The common definition of adaptation is the act or process of changing to better suit a situation, whereas the biological definition is the mechanism by which organisms adapt to new environments or changes in their current environment.
What are the types of Adaptation?1) Adaptations to the Structure
These are the physical characteristics of an organism that aid in its survival in the environment, including the various types of terrestrial habitats. Physical changes are related to physical environment changes.
2) Behavioural Modifications
This is a change that affects an organism's behaviour. This could be due to changes in the surrounding environment or the actions of other species.
3) Physiological Changes
Physiological adaptations, like structural adaptations, involve physical changes in the species. However, physiological adaptations are not always visible in the appearance of the organism. This type of adaptation can be caused by environmental changes or by the behaviour of other species.
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Which of these is the primary site of protein synthesis mitochondria?.
Ribosomes, are the sites of protein synthesis.
The molecule found inside cells that carries the genetic material necessary for an organism to develop and function. This knowledge can be passed on from one generation to the next thanks to DNA molecules. Purine-pyrimidine nucleotide base pairs, including adenine (A) coupled with thymine (T) and guanine (G) paired with cytosine (C), form the double-stranded helix that makes up DNA (C). Likewise known as deoxyribonucleic acid.
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What role does Acetylcholine play in the brain?
Acetylcholine changes neuronal excitability, impacts synaptic transmission, brings out synaptic plasticity, and coordinates the firing of groups of neurons.
I hope this helps!!!
What do you think thee molecule are larger or maller than a cell in the human body?
Molecules, which are composed of even smaller parts called atoms, are found in cells.
Why do molecules and cells differ in size?A cell is larger. Molecules, which make up the building blocks of cells, are composed of elements and their constituent atoms. The building block of everything is a molecule. Because a biological cell is composed of molecules, it cannot be bigger than a molecule.
What size cells make up the human body's largest and smallest parts?The biggest cell in the human body is the ovum (female gamete). Every month, a single cell is expelled from the ovary. Each ovum has a diameter of 0.1 mm. The sperm is the tiniest cell in the human body (male gamete).
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How does polygenic inheritance relate to skin color?.
Polygenic inheritance refers to the inheritance of a trait ruled by multiple genes. commonly, 3 or greater genes govern the inheritance of polygenic developments. multiple impartial genes have an additive or similar effect on an unmarried quantitative trait.
The quantity and high quality of melanin are regulated by means of the expression of genes. The enzyme tyrosinase is normally answerable for the genetic mechanism that controls human skin color. Genetics determines constitutive skin shade, which is bolstered with the aid of facultative melanogenesis and tanning reactions.
Human skin coloration is a “polygenic” trait, which means a couple of gene loci are concerned with its expression. At the remaining count, the global Federation of Pigment mobile Society has decided that there are a complete 378 genetic loci involved in figuring out pores and skin color in humans and mice.
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Vertebrate immune responses involve communication over short and long distances. Which of the following statements best helps explain how cell surface proteins, such as MHC proteins and T cell receptors, mediate cell communication over short distances? The proteins receive electrical signals from nerve cells. The proteins leave the cell and travel in the bloodstream to other cells. The proteins interact directly with proteins on the surfaces of other cells. The proteins bind to molecules secreted by cells located in other parts of the body
The immune system is made up of immune cells that provide defense and defend biological tissues and cells against immunogens.
The proteins on the surface of other cells and the proteins within other proteins immediately interact.
The immunological response facilitates lymphocytes' and T cells' regular functions.
Over short distances, the T-cells and MHC interact with the proteins on the external receptors of other cells.
The receptors bind the substances after recognizing them.
In response to external aggressions that might be physical, chemical, biological (pathogens), or internal, an organism's immune system is the group of biological parts and systems that enables it to maintain homeostasis, or internal equilibrium. recognizes the dangerous and reacts to it (either external or internal aggression).
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list the three primary types of human activities (agriculture, development, and industrial growth) that have affected regional and global environments. for each, give one benefit and one environmental cost.
