3 mol
The net production of ATP molecules per glucose molecule in the muscles if glycogen is the source of the glucose is 3 mol.
NADH is converted to NAD+ via the conversion of pyruvate to lactate, which is catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase, in order to maintain the oxidation of glucose and the net yield of 2 ATP per mol of glucose oxidized (or 3 mol of ATP if the source is muscle glycogen).ATP stands for Adenosine triphosphateThe following reaction occurs in the muscles when glycogen is broken down:
(Glucose)n + Pi → Glucose-1-phosphate + (Glucose)n-1
How much ATP is produced when glucose is converted to glycogen?2 ATP is produced when glucose is converted to glycogenFor every glucose molecule to be converted into a molecule of glycogen, two ATP are needed.How is ATP produced from glycogen?Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules are needed for muscle contraction, and they are produced by the oxidation of glucose by the muscle cells during anaerobic and aerobic processes. Muscle glycogen particles are broken down during intense, intermittent exercise and throughout prolonged physical activity.To learn more about glycogen breakdown visit:
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What was an unexpected consequence of the green revolution? a. the overuse of fertilizer lead to reduced crop yields over time. b. crop yields were increased. c. modern agricultural techniques were implemented. d. new crop varieties were developed. please select the best answer from the choices provided a b c d
Answer:
The correct answer is A
Explanation:
A. the overuse of fertilizer lead to reduced crop yields over time.
Answer:
I also think the answer is A
PLEASE HELP:
Lungs take in and release air.
Which statement about lungs shows how structure is related to function?
A. Lungs are large and spongy.
B. Lungs are small and spongy.
C. Lungs are large and rigid.
D. Lungs are small and hollow.
Answer:
D.
Explanation:
as I read the statement I could easily imagine a small hollow bag like thing. for imaginig spongy shape I might need more details and taking in and releasing out makes imagine something a pump or similiar.
The statement that shows how structure is related to function in lungs is option A, "Lungs are large and spongy."
What is the structure of lungs?The large size and spongy texture of lungs provide a large surface area for gas exchange to occur. The alveoli, tiny air sacs within the lungs, are where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the lungs and the bloodstream.
The spongy texture of lungs allows for the expansion and contraction needed to facilitate breathing, as well as the movement of air into and out of the alveoli. Therefore, the size and texture of the lungs are important features that enable them to carry out their critical functions of taking in and releasing air.
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Chris and his friends go swimming in a local river. Afterward, his friends break out with a rash, but he does not. The group soon discovers the river has toxins in it from a nearby factory. Chris's doctor determines that Chris did not react to the toxin because his daily medication combined with the toxin to stop the reaction. Which statement best explains why Chris did not get a rash from the water, but his friends did?
a Chris's reaction is chronic and has a synergistic relationship with the toxin.
b Chris's medication has an antagonistic relationship with the toxin in the water.
c His friend's reaction is acute and reveals an antagonistic relationship with the toxin.
d Chris's medication has a synergistic relationship with the toxin in the water.
The best explanation for Chris's lack of a rash from the water was that his prescription has an antagonistic relationship with the toxin in the water. Option B would be that.
What exactly is drug-drug interaction?Drug-drug interaction is determined by the relationship that develops between two drugs when they are administered concurrently or concurrent.
An antagonistic relationship is a relationship that exists between two drugs that have opposing impact on the body.
Here, Chris's medication has an antagonistic relationship with the toxin in the water.
Thus, the correct option is B.
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Why is a pulmonary arterial line not an arterial line in the strictest sense of the word?
The pulmonary arterial line not an arterial line in the strictest sense because it carries systematic venous blood returning to the right side of the heart through the microcirculation of the lungs.
Arteries are the blood vessels which plays pivot role in cardiovascular system in the body. These tube like vessels inside the muscles ensures oxygen and nutrients required in the functioning of tissues and organs.
The pulmonary artery differs from regular artery in the sense that pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood which is venous blood returning to the heart.
