The physical explanation for the very slow movement of membrane phospholipids from one leaflet of a biological membrane to the other is the polar head must cross the hydrophobic area of the phospholipid membrane in order to go from one side to the other.
It takes a lot of energy to complete this process, which makes it go slowly. Last but not least, phospholipids have the ability to "flip-flop" between the two leaflets of the bilayer in a transverse motion. The phospholipids in the lipid bilayer can move either radially, laterally, or transversely between the bilayers. The monolayer (also known as a leaflet) on one side of a synthetic bilayer extremely seldom migrates to the other. Less frequently than once per month, each molecule experiences this "flip-flop" process.
Temperature and Cholesterol level are those factors that influence the rate of the slow movement of membrane phospholipids from one leaflet of a membrane to the other.
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before endosymbiosis could occur, what must have been present? a. an atmosphere with high levels of oxygen b. aggregated continental crust via plate tectonics c. oceans with salinities close to the modern level d. multiple species of prokaryotic organisms e. an ozone layer, to protect genetic material from the effects of ultraviolet radiation
Answer:
D. Multiple species of prokaryotic organisms.
Explanation:
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a nuclear medicine study used to diagnosis pernicious anemia is: group of answer choices coombs antiglobulin test. packed-cell volume. monospot. schilling test.
Pernicious anemia is diagnosed by a schilling test. It is a test of vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) absorption by complexing with intrinsic factors.
What is a schilling test? How it was performed?
It is a classic test used clinically to distinguish between gastric and ileal causes of vitamin B12 deficiency.
It is performed by administering a small oral dose of radiolabeled vitamin B12 and, simultaneously within one or two hours, a large intramuscular flushing of nonradiolabeled vitamin B12. The unlabeled B12 saturates vitamin B12 carriers, thus radioactive vitamin B12 absorbed by the intestine is excreted in the urine.
If less than 7% of the administered dose is recovered in the urine, vitamin B12 malabsorption is confirmed.
Let us discuss other options:
Coombs test or antiglobulin test is used to detect antibodies that can bind the antigen on the surface of RBC but cannot agglutinate them.A Packed cell volume test (hematocrit) is used to evaluate the percentage of blood that is made up of red blood cells.The Monospot test is a latex agglutination test used to detect specific heterophile antibodies produces by the immune system in response to EBV infection.Hence schilling test is used to detect pernicious anemia caused due to the deficiency of vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin).
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imagine you're an astrobiologist trying to crack the genetic code of a microbe in another galaxy. you isolate a mutant with a one base-pair insertion in gene x which causes the gene to be frameshifted and therefore nonfunctional. you then isolate a second mutation, a base-pair deletion in gene x a few nucleotides downstream of the first mutation. when combined, these two mutations result in a functional version of gene x. what have you discovered about the genetic code of this microbe?
James Watson and Francis Crick's 1953 discovery of DNA's double helical structure marked a significant turning point in the biological sciences.
What does bacteria's genetic code look like?The DNA code utilised by bacteria, archaeal, prokaryotic viruses, and chloroplast proteins is known as the bacterial, archaeal, and plant plastid code. Although there are minor differences in the alternate start codons, it is essentially the same as the conventional code.
Why is the genetic code significant? What is it?Important evidence supporting the shared origin of life on Earth comes from the genetic code shared by a variety of creatures. That is to say, it is likely that the many species found on Earth today developed from an ancient organism that already possessed the genetic code.
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during hdn, the newborn develops hyperbilirubinemia after birth, but not in utero because: a. excretion of unconjugated bilirubin through the placenta into the mother's circulation is no longer possible. b. the liver of the fetus is too immature to conjugate bilirubin from a lipid-soluble to water-soluble form. c. the destruction of erythrocytes producing bilirubin is greater after birth. d. hemoglobin does not break down into bilirubin in the intrauterine environment.
During HDN, the newborn develops hyperbilirubinemia after birth, but not in utero because of the reason: (a) excretion of unconjugated bilirubin through the placenta into the mother's circulation is not possible.