Agriculture;
Disadvantage: effects on fresh water and fertile soilAdvantage: food productionDevelopment;
Disadvantage: waste productionAdvantage: improved living standardsIndustrial development;
Disadvantage: Energy consumptionAdvantage: Modern conveniencesHow human activities are affecting regional and global environments?Humanity is currently facing problems such as air, water and soil pollution, irrational agricultural systems and deforestation. As a result, the number of available natural resources is decreasing. Another negative impact of human activity is the process of global warming and global climate change. The impact of human activity on land and water can have severe impacts on ecosystems. There are many problems facing ecosystems such as climate change, ocean acidification, habitat loss, eutrophication, stormwater runoff, air pollution, pollutants and invasive species.
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s a disorder in the brain in which certain parts of the brain are overactive, producing convulsive seizures and possible loss of consciousness.
Epilepsy, is the disorder in the brain in which certain parts of the brain are overactive, producing convulsive seizures and possible loss of consciousness.
What is epilepsy?In epilepsy, the brain or certain regions of the brain are overactive and send out an excessive amount of signals. Seizures, also known as epileptic fits, are the result of this. Sometimes only a few muscles will twitch during a seizure, but they can also cause your entire body to convulse (shake violently) and render you unconscious. Every age can experience epilepsy. Some people experience their first seizure as early as childhood, while others experience their first seizure as they get older. In between seizures, there are typically no physical signs. However, a lot of people worry about having another seizure. Symptoms the severity of epileptic seizures varies widely from person to person. Others only impact the full body, while others only last a few seconds or perhaps go unnoticed. Sometimes it only affects the one arm or one leg. People occasionally lose consciousness, occasionally they are only momentarily absent from their minds, and occasionally they are totally conscious. Most epileptic episodes are short-lived. "Status epilepticus" refers to a seizure that lasts more than five minutes. This is a medical emergency that requires quick medical attention and medication. A person may also experience many seizures quickly.
Epileptic seizures fall into two categories:
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The tata box is a sequence with a __________ that allows for the binding of __________ and __________.
compensates for any deviation between the actual value and the set point. in body temperature regulation in mammals, this function is carried out by
This function is carried out by brain and nervous system .
Define set point?
The set point is not fixed value but fluctuates in response to internal and external factors .
nervous system is responsible for the regulation and maintaining the constant body temperature , with the help of receptors .
If receptors detect any kind of drop in body temperature and send this information to the brain . Then brain process the information and send impulses to effector organs to carry out responses which increases body temperature and these responses helps in restoring the optimum temperature.
Hence , the function is carried out by the brain and nervous system.
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What is the purpose of writing in chronological order?.
The most typical format for expository writing is chronological order. You can use it to tell a story, describe a process, or elucidate the background of your subject.
The order of the occurrences, starting with the first, is known as the chronological order. The simplest pattern to create and adhere to is this one.
The cause (or reason) is typically presented first in this kind of arrangement. This prompts a discussion on the impact (or result.)
In this kind of arrangement, the issue is introduced first. Here are specifics regarding the issue, including its root cause.
The proposed solution will then be discussed, along with information supporting it.
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which of the following factors are necessary for activation of sox9 expression in the developing testis? group of answer choices rspo1 and wnt4 sry and sf1 fgf9 and wnt4 beta-catenin and sry
SRY and SF1 are required factors for the activation of sox9 expression in the developing testis.
What is the SOX9 gene?SOX9 functions as a marker and maintenance factor for pancreatic progenitor cells. SOX9 (SRY-Box Transcription Factor 9) is a gene that encodes a protein. The SOX9 protein binds (binds) to specific regions of DNA and binds to other genes, especially those that control skeletal development and sex determination. Regulates activity. Because of this effect, the SOX9 protein is called a transcription factor. Like SRY, mutations in Sox9 inhibit male development, but unlike SRY, the role of Sox9 is not restricted to mammals.