The main pulmonary arteries originates in the right side of the heart, and then split into smaller arteries which further divide into arterioles, eventually narrowing into the capillary microcirculation of the lungs where gas exchange occurs and further the oxygenated blood is carried from lungs to rest of the body through the respective arteries.
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The __________ perform(s) the excretory and homeostatic functions of the urinary system.
The kidney perform the excretory and homeostatic functions of the urinary system. Thus, option A is correct.
What is the role of kidney?These are the pair of bean-shaped structure present just below the rib cage. Each kidney is present on each side of the spine.
Beside cleaning the metabolic waste of the body by releasing urine, the principal role is maintaining homeostasis of the body.
They also secrete some hormones like Erythropoietin, activate vitamin D3, renin – angiotensin -prostaglandins.
It also maintain the blood pressure, making red blood cells and maintaining strong bones, maintain salt -water balance of the body.
Hence, option A is correct
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Your question was incomplete. The probable question was
The __________ perform(s) the excretory and homeostatic functions of the urinary system.
A. kidney
B. Ureter
C. Urinary bladder
D. All of the above
A parasitic fungus that attacks rye plants produces a structure called a(n) ________.
A parasitic fungus that attacks rye plants produces a structure called an Ergot.
Ergot is a fungus that grows on rye and less commonly on other grasses such as wheat. Parasitic fungi that live on plants are called phytopathogenic fungi. The first obvious sign of ergot infection is appearance of 'honeydew', a sticky yellow sugary solution consisting of host sap and conidia between the affected glumes of the rye. Ergotism is a form of poisoning from ingesting grains, typically rye, that have been infected by the ascomycete fungus Claviceps purpurate. Ergotism has no antidote, so treatment involves removing the animals from the source of the ergot and alleviating the symptoms.
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa is? all of these choices are correct. highly chemical resistant. an opportunist that produces many diverse enzymes. motile. found in soil and water
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is highly chemical resistant, an opportunist that produces many diverse enzymes, motile, found in soil and water.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa :A widespread rod-shaped, gram-negative, aerobic-facultatively anaerobic bacterium called Pseudomonas aeruginosa can harm both plants and animals, including humans. P. aeruginosa, a species of significant medical importance, is a multidrug-resistant pathogen known for its widespread distribution, intrinsically sophisticated mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, and association with serious illnesses, including hospital-acquired infections like ventilator-associated pneumonia and various sepsis syndromes.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is positive for oxidase, catalase, and citrate. Around the planet, it is present in most artificial surroundings, water, skin flora, and soil. P. aeruginosa has colonized a variety of natural and man-made habitats because it does well in both normal and low-oxygen atmospheres. It consumes a variety of organic materials for nourishment, and due to its adaptability, it can infect animals with weak immune systems or tissues that have been injured.
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Which experiment would best provide data to support the mechanism by which an odn inhibits in activity?
Keeping integrase (IN) concentration constant and measuring the initial velocity of the reaction at increasing vDNA concentrations in the presence and absence of the ODN, is called competitive inhibition.
This experimental mechanism is competitive inhibition, where ODN (oligodeoxynucleotides) acts as competitive inhibitors. That is the ODN binds to the integrase instead of vDNA (viral DNA) binding to the enzyme integrase.
To determine the activity of the ODN, the Km and Vmax values should be calculated. Km (Michaelis constant) which shows the affinity of the enzyme to the substrate and Vmax (maximum velocity at saturating substrate concentration).
Calculating these two values in the presence and absence of the inhibitor can determine the activity of the inhibitor (ODN).
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The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortes is?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH),controls the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex .
ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce glucocorticoids and adrenal androgens. Glucocorticoids, such as cortisol, function by maintaining blood glucose levels during fasting, preparing the body during physical and emotional stress, preventing inflammation, and suppressing the immune system.
Glucocorticoids are secreted by the middle region of the adrenal cortex. The principal glucocorticoid is cortisol, which increases blood glucose levels. The third group of steroids secreted by the adrenal cortex is the gonadocorticoids, or sex hormones. These are secreted by the innermost region.