Hyperbilirubinemia is the condition of excessive bilirubin present in the neonate's blood. Bilirubin is formed inside the body when the RBCs break down. The common causes resulting in the condition are: fetal-maternal blood group incompatibility, prematurity, or a previously affected sibling.
Placenta is a tissue formed in the mother's uterus after fertilization. It is the source of providing food and nutrients to the fetus. It is also involved in the removal of wastes.
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newly formed polypeptides are released and the ribosomal subunits break apart as a result of sequences in mrna called
Newly shaped polypeptides are released and the ribosomal subunits break apart as a result of sequences in mRNA called Translation.
The translation is the technique that takes the facts handed from DNA as messenger RNA and turns it into a series of amino acids sure collectively with peptide bonds.
Within the course of translation, ribosomal subunits acquire collectively like a sandwich on the strand of mRNA, in which they proceed to attract tRNA molecules tethered to amino acids (circles). an extended chain of amino acids emerges as the ribosome decodes the mRNA series proper into a polypeptide, or a logo-new protein.
The release elements bind to a termination codon on the area and stimulate hydrolysis of the bond between the tRNA and the polypeptide chain at the P internet site online, resulting within the release of the completed polypeptide from the ribosome. The tRNA is then released, and the ribosomal subunits and the mRNA template dissociate.
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you are examining the rapidly dividing cells of a fish embryo and notice a cell that seems to contain two nuclei with complete nuclear envelopes and decondensing chromosomes. the middle of the cell is pinched inward. this cell must be in
This cell is in Telophase stage .
Telophase is a end stage of mitosis where two new nuclear envelopes form in each daughter cell.
Mitosis is a fundamental process for life. In mitosis cell duplicates all of its contents, also the chromosomes . Telophase is the final phase of cell division, between anaphase and interphase . Process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed. Telophase is the final stage of meiosis and mitosis, in which the detached chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the dividing cell and the nuclei .
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when fenesha broke her ankle, the doctor gave her a drug that eased her pain by binding with endorphin receptors. the drug that she took is an endorphin: a. agonist b. antagonist c. reuptake inhibitor d. stimulant
The drug that she took with the doctor's advice was an endorphin stimulant.
When your body experiences stress or pain, endorphins are hormones that are released. They're created in the brain and serve as messengers throughout the body. Endorphins are created to help with pain relief, stress reduction, and mood enhancement. The drugs that we take when we feel pain is generally an endorphin stimulant, usually opioids, that help us relieve pain.
A group of peptides known as endorphins are produced by the pituitary gland and the central nervous system. The opiate receptors in your brain are activated by these neurotransmitters, which also have the potential to act as hormones.
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what are the different types of information? group of answer choices levels, forms, granularities levels, forms, data levels, formats, granularities data, formats, granularities
The different type of information are Levels, formats , granularities.
The levels app assigns a metabolic rating to each meals to can help you realize the way it affects your blood sugar. The app will even assign a rating for every day which helps you to appearance returned to see trends. You could see that I generally tend to eat worse starting Friday thru Sundays.
When you first sign up for degrees, the full value might be $398 USD.
There are numerous varieties of degrees inclusive of dumpy degree, Y degree, cushing's degree, tilting level, cooke's reversible degree and automated degree gadgets for leveling in surveying. The technique of measuring vertical distances in surveying is known as leveling.
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which arteries connect the basilar artery and the internal carotid artery forming the posterior aspect of the cerebral arterial circle?
A posterior communicating artery connects the ipsilateral internal carotid artery to the two posterior cerebral arteries, which were created by dividing the basilar artery.
A member of the cerebral vascular circle of Willis is the posterior communicating artery (PComm), a branch of the internal carotid artery. The internal carotid and the posterior cerebral arteries are linked by the posterior communicating artery, uniting the anterior and posterior cerebral circulations.
At the back of your brain lies a blood vessel called the basilar artery. It nourishes your brain and central nervous system with oxygen-rich blood. The primary artery that supplies blood to the back of your brain is called the basilar.
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A sample of liquid water is boiling. As more heat is added, the temperature of the liquid water will
Answer:
increase
Explanation:
Answer: It will increase
Explain: When the water tempter gets higher the water starts to increase due to the heat.
