A consumer durables marketing organization that operates on both a direct selling and a retail marketing platform would use a hybrid management accounting system.
This system would combine traditional accounting practices with modern data analytics to improve decision making and optimize business processes.
The hybrid management accounting system would incorporate a range of practices to support the company's operations.
Firstly, it would use traditional accounting methods such as cost accounting, budgeting, and financial reporting to ensure effective control and governance of the company's finances.
Secondly, it would incorporate modern data analytics tools and techniques to provide insights into customer behavior, sales trends, and inventory management.
These insights would help the company to develop targeted marketing campaigns, optimize pricing strategies, and effectively manage inventory levels to minimize waste and maximize profits.
Overall, the hybrid management accounting system would help the organization to operate efficiently and effectively on both direct selling and retail marketing platforms.
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Keith is an employee of a real estate company. He has negotiated car benefits with his employer. Keith was provided with the car for the period 1 April 2021 to 31 March 2022. The leased car value was $36,000 on 1 April 2021, and the car had only been leased for a year at that time. Keith is required to pay for any petrol and other maintenance costs, which he has determined to be $1,600 for the period.
Advise Keith’s employer as to the FBT consequences (using statutory formula method) arising out of the use of the car.
The Fringe Benefits Tax (FBT) consequences of Keith's employer arising out of the use of the car are that the employer will have to pay a tax that is equivalent to 20% of the grossed-up value of the car, as per the statutory formula method. The taxable value of the car will be calculated as 20% x (36,000 x 1.2) = $8,640. Thus, the employer will be required to pay an FBT of 20% x $8,640 = $1,728.
Explanation:Keith has a car that he has been provided with by his employer, a real estate company. The car was leased for the period between 1 April 2021 and 31 March 2022. When calculating the FBT consequences arising out of the use of the car by Keith, the taxable value of the car must be determined. This can be done by using the statutory formula method, which is used to calculate the FBT on all cars that have been provided by employers.
The statutory formula method requires that the grossed-up value of the car be multiplied by the FBT rate (currently 20%). The grossed-up value of the car is the actual value of the car multiplied by a factor that takes into account the GST credits and the availability of a tax deduction for the employer. In this case, the grossed-up value of the car is calculated as 36,000 x 1.2 = $43,200.The taxable value of the car is therefore 20% x $43,200 = $8,640. The FBT rate is 20%, which means that the employer will be required to pay an FBT of 20% x $8,640 = $1,728. This is the FBT consequence arising out of the use of the car by Keith during the period 1 April 2021 to 31 March 2022.
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National Income (GDP. GNP) 10/6 10 Repart 20 >/10. part HW
National income is the monetary value of all final goods and services produced in a country during a given time period. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross National Product (GNP) are the two main measures used to calculate national income.
GDP is the market value of all final goods and services produced within the country during a particular period, while GNP is the market value of all final goods and services produced by the country's residents, whether they are located within the country or abroad.
GDP is calculated using the expenditure method, which adds up all the spending on final goods and services within a country during a given period. This includes spending by consumers, businesses, governments, and foreign buyers. GNP, on the other hand, is calculated using the income method, which adds up all the income earned by a country's residents from producing goods and services, whether they are located within the country or abroad.
In terms of which measure is better, it depends on the specific circumstances. For example, if a country has a lot of foreign investment and a large number of its residents working abroad, GNP may be a better measure of national income than GDP. However, if a country has a large number of foreign workers and is heavily reliant on exports, GDP may be a better measure.
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Crane Company purchased a new machine on October 1, 2022, at a cost of $72,100. The company estimated that the machine has a salvage value of $4,900. The machine is expected to be used for 64,000 working hours during its 10-year life. Compute depreciation using the following methods in the year indicated. Declining-balance using double the straight-line rate for 2022 and 2023. 2022 2023 Depreciation using the Declining-balance method $ $ X Your answer is incorrect. Calculate the depreciation cost per hour. (Round answer to 2 decimal places, e.g. $1.25) Depreciation cost per hour $ Units-of-activity for 2022, assuming machine usage was 450 hours. (Round answer to 0 decimal places, e.g. 5,275.) Depreciation using the Units-of-activity method for 2022 $
The depreciation using the units-of-activity method for 2022 is $472.50.
To calculate the depreciation cost per hour, determine the depreciable cost of the machine first. The depreciable cost is the cost of the machine minus the estimated salvage value.
Depreciable Cost = Cost of the machine - Salvage Value
Depreciable Cost = $72,100 - $4,900
Depreciable Cost = $67,200
Next, calculate the depreciation cost per hour:
Depreciation Cost per Hour = Depreciable Cost / Total Estimated Working Hours
Depreciation Cost per Hour = $67,200 / 64,000
Depreciation Cost per Hour = $1.05 per hour
Therefore, the depreciation cost per hour is $1.05.
Now, let's calculate the units-of-activity depreciation for 2022. Assuming machine usage was 450 hours:
Depreciation using Units-of-Activity Method = Depreciation Cost per Hour * Actual Machine Usage Hours
Depreciation using Units-of-Activity Method = $1.05 * 450
Depreciation using Units-of-Activity Method = $472.50
Therefore, the depreciation using the units-of-activity method for 2022 is $472.50.
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For each of the following accounts, indicate whether a debit or credit is used to increase (+) or decrease (-) the balance of the account. Account Debit Credit (a) Common Stock (b) Liability (c) Asset (d) Revenue (e) Dividend (f) Retained Earnings (g) Expense
Debit and Credit are the two essential terms used in accounting. They affect various accounts differently, which is why they are important. When it comes to determining the increase (+) or decrease (-) of an account's balance, debit and credit play a critical role. Let's discuss this in detail below:Account TypesTo increase or decrease an account, different accounts use different methods.
Debit and Credit are the two essential terms used in accounting. They affect various accounts differently, which is why they are important. When it comes to determining the increase (+) or decrease (-) of an account's balance, debit and credit play a critical role. Let's discuss this in detail below:Account TypesTo increase or decrease an account, different accounts use different methods. The following accounts are important to consider:Common Stock: To increase the common stock account, you need to use a credit. To decrease it, you should use a debit. Liability: To increase a liability account, use a credit. To decrease it, use a debit. Asset: To increase an asset account, you need to use a debit. To decrease it, use a credit. Revenue: To increase a revenue account, use a credit. To decrease it, use a debit. Dividend: To increase a dividend account, use a debit. To decrease it, use a credit. Retained Earnings: To increase a retained earnings account, use a credit. To decrease it, use a debit. Expense: To increase an expense account, use a debit. To decrease it, use a credit.More than 100 words:In accounting, debit and credit are important terms. Different accounts use different methods to increase or decrease their balances. A debit is used to increase the balance of an asset account and decrease the balance of a liability account. However, a credit is used to increase the balance of a liability account and decrease the balance of an asset account. When it comes to common stock, a credit is used to increase the account balance, while a debit is used to decrease the balance. Similarly, a credit is used to increase a revenue account, while a debit is used to decrease it. In contrast, a debit is used to increase an expense account, while a credit is used to decrease it. Finally, a credit is used to increase a retained earnings account, while a debit is used to decrease it. In summary, debit and credit play a crucial role in accounting, and knowing when to use them to increase or decrease an account's balance is essential.