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______ is the typical supporting tissue of growing stems, leaves, and floral parts.
"Collenchyma" is the typical supporting tissue of growing stems, leaves, and floral parts.
What is collenchyma?In plants, collenchyma is a living tissue made composed of elongated cells with uneven cell walls. Cell walls of collenchyma cells contain substantial amounts of cellulose and are polygonal in appearance.
The functions of collenchyma are-
One of the main ground, or fundamental, tissues of plants, along with parenchyma (living thin-walled tissue), and sclerenchyma, collenchyma can form cylinders or appear as single strands (dead help tissue as thick cell walls).The fact that collenchyma is very plastic—its cells can expand and so adapt to the organ's increased growth—is an important characteristic. The principal sustaining tissue for so many herbaceous plants, the tissue is mostly found in the cortex of both leaves and stems. In secondary-growing plants, its collenchyma tissue is really only momentarily useful before it is crushed by the formation of woody tissue. It frequently makes up both ridges & angles of stems as well as the vein margins in eudicot leaves. One famous instance of collenchyma tissue is the "strings" found in celery stalks.To know more about the Collenchyma, here
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What cell structures and pigments are involved in photosynthesis? (check all that apply).
Cell structure like Chloroplasts are involved in Photosynthesis and Primarily Chlorophyll-a Pigment is involved in Photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis is a process of converting light energy into chemical energy to produce sugar required for the survival of life on this planet.
It involves Cell structures like Chloroplasts containing the stroma, grana and the thylakoids. Chloroplasts is a double membrane bound structure containing ribosomes. It is green in color and is responsible for trapping of light energy through the two reaction centres present in it namely PSI and PSII.
Pigments involved in Photosynthesis:
Chlorophyll-a: Primary pigment which forms a Part of Reaction centre Chlorophyll-b CarotenoidsXanthophyllsChlorophyll-b, Carotenoids and Xanthophylls form a part of Light Harvesting Complex (LHC), i.e. they trap the light energy and pass it towards the Reaction Centre.
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What are the two major modes of glycolysis and what is the purpose of each mode?
The two major modes of glycolysis are aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis.
Glycolysis is the method by which glucose is broken down to produce energy. It generates two pyruvate molecules, ATP, NADH, and water. There is no need for oxygen throughout the process, which occurs in the cytoplasm of a cell.
Both anaerobic and aerobic conditions can result in glycolysis.
Pyruvate enters the citric acid cycle under aerobic conditions and proceeds through oxidative phosphorylation, which results in the net synthesis of 32 ATP molecules. Pyruvate is converted to lactate in anaerobic conditions by anaerobic glycolysis. During anaerobic respiration, two ATP molecules are produced.
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The major disadvantage of the manual method of lubricating chain drive is ________.
Following are the disadvantages of manual lubrication:
Manual lubrication of chain drives requires safe maintenance and environmental regulations.Manual lubrication does not guarantee an optimal lubrication at the specific location.There remains a risk for the chances of negative productivity and increasing costs.Many machines are difficult to lubricate when in use.Excess lubrication can lead to damage and excess heat formationUnder lubrication can cause higher energy usage and damage to bearings.Learn more about Lubrication, https://brainly.com/question/20338792
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Name the gland cells of the epithelium in the small intestine.
Goblet cells, unicellular gland cells, enteroendocrine cells of the epithelium in the small intestine.
What is epithelium?Layers of cells known as "epithelium" line hollow organs and glands. These cells are also responsible for the body's exterior.The epithelium is a type of body tissue that covers all of the internal and exterior body surfaces, lines hollow organs and body cavities, and makes up the majority of glandular tissue.They make up the majority of the tissue in glands, line body cavities and hollow organs, and cover all of the body's surfaces. They conduct a multitude of activities that include protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration, diffusion, and sensory reception.Because word was first used to describe the translucent layer of tiny tissue "nipples" on the lip, epithelium got its name. The plural version of the term is epithelia, and it has both mass and count connotations.A form of animal tissue known as an epithelium is composed of tightly packed cells, or epithelial cells, that lie atop a basement membrane. Its purpose is to cover or line different bodily surfaces and cavities.
