In order to add nucleotides to an expanding strand of RNA, RNA polymerase unwinds the double helix.
What are the three roles that RNA polymerase plays?RNA Pol I: It synthesizes the pre-rRNA subunits that make up ribosomes, which is one of many forms of RNA Pol enzymes found in eukaryotes. RNA Pol II: It creates mRNA, snRNA, and microRNA precursors. RNA Pol III: It produces short RNAs, other rRNA precursors, and tRNA.
The double helix is it unwound by RNA polymerase?According to the DNA wrapping model of transcription, DNA bending and wrapping around RNA polymerase results in the DNA helix being unwound at the enzyme's catalytic site, which induces strand separation both before and during transcript elongation.
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a nonsense mutation typically reduces the length of the polypeptide and thus alters its function. this is due to the fact that the of the protein is terminated prematurely. State True or False your answer:
a. True
b. False
A nonsense mutation often shortens the polypeptide, changing its function in the process. This is brought on by the premature termination of the protein. This statement is true.
How does protein affect your body?An essential component of a balanced diet is protein. Amino acids are the chemical "building blocks" that make up proteins. Amino acids are used by your body to create hormones, enzymes, and to build that repair bone and muscle tissue. They may be utilized as a source of energy as well.
I require how much protein each day?For a typical sedentary adult, the suggested good nutrition is body weight per pound of body weight. A 165-pound (75-kilogram) individual should eat 60 pounds of protein per day, for instance.
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the human genome is about 650 times larger than that of e. coli. what characteristics of the human genome are responsible for this difference?
A human cell contains between 20 000 and 25 000 genes, compared to about 4000 genes in an E. coli cell. That is why the human genome is larger than E. coli.
Genome: what is it exactly?The haploid set of chromosomes in a gamete or microorganism, or in each cell of a multicellular organism is known as genome of an organism. In other words, the complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism can be called the genome of the organism.
What is meant by chromosome?A chromosome is a lengthy DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. The very long, thin DNA fibers in most chromosomes are covered with packing proteins; in eukaryotic cells, the histones are the most significant of these proteins.
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Which of the following DNA sequences is one strand of a restriction enzyme recognition sequence? Which of the following DNA sequences is one strand of a restriction enzyme recognition sequence? 5’ GGATCC 3’ 5’ AAACCC 3’ 5’ GGGTTT 3’ 5’ GGGGGG 3’
A: ' 5’ GGATCC 3’ ' is a DNA sequence with one strand of a restriction enzyme recognition sequence.
A restriction enzyme refers to a DNA-cutting enzyme that recognizes particular sites in DNA. Various restriction enzymes create staggered cuts at or near their recognition sites, making ends with a single-stranded overhang. In case when two DNA molecules have matching ends, the enzyme DNA ligase can be used to join them. The restriction endonuclease enzyme (EcoRI) recognizes the 5'-GAATTC'-3 sequence of DNA and develops a single-strand cut between the G & A nucleotides.
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In three to five sentences, describe the advantages and disadvantages of these maps in modeling mitosis.
The advantage of the maps in modeling mitosis is that it denotes the various processes and stages which are involved while the disadvantage is that the exact mechanism is missing which makes the information not fully adequate for understanding.
What is a Model?This is referred to as a representation of the structure and function of biological molecules or maybe an event thereby providing information about it.
Mitosis on the other hand is referred to as a type of cell division in which the parent cell divides into two identical daughter cells and is involved in the growth and replacement of tissues of organisms.
The use of maps in the modeling of mitosis represents the various processes and stages which are involved in this type of cell division.
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which of the following is / are important for enforcing the specificity of protein synthesis? a) correct trna being attached to the right amino acid b) correct codon matching the right anticodon c) specific mrna finding the right kind of ribosome d) both a and b are needed e) all a, b and c are essential
The correct choices that are important to reinforce the specificity of protein synthesis are:
Correct tRNA being attached to the right amino acid.Correct codon matching the right anticodon.Correct answer: letter D.
These two options are important for enhancing the specificity of protein synthesis, because they ensure that the correct amino acid is added to the protein chain at the correct location. If incorrect tRNA or codons are used, the resulting protein may not have the correct properties or may not be able to perform its intended function.