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Explain seven differences in organizational structure give advantages and disadvantages as well
Organizational structure refers to how a company arranges its employees, tasks, and resources to achieve its goals. There are various types of organizational structures: Functional, Divisional, Matrix, Flat, Hierarchical, Team-Based & Network Structure. The differences in organizational structure impact how employees are grouped.
Here are seven differences in organizational structures:
1. Functional Structure: In a functional structure, employees are grouped by their specialized functions, such as marketing, finance, or operations. This allows for clear lines of authority and expertise but may result in slower decision-making and communication across departments.
2. Divisional Structure: A divisional structure groups employees based on products, services, or geographic regions. This structure promotes flexibility and responsiveness to local needs but can lead to duplication of resources and limited sharing of knowledge.
3. Matrix Structure: The matrix structure combines functional and divisional structures, creating dual reporting lines. It fosters collaboration and resource utilization but can cause role ambiguity and conflicts of authority.
4. Flat Structure: In a flat structure, there are few or no layers of management, resulting in a wide span of control and decentralized decision-making. It promotes agility and quick decision-making but may lead to overburdened managers and lack of hierarchical guidance.
5. Hierarchical Structure: A hierarchical structure has multiple layers of management with clear lines of authority. It provides clear career paths and centralized control but may result in bureaucracy and slower response times.
6. Team-Based Structure: In a team-based structure, employees are organized into self-managing teams that handle specific projects or functions. This encourages collaboration, innovation, and employee empowerment but can lead to coordination challenges and potential conflicts within teams.
7. Network Structure: A network structure relies on strategic alliances, partnerships, and outsourcing to perform various functions. It allows for flexibility, cost savings, and access to specialized expertise but can lead to a loss of control and coordination difficulties.
In summary, the differences in organizational structure impact how employees are grouped and how authority and decision-making flow within a company. Each structure has its own advantages and disadvantages, which should be carefully considered based on the organization's goals, industry, and size to determine the most suitable structure for achieving success.
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If a check correctly written and paid by the bank for $649 is incorrectly recorded on the company's books for $694, the appropriate treatment on the bank reconciliation would be to deduct $649 from the book's balance. add $45 to the book's balance. subtract $45 from the book's balance. O deduct $45 from the bank's balance.
If a check correctly written and paid by the bank for $649 is incorrectly recorded on the company's books for $694, the appropriate treatment on the bank reconciliation would be to subtract $45 from the book's balance.
Bank Reconciliation refers to the process of comparing and matching an individual’s cash account records with the bank's records of an account holder's account. The reconciliation process is a critical tool that assists in the identification of any differences between the bank balance and the book balance. Bank reconciliations are performed periodically, mostly monthly, and adjustments are made for any discrepancies found. In this case, the amount of the check that is incorrectly recorded is $694-$649 = $45.
Therefore, the appropriate treatment on the bank reconciliation would be to subtract $45 from the book's balance. Hence, the option that correctly states the treatment for the bank reconciliation is to subtract $45 from the book's balance.
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On Jan 1, 2021, Flyer Corp paid for the $55,000 amount it had borrowed from First State Bank on September 1, 2020. Interest of $4,500 had accrued as of December 31, 2020 and was appropriately recorded in the December 2020 financial statements in its own liability account. The total $4,500 in interest was paid on Jan 1, 2021 along with the full amount borrowed. The journal entry Flyer Corp. would record on Jan 1, 2021 would include: OA a credit to Notes Payable OB. a debit to Cash OC a debit to Interest Expense D. a debit to Interest Payable
The journal entry Flyer Corp. would record on January 1, 2021, for the payment of the borrowed amount and accrued interest would include a debit to Notes Payable, a debit to Interest Expense, and a credit to Cash.
On January 1, 2021, Flyer Corp. paid off the $55,000 borrowed from First State Bank, which was recorded as a liability in the Notes Payable account. Additionally, $4,500 in interest had accrued as of December 31, 2020, and was appropriately recorded in the December 2020 financial statements. Both the principal amount and the accrued interest are being paid on January 1, 2021.
To record the payment, Flyer Corp. would debit the Notes Payable account for the principal amount of $55,000, representing the reduction in the liability. The accrued interest of $4,500 would be debited to the Interest Expense account to recognize the expense incurred. Finally, the Cash account would be credited for the total payment made.
Therefore, the correct journal entry on January 1, 2021, would include a debit to Notes Payable, a debit to Interest Expense, and a credit to Cash.
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Mr. Derrick Barker provides you with the following financial information for the years 2018 through 2021 2018 During this year, Derrick starts a new business which, during its first year of operations, has business income of $19,700. In addition, because of his love of the outdoors, he begins to carry on a farming business on a part time basis. The farming business experiences a loss of $10,800 in its first year of operation. Using the proceeds of an inheritance, he makes a number of investments in common shares during the year. In 2018, these investments pay $1,850 in eligible dividends. As the result of dispositions in the year, he realizes $1,320 in capital gains and $4,620 in capital losses. 2019 This year Derrick's business has a business loss of $15,300. However, the farming business reports income of $2,300. Also during 2019, he receives $2,352 in eligible dividends and realizes capital gains of $2,300. He has no capital losses during the year. 2020 Derrick's business income for the year is $32,700. In addition, the farming business reports income of $3,480. He receives eligible dividends of $3,180 and realizes capital gains of $4,500. Once again, no capital losses are realized. 2021 Derrick's business experiences a business loss of $20,800. In addition, his farming business has a loss of $2,300. Although he receives $5,130 in eligible dividends, he is forced to sell some investments for much needed funds and realizes capital gains of $4,960 and capital losses of $15,980. Because of the nature of his farming activities, Derrick's farm losses are restricted. All of the dividends received are from taxable Canadian corporations. When he has a choice, he would like to deduct the maximum amount of any net capital loss carry overs and carry back any losses to the earliest possible year. was a full-time student with no federal income tax payable. This means that it would not be useful to carry back any type of loss to years prior to 2018. Derrick requires $15,500 in taxable income in each year to fully utilize his available tax credits. In applying carry over amounts, Derrick's Taxable income should not be reduced below $15,500. Required Calculate Derrick's minimum Net Income for Tax Purposes and Taxable income for each of the four years. Indicate the amended figures for any years to which losses are carried back. Also indicate the amount and types of loss carry overs that would be available at the end of each year.
