What is the ethical dilemma associated with randomized controlled studies for suspected causes of disease such as cigarette smoking?

a. The prevalence of disease within the study cannot be controlled.
b. The effect of the disease is too detrimental to the health of those involved within the study to allow them to be voluntarily exposed to a suspected cause of disease.
c. Incidence of disease is often determined to be too low to conduct a randomized controlled trial.
d. It is difficult to establish definitive contributory cause even with a high-quality randomized controlled trial.

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

b. The effect of the disease is too detrimental to the health of those involved within the study to allow them to be voluntarily exposed to a suspected cause of disease.

Explanation:

Randomized controlled studies assess the relationship between cause and effect. There are usually two groups in this study. The first group is the experimental group which is exposed to the treatment or intervention to be assessed while the second group is the control group which is given no treatment or given a placebo.

As it relates to the question, the experimental group is exposed to cigarettes to determine the effect of this exposure. This can have an adverse health effect on the experimental group, hence, this is an ethical dilemma.


Related Questions

Normally, this region is imprinted in the sperm, but not the egg. This means that the DNA on the ____________ copy of the chromosome will be methylated at the imprinting center, while the DNA on the ____________copy of the chromosome will not be methylated in this region.

Answers

Answer: The DNA on the paternal copy of the chromosome will be methylated at the imprinting center, while the DNA on the maternal copy of the chromosome will not be methylated in this region.

Explanation:

Chromosomes are DNA structures associated with proteins such as histones. They are found in the nucleus of cells and contain genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism. Human beings are diploid, meaning that they possess two copies of each of the 23 chromosomes (a total of 46).

Gametes, which are sex cells such as the sperm (produced by the male) and the egg (produced by the female) that are haploid. This means that they possess only one chromosome of each pair. During fertilization, a male gamete fuses with a female gamete to generate a zygote, which will give rise to a new human being. This new individual will possess half of the genetic material from its father and half from its mother. Thus having a total of 46 chromosomes, 23 from each parent.

Genetic imprinting modulates gene expression by chemical modification of DNA and/or modification of chromatin structure. Often, genetic imprinting causes a gene to be expressed only on the chromosome inherited from one of the parents. One example of imprinting is DNA methylation, which is a process by which methyl groups are added to DNA. Methylation modifies DNA function when found in the promoter gene, repressing gene transcription. This means that a methylated gene will not be expressed, that is, it will not produce a protein encoded by that gene. So, if a region of DNA is imprinted in the sperm cell, the paternal chromosome inherited from this sperm will be methylated in the genes of the offspring. And the offspring will only express the maternal copy inherited, which will not be methylated.

assertion: empty milk pouches are biodegradable Reason: they cannot be used in biogas formation​

Answers

Answer:

The pollutants like heavy metals, organic solvents present in pesticides exist in small amounts in the atmosphere. During the process of the food chain, the concentration of these pollutants progressively keeps on increasing through different trophic levels. For example, fish eats a lot of planktonic growth may retain the pollutants in their tissues, birds or people that eat the fish might concentrate the pollutants still more. This process of accumulation of pollutants at different trophic levels is called as biomagnification. So, the correct answer is 'Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect'.

Which of the following events contributes to the termination of a signal generated by the binding of a ligand to a receptor tyrosine kinase? Only one answer is correct
1. Phosphatases hydrolyze key phosphorylated residues.
2. Kinases hydrolyze key phosphorylated residues.
3. Kinases phosphorylate key residues.
4. The receptor tyrosine kinase dimerizes.
5. GTPase removes a phosphoryl group from GTP.
6. Phosphatases phosphorylate key residues.

Answers

Answer:

1. Phosphatases hydrolyze key phosphorylated residues.

Explanation:

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs) are high-affinity transmembrane protein receptors that bind to a wide variety of ligands (e.g., growth factors, cytokines, hormones). These receptors (RTKs) have a transmembrane domain and therefore these proteins act as membrane receptors, as well as exhibit catalytic activity. The intracellular C terminal region of RTKs contains catalytic domains responsible for both autophosphorylation and tyrosine phosphorylation of their protein substrates. Moreover, Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase (PTPs) are critical enzymes that remove phosphate groups from tyrosine residues in different substrates (including RTKs), thereby regulating key signaling pathways such as cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and cell-cell adhesion.

choose the letter of the correct answer 1. Which one of the following is NOT an organic compound? a. Methane b. Carbon dioxide d. Lactic acid C. Oil​

Answers

Answer:

B

Explanation:


Option :
Bacteriacial cell
Plant cell
Animal cell
All of these are correct answer

Answers

Answer:

yes

Explanation:

bcoz it helps in every way

Question 4 Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)
In the diagram below, what is the property of the wave indicated by the letter A?
- amplitude
- crest
-frequency
-trough

Answers

Answer:

- trough.

