The megagametophyte in angiosperm reproduction is also known as the embryo sac. It is the female gametophyte that develops inside the ovule of a flower and gives rise to the egg cell and other cells necessary for fertilization and seed development.
In angiosperm reproduction, the megagametophyte, or embryo sac, is the female gametophyte that is produced within the ovule. The ovule is a small, structure located in the ovary of a flower, and it contains the megasporangium, where the megagametophyte develops. The megagametophyte is formed by a process called megasporogenesis, in which a single diploid cell in the ovule undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid megaspores. Typically, three of the megaspores degenerate, and the remaining one undergoes mitosis to form the embryo sac. The mature embryo sac has seven cells and eight nuclei, which are arranged in a specific pattern. At one end of the embryo sac, there are two synergids, which are important for pollen tube guidance. In the center of the embryo sac, there is the large central cell, which contains two polar nuclei. The egg cell is located near the synergids and is the cell that is fertilized by the sperm cell from the pollen grain during pollination.
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cells introduction summary
1) What arrangement is not seen in rod-shaped cells? Coccus shaped cells? 2) What is the reasoning why acidic dyes stain only the background and not the cells?
The arrangement that is not typically seen in rod-shaped cells is the spherical, or coccus, shape. Rod-shaped cells, or bacilli, are elongated and cylindrical
whereas coccus-shaped cells are spherical. While some bacteria can switch between different shapes, coccus-shaped bacteria generally do not adopt a rod-shaped form.
Acidic dyes are negatively charged, while the cell walls and cytoplasm of bacterial cells are negatively charged as well. As a result, acidic dyes are repelled by the negatively charged bacterial cells Rod-shaped cells and do not penetrate or stain them. However, the background material, such as the glass slide or agar surface, may be positively charged or neutral, allowing the negatively charged acidic dye to bind and stain the background material. In contrast, basic dyes are positively charged and can bind to the negatively charged bacterial cells, allowing them to be stained. This is why basic dyes are commonly used to stain bacterial cells for microscopic observation.
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Without autonomic nervous system input resting heart rate would be approximately
O 70−80 beats/min O 50−60 beats/min O 100−120 beats/min O 200−220 beats/min
Without autonomic nervous system input, the resting heart rate would be approximately c. 100-120 beats/min.
The autonomic nervous system is responsible for regulating the heart rate, among other functions. It consists of two branches, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, which work together to maintain a balance in the body's internal environment.
The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for increasing the heart rate and preparing the body for physical activity or stress, while the parasympathetic nervous system helps to slow down the heart rate and promote relaxation.
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(complete question)
Without autonomic nervous system input resting heart rate would be approximately
a. 70-80 beats/min
b. 50-60 beats/min
c. 100-120 beats/min
d. 200-220 beats/min
explain how the food processing in the digestive system align with the law conversation of Matter / Mass
According to the rule of conservation of mass, It can only be changed from one form to another and cannot be generated or destroyed. All physical and chemical processes, including food digestion in the human body, are covered by this regulation.
Food is mechanically and chemically disassembled into its constituent pieces throughout the digestive process. First, the meal is digested and combined with saliva, which has enzymes that start the breakdown of carbs. The meal subsequently passes down the oesophagus and into the stomach, where it is further digested by digestive enzymes and stomach acid. The overall mass of the meal stays constant throughout the digesting process. Yet, when the meal is broken down into smaller molecules that the body can absorb and use, its original shape is changed. While the overall mass of the food doesn't change but the varied forms it takes throughout digestion, this transformation of the food is consistent with the rule of conservation of mass.
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a 9:3:3:1 ratio of phenotypes in the f2 generation of a dihybrid cross a. indicates that the dihybrid cross is basically equivalent to two independent monohybrid crosses. b. holds true only for genes on the same chromosome. c. is not indicative of independent assortment. d. indicates that an epistatic relationship exists between the two genes under investigation.
a) This 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio is the classic Mendelian ratio for a dihybrid cross in which the alleles of two different genes assort independently into gametes.
Cross involving two contrasting characters is called a dihybrid cross. The two flowers of each trait assort at random and independent of their traits and get randomly as well as independently rearranged in the offspring producing both parental and new combinations of traits.This ratio can be predicted using a Punnett square to reveal possible outcomes of a genetic cross. In the resulting F2 generation: About 9/16 of F2 plants will have round, yellow seeds; 3/16 will have round, green seeds; 3/16 will have wrinkled, yellow seeds; and 1/16 will have wrinkled, green seeds.