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The meselon-stahl experiment demonstrated that dna replication produces two dna molecules each composed of
The meselson-stahl experiment demonstrated that DNA replication produces two DNA molecules each composed of nitrogen isotopes.
Matthew Stanley Meselson and Franklin William Stahl in the US demonstrated semi-conservative DNA replication in the 1950s, showing that each daughter DNA molecule contains one new daughter subunit and one subunit conserved from the mother DNA molecule. This work was later named after them. Meselson and Stahl came to the conclusion that DNA molecules can reflect semi-conservatively based on their observations and experimental findings. The study of the semi-conservative character of DNA replication or the copying of cells did not end there.
The DNA replication process was examined in a 1958 experiment by Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl using the fast-dividing E. coli bacterium. By centrifuging nitrogen isotopes in calcium chloride, 15N (heavy) and 14N (normal) can be distinguished from one another based solely on their densities (CsCl).
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As electrons fall from photosystem ii to photosystem i, the cytochrome complex uses the energy to pump ions. this builds a proton gradient that is used in chemiosmosis to produce what molecule?
As electrons fall from photosystem ii to photosystem i, the cytochrome complex uses the energy to pump ions. this builds a proton gradient that is used in chemiosmosis to produce ATP.
In plants and cyanobacteria, a two-step mechanism known as noncyclic photophosphorylation results in the direct production of ATP and NADPH during photosynthesis. High-energy electrons exiting photosystem II are used in the noncyclic photophosphorylation process just outlined to produce ATP, which is then transferred to photosystem I to promote the creation of NADPH.
For every pair of electrons that move from H2O to NADP+ to create a molecule of NADPH, this results in the production of slightly more than one molecule of ATP.
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Resting membrane potential depends on: i. differential distribution of ions across the axon membrane ii. the opening of voltage-gated calcium channels iii. active transport of ions across the membrane
Resting membrane potential depends on differential distribution of ions across the axon and active transport of ions across the membrane.
What is resting membrane potential?Resting membrane potential is the static potential difference between the inside of the cell to outside due to the differential distribution of ions on both side of the membrane.It is due to uneven distribution of ions, differential permeability of membrane to the ions and the activity of ion channels like Na+ and K+ channel.During the resting membrane potential, a cell is at rest and does not carry any signal.The value of resting membrane potential varies in different cell types.In a typical nerve cell, value of resting membrane potential is -70mV.When the cells are excited, membrane potential changes drastically for few milliseconds and is called action potential.Learn more about resting membrane potential here:
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The genetic recombination of ________ caused massive, widespread epidemics that affected the global human population several times in the twentieth century.
The genetic recombination of human influenza A caused massive, widespread epidemics that affected the global human population several times in the twentieth century.
What is influenza ?Influenza is a disease caused by virus which is contagious.It is different from a normal cold as it shows severe symptoms than flu.
Influenza is caused by influenza virus and people get infected when they breathe in tiny airborne droplets from the cough or sneezes of infected person.
Outbreaks of influenza A virus occurred in twentieth century.During 1918 influenza pandemic was the most dangerous pandemic.
Therefore, the genetic recombination of human influenza A caused massive, widespread epidemics that affected the global human population several times in the twentieth century.
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What types of biomolecules do you hypothesize are present in your unknown sample?
Lipids of biomolecules hypothesize are present in the unknown sample.Lipids that contain for testing then it will react to the added chemical by changing colors.
The bio-molecules which included carbohydrates, lipids, protein and nucleic acids. All these are used by cells and often obtained through foods we eat.The presence of proteins may be determined by mixing solution with biuret test solution /reagents.
Test solution is mixture of copper ion (Cu2+) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). It is an organic molecule that includes carbohydrate , protein and nucleic acids. Important for the survival of living cells. Protein is the primary building materials of the human body like skin, hairs, muscles and organs are all composed of proteins.
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An analogy of the hypothalamus would be?