Activation begins when the transcription factor testis determinant (encoded by the sex-determining region SRY of the Y chromosome) activates SOX-9 activity by binding to enhancer sequences upstream of the gene. Sox9 then further activates FGF9, forming a feedforward loop with FGF9 and PGD2.
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What is the structure of a codon?.
Codons are units of genomic information made up of three nucleotides (trinucleotides) in DNA or RNA that code for a specific amino acid or indicate the end of protein synthesis (stop signals).
On a strand of messenger RNA (mRNA), the start codon serves as the signal to begin translation. Keep in mind that translation is the process by which strings of amino acids are created when anticodons on the transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule bind to their complementary codons on the messenger RNA (mRNA). This is how our bodies produce proteins, which are necessary for a variety of bodily processes. When a ribosome hooks onto an mRNA strand and attaches to the 5' end of it, translation occurs after transcription results in the synthesis of RNA. Translation starts when the ribosome moves across the mRNA strand and identifies a start codon.Every codon is a group of three nucleotides that together code for a particular amino acid and are each represented by a letter in the alphabet. Therefore, when several codons are combined, a string of amino acids is produced that eventually turns into a protein. Therefore, the start codon instructs the ribosome where to start the translation process on the mRNA molecule. Usually, it is AUG, which stands for methionine, an amino acid. The codons after it are read continuously until translation is complete after it has been detected and the methionine has been transported over by tRNA. It should be noted that AUG no longer codes for a start codon when it is located in the middle of a strand that is already being translated.To know more about codon check the below link:
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why does a hormone act only on specific cell types in an organism and not others? see section 11.3 (page) .
Hormone act only on specific cell types in an organism and not others because it binds with a specific hormone receptor in a targeted cell.
What is a Hormone?To activate particular cells or tissues, a regulatory chemical is created in an organism and transferred in tissue fluids like blood or sap is known as hormone.
Basic example of hormone is Testosterone, Oxytocin, Adrenaline, Glucagon, etc.
What Is a cell?The smallest unit that can sustain life on its own and makes up all living things, including the body's tissues is called as Cell. The cell membrane, the nucleus, and the cytoplasm are the three primary components of a cell. The substances that enter and leave the cell are governed by the cell membrane, which encloses the cell.
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5. what would happen if all of the bird types in this activity flew to an island where no birds had been before and the only food available was rice? which birds would be most successful? which birds would be least successful?
There were two options available to the birds. They can either starve or adjust by eating the rice. Eventually, if they wanted to survive and prosper, they would have to adapt; otherwise, they would simply become extinct.
The number of each type of bird beak also changes when the type of food available in a particular habitat changes, since birds with beaks that are better matched to the available food eventually consume more successfully.
The most successful terrestrial vertebrate group includes birds, which are members of the Aves class. There are about 10,000 species of live birds in 28 orders spread throughout practically the whole planet.
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Which represents A strand of DNA bases?.
DNA has four nitrogen bases such as adenine (A), guanine, cytosine, and thymine. The A of DNA shows the adenine nitrogen base of the DNA, which is a purine in nature.
What is DNA?Because DNA is a polymer, it is made up of monomers of nucleotides. The nucleotide is made up of a deoxyribose (pentose) sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogen base, and during the time of replication, these nucleotides come together. The DNA has four nitrogen bases such as adenine (A), guanine, cytosine, and thymine; out of these, two are purines (A and G) and two are pyrimidines (C and T).
Hence, the A of DNA is adenine, which has a nitrogenous base.
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the krebs cycle consists of many small steps, each catalyzed by an enzyme. what is another name for the krebs cycle?
The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle, is at the center of cellular metabolism, playing a prominent role in both the process of energy production and in biosynthesis.