Explanation:

The Trough is the lowest wave section, the minimum wave part. It's the other way around from crest.A wave or alternating signal minimal point.

A long, narrow depression, waves or ridges between them.

A low point in a corporate cycle or on a graph.

An extended area of relatively low pressure, often in conjunction with the front.

The brain generally stores new information in its own different and unique netowrk but retrieves information by chunking it with information in netowkrs that contain similar characteristics or associations.

a. True
b. False

Answers

A would be the correct answer I believe

*Part 1*:
Interpretation - Identify trends, compare and contrast, draw conclusions.
The following is a plot of the number of bacterial cells vs time in a culture. A culture refers to
cells grown in a man-made environment. For example, even though oceans, streams and
ponds are teaming with microbes, they are not considered a culture because they are part of a
natural environment. Yogurt as well as cells grown on agar plates or liquid cultures are
examples of a man-made environment.
c.
b.
d.
a.
5
Time (hr)
10
*Part 1*: Analyze the image. Be sure to include a conclusion. There are no incorrect
conclusions, only illogical ones.
Answer:

Answers

Answer:

First increases, attain highest population and then decreases.

Explanation:

In the culture, the number of bacterial cells increases with the passage of time in a culture. at the beginning, the bacterial cells increases in number or population with the passage of time. At point C, it shows highest population of bacterial cells at the time period of 4 to 5 hours but after more time passed, the population of bacterial cells decreases may be the unavailability of food substances in the medium.

a scientist is is using a microscope to observe a type of bacteria

Answers

Answer:

If your question is:  Which two structures would the scientist most likely see? Then:

A scientist is using a microscope to observe a type of bacteria. The scientist most likely see cell wall and vacuole.

Explain why it is not advisable for two sickle cell carriers to marry.​

Answers

Answer:

it results in pleiotropic effect and caused death of an offspring.

What is the common difference for this arithmetic sequence?
54, 50, 46, 42, 38, ...
A. 4
B. 54
C. 34
O D. -4

Answers

Answer:

D) -4

This is because each term is four less than the previous term.

Explanation:

Answer:

D

Explanation:

because it is going down -4 every time

Select the correct answer
Which term refers to the maximum number of organisms of a particular species that can be supported by an environment?
OA Population density
OB Exponential growth
OG carrying capacity

Answers

Answer:

Carrying capacity

Explanation:

Carrying capacity means the number of organisms that a region can support without environmental degradation.

2. Which of the following is not considered an
organism?
a. an oak leaf
b. a spider
c. an elephant
d. a bacterial cell

Answers

Answer:

a. an oak leaf

Explanation:

Bacterial cells would undergo this type of reproduction, Binary Fission. An asexual reproductive process where a single bacterium splits into 2 additional bacteria, each having the same bacterial DNA and or genome as the original bacterium.

So the answer is D

Hope This helps :) Have a good Day

Albinism, lack of pigmentation in humans, results from an autosomal recessive gene. Two parents with normal pigmentation have an albino child. What is the probability that their next three children will be wild type

Answers

Answer:

50

Explanation:

because this disorder occurs when the alleles are recessive meaning the alleles Will be heterozygous

Question 9
What is the main difference between a prokaryote and eukaryote cell?

Answers:
The presence of a cell wall
The presence of genomic DNA
The absence of genomic DNA
Crossing over
The absence of a cell wall
Question 10

Please choose 1

Answers

the presence of genomic DNA

urine is made of nutrients and water​

Answers

Answer:

what's the question over here?!

how do humans impact the biodiversity of ecosystems

Answers

Answer:

Humans affect biodiversity by their population numbers, use of land, and their lifestyles, causing damage to habitats for species. Through proper education, and by demanding that governments make decisions to preserve biodiversity, the human population will be able to sustain life on earth longer.