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the granulosa cells of developing follicles secrete is called ___
A follicular cell, often referred to as a granulosa cell, is a somatic cell of the sex cord that is closely associated to the female gamete, also known as an oocyte or egg, that is developing in the mammalian ovary.
What granulosa cells are related to follicles secrete?The corpus luteum is formed from the cells in the ovarian follicle that are left behind after ovulation. They now create large amounts of progesterone in addition to estrogen to get the uterine lining ready for implantation.
The ovulatory follicle's granulosa cells, which produce estrogen in response to FSH, are the primary and essentially sole source of estradiol in the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle.
Therefore, The thecal cells secrete androgen and the granulosa cells secrete estradiol.
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Who was a brilliant surgeon who pioneered research with plasma and created the first blood bank
The Blood Pioneer. For Black History Month, we honor Charles R. Drew, an African American physician and researcher who pioneered blood transfusions, blood storage, and the establishment of the first blood banks.
During a period of acute racial prejudice, he campaigned against blood donor segregation and for fairer treatment of black doctors. His discovery, which earned him the moniker "Father of the Blood Bank," continues to be a life-saving therapy today, with around 20% of donated red blood cells being given to persons with blood cancer.
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how does molecular biology support the theory of evolution?
Molecular biology focuses on nucleic acids and proteins and how these molecules interact and behave in cells. Molecular similarities provide evidence for a common ancestry of life by Comparing DNA sequences and representing how different species are related to each other.
What does molecular biology mean?Molecular biology is the branch of biology indicating the composition, structure, and interactions of cellular molecules such as nucleic acids and proteins that carry out biological processes essential to cell function and maintenance.
What are advantages of studying molecular biology?Molecular biology also plays an important role in understanding structure, function, and internal regulation within single cells. All of these can be used to efficiently target new drugs, diagnose disease, and better understand cell physiology.
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in what way do megasporangia differ from microsporangia?
Megasporangia are distinct from microsporangia in that they generate spores that become female gametophytes while microsporangia generate spores that become male gametophytes.
The majority of vascular seedless plant species are homosporous: Like the majority of ferns, they only have one type of sporangium that produces one type of spore, which typically transforms into a bisexual gametophyte. A heterosporous species, on the other hand, produces both megasporangia and microsporangia, two different types of spores.
The majority of vascular plants with seeds and all seed plants are heterosporous, meaning they have both megasporangia and microsporangia.
Microsporangia and megasporangia are distinct structures that do not interbreed.
In comparison to the microspores produced by microsporangia, the megaspores produced by megasporangia are comparatively larger but not more numerous.
Sporopollenin shields all plant spores.
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The above question is incomplete. Check complete question below -
In what way do megasporangia differ from microsporangia?
A. megasporangia develop female spores and microsprongia develop male spores.
B. megasporangia develop male spores and microsprongia develop female spores.
C. megasporangia produce microspore and microsprongia develop megaspore
D. They are both the same
CFC's are significant greenhouse gases that trap extra heat on the surface of Earth. Replacement molecules have been created that are safe to the ozone layer but also act as greenhouse gases. What are these replacement gas molecules?
Hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) and perfluorocarbon (PFC) emissions, which are utilized to replace ozone-depleting substances (ODS), are increasing on a global scale.
The United States is one of many countries that annually submits greenhouse gas emissions inventories under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that calculate emissions of HFCs, PFCs, and other greenhouse gases. Emissions of the ozone-depleting substances (ODS) substitutes hydrofluorocarbons (HFC) and perfluorocarbons (PFC) are rising globally. The EPA and numerous industries are working together to measure, manage, and restrict these emissions.
Also, EPA has examined the expected economic effects of certain regulations and programs to cut greenhouse gas emissions. These evaluations have demonstrated that there are numerous cost-effective approaches for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
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describe what is happening at the plasma membrane from when epinephrine binds the receptor to activation of pka
Epinephrine is a hormone that binds to specific receptors on the surface of cells, initiating a series of biochemical events that ultimately lead to the activation of protein kinase A (PKA).
The following is a general overview of what happens at the plasma membrane when epinephrine binds to its receptor, leading to the activation of PKA:
Epinephrine binds to a specific receptor on the plasma membrane of the target cell, causing a conformational change in the receptor.