What is protein synthesis?Is the process by which cells create specific proteins, and it is essential for cell growth and repair. Protein synthesis occurs in two stages:
First, the cell’s genetic code is decoded through the transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) from DNA. The mRNA is translated into a specific sequence of amino acids to form a protein.Learn more about protein synthesis:
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The smallest ______ bacteria are only ________ across.
Answer: The smallest Mycoplasma Gallisepticum bacteria are only 0.2 to 0.3 micrometers across.
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I need some help with a question.
These all are various terms used in the genetics and the various terms here are related to genotypes and phenotypes along with the ration and the condition of homozygous and heterozygous.
What is genetics ?It is the study of genes and their related factors which are responsible in regulating the gene expression of an individual.
Homozygous is the condition in which the same types of genes are present. Locus is one version of gene. When a carrier takes up the gene for any disease. Physical appearance is called phenotype and the genetic expressions are called as genotype.
100 per 100 is called as percentage and the 1:4 or any number is called as the ratio. The paired genes are present in the form of alleles.
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Part A Select the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration o electron transport chain citric acid cycle glycolysis acetyl CoA glycolysis acetyl CoA citric acid cycle electron transport chain 0 citric acid cycle electron transport chain glycolysis acetyl CoA glycolysis citric acid cycle acetyl CoA electron transport chain acety CoA citric acid cycle electron transport chain glycolysis Hints My Answers Give Up Review Part s the correct general equation for celular respirat on?
Glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain.
While pyruvate oxidation, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation take place in the mitochondrion, glycolysis happens in the cytosol.
What are the three steps in using glucose for energy?To create ATP, they all metabolize glucose. The Krebs cycle, is also known as citric acid cycle, electron transport, and glycolysis are the three processes that make up cellular respiration.
What exactly is glycolysis in detail?The process in which glucose is broken down to produce energy is known as glycolysis. It also generates 2 pyruvates, ATP, NADH, and water. There is no need for oxygen in the process, which occurs in the cytoplasm of a cell. Both aerobic and anaerobic creatures experience it.
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Which of the following will be observed in a food product that is being dehydrated?
A) Solute concentration in the food increases
B) Boiling point elevation
C) Freezing point elevation
D) Both A and B are correct
Solute concentration in the food increases and Boiling point elevation will be observed in a food product that is being dehydrated.
What is boiling point elevation?A solution's boiling point is always higher than that of the pure solvent. As we add non-volatile solutes in a pure solvent, the boiling point rises. The quantity of solute particles, not the composition of those particles, determines how high the boiling point will rise. The increase in boiling point for diluted solutions is proportional to the molal concentration of the solute. A colligative property, a solution's boiling point elevation is determined by the quantity of solute molecules present rather than by their makeup.
What is concentration in food?Before final dehydration in a spray or freeze drier, the concentration process is typically used as a pre-treatment to lower the initial moisture content of various commodities like milk, tea, or coffee. By freezing or sterilizing the product, such as frozen orange juice or evaporated milk, the bulk can be reduced.
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dna structure quick lab 8.a1-a2 answer key
The DNA structure can be a twisted ladder. The image above shows what is referred to as this structure's double-helix shape. It is a nucleic acid, and nucleotides are the building blocks of all nucleic acids. Each nucleotide, which makes up a portion of the DNA molecule, is made up of three separate substances, including sugar, phosphate groups, and nitrogen bases.
Nucleotides, which consist of a sugar group, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base, are the fundamental components of DNA. Each DNA strand is made up of nucleotides that are joined by the sugar and phosphate groups. There are four distinct categories of nitrogen bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). The pairings of these four nitrogenous bases are as follows: A with T and C with G. The DNA's double helix structure, which resembles a twisted ladder, depends on these base pairs. The genetic code or DNA's instructions are determined by the nitrogenous bases' order.
Sugar is one of the three structural elements of DNA that form the DNA molecule's backbone. Additionally known as deoxyribose. A ladder-like structure is created when the nitrogenous bases of the opposing strands establish hydrogen bonds. DNA backbone structure See in the figure.