Explanation:

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Human population levels, land usage, and lifestyles all have an impact on biodiversity, causing damage to species' habitats. The human population will be able to maintain life on Earth for longer if adequate knowledge is provided and governments are forced to make decisions that protect biodiversity.

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[tex]\texttt{HOPE IT HELPS}[/tex]

[tex]\texttt{HAVE A GREAT DAY!!}[/tex]

​Which other group of organisms can supply energy to a food chain in a similar way to plants?

Answers

Producers are organisms that make their own organic nutrients (food) - usually using energy from sunlight. Green plants make their food by photosynthesis . The other organisms in a food chain are consumers, because they all get their energy by consuming other organisms.

The _______ is the part of the neuron that carries information away from the cell body.

Answers

mitochondria is the part of the neuron that carried information away from the cell body

This one too, please?

(3rd time)


I need explanation for your answers, even though it's multiple choices, I still need your explanation for it.

DUE TOMORROW!

If your answer is NONSENSE it will be deleted as soon as possible!

But if your answer is CORRECT, HELPFUL, HAS AN EXPLANATION, I'll chose your answer as the BRAINLIEST ANSWER!​

Answers

Answer:

1, group 1

2 group 7

3 group 2

4 D

5 B

6 A

Answer:

7. A 1

8. C 17

9. B 2

10. (d) C and D

11. (b) reactivity

12. (a) corrosion

13. (c) activity series

Explanation:

7. , 8, and 9,

Group 1 elements are named as alkali metals

Group 2 elements are known as alkaline earth metals

group 17 metals are known as halogens

10.

Na and Xe have one valency whereas the other two elements have variable valency which is a property of transition metals so the answer is (d) C and D

11.

It;s the definition of reactivity

12.

Definition of corrosion

13.

definition of activity series

why are electrons in an atom involved in bonding

Answers

Answer:

The valence electrons have a role in the bonding of two atoms. The nuclei of each atom are drawn together by their attraction to the valence electrons of the other atom. As the atoms are drawn together by their attractions, electrons from each atom are drawn to the nuclei of both atoms, where they are "shared."

OAmalOHopeO

A cell membrane has permeability, which means that the membrane?

Answers

Cell membranes serve as barriers and gatekeepers. They are semi-permeable, which means that some molecules can diffuse across the lipid bilayer but others cannot.
Cell membranes serve as barriers and gatekeepers. They are semi-permeable, which means that some molecules can diffuse across the lipid bilayer but others cannot. ... On the other hand, cell membranes restrict diffusion of highly charged molecules, such as ions, and large molecules, such as sugars and amino acids.

define cell and atom​

Answers

Answer:

hope it is helpful to you

Dark skin ( a result of increased melanin production in equatorial populations), is likely a response to ultraviolet radiation because UV radiation causes:

Answers

Answer: Skin cancer

Explanation:

Melanin is a pigment derived from an amino called acid tyrosine. The most common form of melanin is called eumelanin, which is a polymer of dihydroxyindole carboxylic acids and their reduced forms. When a person is exposed to the ultraviolet light (UV) from the sun, the melanocytes will produce eumelanin to prevent the skin from burning and damage to the cell nuclei (where DNA is found) of the epidermis. This melanin production causes the skin to darken. The eumelanin in the skin then acts as a natural sunscreen by blocking the damaging effects of sunlight. So, skin darkens when exposed UV light, thus providing greater protection when needed by producing more eumelanin, but it also becomes more likely to develop melanoma, which is a type of skin cancer. This is because UV rays damage the DNA of skin cells. The DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the genetic material that has the instructios to the growth and functioning of an organisms). Skin cancers begin when eumelanin protection is not sufficient and this damage affects the DNA of the genes that control the growth of skin cells. This results in a tumor, which is the uncontrolled growth of cells (in this case, skin cells) because there will be a mutation in DNA that affects the function of the cells.