Net Income for Tax Purposes is -$16,100. CNDCL stands for Canadian Dividend Carry Loss, CDCL stands for Capital Dividend Carry Loss, and NCLCO stands for Non-capital Loss Carry-over.
Derrick's minimum Net Income for Tax Purposes and Taxable income for each of the four years are as follows:
2018 Net Income for Tax Purposes = $ (19,700 - 10,800 + 1,850 + 1,320 - 4,620) = $ 8,450
Taxable Income = Max {8,450, 15,500} = $ 15,500 (since TI can't be less than $ 15,500)
2019 Net Income for Tax Purposes = $ (-15,300 + 2,300 + 2,352 + 2,300) = $ (-8,348)
Taxable Income = Max {(-8,348), 15,500} = $ 15,500 (since TI can't be less than $ 15,500)
2020Net Income for Tax Purposes = $ (32,700 + 3,480 + 3,180 + 4,500) = $ 43,860
Taxable Income = Max {43,860, 15,500} = $ 43,860 (since TI > 15,500)
2021Net Income for Tax Purposes = $ (-20,800 - 2,300 + 5,130 + 4,960 - 15,980) = $ (-29,990)
Taxable Income = Max {(-29,990), 15,500} = $ 15,500 (since TI can't be less than $ 15,500)
The amount and types of loss carryovers that would be available at the end of each year are as follows:
2018: CNDCL: $ 1,850 CDCL: $ 4,620 NCLCO: $ (1,320 - 4,620) = $ (3,300)2019: CNDCL: $ 2,352 CDCL: 0 NCLCO: $ (-8,348)2020: CNDCL: $ 3,180 CDCL: 0 NCLCO: $ (-8,348 + 4,500) = $ (-3,848)2021: CNDCL: $ 5,130 CDCL: $ 15,980 NCLCO: $ (-3,848 - 15,980) = $ (-19,828)
Net Income for Tax Purposes = Business loss + Farming loss + Net capital loss carry over + Farm loss carry over = -$20,800 - $2,300 + $13,000 + $13,000 = -$16,100
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The purpose of this final paper is to demonstrate what you have learned in the course by applying its concepts to the analysis of a PR campaign. It is worth maximum 28 points, or 14% of your grade. Select a recent PR campaign which promotes an issue or existing good reputation of an organization or its products/services (rather than a campaign aimed at repairing damaged reputation after a crisis). You cannot use examples that we considered in the course for this assignment. Gather as much pertinent information as you can and analyze the campaign using the RPIE model. Apply other course concepts in your review as you deem relevant. Address the following questions: 1. What was the reason for the campaign? What research informed the campaign? Discuss external and/or internal factors relevant to the campaign. 2. What seems to be a goal and objective(s) of the campaign? Who was the primary public for the campaign? Describe their relevant characteristics. 3. How was the campaign implemented? What tactics were used? 4. How was the campaign evaluated? What do you believe went well? What could have been improved? Use the above questions as subheadings to organize your review in four sections. Include the list of references. Images related to the campaign can be inserted if needed. Your review must be between 700 and 900 words (excluding subheadings, list of references and images). Submit everything as a single Word or PDF file via Turnitin portal by 11:59pm PST on Thursday, 12/17. Late submissions will not be accepted.
Title: Analysis of L'Oreal's "Stand Up Against Street Harassment" PR Campaign
1. Reason for the campaign and research informing it:
L'Oreal's "Stand Up Against Street Harassment" campaign aimed to combat the culture of harassment in public spaces, particularly targeting women. The campaign was informed by research conducted by the NGO Hollaback!, which focused on street harassment in different countries. Hollaback!'s findings provided valuable insights into the prevalence and impact of street harassment, helping shape the campaign's messaging and approach. Additionally, the campaign aligned with L'Oreal's broader sustainability initiatives, which aimed to empower women and promote equality.
2. Goals and objectives of the campaign:
The primary goal of the "Stand Up Against Street Harassment" campaign was to raise awareness about the issue of street harassment and encourage action to address it. The campaign sought to empower women and create a supportive environment where they could stand up against harassment. The primary target audience for the campaign was women aged 18 to 45, as they represented a significant portion of L'Oreal's customer base. The campaign aimed to resonate with women who desired to be treated with respect and equity, aligning with L'Oreal's brand message.
3. Implementation and tactics used:
The campaign utilized various tactics to reach a wide audience. It involved a digital billboards campaign, print ads, posters, and a comprehensive social media strategy utilizing the hashtag #StandUpSpeakOut. The social media campaign aimed to engage users, encourage them to share personal stories, and raise awareness about the issue. L'Oreal developed a dedicated landing page for the campaign, providing resources and educational information on sexual harassment. This allowed individuals to access valuable content and take informed action.
4. Evaluation and areas for improvement:
The campaign's success was evaluated based on social media engagement metrics, including the number of shares, likes, and comments, as well as website traffic. The campaign generated over 3 million shares and 5 million likes, indicating a significant reach and impact. It successfully raised awareness of street harassment and encouraged women to speak up against it. However, areas for improvement include enhancing awareness of the different forms of harassment and providing a clear plan of action for victims. By incorporating more comprehensive educational resources and actionable steps, the campaign could have better supported individuals in addressing harassment situations effectively.
References:
1. McMahon, K., & Hough, J. (2020). Identifying successful public relations campaigns. Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance, 1-8.
2. Ramachandran, R., & Chua, A. Y. K. (2019). Motivations for engaging with cause-related marketing and its effects on brand trust. Journal of Business Research, 98, 422-432.
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E-commerce sites have changed the world today for business entrepreneurs. Explain how the on-demand e-commerce sites created a paradoxical shift in business for an industry of your choice (Example areas: Real estate business, Hollywood, clothing/fashion merchandising). Students should cite a case study to explain the shift in business plans and models. Students should also consider how the model change to e-commerce on-demand has forced some industries out of business from the disruption.
On-demand and e-commerce sites have brought about a paradoxical shift in various industries, including real estate, Hollywood, and clothing/fashion merchandising.
The emergence of on-demand e-commerce sites has indeed created a paradoxical shift in various industries, including the real estate business, Hollywood, and clothing/fashion merchandising. Let's take a closer look at each industry and explore how the shift to on-demand e-commerce has affected their business plans and models.
Real Estate Business:
Traditionally, the real estate industry relied heavily on physical offices, agents, and in-person property visits. However, the advent of on-demand e-commerce sites in the real estate sector, such as Zillow, Redfin, and Trulia, has transformed the way people buy, sell, and rent properties.