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for small molecules and ions, arrange the intermolecular forces according to their relative strengths.
The attraction that exists between the particles that make up an atom and cause it to remain stable is referred to as the intermolecular force.
When it comes to the creation of the compound, the forces that are being referred to in the question are the forces that are responsible for joining the various components together.
The arrangement that is known as ascending order is the one in which objects are placed from least significant to most significant value.
The following is the right sequence, in increasing strength, of the forces:
Ion-ion forces<Ion-dipole forces<Hydrogen bonding<Dipole-dipole forces<London dispersion forces are all types of interactions between ions and dipoles.
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Why is logistic growth more realistic than exponential growth?
Logistic growth is more realistic than exponential growth because exponential refers to the absence of environmental constraints and this is unrealistic in nature.
What is the exponential mode of growth?Exponential growth is a model of population growth that is assumed to have certain taxonomic groups such as bacteria when environmental conditions are ideal, which is unrealistic in nature because always there are factors limiting the growth of populations such as food availability.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the exponential mode of growth is not real in the sense of a lack of environmental constraints.
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What did Mendel's cross-pollination of pea plants prove?
Answer:
Mendel's cross-pollination experiments with pea plants proved that different characteristics (such as seed color) are determined by inherited factors (now known as genes) that are passed from parent to offspring. He found that certain characteristics were dominant, meaning they would appear in the offspring even if only one parent had that characteristic. Other characteristics were recessive, meaning they would only appear in the offspring if both parents had that characteristic.Mendel's experiments also showed that each parent contributes one copy of each gene to the offspring, and that the combination of these genes determines the characteristics of the offspring. This is known as the principle of segregation, and it is the basis for our understanding of how traits are inherited.Mendel's work also led to the discovery that genes are found on chromosomes in all cells of an organism. In fact, Mendel's work laid the foundation for the modern understanding of genetics and he is considered the "father of modern genetics."
Explanation:
what is 'rna processing' in the context of gene expression, and do both prokaryotes and eukaryotes do it?
Answer:
RNA processing is the term collectively used to describe the sequence of events through which the primary transcript from a gene acquires its mature form. Very soon after synthesis by RNA polymerase II begins, transcripts from nuclear protein-coding genes acquire a 5′ cap structure
_____consists of the the brain and spinal cord, which occupy the dorsal body cavity and act as the integrating and command center of the nervous center. The primary interprets incoming sensory information and issue instructions based on past experience and current conditions.
The peripheral nervous system is made up of everything else, whereas the central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord.
What is the name of the brain's spinal cord and associated nerves?The peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system make up the nervous system.
Which of the following is located in the midbrain's dorsal region, which regulates reflexes related to vision and hearing?The tectum (roof) or dorsal portion of the midbrain contains the rostral and caudal colliculi, which are connected to the cerebellum and involved with the visual and auditory reflexes, respectively. Sensory nerves transmit information to the brain and spinal cord such as touch, temperature, and pain.
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the hereditary determinant of a trait or a section of dna that codes for a protein.
Gene the component of DNA that codes for a protein or the genetic factor that determines a characteristic.
What is hereditary ?
The transfer of genetic information from one set of parents to another is known as heredity, also known as inheritance or biological inheritance. This process occurs through either asexual or sexual reproduction, and results in the offspring cells or organisms acquiring the genetic makeup of their parents. Individual differences can compound through genetics, leading to the natural selection-driven evolution of species. Genetics is the study of heredity in biology.
When a male and a female gamete combine their nuclei to create a zygote, this process is known as fertilization, and it is through this process that genetic traits are passed from parents to children. For instance, a baby born to two parents with blue eyes would always have blue eyes.
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Dominance hierarchies are uncommon among folivores because food is clumped together. individuals must travel far for food sources. one individual monopolizes leaves for feeding. leaves tend to be evenly distributed.
Because food is grouped together, folivores don't typically have hierarchies of dominance. For food supplies, people must go far.
A dominance hierarchy is a type of animal social organization in which there is a linear or nearly linear ranking, with each species being dominant over those beneath it and submissive to those above it.