This conformational change activates a G protein, which in turn activates an enzyme called adenylate cyclase.
Adenylate cyclase catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP (cAMP), a second messenger molecule that can diffuse through the cytoplasm and activate downstream signaling pathways.
The increase in cAMP levels activates PKA, which is initially in an inactive state due to its regulatory subunits.
The binding of cAMP to PKA causes a conformational change that releases the regulatory subunits and activates the catalytic subunits of PKA.
The activated PKA can then phosphorylate various downstream targets, leading to a variety of cellular responses depending on the specific context.
Overall, the binding of epinephrine to its receptor on the plasma membrane triggers a complex series of biochemical events that ultimately lead to the activation of PKA. This pathway plays important roles in a variety of physiological processes, including the fight or flight response, the regulation of glucose metabolism, and the modulation of cardiovascular function.
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which of these functional groups is found in all amino acids?
The functional group that is found in all amino acids is -NH2, which is the amino group.
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and contain both an amino group (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH) attached to a central carbon atom. The carboxyl group is responsible for the acidic properties of amino acids, while the amino group is responsible for the basic properties.
In addition to the amino and carboxyl groups, amino acids also contain a side chain or R-group, which can vary in size, shape, and chemical properties. There are 20 different amino acids commonly found in proteins, each with a different side chain that confers unique chemical properties.
None of the other functional groups listed -OH, =O, -PO42- are found in all amino acids. -OH is the hydroxyl group, which is found in some amino acids such as serine and threonine, but not all amino acids. =O is the carbonyl group, which is not found in any of the standard amino acids. -PO42- is the phosphate group, which is not present in amino acids but is found in some phosphorylated amino acids in certain proteins.
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The full question was here:
Which of these functional groups is found in all amino acids? -NH2 -OH =O -PO42-
what gas has the fastest average molecular motion at a given temperature?
At a given temperature, all gases have the same average kinetic energy, which means they have the same average speed.
However, the molecular weight of the gas affects its speed for a given kinetic energy, and lighter molecules move faster on average than heavier ones.
At a given temperature, all gases have the same average kinetic energy, but lighter gases have faster average molecular motion because they have less mass to move around. This is described by the Kinetic Theory of Gases.
Therefore, at a given temperature, the gas with the fastest average molecular motion is the gas with the lowest molecular weight, which is hydrogen (H2). Hydrogen gas has the lowest molecular weight of any gas, so its molecules move the fastest on average at a given temperature. On the other hand, heavier gases like carbon dioxide (CO2) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) have slower average molecular motion because they have higher molecular mass.
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what might cause a protein to become nonfunctional
Denatured proteins frequently lose their functional properties by unfolding or creating chaos in the polypeptide chains. Certain chemicals, change in temperature , or agitation can denature proteins.
What are protiens?Large macro- and biomolecules consisting of one or more extended chains of amino acid residues are known as proteins. In living things, proteins perform a number of functions, such as catalysing metabolic processes, replicating DNA, reacting to stimuli, giving cells and organisms structure, and transporting substances. The primary way that proteins differ from one another is the arrangement of their amino acids, which is determined by the nucleotide sequence of their genes and typically allows a protein to fold into a certain 3D structure that controls its function. A polypeptide is an organised group of amino acid residues. There is at least one lengthy polypeptide in every protein. Polypeptides having fewer than 20–30 residues are called peptides.
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Construction of a solar power plant is proposed for a desert area near a school. A student has hypothesized that the
shade cast by the solar panels will increase the mortality of creosote bush, a native desert plant in the area. Before
construction begins, what experimental data should the student collect in order to eventually test the hypothesis?
A: Average noise levels in decibels) at a construction site, compared to average noise levels in the desert 20 km away from the
construction site
B:The rate of wind-caused soil erosion (in kg/yr) near solar panels at a similar desert location where creosote bush grows
C:The direct sunlight received by creosote bush in the desert area (in kWh/m2) during a 12-month period
D: The changes in monthly precipitation (in mm/yr) at a similar desert location where creosote bush grows
The amount of direct sunlight that a creosote bush in a desert region receives over the course of a year (measured in kWh/m2).