Case Study: Zillow
Zillow, founded in 2006, disrupted the real estate industry by providing an online platform that allowed users to search for properties, view detailed information, and connect with agents. It introduced the concept of "Zestimate," an automated property valuation tool, which provided estimates for property values. Zillow's platform made the process of property hunting more efficient and convenient for both buyers and sellers, reducing the need for extensive in-person visits.
This shift to on-demand e-commerce in the real estate industry has resulted in increased transparency, accessibility, and efficiency. Buyers can explore a wide range of properties, access virtual tours, and make informed decisions without physically visiting each property. Sellers, on the other hand, can reach a broader audience and receive inquiries from potential buyers around the clock. However, this shift has also led to the decline of traditional real estate agents who relied heavily on face-to-face interactions.
Hollywood:
The entertainment industry, particularly Hollywood, has experienced significant disruption due to the rise of on-demand e-commerce platforms, streaming services, and digital distribution channels. Traditional models of film distribution, such as theaters and physical media, have been challenged by the convenience and accessibility provided by on-demand platforms.
Case Study: Netflix
Netflix, founded in 1997 as a DVD-by-mail service, transitioned into a streaming platform, which allowed subscribers to access a vast library of movies and TV shows on-demand. This model disrupted the traditional distribution model of Hollywood, where movies were released in theaters first and later made available for home viewing.
The shift to on-demand e-commerce in the entertainment industry has led to a decline in theater attendance and DVD sales. Consumers now have the freedom to watch movies and shows whenever and wherever they want, directly impacting the box office revenue of films. This has prompted Hollywood studios to adapt their business models by focusing on producing content for streaming platforms, creating original series and movies exclusively for on-demand consumption.
Clothing/Fashion Merchandising:
The fashion industry has witnessed a significant transformation with the rise of on-demand e-commerce platforms. Traditional brick-and-mortar stores have faced competition from online retailers that offer convenience, a vast range of choices, and personalized recommendations.
Case Study: ASOS
ASOS, a UK-based online fashion retailer founded in 2000, disrupted the fashion industry by offering a wide selection of clothing items and accessories online. ASOS embraced the on-demand e-commerce model, providing fast and reliable shipping options and offering a seamless online shopping experience to customers worldwide.
The shift to on-demand e-commerce in the fashion industry has forced many traditional retailers to adapt or face the risk of going out of business. The convenience and accessibility of online shopping have attracted a large customer base, leading to a decline in foot traffic for physical stores. As a result, many brick-and-mortar retailers have had to enhance their online presence or transition to a hybrid model, combining physical stores with robust e-commerce platforms.
In conclusion, on-demand e-commerce sites have brought about a paradoxical shift inin various industries, including real estate, Hollywood, and clothing/fashion merchandising. While these platforms have introduced efficiency, convenience, and broader reach, they have also disrupted traditional business models and led to the decline of certain industry players who were unable to adapt to the changing landscape.
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Discuss the importance of a Tourism Master. Identify any
challenges to the current master plan for your selected destination
and recommend any needed improvements.
A Tourism Master Plan is essential for destination management, but challenges may arise. Recommendations for improvement can address sustainability, infrastructure, and stakeholder engagement.
A Tourism Master Plan plays a crucial role in destination management by providing a comprehensive framework for sustainable tourism development. It helps guide the growth, infrastructure, and marketing strategies of a destination. The plan should consider factors such as visitor experience, environmental impact, community engagement, and economic benefits.
Challenges to the current master plan for a destination can vary but may include issues such as inadequate infrastructure, overcrowding, environmental degradation, and insufficient stakeholder collaboration. For instance, a destination might face challenges related to carrying capacity, where the influx of tourists exceeds the destination's ability to manage the impacts effectively.
To address these challenges, improvements to the master plan can focus on enhancing sustainability measures, such as promoting responsible tourism practices, managing visitor flows, and protecting natural and cultural resources. Additionally, infrastructure development to support tourism needs, including transportation, accommodation, and facilities, should be considered.
Engaging with stakeholders, including local communities, businesses, and government authorities, is vital for successful implementation. Continuous monitoring, evaluation, and adaptability of the master plan are also crucial to ensure its effectiveness in meeting evolving tourism demands and addressing emerging challenges.
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organize the data into frequency distribution ?(round your class
values to 1 decmial place)
ces David Wise handles his own investment portfolio, and has done so for many years Listed below is the holding time (recorded to the nearest whole year) between purchase and sale for his collection o
The class frequency is as follows:
1 - 1.9 1.
2 - 2.9 3
3 - 3.9 7
4 - 4.9 5
5 - 5.9 2
6 - 6.9 2
Given the holding time (recorded to the nearest whole year) between purchase and sale for David Wise’s collection of investment portfolio in years, the data is shown below: 3, 2, 4, 5, 1, 6, 3, 2, 7, 3, 1, 4, 5, 3, 2, 3, 4, 2, 4, 3.
In order to organize the data into a frequency distribution, we first need to find the range and class width of the data.
Range: The range of the data is defined as the difference between the largest and smallest value from the data. So, the range of the data = Maximum value - Minimum value = 7 - 1 = 6.
Class width: The class width is the difference between the upper-class boundary of a class and the lower-class boundary of the previous class. So, the class width = Range / Number of classes.
Here, we need to determine the number of classes. In general, we take the number of classes to be a whole number between 5 and 20. Here, we will take the number of classes as 6.
Class width = Range / Number of classes = 6 / 6 = 1.
Now, we can create the frequency distribution table using the following steps:
Create the classes. For this, we will use the class width and the smallest value of the data. In our case, the smallest value is 1. Therefore, our first class is 1 - 1.9 (the upper boundary is not included).
Similarly, we can get the other classes as follows:
1 - 1.9
2 - 2.9
3 - 3.9
4 - 4.9
5 - 5.9
6 - 6.9
Count the frequencies. For each class, count the number of data values that fall in that class.
Class Frequency
1 - 1.9 1
2 - 2.9 3
3 - 3.9 7
4 - 4.9 5
5 - 5.9 2
6 - 6.9 2
The frequency distribution table is shown above.
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IdealProtect Limited (IdealProtect) has been an audit client of Celestia & Associates (C&A) for the past 15 years. IdealProtect is based in Toowoomba, where it manufactures high-tech armour-plated personnel carriers. IdealProtect often has to go through a competitive market tender process to win large government contracts. Its main product, the small but powerful Territory Grappler, is highly specialised and IdealProtect does business only with nations that have a recognised, democratically elected government. IdealProtect maintains a highly secure environment because of the sensitive and confidential nature of its vehicle designs and its clients.