Answer choices:
Police force of a country
Major cities of a country
Citizens of a country
The Michael Jackson of a country
Legislative body of a country
An analogy of the hypothalamus would be the police force of a country.
What is the hypothalamus?The hypothalamus is one of the major regions of the brain. It functions as the smart control center of the body.
The hypothalamus controls body physiology and ensures that the normal range of operation of physiological processes is not exceeded. In other words, it keeps orderliness in physiological processes.
For example, the normal range of human body temperature is 36.5 to 37 degrees celsius. Once this range is breached, the hypothalamus activates the body system to return it back to normal.
This is comparable to the work of the police force of a country. They keep law and order. They ensure that laws are not broken and when they are, they ensure swift action to restore normalcy.
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A client is admitted with hypocalcemia. What are possible causes of hypocalcemia?
Hypocalcemia can result from the following factors:
Lack of vitamin D or vitamin D resistance post-surgery, hypoparathyroidism due to autoimmune illness or hereditary causes of hypoparathyroidism Inadequate vitamin D levels are brought on by renal disease or advanced liver disease. Hypoparathyroidism, also known as pseudohypoparathyroidism Parathyroid gland metastatic growth or heavy metal (copper, iron) invasionAcute hypocalcemia is characterised by neuromuscular irritability. Cardiovascular symptoms of acute hypocalcemia are possible. Chronic hypocalcemia is frequently brought about by insufficient parathyroid hormone or vitamin D levels or by hormone resistance.
The right course of treatment depends on knowing the difference between acute and chronic hypocalcemia and between hypocalcemia with no symptoms and hypocalcemia with severe symptoms.
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For every one nadh molecule oxidized at complex i, how many total hydrogen ions are pumped across all of the complexes from the mitochondrial matrix to the inner membrane space?.
For every one NADH molecule oxidized at complex I, 10 HYDROGEN IONS are pumped across all of the complexes from the mitochondrial matrix to the inner membrane space
Cellular respiration has three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
What is Oxidative phosphorylation ?During oxidative phosphorylation, the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) helps to carry electrons from one reaction to another across a series of molecular complexes.
The electron transport chain of oxidative phosphorylation is coupled to the generation of an electrochemical proton (H+) gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane.Subsequently, this proton H+ gradient is then used to produce ATP by an ATP synthetase.Learn more about Oxidative phosphorylation here:
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Why does venous return from the distal arm travels in the superficial veins and those veins tend to bulge superficially in a person who is working out?
Blood distribution is adjusted by a short-term neural control mechanism to meet specific demands. During working out, the hypothalamus signals for reduced vasomotor stimulation of the skin vessels. Blood moves into the capillary veins, and heat radiates from the skin to reduce body temperature.
VeinsAll over your body, veins are blood vessels that collect blood with low oxygen content and send it back to your heart. Your circulatory system includes your veins. They cooperate with your heart, other blood vessels, and other organs to maintain blood flow. Most of your body's blood is stored in veins. Your veins actually contain around 75% of your blood. Veins have two basic functions. One function is to gather blood that is low in oxygen throughout your body and transport it back to your heart. The other function is to transport blood that is rich in oxygen from your lungs to your heart. Only during this process do veins transport oxygen-rich blood.
Why does venous return from the distal arm travels in the superficial veins and those veins tend to bulge superficially in a person who is working out?
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What factors would change during a pregnancy if the hormone progesterone were reduced or withdrawn?
If the hormone progesterone were reduced or withdrawn the uterus would contract more and peristalsis would increase.
Progesterone levels are generally high during pregnancy. The changes in progesterone cause a laxity or loosening of ligaments and joints throughout the body. In addition, high levels of progesterone cause internal structures to increase in size, such as the ureters. In normal pregnancies, at about seven weeks the placenta will make all the progesterone needed for a woman to stay pregnant. Progesterone plays an important role in the development of the fetus it also helps in growth of maternal breast tissue ,facilitate lactation, and strengthens the pelvic wall muscles in preparation for labor.