One of several procedures necessary to ensure the long-term survival of humans in space is crop production. Underneath the Closed Ecological Life - supporting System (CELSS) programme, NASA realised early on the advantages of including higher plants in the overall strategy. Designing, building, and running a closed (gas, liquid, and solid) plant growth room is the initial step. For this, a closed cylinder measuring 3.6 metres in diameter by 6.7 metres in height that was previously employed as just a hypobaric vessel during in the Mercury programme is being modified. The central axis of the chamber is vertical and it is supported by legs. Using an airlock, the compartment is accessed. The amount of direct sunlight that a creosote bush in a desert region receives over the course of a year (measured in kWh/m2). Construction of a solar power plant is proposed for a desert area near a school. A student has hypothesized that the shade cast by the solar panels will increase the mortality of creosote bush, a native desert plant in the area.
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3. Refer to the table you completed in Question 1 to answer the following questions:
a. Did eggs hatch in:
Cup A?
Cup B?
Cup C?
Cup D?
Cup E?
Cup F?
Eggs hatch under the conditions that are feasible.
What conditions make the eggs to hatch?Your question is incomplete but I will tell you something about bhow eggs hatch.
Temperature: The temperature of the environment surrounding the egg is critical for hatching. Eggs must be kept at a specific temperature range that is optimal for the species of egg in question. For example, chicken eggs typically hatch at a temperature between 99-102°F.
Humidity: The humidity of the environment also plays a role in hatching. Eggs must be kept at a specific humidity range that allows the egg to lose or gain moisture as needed to prevent the embryo from drying out or becoming overhydrated.
Incubation time: Most eggs have a specific incubation time, which is the time the egg must be kept at the optimal temperature and humidity before hatching will occur. This time can vary widely depending on the species of animal and the type of egg.
Turning: Eggs must be turned regularly to prevent the developing embryo from sticking to the shell and to ensure that the egg receives equal amounts of heat and oxygen.
Nutrition: Some species of animals, such as birds, will lay eggs that contain a yolk that provides nutrition to the developing embryo. The yolk must be properly nourished and utilized for the egg to hatch.
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Which of the following types of organelle is most important in providing a cell with energy?
A.
mitochondria
B.
nuclei
C.
cell membranes
Answer: A-: Mitochondria
Explanation: It is also known as powerhouse of the cell. It produces ATP (Adenosine triphosphate). Mitochondria is having double layer of cell membrane enclosing the cytoplasm.
biuret reagent is used for both the qualitative and the quantitative assays for protein? a) what is the qualitative test measuring?
The existence of peptide bonds, which are a hallmark of proteins, is assessed using the qualitative Biuret reagent test.
Describe protein :The body is made up of protein, which may be found in almost every organ, tissue, and body component, including muscle, bone, skin, and hair. It contributes to the production of haemoglobin, which transports oxygen in the blood, and enzymes, which drive numerous chemical processes.
What purposes do proteins serve?Protein is used by the body in a number of ways. It promotes metabolic responses, supports tissue growth and repair, and synchronises biological processes. Proteins give your body a structural foundation while also ensuring optimal pH and water balance.
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while looking at slides of brain tissue in a physiology class, a student sees groups of damaged neurons that have collected around a core of protein. what is the student looking at?
In a physiology class using slides of brain tissue, a student notices clusters of injured neurons that have gathered around a protein core. The pupil viewing is brain infarct or cerebral infarct
The student is likely looking at a slide of brain tissue from a person who had a stroke. The groups of damaged neurons that have collected around a core of protein are known as a "brain infarct" or "cerebral infarct" and are a common feature of strokes.
Strokes occur when blood flow to a part of the brain is disrupted, either by a blood clot or a ruptured blood vessel. This lack of blood flow deprives the affected brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients, leading to cell death and tissue damage.
The core of protein that the student observed is likely the result of the breakdown and accumulation of cellular debris and dead neurons in the affected area. This can cause the tissue to become swollen and inflamed, leading to further damage and dysfunction.
Strokes can have a wide range of symptoms, depending on the location and severity of the infarct. Common symptoms include weakness or paralysis on one side of the body, difficulty speaking or understanding language, vision problems, and cognitive impairment. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the stroke, such as blood clot removal or blood pressure management, as well as rehabilitation to help patients regain lost function and prevent future strokes.
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which statement about slime molds is correct? question 1 options: cellular slime molds have fruiting bodies that function in sexual reproduction. cellular slime molds have haploid zygotes. cytoplasmic streaming helps distribute nutrients and oxygen in cellular slime molds. cellular slime molds form masses when food is scarce, but their cells remain separated. in plasmodial slime molds, the haploid condition is the dominant part of the life cycle.