Myah Roberts has been the engagement partner on the IdealProtect audit for the last five years. Myah is a specialist in auditing clients in the defence industry and intends to remain as review partner when the audit is rotated next year to a new partner (Theo Luna, who is to be promoted to partner to enable him to sign-off on the audit).
The board of IdealProtect is considering issuing half-yearly financial reports in addition to its full-year financial reports and has approached the audit partner, Myah Roberts, to discuss the possibility of engaging the firm to discuss the audit implications. Myah suggests that C&A could review the half-yearly financial reports.
IdealProtect’s end of financial year is 30 June.
Required
Discuss the expectations gap that could exist for the audit of IdealProtect. Consider the existence of any special interests of the users of IdealProtect’s financial reports.
Expectations gap in auditing is a situation where there are differences between what auditors deliver and what users of audited financial statements competative tenders expect from them. The gap exists because users tend to have unrealistic expectations.
That extend beyond the auditors' roles and responsibilities in the financial statement audit process.Interest in auditing refers to a significant stake in the financial statements or the organization that is being audited. An interest in auditing may exist where an individual or organization relies on audited financial statements in decision-making, or they stand to benefit from the audit's outcome. There could be an expectations gap for the audit of Ideal Product, due to the following reasons. Myah Roberts, the audit partner, who has been involved in auditing the company for five years, is a specialist in the defense industry and has an interest in the company. This interest might affect her independence and objectivity when conducting the audit.
The board of IdealProtect may expect that the audit would provide assurance that the half-yearly financial reports have no errors or misstatements. This expectation is unrealistic because audits are conducted on a sample basis, which means it is possible for errors and misstatements to exist but not be detected by the auditor. Thus, an expectations gap might arise from the board's expectation that the audit provides a guarantee of the half-yearly financial reports’ accuracy.Users of IdealProtect’s financial statements, such as potential investors, might expect that the auditors would detect all fraud and irregularities.
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Which of the following BEST illustrates the cycle of institutional influence? Sony prices its Playstation 5 video game console in accordance with the manufacturer's suggested retail price (MSRP). Coca-Cola informs its customers that it will be releasing a new coca beverage called Starlight, inspired by the flavors found in space. Target's customers begin to refer to routine trips to the store as "going on a Target run." Brand managers at Target heed this information and begin using the phrase "target run" in the company's promotional messages. Nike decides it no longer wants to allow its merchandise to be sold through the Amazon marketplace, and this decision drives a massive increase in the price of Nike goods offered secondhand through the Amazon platform.
The following option BEST illustrates the cycle of institutional influence:
Target's customers begin to refer to routine trips to the store as "going on a Target run."
Brand managers at Target heed this information and begin using the phrase "target run" in the company's promotional messages.
What is a cycle of institutional influence?
Institutional influence cycle is a term that refers to the processes through which cultural attitudes and beliefs become fixed within social organizations and then institutionalized over time.
These processes produce organizational cultures that enable those within the organizations to "see" and "do" things in a certain way, which leads to their successful reproduction over time.
The cycle of institutional influence can help explain the creation and maintenance of norms within social organizations.
How Target illustrates the cycle of institutional influence?
Target's example illustrates the cycle of institutional influence because the phrase "going on a Target run" has become an institutionalized term, or a norm within the organization.
Target's management, based on the feedback provided by customers, has incorporated this phrase into its marketing strategy.
This process demonstrates how feedback from customers can influence the way that firms operate, which is a critical element in the cycle of institutional influence.
This process can enable firms to successfully replicate their operations over time, thereby increasing their chances of long-term success.
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How do the traders at the New York Fed OMO carry out their
directives?
The traders at the New York Fed OMO carry out their directives by implementing monetary policy to influence the economy, targeting the federal funds rate, and managing the Federal Reserve's balance sheet.
The New York Fed OMO traders are responsible for implementing monetary policy on behalf of the Federal Reserve. The goal of monetary policy is to influence economic conditions by targeting the federal funds rate, which is the interest rate at which banks lend reserve balances to each other overnight.In carrying out their directives, the traders at the New York Fed OMO engage in open market operations (OMOs), which involve buying or selling government securities to change the supply of reserves in the banking system.
When the Fed buys securities, it injects reserves into the banking system, increasing the supply of money, and putting downward pressure on short-term interest rates. When the Fed sells securities, it removes reserves from the banking system, decreasing the supply of money, and putting upward pressure on short-term interest rates.
The New York Fed OMO traders also manage the Federal Reserve's balance sheet, which includes assets such as Treasury securities, mortgage-backed securities, and loans to banks. Overall, the traders at the New York Fed OMO carry out their directives by using OMOs and managing the Fed's balance sheet to influence the economy, targeting the federal funds rate, and other financial market variables.
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In deciding whether an invention, is, or is not, patentable as being contrary to public order under s15, the Commissioner:
Select one:
a. May approve an invention that is a process for modifying the germline genetic identity of human beings
b. May seek advice from the Maori advisory committee
c. May approve an invention that is a process for cloning human beings
While the Commissioner may seek advice from various sources, including expert committees, the ultimate decision on whether an invention is contrary to public order lies with the Commissioner. It is expected that the Commissioner would adhere to established legal principles, ethical standards, and societal norms in determining the patentability of inventions.
In deciding whether an invention is, or is not, patentable as being contrary to public order under section 15, the Commissioner does not have the authority to approve an invention that is a process for modifying the germline genetic identity of human beings or a process for cloning human beings. These types of inventions raise profound ethical, social, and legal concerns, and they are generally considered to go against public order and morality.
The purpose of the provision is to ensure that patent protection is not granted to inventions that have detrimental effects on society or violate commonly accepted moral principles. In the case of modifying germline genetic identity or cloning human beings, the potential risks and ethical implications are significant.
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During March 2020, ABC engaged in the following transactions: a. ABC received cash of $40,000 from David R. and issued common stock to David. b. The business paid $20,000 cash to acquire a truck. c. The business purchased supplies costing $1,800 on account. d. The business painted a house for a client and received $3,000 cash. e. The business painted a house for a client for $4,000. The client agreed to pay next week. f. The business paid $800 cash toward the supplies purchased in transaction c. g. The business paid employee salaries of $1,000 in cash. h. The business paid cash dividends of $1,500. i. The business collected $2,600 from the client in transaction e. j. David paid $200 cash for personal groceries.
During March 2020, ABC engaged in the following transactions:a. Received cash of $40,000 from David R. and issued common stock to David. The business receives money as an owner's equity, and the issuance of stock affects the balance sheet.
Paid $20,000 cash to acquire a truck. The cash payment affected the cash flow and the acquisition of the truck is an asset that affects the balance sheet. c. Purchased supplies costing $1,800 on account.