Krebs cycle The Krebs cycle, also called the citric acid cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle, is one of the most important reaction sequences in biochemistry. The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, also known as the Krebs or citric acid cycle, is the main source of energy for cells and an important part of aerobic respiration. The cycle harnesses the available chemical energy of acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) into the reducing power of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH).
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When training all major muscle groups in a single strength-training workout, a person should complete.
Weight training is a common type of strength training for developing the strength, size of skeletal muscles and maintenance of strength
How does weight training occurs ?
I think the answer is large muscle group exercises before small group exercises. In most training of muscles, the high intensity exercises are done before low intensity exercises.The small joint exercises before the large joint exercises and finally the large muscle groups before the small muscle groups.Strength training should target the major muscle groups: chest, back, legs, shoulders, biceps, triceps, and the trunk/core.The correct way to develop overall growth of muscles is to work on every body parts in a required manner.
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If the dominant allele is represented by a and the recessive allele is represented by a, what would be a possible genotype and phenotype of individual ii. 3?.
The correct answer is option B.
Genotype AA, Phenotype-Unaffected.
How did this occur ?
The cystic fibrosis is a condition caused by the inheritance of the two recessive allele, It is an autosomal recessive disease.In the given case, the parents are carriers, and the carriers are always heterozygotes. Hence, the phenotype of the both parent should be Aa. A possible cross of the parents is shown in the figure below.In case, the progeny have a single dominant trait, the child would not be affected, but will be a carrier and can pass the disease to offspring. In case, the child inherit both the dominant allele (homozygous dominant) from the parents, then he/she would be unaffected. In case, the phenotype of the child is homozygous recessive then it would be affected.To know more about Genotype from the given link
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In what way are the processes of respiration and photosynthesis linked with each other?.
Water and carbon dioxide are changed into oxygen and glucose during photosynthesis. The plant consumes glucose and produces oxygen as a byproduct. Oxygen and glucose are transformed into water and carbon dioxide during cellular respiration. By-products of the process include carbon dioxide, water, and ATP, which is turned into energy.
What is Photosynthesis ?Plants and other living things employ a process called photosynthesis to transform light energy into chemical energy that can subsequently be released through cellular respiration to power the organism's activities.
The methods through which green plants produce food are referred to as photosynthesis.Food is a complex organic substance that is high in energy that living things consume in order to gain nutrients, which are substances essential for life. The process of photosynthesis allows green plants, also referred to as autotrophs, to manufacture their own sustenance.What connection exists between the processes of respiration and photosynthesis?Glucose produced by photosynthesis is converted into ATP during cellular respiration. The carbon dioxide utilized in photosynthesis is subsequently created from the glucose. Cells can release and store energy with its aid. It keeps the ratio of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere stable.
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When a population contains two separate groups that can no longer interbreed and produce fertile offspring, then ______ has occurred.
Which coronary artery is most responsible for supplying blood to the myocardial tissue of the left atrium?.
Left main coronary artery (LMCA) is most responsible for supplying blood to the myocardial tissue of the left atrium.
The heart muscle receives blood from the coronary arteries. The heart muscle need oxygen-rich blood in order to operate, just like all other bodily components do. Blood that lacks oxygen must also be transported away. Outside of the heart, the coronary arteries encircle the organ. To supply blood to the heart muscle, tiny branches pierce the skin.
The left main and right coronary arteries are the two major coronary arteries.
coronary artery on the left (LMCA). The left side of the heart muscle is supplied with blood through the left major coronary artery (the left ventricle and left atrium). The branches of the left major coronary:
Blood is supplied to the front of the left side of the heart by the left anterior descending artery, which arises from the left coronary artery.
The left coronary artery's circumflex artery splits off and surrounds the heart muscle. The outside and back of the heart both receive blood from this artery.
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What are the 6 most common hygiene faults for food poisoning?.
Common causes of food poisoning include failing to thoroughly wash hands before preparing or eating food, using dirty utensils, cutting boards, or serving dishes, causing cross-contamination, and consuming dairy products or food containing mayonnaise that has been left out for an extended period of time.