When members of animal social groups interact, a dominance hierarchy—previously and informally known as a pecking order—is a type of social hierarchy that develops. Sometimes, a submissive lower-ranking person is referred to as a beta, and a dominant higher-ranking person is referred to as an alpha. Depending on the species, different interactions, such as ritualized hostility displays or outright physical violence, might lead to dominance. better source is required Members of social dwelling groups are probably in competition for access to scarce resources and mate opportunities. Relative rank is created between people of the same sex, and instead of fighting every time they encounter, higher ranking people frequently have more access to resources and mates.
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Increasing permeability of the membrane to potassium will have what effect on the membrane potential?
A. It would make the membrane potential more positive.
B. It would make the membrane more negative.
C. It would have no effect.
Increasing permeability of the membrane to potassium will have what effect on the membrane potential will make membrane potential more negative.
The difference in electric potential between a biological cell's interior and exterior is known as membrane potential (also known as transmembrane potential or membrane voltage). That is, as long as there is no kinetic energy gain or radiation production, there is a difference in the energy needed for electric charges to flow from the interior to the outside cellular surroundings and vice versa. This energy consumption is directly determined by the gradients in charge concentration. The typical values of membrane potential for the cell's exterior are typically between -80 and -40 millivolts, abbreviated as mV.
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What is the function of the epididymis? a. sperm maturation and storage b. produces the bulk of seminal fluid c. provides nitric oxide needed for erections d. spermatogenesis
The right answer is A. The maturation and storage of sperm is the function of epididymis.
What is epididymis?The epididymis connects the lateral aspect of the testis to the scrotum. As the spermatozoa develop, they are kept in the epididymis, a coil of the spermatic ducts, and then transmitted between the testis and the tube connecting the testes with the urethra (vas deferens).
The male reproductive system consists of a number of organs that also make up the male urinary and reproductive systems. These organs carry out the following tasks within your body:
They produce, maintain, and move the male reproductive cells known as sperm and semen (the protective fluid around sperm).They discharge sperm into the female reproductive system.They produce and emit the male reproductive hormones. Both internal and external parts that are found both within and outside the body make up the male reproductive system. Together, these organs give the ability to urinate (expel liquid waste from your body), have intercourse, and reproduce.The male reproductive system is primarily found outside of the body. These external organs include the male genital organ, scrotum, and testicles. Internal organs include the prostate, urethra, and vas deferens.
The male reproductive system depends completely on hormones. These are compounds that regulate or improve how well your cells and organs work. The key hormones that impact how the male reproductive system functions are testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). FSH and LH are produced by the pituitary gland. It regulates a number of body functions and is located at the base of the brain. FSH is necessary for sperm production (spermatogenesis). LH increases the production of testosterone, which is necessary to continue the process of spermatogenesis. Testosterone is essential for the development of masculine traits like bone mass, drive, fat distribution, and large, strong muscles.
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Active tissues that are metabolizing quickly only have a PO2 of 20 mm Hg. How much hemoglobin is saturated at this point? Why is it beneficial for the hemoglobin near these tissues to NOT pick up oxygen?
The percentage of hemoglobin that will be saturated when the PO2 is 20 mmHg is 20%.
Why is it beneficial for the hemoglobin near these tissues to NOT pick up oxygen?It is recommended that the tissues do not absorb oxygen at this point because the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen will be low since the medium will be acid due to the amount of hydrogen ions and carbon dioxide, situation that occurs in tissues where oxygen is metabolized quickly. Therefore, then there will be no absorption of oxygen from these tissues, but rather it will occur in oxygenated tissues such as the lungs. This is an effect called the 'Bohr effect' and allows oxygen to be released where it is most needed.
And the percentage of oxygen saturation will be 20% according to the hemoglobin saturation curve.
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which of the following combinations constitute a hormone cascade?a) anterior pituitary gland hormone- growth hormone -liverb) anterior pituitary gland hormone-pancreas-insulinc) thyrotropin releasing hormone-thyroid stimulating hormone-thyroid hormoned) anterior pituitary gland hormone-pancreas- glucagon
A hormone cascade is made up of combinations of thyroid hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, and thyroid hormone.