The supplies are considered as an asset on the balance sheet, and the account payable affects the liability section of the balance sheet. d. Painted a house for a client and received $3,000 cash.
The cash payment affected the cash flow, and the house painting is a service that does not affect the balance sheet. e. Painted a house for a client for $4,000. The client agreed to pay next week.
The service that ABC provided will be considered as an account receivable on the balance sheet. f. Paid $800 cash towards the supplies purchased in transaction.
This transaction will affect the cash flow of the business and the account payable for the supplies. g. Paid employee salaries of $1,000 in cash.
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At the same consultanting agency another firm asks for your consulting expertise and the firm has the following production function: Next question F(K, L) min(2L, 1K) Answer the following showing all work on your answer sheet. a. Based on this function what type of production is the company using? b. What type of returns to scale does this production function exhibit? returns to scale c. What is the firm's ratio condition? = K The firm has indicated that they only have $2400 to produce their output. They pay each worker $19 per hour and their rental rate of capital is $38. Using this information you please complete the following information for the firm (all answer should be rounded to whole units): e. The number of workers they should hire is: workers f. Their total units of capital used is: units of capital g. The maximum amount of output the firm can produce is units.
The maximum amount of output the firm can produce is 31 units.
a) The firm is using the fixed-proportions production function.
b) This production function exhibits decreasing returns to scale.
c) The firm's ratio condition is K = L/2. The details of the calculation are given below;
We have given, F(K, L) = min(2L, K). Hence, to find the firm's ratio condition, we will set 2L = K and then solve for K.K = 2LThe firm's ratio condition is K = L/2. e) The number of workers they should hire is 63 workers. The detailed answer is as follows; the Total expenditure of the firm to produce their output is limited to $2400. Therefore, the expenditure equation of the firm can be represented as C = 19L + 38K ≤ 2400The firm's ratio condition is K = L/2.Now, substitute K = L/2 in the above equation to find the total labor units required for the production of output.19L + 38K = 19L + 19L = 38LL = 2400/38L = 63.16, approximately 63 (rounded to the nearest whole number).
Therefore, the firm should hire 63 workers. f). Their total units of capital used is 31 units of capital. Substituting K = L/2 in the expenditure equation, we get;19L + 38K = 2400 => 19L + 38(L/2) = 2400 => L = 63 (rounded to the nearest whole number)Therefore, K = 63/2 = 31.5 ≈ 31 (rounded to the nearest whole number). The total units of capital used by the firm is 31 units. g). The maximum amount of output the firm can produce is 63 units of output. Substituting L = 63 and K = 31 in the production function, we get; F(K, L) = min(2L, K)F(31, 63) = min(2 × 63, 31) = min(126, 31) = 31. Therefore, the maximum amount of output the firm can produce is 31 units.
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During the 2020 campaign, Joe Biden proposed raising income taxes on those earning more than $400,000 per year and raising corporate taxes from about 21 percent to 28 percent. Joe Biden - Wikipedia Consider the aggregate demand-aggregate supply diagram below, which represents the macroeconomy. Suppose the market is initially at an equilibrium at point A. What effect will a tax increase have on this economy?
Potential GDP will decrease.
Actual and potential GDP will remain unchanged.
Actual GDP will decrease.
Actual and potential GDP will decrease.
A tax increase, as proposed by Joe Biden, would have a negative effect on the macroeconomy represented in the aggregate demand-aggregate supply diagram. Specifically, it would result in a decrease in both actual and potential GDP.
When taxes are increased on high-income earners and corporations, it reduces the disposable income available for consumption and investment. This decrease in disposable income leads to a decrease in consumption and investment expenditures, shifting the aggregate demand (AD) curve to the left. As a result, the economy moves from the initial equilibrium point A to a new equilibrium point where both actual and potential GDP decrease.
The decrease in actual GDP occurs because the reduced consumption and investment expenditure leads to a decrease in overall output and production. The decrease in potential GDP occurs because the economy operates below its full capacity due to the decrease in investment, which affects the long-term productive capacity of the economy.
In summary, a tax increase proposed by Joe Biden would result in a decrease in both actual and potential GDP in the macroeconomy. This is due to the negative impact on consumption and investment expenditures, leading to a leftward shift in the aggregate demand curve and a decrease in overall economic output.
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The following is a chart of sales for used cars at ACME Used Cars over the last 6 weeks:
Week 1 : 22
Week 2 : 15
Week 3 : 36
Week 4 : 25
Week 5 : 28
Week 6 : 34.
During week 2, a severe thunderstorm caused a power outage in much of the area.
As a result, between weeks 1 and 2, sales declined by______ %. (Enter your response rounded to one decimal place.)
To calculate the percentage decline in sales between weeks 1 and 2, we need to determine the difference between the sales in those two weeks and then calculate the percentage change.
The severe thunderstorm during week 2 caused a power outage, which had a significant impact on sales at ACME Used Cars. To determine the percentage decline in sales between weeks 1 and 2, we calculated the difference in sales between those two weeks. The sales in week 1 were 22, and the sales in week 2 were 15, resulting in a decrease of 7 units. To express this decline as a percentage, we used the formula for percentage change: (Change in sales / Sales in Week 1) * 100.
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Thomas Co. expects its EBIT to be $250,000 every year forever. The firm can borrow at 5 percent. The company currently has no debt, and its cost of equity is 14 percent. The corporation tax rate for Thomas is 21 percent. (a) What is the value of the firm? (b) What will the value be if the company borrows $300,000 and uses the proceeds to repurchase shares? (c) What is the cost of equity after recapitalization? (d) What is the WACC after recapitalization?
(a) What is the value of the firm?
Value of the firm = Expected EBIT / WACC
Since the company initially has no debt, the WACC is simply the cost of equity:
WACC = Cost of equity = 14%
Value of the firm = $250,000 / 0.14 = $1,785,714
(b) What will the value be if the company borrows $300,000 and uses the proceeds to repurchase shares?
After borrowing $300,000, the new capital structure is:
Debt of $300,000
Equity of $1,785,714
The debt proportion is:
Debt / (Debt + Equity)
= $300,000 / ($300,000 + $1,785,714)
= 0.14
Assuming the cost of debt remains 5% and cost of equity increases to 15%, the new WACC is:
WACCnew = (0.15 * (1 - 0.21)) + (0.05 * 0.14)
= 0.122
The revised firm value is:
Firm valuenew = $250,000 / 0.122
= $2,045,090
(c) Cost of equity after recapitalization = 15% (as assumed)
(d) WACC after recapitalization = 0.122 (calculated above)
In summary:
(a) Firm value initially= $1,785,714(b) Revised firm value after borrowing = $2,045,090(c) Cost of equity after recapitalizing = 15%(d) WACC after recapitalizing = 0.122The key corrections are:
Calculating WACC correctly both before and after borrowing
Using a reasonable assumption for the new cost of equity
Using the correct debt proportion to calculate the new WACC
Calculating the revised firm value based on the correct new WACC
Hope this helps! Let me know if you have any other questions.