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malignant tumor of lymph nodes: a.sarcoidosis b.lymphedema c.hodgkin disease d.lymphocytopenia e.hypersplenism
Hodgkin's lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system and causes malignant tumors of lymph nodes (lymphoma).
What is Hodgkin's lymphoma?
It is a localized or disseminated malignant proliferation of cells of the lymphoreticular system, primarily involving lymph node tissue, spleen, liver, and bone marrow. In this disease white blood cells called lymphocytes grow out of control, causing swollen lymph nodes and growths throughout the body.
Hodgkin lymphoma most commonly affects lymph nodes in the neck or in the area between the lungs and behind the breastbone.
Let us discuss other options:
Sarcoidosis is characterized by the growth of tiny collections of inflammatory cells in any part of the body most commonly in the lungs and lymph nodes.Lymphedema is the swelling of the lymph nodes due to blockage in the lymphatic system.Lymphocytopenia is the increase in the count of white blood cells that occurs when the lymphocyte count is lower than usual.Hypersplenism is an overreactive spleen that removes the blood cells too early and too quickly.Hence Hodgkin's disease causes the malignant tumor of lymph nodes.
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Which hormone may be low in exercising women due to low energy intake, which can result in decreased bone formation?.
Estrogen hormone may be low in exercising women due to low energy intake, which can result in decreased bone formation.
For women, the hormone estrogen is very important and has a vital role. This one hormone is always present at every level of a woman's life, from menstruation and puberty, pregnancy, to menopause.
What is the Estrogen Hormone
Before understanding what estrogen is, you first need to know about the hormone itself. In this case, the hormone is actually a chemical substance produced by the body. The role of hormones in this case is to control and also regulate the activity of certain cells and organs. In addition, hormones also have important functions in relation to the body's metabolism, body development, reproductive system, to mood.
As for estrogen itself, basically refers to a group of hormones that play an important role in the growth and development of female sexual characteristics as well as in the reproductive process. Even so, please note that the hormone estrogen can also be found in the male body, but in very small levels.
If the male hormone estrogen is produced by the testes, in women this hormone is produced by the ovaries. During pregnancy, women can get this hormone from the placenta. The amount produced is not always the same, sometimes it increases, but it can also decrease. This adjusts to the function of the hormone itself which plays an important role in the female reproductive system.
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which of the following statements is true of enzymes? group of answer choices enzymes generally increase the rate of chemical reactions by lowering activation energy barriers. enzyme function is generally independent of physical and chemical environmental factors such as ph and temperature. required nonprotein cofactors generally alter the substrate specificity of enzymes. enzyme function is generally increased if the three-dimensional conformation of an enzyme is altered
The correct statement is " enzymes generally increase the rate of chemical reactions by lowering activation energy barriers".
The activation energy required to change a reactant together into the product is decreased by enzymes. A reaction that might not be catalyzed by an enzyme is shown on the left, and one that is shown on the right. An enzyme would attach to a reactant as well as speed up the conversion of that reactant together into the product inside an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.
In human bodies, enzymes work as catalysts to quicken reactions by assisting in the reduction of the activation energy required to initiate a reaction. The active site is a unique location on each enzyme molecule where even the primary structure interacts with the enzyme.
Therefore, the correct answer will be option (A)
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two pure breeding lines of pea, one tall and hairy, the other short and smooth, are crossed. the f1 hybrid is tall and hairy. the f2s assort in four phenotypic classes in a 9:3:3:1 ratio. crossing a tall, smooth f2 plant to a short, smooth f2 plant will produce how many phenotypic classes?
The genotypes A B_, A bb, aaB_, and aabb are matched to the four phenotypic groups.
How do phenotypic classifications work?The genotypes A B_, A bb, aaB_, and aabb are matched to the four phenotypic groups. If any of the single homozygous recessive genotypes (i.e., A bb or aaB_) exhibits the same phenotype as the double homozygous recessive (aabb), then a 9:3:4 phenotypic ratio will result.
What does phenotypic classification entail?phenotype, all of an organism's observable traits that emerge from the interaction of its genotype (total genetic inheritance) and environment. Observable features include things like behavior, biological characteristics, colour, shape, and size.