What is the short definition of a hormone cascade?The term "cascade" refers to a series of subsequent activation events involving enzymes (enzyme cascade) or hormones (hormone cascade), each of which amplifies the initial stimulus in turn. Each enzyme in the process of blood coagulation, for instance, activates the one before it until the fibrin clot, the end result, is produced.
What does a hormone cascade look like?The "Hormone Cascade" selects many paths and makes various stops along each pathway to manufacture each hormone that is required. For instance, before being secreted by women's ovaries, the main female hormone, estradiol, goes through progesterone, testosterone, and other intermediate processes.
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hat are biogeochemical cycles and how do elements of carbon and nitrogen transfer between organic and inorganic molecules?
It is also known as nutrient cycling. It is the movement of nutritive elements through the various components of an ecosystem.
The ways in which an element or compound, such as water, moves between its various living and non living forms and locations in the biosphere is called the biogeochemical cycle. Biogeochemical cycles important to living organisms include the cycles of water, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, and sulfur. The nitrogen cycle is a biogeochemical process through which nitrogen is converted into many forms, successively passing from the atmosphere to the soil, to the organism, and back to the atmosphere. It involves several processes, such as nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, decomposition, and putrefaction.
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PTC Pathway | Login Connect - To Do As... Utv Lab link New Tab System Saved Drag each label into the proper position to identify whether the indicated structure is located on the femur, humerus, or both. Humerus Both Femur Adductor tubercle Intercondylar fossa Lesser tubercle Lateral epicondyle Greater trochanter Olecranon fossa Neck Intercondylar fossa Trochlea Head Capitulum Medial epicondyle Intertuburcular sulcus Fovea capitis Lateral epicondyle Gluteal tuberosity Coronoid fossa Olecranon fossa K ces Capitulum Greater trochanter Trochlea Medial epicondyle Head Neck Deltold tuberosity BRO Next > 29 of 54 < Prev
The largest bone in the upper extremity, the humerus, defines the human brachium (arm). It articulates distally with the radius and ulna at the elbow joint and proximally with the glenoid via the glenohumeral (GH) joint.
HUMERUS smaller tubercle Oleg's Fossa Trochlea Capitulum Sulcus intratubular Fossa coronoid Deltoid tubercle BOTH medial and lateral epicondyles of the neck
The head of the humerus, which connects to the glenoid cavity on the scapula to form a ball and socket joint, is the part of the bone that is closest to the body. The anatomical neck of the humerus, which separates the head of the humerus from the larger and lesser tubercles, is located immediately beneath the humeral head. The remaining epiphyseal plate is the humerus' anatomical neck. Proximally, an intertubercular groove is visible, separating the two tubercles vertically.
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Which of the following statements best describes the relationships between the genome, genes, and proteins? O There is one genomes There are genere con gence from o There are they.com From the list provided, select the two obstacles of gene expression. Check All That Apply 9 DNA is in the nucleus. es DNA and RNA are two different types of molecules.
One genome has several genes that each code for a variety of proteins.The entirety of an organism's DNA is known as its genome.The human genome, for instance, has more over 3000 million rna nucleotides and 35000 genes. Genomes are made up of numerous genes.One gene was thought to code with one polypeptide or enzyme, leading to the one gene, one polypeptide theory.
What connection exists between proteins and genomic genes?The majority of genes include the data necessary to produce proteins.Transcription and translation are the two key steps in the complicated and tightly regulated process that goes from gene to protein in each cell.
What connection exists between DNA, genes, alleles, and proteins?Therefore, the primary cause of protein production is genetics.The combination if alleles from of the coding controls which proteins will synthesize because alleles are various gene variations.
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The characteristics of a pathogen that determine its virulence include which of the following?
A. pathogenicity
B. invasiveness
C. infectivity
D. all of the choices
All of the choices are the characteristics of a pathogen that determine its virulence. the correct option is D
What is pathogen?pathogen can be defined as an organism causing disease to its host with the severity of the disease symptoms referred to as virulence and also pathogens are taxonomically widely divers and comprise viruses and bacteria as well as unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes.
