they need to support the body in different ways. The different directions allow for flexibility and strength.
Question 2 of 10
Suppose this hose reel system were used to model a DNA molecule, a
chromosome, and a gene.
Which part of the model would best represent a DNA molecule?
OA. The entire length of hose
B. The entire hose and reel system
о C. The reel holding the coiled-up hose
D. A specific section of the hose
SUBMIT
The part of the hose reel system that best represents a DNA molecule would be option D: a specific section of the hose.
A DNA molecule is made up of a long sequence of nucleotides, which are the building blocks of DNA. Similarly, a specific section of the hose represents a specific sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. This section of the hose would correspond to a specific gene or a segment of DNA that carries genetic information. The entire length of the hose (option A) does not represent a specific sequence, while the entire hose and reel system (option B) includes both the DNA molecule and the machinery that holds it, which is not relevant to representing just the DNA molecule. The reel holding the coiled-up hose (option C) does not represent the sequence or structure of the DNA molecule. Therefore, option D is the most appropriate choice.For more questions on DNA molecules
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Answer:
D. A specific section of the hose
Explanation:
test approved
When a body cell divides through the process of mitosis, the chromosomes in the daughter cells
When a body cell divides through the process of mitosis, the chromosomes in the daughter cells are typically identical to each other and to the parent cell. Mitosis is a type of cell division that occurs in somatic (non-reproductive) cells and is responsible for growth, tissue repair, and asexual reproduction in certain organisms.
During mitosis, the parent cell undergoes a series of stages, including prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, followed by cytokinesis. Throughout these stages, the chromosomes go through specific changes and arrangements to ensure accurate distribution to the daughter cells.
In the early stages of mitosis, during prophase, the chromatin (loosely packed DNA) condenses into visible chromosomes. Each chromosome consists of two identical copies called chromatids, which are joined together at a region called the centromere.
During prometaphase, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the chromosomes become more condensed and visible. Microtubules called spindle fibers start to form and attach to the chromosomes at their kinetochores, which are protein structures located at the centromeres.
In metaphase, the chromosomes align at the center of the cell, forming a plane called the metaphase plate. The spindle fibers are fully formed and connected to the chromosomes, ready to separate them.
Anaphase is the stage where the sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell. The spindle fibers contract, pulling the chromatids apart. Once separated, each chromatid is considered an individual chromosome.
Finally, in telophase, the chromosomes reach the opposite ends of the cell. The nuclear envelopes reform around each set of chromosomes, and the chromosomes begin to decondense, returning to their chromatin form. The cell then undergoes cytokinesis, dividing into two daughter cells, each containing an identical set of chromosomes.
In summary, during mitosis, the chromosomes in the daughter cells are replicas of the chromosomes in the parent cell. They have the same genetic information and are organized in a similar manner, allowing for the accurate transmission of genetic material to maintain genetic continuity and produce genetically identical daughter cells.
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What purpose is served by keeping beehives near crop ?
Answer:
Explanation:
Keeping beehives near crops serves the purpose of pollination. Bees are important pollinators for many crops, including fruits, vegetables, and nuts. When bees collect nectar from flowers, they inadvertently transfer pollen from the male parts of the flower to the female parts, allowing for fertilization and the production of fruits and seeds. Without bees, many crops would have lower yields or may not produce fruit at all.
In addition to pollination, keeping beehives near crops can also provide other benefits. Bees produce honey, which can be harvested and sold as a food product. They also help to maintain biodiversity by pollinating wild plants in the surrounding area.
Overall, keeping beehives near crops is an important practice for promoting healthy ecosystems and ensuring food security.
Top 3 Authoritative Reference Publications or Domain Names:
1. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
2. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
3. The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation
The table shown below represents the number of species growing in an area that was logged using clear-cutting 45 years ago in Temagami, Ontario. Data was collected periodically over 45 years.
Describe the changes occurring in vegetation type and species diversity over the 45 years.
What does the pattern of change tell you about what is happening in this area?
Explain how the data supports your conclusion.
Here is an analysis of the changes in vegetation and species diversity based on the data:
In the first years after logging, the area was dominated by grasses, with 32 species present after 1 year. Shrubs and trees were initially absent. This indicates that grasses rapidly colonized the disturbed area after logging.
Over time, the number of grass species declined as shrubs and trees became established. Shrubs first appeared after 5 years and gradually increased, with 18 species present after 45 years. Trees were absent for the first 15 years but then increased to 24 species after 45 years.
The total number of species showed a steady increase over the 45 years, from 32 species initially to a maximum of 77 species after 45 years. This indicates that species diversity was low immediately following the disturbance but gradually recovered and surpassed the original diversity levels.
The pattern of changes suggests that after the initial disturbance of logging, grasses were the first vegetation to recover and colonize the open area. Then over time, shrubs and trees established and the plant community transitioned from grasses to shrubs to trees. This successional progression from early to later species resulted in an overall increase in species diversity as different types of plants colonized the area.