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how many tubes of nutrient broth will be inoculated with clostridium sporogenes for the commensalism experiment?
For the commensalism experiment, two tubes of nutritive broth will be injected with Clostridium sporogenes.
Commensalism is a long-term biological relationship (symbiosis) in which individuals of one species profit, while those of the other species suffer neither advantages nor disadvantages. This contrasts with parasitism, where one is harmed and the other benefits, amensalism, where one is harmed while the other is unaffected, mutualism, where both organisms gain from each other, and parasitoidism, which is similar to parasitism except that the parasitoid has a free-living state and eventually kills its host.
The commensal species, which gains from the connection, may ingest nutrients from the host species, which is largely unaffected, or get refuge from it, sustain it, or use it for mobility. A bigger host and a smaller commensal are frequently in a commensal relationship; the host organism is unaltered, whilst the commensal species may exhibit significant structural adaptations commensurate with its habits, as in the case of remoras that travel attached to sharks and other fishes. Pilot fish eat the leftovers from their hosts' meals, whilst remoras consume their hosts' feces. Many birds perch atop the bodies of large herbivorous mammals or feed on the insects that grazing mammals kick up.
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cancer occurs when multiple choice cells are unable to divide because of a mutation. faulty spindle fibers are unable to pull chromatids apart. apoptosis occurs. the regulation of the cell cycle is lost and uncontrolled cell division occurs. the dna of a cell becomes mutated.
Uncontrolled cell growth is cancer. Gene mutations can increase the pace of cell division or suppress natural mechanisms that keep the body in check, like cell cycle arrest or programmed cell death. A tumor can form as a collection of malignant cells enlarges.
Cancer cells disregard signals from the body to cease dividing. Apoptosis, also known as programmed cell death, is a natural process that your body uses to get rid of cells that are no longer needed.Changes (mutations) to the DNA within cells are what lead to cancer. A cell's DNA is organized into a huge number of distinct genes, each of which carries a set of instructions outlining the functions and growth of the cell.To know more cancer
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Muscular strength is the ability of the ________ to exert force during an activity.
Muscular strength is the ability of the muscles to exert force during an activity.
We can describe muscular strength as the strength of the muscles in a person that allows him to lift heavy objects.
The muscular strength of a person can be built if a person engages in exercises that help in building his muscles. Also, muscle strength can be increased by lifting heavy objects constantly.
However, special care needs to be taken when building muscle strength as it can cause muscle damage.
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What organisms are
essential for cycling
nitrogen through the
biosphere?
Answer:
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria and cyanobacteria
Explanation:
Nitrogen fixing bacteria are miniature of urea factories, turning N2 gas from the atmosphere into plant available amines and ammonium via a specific and unique enzyme they possess called nitrogenase.
which antifungal drug acts by inhibiting biosynthesis of essential components of the fungal cell wall, which interferes with growth and reproduction
Conazoles is the class of drugs that acts by inhibiting biosynthesis of essential components of the fungal cell wall, which interferes with growth and reproduction.
Drugs are the chemical components that are used to cause some physiological or psychological changes in the body of an organism. If used in required amounts, the drugs act as medications. However, the excessive use of drugs can cause addiction that causes severe after-effects later or even death.
Fungal cell wall is composed of chitin, glucans and glycoproteins. It is present outside the cell membrane and has a hard outer appearance. Since it is not present in humans, it acts as the best target for anti-fungal products.
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where do somatic motor commands to skeletal muscles of the upper and lower appendages exit from the spinal cord?
The somatic motor commands to skeletal muscles of the upper and lower appendages exit from the spinal cord from ventral roots.
The motor root of a spinal nerve, which emerges from the anterior side of the cord and transmits motor information from the spinal cord to the rest of the body. The efferent motor root of a spinal nerve is known in anatomy and neurology as the ventral root of the spinal nerve, anterior root, or motor root. The ventral root and dorsal root combine at the spinal nerve's distal end to generate a mixed spinal nerve.