Most streams result from _____.
a. altitude
b. melted snow
c. oceans
d. rivers

Answers

Answer:

....b........ melted snow

C because I just took a test like that

A degraded ecosystem is replaced with a different but productive ecosystem type, one that might even include some nonnative species. For example, a degraded forest might be replaced with a productive pasture.a. passive restoration b. remediation c. partial restoration d. rehabilitation e. complete restoration

Answers

Answer:

d. rehabilitation

Explanation:

Technology-associated rehabilitation is an ecological practice that allows a degraded area to be restored, rehabilitating all its degraded habitats. However, this restoration is not done naturally, but is caused by human intervention, which can cultivate the entire plant population in the area, even adding non-native species, which are selected to leave the productive area, but ecologically harmonious.

Please help !
Which describes electrons?

Electrons move at very fast speeds around the nucleus of an atom.
Electrons are stationary outside of the nucleus of an atom.
Electrons move at very fast speeds inside the nucleus of an atom.
Electrons are stationary inside the nucleus of an atom.

Answers

D. Electrons move at very fast speed around the nucleus of an atom?

How does wet heat sterilization, such as an autoclave, work to inactivate bacteria and other infectious pathogens?

Answers

Answer and Explanation:

The microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi are basically composed of biological macromolecules (lipids, proteins, polysaccharides). As the temperature increases, the structure of proteins is disrupted and they lose their function. For example, enzymes that catalyze biological reactions are inactivated.

Therefore, wet heat sterilization is a process in which the material is heated during a certain time at a certain high temperature to destroy the microorganisms by producing the denaturation of structural proteins and enzymes.

Drag each of the following labels into the appropriate box to identify which motor division of the peripheral nervous system is identified by the given function.an be excitatory or inhibitory on the target organ Principally involved with movement of materials through the body Skeletal muscle activation Intestinal smooth muscle activation Voluntary Sweat gland activation Lacrimal gland activation Principally involved with movement "of" the body principally invvedPiloerector muscle Involuntary activation Somatic Autonomic

Answers

Answer:

Somatic: Skeletal muscle activation VoluntaryPrincipally involved with movement "of" the body.Autonomic: Can be excitatory or inhibitory on the target organ. Principally involved with the movement of materials through the body. Intestinal smooth muscle activation. Sweat gland activation Lacrimal gland activation Piloerector muscle Involuntary activation.

Explanation:

We can divide the nervous system into the central nervous system, which consists of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, which consists of all the nerves that are throughout the body carrying information from and to the central nervous system.

We divide the peripheral nervous system into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.

The somatic nervous system is the conscious one, that is to say, that we know and control what it does. It is voluntary. It has motor and sensory neurons that carry information to and from the central nervous system. The somatic nervous system is the one that makes us move our muscles to do an action.

The autonomic nervous system is involuntary. In other words, we can not control it consciously. It is the one that controls glands, organs, and smooth muscle, like the one that surrounds the digestive tract to move the food. As we can not consciously control it, this system can work exiting or inhibiting an organ depending on the situation.

The  peripheral nervous system is simply divided into 2 types, which are the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.

SOMATIC

Voluntary principally involved with movement "of" body skeletal muscles activation

AUTONOMIC

Involuntary lacrimal gland activation intestinal smooth muscle activation principally involved with movement "through" body sweat gland activation arrector pili activation can be excitatory or inhibitory on target organ

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is the simply known as the division of the nervous system that has all the nerves that is found outside of the central nervous system (CNS).

Its primary role is to connect the central nervous system to various organs such as the limbs, and skin.  simply divided into 2 types, which are the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.

Learn more from

https://brainly.com/question/10802414

If the entire mRNA sequence for a polypeptide was AUGUACUCGCGACCGUAA, how many amino acids does the polypeptide have

Answers

Answer:

5 amino acids

Explanation:

The process of translation involves synthesizing a sequence of amino acids from a mRNA template. The mRNA molecule is read in a group of three nucleotides called CODONS. A codon specifies or codes for an amino acid.

In the question, a mRNA sequence was given as follows: AUGUACUCGCGACCGUAA. From this sequence comprising of 6 codons, 5 possible amino acids will be contained in the polypeptide encoded by this mRNA molecule as the last codon (UAA) is a STOP codon. The following are the codons in the mRNA sequence and their respective amino acids:

*AUG- methionine (met)

*UAC - tyrosine (Tyr)

*UCG - Serine (Ser)

*CGA - Arginine (Arg)

*CCG - Proline (Pro)

*UAA - Stop

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