The statement "cytoplasmic streaming helps distribute nutrients and oxygen in cellular slime molds" is correct about slime molds.
Cellular slime molds, such as Dictyostelium discoideum, are single-celled organisms that move and hunt for bacteria as individual amoebae. When food becomes scarce, they form a multicellular structure called a pseudoplasmodium, which acts as a single organism. The cytoplasmic streaming helps distribute nutrients and oxygen throughout this structure. In contrast, plasmodial slime molds, such as Physarum polycephalum, have a more permanent multicellular stage and move as a single organism over surfaces in search of food. The haploid condition nutrients is not the dominant cytoplasmic part of the life cycle in either type of slime mold.
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When is it necessary for a cell to perform DNA replication? Defend your answer.
DNA replication is necessary for the proper functioning of a cell and is essential for proper cellular reproduction.
What is cellular reproduction?Cellular reproduction is the process by which cells divide to form new cells. It is a fundamental process necessary for the growth of organisms and the maintenance of tissues throughout the life of an organism. During cellular reproduction, a single cell divides into two daughter cells which are identical to the original parent cell.
It is necessary for a cell to perform DNA replication in order for it to be able to divide and form new cells. This process of replication allows for the genetic information found in the DNA of the original cell to be passed on to its daughter cells. Without DNA replication, the daughter cells would not have the same genetic information as the parent cell, which could lead to genetic mutations and other problems. Therefore, DNA replication is necessary for the proper functioning of a cell and is essential for proper cellular reproduction.
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1. What impact has the invasive species had on the native ecosystem? If there has not been an impact seen yet, what do you think could be a potential impact?
A variety of variables will affect how a non-native or invasive species affects an ecosystem.
Impact on ecosystem It's possible that the imported species won't survive in some cases. At the local level, it is likely that a species will become extinct relatively fast if it cannot adapt to a new ecological niche or if there is no ecological niche for it to occupy in the first place.However, a species' chances of success increase if it is a generalist, or one that can survive in a variety of habitats and eat a wide variety of foods. If the ecosystem has reached its steady state, an indigenous species will need to be replaced by the invasive one. Two species cannot occupy the same ecological niche at the same time, hence only one will survive.For more information on invasive species kindly visit to
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to which category would the following pest best belong? a caterpillar that eats and destroys sunflowers. question 8 options: agricultural domestic structural medical
Supports the claim that sunflowers can be used as food sources. An excerpt from Source #2 is provided below to substantiate that.
Sugarcane, sweet sorghum, coconut, corn, cassava, and jatropha are a few of the plants considered to be potential sources of bioethanol. Sunflower is currently being considered as another potential BioSource for ethanol as well. Farmers are testing phytoremediation, a method of treating soil, with sunflowers. The plant's thick taproots appeared to draw heavy metal pollutants like mercury and lead from the garden's contaminated soil during field tests conducted last summer. The quote "Agriculture is the new resource for biofuels" can be found in Source #1 of the excerpt: Sunflower biofuel. The potential for sunflower to be used as a biofuel is easily evident. Additionally, certain additional agricultural crops including cassava, corn, sorghum, sugarcane, etc. are now suitable for use in the production of biofuels.
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What property of cell membranes is affected by this change?
When changing from state 1 to state 2, the fluidity of the cell membrane increases. As the temperature increases, the membrane becomes more unstable and very fluid. Lowering the temperature slows down the membrane fluidity.
What are factors that affect the physical properties of cell membranes?Key factors that affect cell membrane fluidity: Body temperature, cholesterol, types of phospholipid fatty acids that make up cell membranes. These factors alter the spacing and interactions between phospholipids and cell membrane fluidity. Membrane permeability is affected by temperature, the types of solutes present, and the degree of cell hydration.
What are the properties of cell membranes?(1) The cell membrane is a thin envelope that forms a closed boundary. (2) Cell membranes are composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. (3) Cell membrane consists of phospholipid bilayer. (4) Cell membranes are linked together by non-covalent bonds. (5) Membranes are fluid-like structures.
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high levels of pfr trigger development of flower primordia in:______.
High levels of the plant hormone phytohormone named florigen (also known as PFR, short for petal development factor) trigger the development of flower primordia in plants.
Florigen is a signal molecule that is produced in the leaves and travels to the shoot apical meristem (SAM), where it triggers the development of flower primordia. The SAM is a region of actively dividing cells that gives rise to the shoot system, including leaves and flowers.