Gold is a product of great value and is highly in demand. Based
on your study of elasticity, explain the value of elasticity of
gold?
The value of elasticity of gold refers to the responsiveness of the quantity demanded or supplied of gold to changes in its price. Understanding the elasticity of gold is important in assessing how changes in price affect its demand and supply.
If the demand for gold is relatively inelastic, it means that changes in price have a limited impact on the quantity demanded. In this case, consumers are less sensitive to price changes, and their demand for gold remains relatively stable even when prices fluctuate. Gold is often considered a luxury good and a store of value, so even if its price increases, the demand may not decrease significantly. Therefore, the value of elasticity for gold would be less than 1, indicating a relatively inelastic demand.
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Consider the following information about a non-dividend paying stock.
$55
Current Stock Price St Return Standard Deviation Dividend Rate Risk-free Rate (continuously compounded)
40% per year
0% per year 6% per year
a. A call option written on the non-dividend paying stock above expires in 6 months (0.5 year) and has an exercise price of $50. Calculate the Black-Scholes price of the call option using the cumulative normal distribution table with arguments rounded to two decimal places (Table on p.34 of Chapter 15-16 Lecture Slides or Table 16-2 on p.523 of the textbook).
(8 marks)
b. A put option written on the same stock with the same exercise price and expiry as the call option above is also trading. Based on the call price you calculated in a), what should be the price of the put option to be consistent with the put-call parity condition?
(3 marks)
c. Suppose that the call option is trading at the price you calculated in part a) but the put option is currently trading at $4. Design an arbitrage strategy to exploit the violation of put-call parity assuming you can freely buy and short-sell the underlying stock, risk-free bond yielding the risk-free rate, the call option, and the put option.
(3 marks)
d. Show the initial and terminal cash flows from each position of the strategy and briefly explain why it is an arbitrage based on the combined (summed) cash flows.
(
To calculate the Black-Scholes price of the call option, we can use the following formula:
C = S * N(d1) - X * e^(-rT) * N(d2)
Where:
C = Call option price
S = Current stock price
N = Cumulative normal distribution function
d1 = (ln(S/X) + (r + (σ^2)/2) * T) / (σ * sqrt(T))
d2 = d1 - σ * sqrt(T)
X = Exercise price of the option
r = Risk-free rate
T = Time to expiration
σ = Standard deviation of stock returns
Using the given information, we can calculate the Black-Scholes price of the call option:
S = $55
X = $50
r = 6% = 0.06 (continuously compounded)
T = 0.5 years
σ = 40% = 0.4
Calculating d1:
d1 = (ln(55/50) + (0.06 + (0.4^2)/2) * 0.5) / (0.4 * sqrt(0.5)) ≈ 0.667
Calculating d2:
d2 = 0.667 - 0.4 * sqrt(0.5) ≈ 0.456
Using the cumulative normal distribution table, we can find N(d1) ≈ 0.747 and N(d2) ≈ 0.675.
Plugging the values into the Black-Scholes formula:
C = 55 * 0.747 - 50 * e^(-0.06 * 0.5) * 0.675 ≈ $7.29
Therefore, the Black-Scholes price of the call option is approximately $7.29.
b. According to put-call parity, the price of a put option (P) should be related to the price of a call option (C) by the following equation:
P + X * e^(-rT) = C + S
Plugging in the values from part a:
P + 50 * e^(-0.06 * 0.5) = 7.29 + 55
P + 50 * e^(-0.03) = 7.29 + 55
P + 50 * 0.9704 = 7.29 + 55
P + 48.52 = 62.29
P ≈ $13.77
Therefore, the price of the put option should be approximately $13.77 to be consistent with the put-call parity condition.
c. Since the put option is currently trading at $4 but the price calculated in part b is $13.77, there is an arbitrage opportunity. Here's an arbitrage strategy to exploit the violation of put-call parity:
Buy the call option for $7.29.
Short-sell the underlying stock for $55.
Borrow $55 at the risk-free rate (6%).
Buy the put option for $4.
d. Initial cash flows:
Buy the call option: -$7.29
Short-sell the stock: +$55
Borrow at the risk-free rate: +$55
Buy the put option: -$4
Terminal cash flows:
Call option expires worthless: $0
Stock repurchased to cover short position: -$55
Repay the borrowed amount: -$55
Put option expires in-the-money: +$50
By summing the terminal cash flows, we get:
$0 - $55 - $55 + $50
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Why hasn't wide scale standardization 'worked' in health care
the way it has in other high-risk fields? Suggest ways to
standardize patient care across the globe. [10 marks]j
Wide scale standardization in health care has not "worked" the way it has in other high-risk fields because of several factors. Despite the fact that medicine is a science, the human body is unpredictable and frequently differs from patient to patient.
Furthermore, standardization may be difficult due to cultural and ethical differences, as well as a lack of consensus on how to define and measure the quality of care. Suggest ways to standardize patient care across the globe: Patient care can be standardized across the globe by implementing the following steps: Standardization of clinical processes: Standardization of clinical processes improves quality, reduces variation, and can help to avoid errors.
Clinical procedures may be standardized by using validated guidelines based on up-to-date research and shared decision-making. Evidence-based guidelines may also help to minimize variation in diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes.Invest in education: Education is an essential part of standardizing care.
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If a company has account receivable of 100,000, accounts payable of
50.000 cash. 20,000: Inventory. 20.000: what would be its working
capital A. 140,000 B. 50,000 C. 90.000 D.2.8:1
The company has account receivable of $100,000, accounts payable of $50,000, cash of $20,000, and inventory of $20,000. We need to find its working capital. Working capital is the difference between current assets and current liabilities.
as the question doesn't provide the value of current liabilities so we can calculate working capital using the following formula:Working capital = Current assets - Current liabilitiesNow, let's calculate the current assets of the company:Current assets = Account receivable + Cash + Inventory= $100,000 + $20,000 + $20,000= $140,000Now, let's calculate the current liabilities of the company:Current liabilities = Accounts payable= $50,000Now,
let's use the formula to calculate the working capital of the company:Working capital = Current assets - Current liabilities= $140,000 - $50,000= $90,000Therefore, the company's working capital is $90,000. Hence the correct option is C. $90,000.