In summary, the key conclusions supported by the data are:
Grasses rapidly colonized after disturbance while shrubs and trees were initially absentShrubs and trees gradually established over time, replacing some of the grass speciesTotal species diversity increased as different vegetation types colonized, reaching maximum diversity after 45 yearsThe changes indicate a successional progression from early colonizers to later species that resulted in higher diversity.You are a forensic scientist doing analysis on tissue samples from a crime scene. You have the following evidence:
Witnesses say the victim seemed disoriented on the day of her death.
A marquis test on the saliva turned orange.
Which of the following claims is supported by the evidence?
The victim died of arsenic exposure.
The victim had cocaine in her system.
The victim was injected with speed.
The victim was exposed to fentanyl.
The evidence supports the claim that the victim had cocaine in her system.
The evidence suggests that the victim had cocaine in her system. Witnesses reported that the victim seemed disoriented on the day of her death, which is a common effect of cocaine use. Additionally, the marquis test on the saliva turning orange is a positive indication for the presence of cocaine.
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Put the letter of the correct answer on the blank. Greatly appreciated!
Answer:
21. J.
22. G.
23. K.
24. L.
25. B.
26. F.
27. H.
28. D.
29. A.
30. I.
31. C.
32. E.
Explanation:
Part B
How did you determine the types of cell division for both phases depicted in your model? Explain your answer.
To determine the types of cell division for both phases depicted in the model, I would need additional information regarding the specific model and phases being referred to. Cell division can refer to two main processes: mitosis and meiosis, each serving different purposes.
Mitosis is a type of cell division that results in the production of two genetically identical daughter cells, each containing the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. It is involved in growth, tissue repair, and asexual reproduction.
Meiosis, on the other hand, is a specialized form of cell division that occurs in reproductive cells (gametes) and results in the production of four non-identical daughter cells, each containing half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Meiosis is crucial for sexual reproduction and the generation of genetic diversity.
The determination of the types of cell division depicted in a model would depend on the context and characteristics of the cells involved, such as their ploidy (chromosome number) and the purpose of division. By considering these factors and examining the specific features of the model, one can identify whether mitosis or meiosis is being represented.
Without further details or specific characteristics of the model and phases, it is not possible to provide a definitive answer regarding the types of cell division.
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How does a seismograph work?
A. A graphite box contains liquid mercury and is covered by a zinc lid that sits directly on top of the mercury. When an earthquake occurs, the seismic wave energy is trapped by the mercury, increasing its pressure. This causes it to expand upward and push the zinc lid higher. The higher the lid goes, the stronger the earthquake.
B. Two metal plates, one of tin and one of copper are placed on top of each other. When an earthquake occurs the wave energy causes the plates to become polarized and repel each other like magnets. The top plate hovers over the bottom plate. The higher it hovers, the stronger the earthquake.
C. A weighted pen hangs suspended so it can swing freely over paper. When an earthquake occurs it shakes the pen, causing it to draw lines on the paper. The bigger the line, the stronger the earthquake.
D. Two magnets are suspended from strings and their north poles face each other so that they repel. A small generator is below them. When an earthquake occurs, the shaking forces them to swing towards each other against the repelling magnetic fields. This causes magnetic flux that spins the generator and make electricity. The stronger the electrical current, the stronger the earthquake.
A seismograph works by using a pendulum and a recording device to measure and record seismic waves generated by earthquakes. The motion of the pendulum is detected and translated into a graphical representation of the earthquake's intensity and duration. So, correct answer is option C.
The correct answer is A seismograph typically consists of a weighted pen or stylus that hangs suspended and can freely swing over a sheet of paper. When an earthquake occurs, the ground shakes, causing the suspended pen to move in response to the seismic waves.
As the pen moves, it creates lines or traces on the paper. The amplitude and duration of these lines correspond to the intensity and duration of the earthquake.
The seismograph's design allows it to detect and record the motion of the ground during an earthquake. By analyzing the recorded traces, seismologists can determine various characteristics of the earthquake, such as its magnitude, location, and type of seismic wave generated.
Overall, a seismograph operates by converting the movement caused by seismic waves into a graphical representation, providing valuable data for understanding and studying earthquakes. So, correct answer is option C.
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A person has a diet only when they are eating an unusual selection of food.
O
O
False
True
Answer: false
Explanation:
Diet is the food and drink that a person, animal, or group usually takes to get energy to do work.
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Answer:
i believe the answer is d
Explanation:
hope it helps
Of the four email features listed below, which is the most important?
A.
the To address
B.
the Bcc address
C.
the attachments
D.
the domain name
The most important email feature among the four listed is the To address. Therefore, the correct option is (A).