Pathogenic organisms are of five main types such as :
Viruses BacteriaFungi Protozoa WormsTherefore all of the choices are the characteristics of a pathogen that determine its virulence. the correct option is D
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
The production of lipids, steroids, and carbohydrates, as well as the metabolism of foreign compounds like medications or poisons, are its primary functions.
What role does a smooth endoplasmic reticulum play in the body?Without ribosomes, the smooth endoplasmic reticulum aids in the concentration and synthesis of several chemicals required by the organism.
The production of necessary lipids like cholesterol and phospholipids is carried out by smooth ER. Steroid hormone synthesis and secretion are also carried out by smooth ER. It is also in charge of glucose metabolism.
The production of proteins in cells is carried out by ribosomes, which are found in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The cell's smooth ER produces fats or lipids that are necessary for the cell to operate.
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Which of the following statements best describes the structure of RNA molecules in general?
a. RNA molecules form a double helix modeled after the DNA from which they are encoded.
b. RNA molecules are single stranded but they commonly form localized secondary structures by forming covalent bonds between regions of the molecule.
c. RNA molecules are single stranded and they do not commonly form localized secondary structures.
d. RNA molecules are single stranded but they commonly form localized secondary structures by base pairing between regions of the molecule.
RNA molecules are single-stranded but they commonly form localized secondary structures by base pairing between regions of the molecule.
RNA is normally a biopolymer with a single strand. The ribonucleotide chain is folded into complex structural forms with bulges and helices as a result of intrachain base-pairing and the presence of self-complementary sequences in the RNA strand.
As a result of the ribose sugar and nitrogenous bases' ability to be modified in a variety of ways by cellular enzymes that attach chemical groups (such as methyl groups) to the chain, the three-dimensional structure of RNA is essential to its stability and function.
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Q1.10. How would the researchers' experiment have been different if they had used only data from Bird A (and not all 7 birds)? O In both cases, foraging time was longer for cones with spines versus for cones without spines, so the overall result and conclusion would have been the same. O The foraging time difference for Bird A (0.5 seconds) was so small as to be unimportant. The researchers could have entirely misinterpreted the function of cone spinesO Because the foraging time difference based on Bird A was very small compared to that based on seven birds, the researchers would have been less convinced that cone spines affect seed predators Check Answer You may have deduced that Coffey and colleagues' experiment included more than one level of replication. Click the link to discover more < 12 / 16
The experiment would have been different if they had used only data from Bird A.
This is because the foraging time difference for Birds A was very small compared to that based on seven birds. This would have made it difficult for the researchers to draw any conclusions about the effects of cone spines on seed predators, as the data from one bird would be too limited and potentially unreliable.
The researchers may have also failed to account for other factors that could have been influencing the foraging time results, such as the bird's individual preferences or the size of the cones.
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The dorsal root ganglia consist mainly of __________.
Afferent nerve fibres, which carry impulses toward the cranial nerves , are found in the cell bodies of the dorsal root ganglia, and efferent neurons, which carry impulses away from the central nervous system, are found in the ventral root ganglia.
Although not all cranial nerves have them, cranial nerve ganglions resemble dorsal root ganglions except that they are connected to cranial nerves rather than spinal nerves (associated with the spinal cord). Cranial nerves' roots are found inside the skull, but ganglia are found outside. Eg, The superior and inferior sensory ganglia of the vagus nerve are both located outside the skull, while the trigeminal ganglion is located outside the temporal bone. Identical to the sensory neurons linked to the spinal cord, the sensory.
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Which of the following is/are true regarding split brain patients?
They reveal the capabilities of the left and right hemispheres, true regarding split brain patients
Patients with split brains have had the corpus callosum, the connective tissue that connects the left and right hemispheres, surgically removed. When someone has very severe epilepsy, this surgery is typically used to lessen the intensity of their seizures. Because the left and right hemispheres function differently, these people may split brain shed a lot of light on how each one functions. In real life, you cannot determine whether someone has split brain undergone this operation, as was explained in class and demonstrated on the video in class. In a lab, however, we can access one hemisphere's abilities by isolating that one hemisphere from the rest of the brain and giving it only that hemisphere's inputs.
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