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The centrosome replicates during the s phase and begins to separate during the ______
The centrosome replicates during the s phase and begins to separate during the M phase.
What does the M phase stand for?
mitosis
M stands for mitosis. This is where the cell actually partitions the two copies of the genetic material into the two daughter cells. After M phase completes, cell division occurs and two cells are left, and the cell cycle can begin again.What happens during the M phase?
When a cell is in the M phase, it divides, first through nuclear division (mitosis), then through cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis). The DNA is replicated in the earlier S phase, and cohesins keep each replicated chromosome's two copies (known as sister chromatids) bound to one another.What is happening at the S phase and the M phase?
In the eukaryotic cell cycle, chromosome duplication occurs during "S phase" (the phase of DNA synthesis) and chromosome segregation occurs during "M phase" (the mitosis phase).
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Secondary bacterial infections occur frequently during influenza epidemics primarily because?
Because the virus causes severe tissue necrosis and inflammation, secondary bacterial infections happen often during influenza outbreaks.
What are Secondary infections?
There are several ways that a primary infection can increase susceptibility to disease, leading to a secondary infection.
A secondary infection is one that develops during or following the treatment for a primary illness. It has been determined that a secondary bacterial infection affects up to 75% of people who acquire pneumonia after contracting the flu.
The prevalence of influenza and related secondary bacterial illnesses can be decreased by using infection prevention techniques. The best method to prevent this is to be vaccinated against the flu every year and practice proper hygiene, like frequent, thorough handwashing.
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Lab mice are bred such that every mouse is literally a clone of any other mouse. Yet, resilience arises regularly in a fraction of the mice during CSDS studies. If they're all clones, but we always find a resilient population, what does that say about how resilience works?
You may heard of the term mutation. Even during cloning, which is done by the process of DNA replication. Certain agents referred to as mutagens bring about changes in the chromosomal constitution, or how certain genes are arranged on the chromosome. Some physical factors include X rays and gamma rays, while some chemical factors include EMS and nitrogenous gases.
A mutant p53 gene can lead to the production of a ______, which in turn results in ______
A "faulty transcription factor" produced by a mutated p53 gene, prevents the transcription or translation of a polypeptide that prevents cell proliferation.
Tumor suppressor,p53 gene:
The p53 gene, a tumor suppressor is frequently inactivated during the tumorigenic process. The p53 gene is often altered, producing a persistent mutated polypeptide whose development is thought to be a characteristic of cancer cells. In contrast to losing their tumor-suppressing properties, mutant p53 proteins frequently acquire new carcinogenic properties that provide cancer cells an edge in terms of both survival and proliferation. It is fascinating to note that p53 gene mutations have been linked to several stages of the multi-step malignant transformation process, each of which contributes differently to tumor start, amplification, competitiveness, and migration.Learn more about the p53 gene here:
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If an individual is heterozygous for two traits how many types of gametes can be produced?
if a individual is heterozygous for 2 traits then it will have 4 gametes
[tex]gametes = 2 {}^{n} \\ gametes = {2}^{2} \\ gametes = 4 \: types[/tex]
The anterior pituitary receives hypothalamic input through the portal blood supply. what is the advantage of this type of anatomical relationship?
The advantage of this type of anatomical relationship is that this enables the pituitary to receive signals before sending hormones to the rest of the body through the blood.
The anterior pituitary, a significant component of the endocrine system, is the glandular anterior lobe that, along with the posterior lobe (also known as the posterior pituitary or neurohypophysis), constitutes the pituitary gland (hypophysis).
Stress, growth, reproduction, and lactation are just a few of the physiological activities that the anterior pituitary controls.
Blood tests that assess hormone levels are frequently used to determine if the anterior pituitary and the organs it controls are functioning properly.
The hypothalamus-hypophyseal portal veins deliver hypothalamic releasing and inhibitory hormones directly to the anterior pituitary gland.
Certain hormones from the hypothalamus bind to receptors on particular anterior pituitary cells, controlling how much of the hormone they generate is released.
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