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Flow of filtrate through the tubules is elevated. Complete the following statements to indicate the effectS Of IS T re than once, or not at all. G and drop the terms on the left to complete the sentences on the right. Words may be used once, more than once, or not at all. Decreases Filtrate flow through the renal tubule increases when glomerular filtration rate
releasing When filtrate flow through the renal tubule increases, reabsorption of sodium chloride by the tubule
vasoconstricting When filtrate flow through the renal tubule increases, the concentration of sodium chloride remaining in the filtrate
not releasing When filtrate flow through the renal tubule increases, the macula densa responds by vasoconstrictors
increases When filtrate flow through the renal tubule increases, the afferent arteriole responds by
vasodilating
Decreases Filtrate flow through the renal tubule increases when glomerular filtration rate releasing When filtrate flow through the renal tubule increases, reabsorption of sodium chloride by the tubule.
The nephron, a functional unit of the kidney, is made up of structures called renal tubules. Nephron functions include controlling the balance of water and body electrolytes, reabsorption of glomerular filtrate, and secretion of waste products. The majority of reabsorption takes place in the proximal contoured tubule of the renal tubules. Electrolyte equilibrium is affected by Henle's handling. Distal contoured tubule in charge of secreting chemicals for elimination.99% of the glomerular filtrate can be reabsorbed by the renal tubules. Since the tube flow is dependent on the rate of glomerular filtrate, which is roughly 120 millilitres per minute, an increase in glomerular filtrate will result in an increase in both the amount of filtered fluid flowing and the amount that flows.
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abdominal organ that filters erythrocytes and activates lymphocytes: a.bone marrow b.spleen c.adenoids d.tonsils e.thymus
The abdominal organ that filters erythrocytes and activates lymphocytes is: (b) spleen.
Lymphocytes are the white blood cells that are the part of our immune system. The lymphocytes generally have a large nucleus and are agranular. There are three types of lymphocytes: B cells, T cell and NK cells. All these together constitute 20-40% of all the white blood cells.
Spleen is the secondary lymphoid organ. It is the size of a fist, present on the upper left side of the abdomen. The function of spleen is to regulate the blood cell levels and also it removes the old, damaged and dead blood cells.
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an enzymatic weight-gain supplement claims to help users digest all carbohydrates in fruits and vegetables. what key enzyme would you hope to see on the label?
An enzymatic weight-gain supplement claims to help users digest all carbohydrates in fruits and vegetables. Cellulase enzyme is present.
What is cellulase ?Cellulase (systematic name 4—D-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase) is any of a number of enzymes that catalyse cellulolysis, the breakdown of cellulose and some related polysaccharides, and is primarily produced by fungi, bacteria, and protozoans.
Endohydrolysis of (14)-D-glucosidic linkages in lichenin, cereal -D-glucan, and cellulose
The term is also applied to any naturally occurring combination or complex of numerous such enzymes that break down cellulosic material sequentially or cooperatively.
Cellulases convert the cellulose molecule into shorter polysaccharides and oligosaccharides, as well as monosaccharides (or "simple sugars") like -glucose. Because it makes a key plant component usable for food and use in chemical reactions, cellulose breakdown has significant economic significance. The 1,4-D-glycosidic bonds in cellulose, hemicellulose, lichenin, and cereal -D-glucans are hydrolyzed in this particular process. Compared to the breakdown of other polysaccharides like starch, the breakdown of cellulose is particularly challenging because the molecules of cellulose bind tightly to one another.
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At the end of DNA replication, there should be a total of....
A. 8 SINGLE strands of DNA
B. 2 DOUBLE stranded DNA helixes
C. 10 SINGLE strands of DNA
D. 5 DOUBLE stranded DNA helixes
Answer:
my guess if I remember correctly I think the answer is b
At the end of DNA replication, there should be a total of B. 2 DOUBLE stranded DNA helices. During DNA replication, the DNA double helix unwinds, and each strand acts as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand.
DNA replication is a fundamental process in which a cell produces two identical copies of its DNA molecule. It occurs during the cell cycle's synthesis (S) phase, ensuring that each daughter cell receives a complete set of genetic information. The replication process begins with the unwinding of the DNA double helix. An enzyme called helicase unwinds and separates the two strands of the DNA molecule by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs.