Of the four email features listed, it is subjective to determine which one is the most important as it depends on the context and purpose of the email. However, in general, the most important feature would be the To address (option A). The To address is essential because it specifies the intended recipient(s) of the email. Without a valid and accurate To address, the email may not reach the intended recipients, defeating the purpose of communication. It ensures that the message is directed to the right individuals or groups.While other features like the Bcc address, attachments, and domain name are also important, they serve different purposes. The Bcc address allows for discreet or blind copies to be sent, attachments provide additional information or files, and the domain name identifies the sender's organization or email service provider.Overall, the To address holds primary importance in ensuring effective and targeted communication within the email platform.For more such questions on Email feature:
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Answer: C. One or more nucleotides are added to a sequence.
Explanation: An insertion mutation affects DNA by inserting one or more nucleotides into the DNA sequence.
from the smallest 5 digit number using the digit 612 and 7 by repeating the digits
The smallest 5-digit number would be 11226.
To form the smallest 5-digit number using the digits 6, 1, 2, and 7 by repeating the digits, we need to arrange the digits in such a way that the resulting number is as small as possible.
The first digit of a 5-digit number cannot be zero, so we need to consider the smallest digit available, which is 1. To minimize the number further, we want the remaining digits to be as small as possible. We can achieve this by repeating the digits in ascending order.
Starting with the digit 1, we can arrange the remaining digits in ascending order, which gives us the sequence 1, 1, 2, 6, 7. Combining these digits, we get the smallest 5-digit number: 11267.
This arrangement ensures that the leftmost digit is the smallest possible, while the remaining digits are also in ascending order. By following this pattern, we can form the smallest 5-digit number using the digits 6, 1, 2, and 7 by repeating them.
It's important to note that repetition is necessary in this case, as the prompt requires us to use each digit from the given set of digits. By repeating the digits, we ensure that all four digits are used in the resulting number.
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Select the organ system which is best described in each sentence.
Which organ system is responsible for transporting nutrients, gases, and hormones through the body?
Which organ system helps waste gases such as carbon dioxide leave the body?
Which organ system includes the brain?
The kidneys and the urethra are part of which body system?
1. In the organ system, The circulatory system is responsible for providing gases, nutrients, and hormones around the body.
2. The organ system that helps waste gases such as carbon dioxide leave the body is the respiratory system.
3. The organ system that includes the brain is the nervous system.
4. The kidneys and the urethra are part of the urinary system.
1.The circulatory system is the organ system in charge of delivering nutrients, gases, and hormones throughout the body. It consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood, which work together to transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body. The heart pumps oxygenated blood to the tissues, delivering nutrients and oxygen, while the blood vessels act as a network of highways to distribute these substances to cells and organs.
2. The respiratory system is the organ system that assists waste gases such as carbon dioxide in leaving the body. The lungs, airways, and respiratory muscle are all part of it. During respiration, oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is removed from the body. The lungs exchange gases by inhaling oxygen-rich air and exhaling carbon dioxide.
3. The nervous system is the organ system that contains the brain, as well as the spinal cord and nerves. The brain is the body's command and control Centre, coordinating and regulating many physical activities and processes.
4. The kidneys and the urethra are part of the urinary system. The urinary system is responsible for filtering waste products, excess water, and toxins from the blood, producing urine, and eliminating it from the body. The kidneys filter the blood, removing waste and excess substances, while the urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body during urination.
These organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis and ensure the proper functioning of the human body.
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Answer:
Which organ system is responsible for transporting nutrients, gases, and hormones through the body?
✔ cardiovascular system
Which organ system helps waste gases such as carbon dioxide leave the body?
✔ respiratory system
Which organ system includes the brain?
✔ nervous system
The kidneys and the urethra are part of which body system?
✔ urinary system
Explain the difference between homologous and analogous structures
best answer gets brainliest of them all
Answer:
Explanation:
Homologous structures:
• Come from a common evolutionary ancestor
• Have a shared ontogenetic origin
• Generally retain some structural similarity due to their common evolutionary heritage
• Examples: forelimbs of pentadactyl animals (five-fingered limbs across vertebrates)
- Human arm and whale flipper have homologous bones
Analogous structures:
• Arise separately in evolutionary history
• Have a different ontogenetic origin but similar function
• Show similarity of form and function despite being unrelated structures
• Examples: wings of birds and insects
- Bat wing and whale flipper are analogous despite resemblance
If a trait A exists in 10% of a population of an asexually reproducing species and a trait B ists in 60% of the same population, which trait is likely to have arisen earlier?
Answer:
In a population of an asexually reproducing species, the frequency of a trait can provide some insight into its evolutionary history.
Explanation:
The reason for this is that traits with higher frequencies are generally indicative of having had more time to spread through the population. Since asexual reproduction involves the passing down of genetic material without recombination, new traits arise through random mutations and are directly inherited by offspring. Over time, beneficial or advantageous traits have the opportunity to accumulate and become more prevalent within the population.
Given that trait B exists in a majority (60%) of the population compared to trait A (10%), it suggests that trait B has had more time to arise and spread throughout the population. However, it's important to note that without additional information about the specific traits and their evolutionary dynamics, this conclusion is based on the assumption that the traits are selectively neutral or have experienced similar selective pressures.