Food poisoning is a disease caused by consuming tainted food. It is usually not serious, and most people recover in a few days without treatment. Most food poisoning cases are caused by bacteria, such as salmonella or Escherichia coli (E. coli), or viruses, such as the norovirus. Food poisoning symptoms include nausea, vomiting, stomach cramps, and diarrhea.
Food poisoning symptoms can appear four hours to one week after consuming a contaminated food item and can last as little as 24 hours or as long as a week. Another reason food poisoning goes undiagnosed is the variability in the onset and duration of symptoms.
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What is the sprayer on a spray bottle called?.
A spray nozzle is a tool that makes it easier for liquids to disperse by creating a spray.
A trigger sprayer is what?When a user squeezes the pump handle on the trigger of a trigger sprayer attached to a compatible spray bottle, the contents are released. Trigger sprayers are frequently used with household cleansers.
How do you refer to the spray bottle's tube?Sprayers and pumps are both incredibly helpful devices for distributing liquids at the touch of a nozzle. The dip tube, however, is a crucial part of these items that is sometimes overlooked in these closures. The lengthy flexible tube that is used to dip into liquid in a container is known as a dip tube.
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this vessel moves blood posteriorly in the earthworm. multiple choice question. posterior vessel ventral vessel dorsal vessel distributing vessel
The largest blood vessel in an earthworm's body, the dorsal blood vessel circulates blood from the front to back of the body as it cycles.
What is the anatomy of an earthworm's circulatory system?An earthworm has a closed circulatory system that circulates blood around its body through vessels. His body is equipped with five pumps, the aortic arches. Blood is transported from his back to his front by dorsal vessels.
Earthworm, what function do the lateral blood vessels serve?Some annelids have lateral hearts, which are blood vessels on either side of the alimentary canal that pump blood from the dorsal vessel to the ventral vessel. These blood vessels are also referred to as pseudo hearts or commissural vessels.
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which of the following steps occur during prophase of mitosis? choose one or more: a. the chromosomes replicate, showing two sister chromatids. b. the chromosomes attach to the mitotic spindle. c. the chromosomes condense. d. the nuclear envelope breaks down.
During the prophase of mitosis, the following steps take place.
Chromosomes narrow down.
Breakdown of the nuclear envelope.
To the mitotic spindle, the chromosomes adhere.
What does prophase mean in terms of mitosis?a mitotic division's initial stage. The chromosomes duplicate to create two very long, very thin strands called chromatids before prophase starts. The chromatids thicken and condense to form distinct bodies during prophase itself.
Prophase is the first stage of mitosis, which divides the duplicated genetic material present in a parent cell's nucleus into two identical daughter cells. The chromatin, or DNA and protein complex, that makes up the nucleus condenses during prophase.
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a measure of production that is calculated by subtracting autotrophic respiration from all primary production in an ecosystem is called .
A measure of production that is calculated by subtracting autotrophic respiration from all primary production in an ecosystem is called net primary production.
Aboutt primary production
Total primary productivity is known as gross primary productivity [GPP]. namely the speed of photosynthesis process or in other terms referred to as total photosynthesis or total assimilation. Not all of this productivity is stored as organic matter in growing plants, because plants use some of these molecules as fuel in their cellular respiration. Thus, net primary productivity [net primary productivity, NPP] equals gross primary productivity less the energy used by producers for respiration [Rs].
Primary productivity is divided into 2 types, namely:
a. Net Primary Productivity
Net primary productivity is the rate of storage of organic matter in plant tissues over a specified period of time.
Calculation formula:
NPP = GPP – Rs
Information:
NPP = Net primary productivity or rate of energy storage in the ecosystem.
GPP = Gross primary productivity or the rate of energy input into the ecosystem
Rs = Respiration or rate of energy used for ecosystem activities
b. Gross Primary Productivity
Gross primary productivity is the total rate of photosynthesis, including organic matter in respiration during a certain measurement time.