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cells cannot use the energy of gluclose directly because a gluclose molecule contains too much energy true or false
Answer: false
Explanation: false, energy stored in glucose is transferred to ATP or adenosine triphosphate which is chemical energy a cell can use
suppose that in one cell in your skin, chromosome 14 and chromosome 18 exchange genetic materials. this change is inherited by subsequent cells. this is an example of a mutation that is also a(n)
This is an example of a somatic mutation that is also translocation.
A DNA change that happens after fertilization. Somatic mutations can develop in every cell of the body except reproductive cells (sperm and egg) and are thus not passed on to children. Somatic mutation, a genetic change established by a cells that can also be passed on to the mutant cell's descendants during cell division.
Environmental variables, like as exposure to UV light or certain chemicals, are commonly responsible for somatic mutations. Somatic mutations can occur in whatsoever cell division, from the initial cleavage of a fertilized egg through cell divisions which replace cells in an elderly person.
All cells generated from the mutant cell are affected by the mutation. A substantial component of a creature, such as a tree branch or an animal's whole tissue layer, may possess the mutation; it could or could not be visible. Somatic mutations can cause a variety of disorders, including cancer.
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concentration gradient
Answer:
Is the difference between the concentration of the molecules between the region of the high concentrations and that of the lower concentration
which two properties of glucokinase explain why it is an ideal glucose sensor capable of stimulating insulin release from the pancreas?
Glucokinase acts as a glucose sensor in beta cells by regulating the rate of glucose entrance into the glycolytic pathway (glucose phosphorylation) and subsequent metabolism.
Despite the fact that it is a monomeric enzyme, glucokinase has a considerably lower affinity for glucose and exhibits positive cooperativity for this substrate. Glucokinase is a critical enzyme in the liver's capacity to store glucose as glycogen, particularly in the postprandial stage.
The affinity for glucose of glucokinase is lower than that of the other hexokinases. In the physiologically significant range of 4-10 mmol/L (72-180 mg/dL), glucokinase alters shape and/or function in tandem with increasing glucose concentrations. At a glucose content of roughly 8 mmol/L (144 mg/dL), it is half-saturated. It is theorized that glucokinase (GCK) serves as a glucose sensor not only for the regulation of insulin release by pancreatic -cells, but also for the rest of the cells in mammals that contribute to glucose homeostasis.
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If a human cell has more or less than the correct number of chromosomes, what is a likely result? Select all that apply.
a
It can cause mutations in the DNA of the human.
b
It can result in lower human diversity.
c
It can cause the human's DNA to replicate.
d
It can cause cell cloning in humans.
e
It can result in humans not being able to reproduce
If a human cell has more or less than the correct number of chromosomes then it will lead to mutations. Option a is correct.
What is the number of chromosomes ?The human genome is made up to use 23 pairs of chromosomes that is 46 chromosomes in all. Out of these 22 are autosomes and 1 pair is sex chromosomes.
DNA is required to function properly at the pair of 23 chromosomes only. Various mutations leading to diseases takes place if abnormality occurs.
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forensics
1. Describe how insects can be useful for identification of drugs in forensics
2. If three different sized larvae are found on a body, which should you use to determine post mortem interval and why?
3. List two factors that can affect insect colonization rates
1. Insects can be useful for identification of drugs in forensics because of entomologist
2.Different sized larvae are found on a body then the postmortem interval is directly related with the length of larva so big or whose length is more or whose size is more are use to determine post mortem interval
3. The factors that can affect insect colonization rates are temprature and humidity
Entomologist can help forensic pathologist in determining TOD by looking at the insect that are feeding on the around of the body and calliphoridea means blow flies and sarcophagidea means flesh flies are belong to order diptera and this are the most wide spread and accurate insect for determining TOD and factor that affect insect colonization rates are temprature and humidity and rainfall as well as weather the cadaver is exposed or concealed may influence the rate of insect invasion and hen the postmortem interval is directly related with the length of larva so big or whose length is more or whose size is more are use to determine post mortem interval because the post mortem interval can be determined from the larvae of blow flies using the growth parameter and larval length as biological clock
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