In response to high levels of florigen, the cells in the SAM differentiate into floral meristem primordia, which give rise to the various floral organs, such as sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. This process is regulated by a complex interplay of hormones and environmental factors, including light and temperature.
In some species, such as photoperiodic plants, the onset of flowering is triggered by changes in the length of day and night. In these species, florigen production is regulated by photoperiod and is only produced when the day length is within a certain range. This allows the plant to coordinate the timing of flowering with the optimal growing conditions for reproduction and seed production.
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In a skin infection, which cell will take up and process microbial antigens?
A. Intraepidermal macrophages (Langerhans cells)
B. Melanocytes
C. Tactile epithelial cells (Merkel cells)
D. Stem Cells
In a skin infection, Intraepidermal macrophages (Langerhans cells) cell will take up and process microbial antigens. Hence, Option A is the correct answer.
What do we mean by microbial antigens?The pathogen or invader is referred to as an antigen. It has the potential to elicit an immune response and is perceived as a threat by the immune system. Antigens are proteins found on the pathogen's surface. These are the substances to which the immune system reacts when they are recognised as foreign. Antigens can be whole microbes or isolated microbe components. Bacterial cell walls, flagella, capsules, and toxins are all antigenic components.
Bacterial antigaens can be found on the cell's flagella or on the cell surface. Differences between strains can be identified by using specific antibodies found in antisera that have been specially prepared.
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Sample image background with an overlaid drop area(s)
Light
energy
DRAG & DROP THE ANSWER
Chloroplast
water+ carbon dioxide
C
and
Mitochondria
Chemical
energy
(ATP)
glucose + oxygen
The equation of the reaction of photosynthesis is:
Light energy + chloroplast + water+ carbon dioxide ---> chemical energy (ATP) + glucose + oxygen
What is photosynthesis?Plants and other living things employ a process called photosynthesis to transform light energy into chemical energy that can then be released through cellular respiration to power the organism's activities.
Light energy is gathered and utilized during photosynthesis in green plants to transform water, carbon dioxide, and minerals.
The equation of the reaction of photosynthesis can be written below as follows:
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what structure in a cell contains the genetic information?
The nucleus, formed by a nuclear membrane around a fluid nucleoplasm, is the control center of the cell. Threads of chromatin in the nucleus contain deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the genetic material of the cell.
Answer:
The nucleus is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. The nucleus is the largest organelle in the cell and contains most of the cell's genetic information (mitochondria also contain DNA, called mitochondrial DNA, but it makes up just a small percentage of the cell's overall DNA content).
Most DNA is located in the cell nucleus (where it is called nuclear DNA), but a small amount of DNA can also be found in the mitochondria (where it is called mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA).
We now know that the DNA carries the hereditary information of the cell. In contrast, the protein components of chromosomes function largely to package and control the enormously long DNA molecules so that they fit inside cells and can easily be accessed by them.
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mateirals in which all of the fibers run in one dierection giving strength in that direction are known as
Materials in which all of the fibers run in one direction giving strength in that direction are known as unidirectional.
Any synthetic or natural substance that is significantly broader than it is long is referred to as a fibre. Fibers are used to make a number of additional materials. The strongest engineering materials frequently include fibres, such as carbon fibre and ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene. For clothes, natural fibres have several advantages over synthetic ones, including comfort, although on occasion, they can be produced more cheaply and in bigger quantities.
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qyuizlet which action could help a biologist determine whether a particular plant population had been attacked by a bacterial pathogen in the recent past?
The action that could help a biologist determine whether a particular plant population has been attacked by a bacterial pathogen in the recent past is to look for elevated levels of mRNA transcripts for PR proteins in plant tissues samples.
Among all of plant reactions, the activation and accumulation of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins in plants is crucial because PR proteins are an essential part of innate immune responses in plants exposed to biotic or abiotic stress. The PR proteins accumulate locally in the infected and surrounding tissues as well as in distant, uninfected tissues, shielding the plants against further infection. If elevated levels of mRNA are found in a plant tissue, it would indicate that the plant had been exposed to some bacterial infections.
Any type of pathogen, be it bacterial or viral, prevents plant to perform its normal functions and resist it to manufacture the food it prepares. Plant pathogens are responsible for plant diseases. They resist the plant to perform its potential well and may deteriorate its quality or the quantity of its produce.
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