Calculation Formula:
GPP = NPP + R
Information:
NPP = Net primary productivity or rate of energy storage in the ecosystem.
GPP = Gross primary productivity or the rate of energy input into the ecosystem
Rs = Respiration or rate of energy used for ecosystem activities.
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the pathway leading from the striate cortex in the occipital lobe to the temporal lobe is known as the
The pathway leading from the striate cortex in the occipital lobe to the temporal lobe is known as the ventral stream.
They contended that the dorsal stream processes information to direct activities, whereas the ventral stream is engaged in the perception of information about objects (vision for perception) (vision for action). The representation of forms and object recognition are both related to the ventral stream. The medial temporal lobe, which is linked to long-term memories, the limbic system, which regulates emotions, and the dorsal stream are all strongly connected by this stream, which is also known as the "what" stream (which deals with object locations and motion).
Hence, ventral stream is pathway from striate cortex in the occipital lobe to the temporal lobe.
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What is the ID4T instruction model?.
The instructional design for teachers (ID4T) model is a powerful strategy for planning student learning that is perfectly suited to a nursing education environment.
The format and technique of delivery of a lesson are referred to as instructional models. Traditional instructional models like lectures and "I do, we do, you do" environment still have a role in the classroom, but they should generally be utilised less frequently if the objective is to actively involve students in standards-based teaching. A strategy instructional model is the ideal to employ when teaching new concepts to kids since it takes into account each student's potential level and ensures that regardless of level, all students will eventually develop a new, improved version of themselves.
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Spinocerebellar tract axons carry sensory information into the cerebellum by the ________________.
Spinocerebellar tract axons carry sensory information into the cerebellum through the inferior cerebellar peduncle
What is spinocerebellar tract?The dorsal spinocerebellar tract (DSCT), also known as the dorsal spinocerebellar tract, is the somatosensory part of the sensory nervous system that relays unconscious proprioceptive information from the lower extremities and trunk to the cerebellum. The spinocerebellar tract carries unconscious proprioceptive information from muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, and joint capsules to the cerebellum. The cell bodies of primary sensory neurons, which carry this information from such receptors to the spinal cord, are located in the dorsal root ganglia.
Damage to the thalamo-spinal tract within the spinal cord, as seen in Brown Square Syndrome, results in contralateral pain and hypothermia, and ipsilateral vibrations and proprioception transmitted through the dorsal column are affected.
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What are the 5 stages of mitosis and what happens in each stage?.
There are five phases: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Final physical cell division after telophase, cytokinesis is frequently regarded as the sixth stage of mitosis with Centrosomes.
1. Mitosis begins with the prophase.
Chromosomes gather and are made visible.
Centrosomes are the origin of spindle fibres.
Nucleolus dissolves as nuclear envelope disintegrates.
2. Second stage of mitosis known as prometaphase.
Chromosomes continue to compact.
At the centromeres, kinetochores are visible.
Centrosomes travel in the direction of their opposite poles as mitotic spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores.
3. Metaphase is the third mitotic division.
The mitotic spindle has reached its full size, the centrosomes are at the poles of the cell, and the chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate. Each sister chromatid is attached to a spindle fibre that originates from the opposing poles. In the middle is each chromosome.
4. Anaphase is the fourth stage of mitosis.
Previously joined together by cohesin proteins, sister chromatids (now known as chromosomes) split and are drawn in opposing directions.
Non-kinetochore spindle fibres lengthen as the cell does.
5. The fifth stage of mitosis is called telophase.
The nuclear envelope material that surrounds each set of chromosomes decondenses as the chromosomes arrive at opposite poles.
6. The sixth and last stage of mitosis is cytokinesis.
Animal cells: the daughter cells are divided by a cleavage furrow.
A cell plate separates the daughter cells in plant cells.
the splitting of the cytoplasm into the two distinct daughter cells.
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