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7. In reference to organizational culture, internal integration
refers to
a. the equal representation of all cultures and demographic
categories in the workforce
b. the blending of environmental features into the organization’s structure
c. the close bonding of all organizational members based on shared core values
d. the ability of the organization to adapt internal features to external demands
e. the level of political activity which is integrated into decision-making
Internal integration in organizational culture refers to the close bonding of members based on shared core values, promoting a sense of unity and collaboration towards common goals.
In reference to organizational culture, internal integration refers to the close bonding of all organizational members based on shared core values.According to organizational culture, internal integration refers to the close bonding of all organizational members based on shared core values. It is the process of binding and unifying a group of individuals within an organization towards a common purpose or goal, as well as a shared sense of mission. The level of internal integration within a company affects the way that it functions, the way its employees interact with one another, and its overall ability to achieve its objectives.
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a homeowner was having financial trouble and was worried about having enough money to pay the mortgage. instead of falling behind, the homeowner met with a representative from the mortgage company servicing the loan. as a result, the mortgage payments are lower, and the homeowner is no longer at risk of missing a payment. which one of the following options could be a reason the payments are now lower?
One of the possible reasons why the mortgage payments are now lower after the homeowner met with a representative from the mortgage company servicing the loan is that the mortgage terms have been modified.
What is loan modification?
Loan modification refers to a process where the terms of an existing loan are changed to make it more affordable for the borrower. This is usually done when a borrower is experiencing financial hardship and is having difficulty keeping up with their loan payments. There are a variety of ways that a loan can be modified, including:
Reducing the interest rate on the loan
Extending the term of the loan
Reducing the amount of principal owed on the loan
Changing the type of loan from an adjustable-rate mortgage to a fixed-rate mortgage
What are the benefits of loan modification?
The primary benefit of loan modification is that it can help borrowers who are struggling financially to keep their homes. By reducing the monthly payments on a mortgage, loan modification can make it more affordable for homeowners to stay current on their loan payments and avoid foreclosure.
In addition to helping borrowers stay in their homes, loan modification can also have other benefits. For example, by reducing the interest rate on a mortgage, borrowers can save money over the life of the loan. By extending the term of the loan, borrowers can also reduce their monthly payments, making it easier to keep up with their expenses.
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Case 1 - When the Boss Doesn't Like Her
What is the ethical issue in the case study?
• Who are the stakeholders/parties involved in the situation?
• Which, if any, federal regulations might be associated with the situation?
• What are the possible courses of action you could take to resolve the situation?
• What are the potential problems associated with each course of action you could take?
• Which possible course of action do you think is the best choice?
• Which ethics theory or theories did you find most useful in deciding on a course of action? Why?
Anna is the office manager for a Grocery Distribution warehouse in Ft. Myers, Fla. Anna's facility is part of a large Atlanta-based conglomerate that wholesales and distributes gourmet specialty food products throughout the southeastern United States. Anna's been at Grocery Distribution for four years, starting as an administrative assistant in the sales department. She was promoted to office manager 18 months ago and reports directly to the district manager, Justin. Anna likes her job. She enjoys her co-workers and hopes to make a long-term career at Grocery Distribution. As a single parent of two young daughters, she was delighted with the salary increase that came with her promotion. Justin is a new district manager for the Ft. Myers facility. He has made some changes in the structure of the organization, which, for the most part, have been well received by the staff. Janet is the receptionist. She works at the front desk, greeting visitors, scheduling appointments and taking care of the mail. Anna is Janet's supervisor. Janet recently went through a difficult divorce, and now that she lives alone, Anna knows that Janet struggles to make ends meet on her receptionist's salary. Outside of work, Janet is active in community theatre. At Janet's most recent opening night, Anna and several other Grocery Distribution employees were in the front row of the theatre cheering on Janet's starring performance. Janet had some rough patches during the divorce, when she was understandably distracted, but overall, Anna is pleased with Janet's work. Janet has received positive performance appraisals. Justin does not like Janet. He claims that she is careless and makes far too many mistakes, and with her casual attire, she doesn't "look good" at the front desk. "Besides," he says, "she's not really that interested in her job. That community theatre thing takes way too much of her time." When Janet asked to take the morning off the day after her opening night, Justin commented that now she's undependable and insisted that Anna talk to Janet about it, even though Janet seldom misses work and her absence that morning was easily covered by other staff. Friday morning, Anna is called into Justin's office. It has been a busy week because Justin is getting ready to leave for a two-week vacation. Several projects must be completed or offloaded to other staff before he leaves. It was decided that Anna would take care of some of Justin's projects while he is gone, and she is confident things will go well in his absence. While Anna is gathering up her papers at the end of the meeting, Justin says, "There's just one more thing, Anna. While I'm gone, I want you to document Janet's poor performance and write up an appraisal on her. Have the paperwork on my desk and ready for me to sign when I get back, and then you can terminate her. I want her out of here within the next 30 days." Case 1: When the Boss Doesn't Like Her © 2010 Society for Human Resource Management. Myrna L. Gusdorf, MBA, SPHR 9 Anna is stunned. She knows Justin dislikes Janet, but she is not sure how she can document Janet's "poor" performance because she believes Janet is a good employee. Any time she has talked to Janet about Justin's concerns, Janet has tried to improve. Janet knows Justin does not like her, and she has made it clear to Anna that if Justin has any problems with her work, she wants to know immediately so she can correct the problem. "I don't want to lose my job," she's told Anna. Anna wonders what to do. Grocery Distribution has a published Code of Ethics, and there is an HR department at headquarters in Atlanta, but there is no HR representative at Anna's facility in Ft. Myers. What would you recommend to Anna? What consequences may occur as the result of her actions?
Ethical Issue: The ethical issue in the case study is the potential request by the boss, Justin, for Anna to document Janet's "poor" performance and terminate her based on personal bias rather than valid reasons.
Stakeholders/Parties Involved:
- Office manager and Janet's supervisor.
2. Janet - Receptionist who is targeted for termination.3. Justin - District manager who wants Janet to be terminated based on personal bias.
4. Employees of Grocery Distribution - They may be affected by the work environment and the potential termination of Janet.
Federal Regulations:There are no specific federal regulations mentioned in the case study.
Possible Courses of Action:
1. Document and terminate Janet as instructed by Justin.2. Refuse to document and terminate Janet, expressing concerns about Justin's bias.
3. Seek guidance from the HR department at headquarters in Atlanta.4. Advocate for Janet by discussing the situation with other senior leaders or seeking legal advice.
Potential Problems:
1. Documenting and terminating Janet without valid reasons can lead to unfair treatment and potential legal consequences.2. Refusing Justin's request may strain Anna's relationship with him and create a hostile work environment.
3. Seeking guidance from the HR department may take time and could result in limited support due to the absence of an HR representative at the facility.4. Advocating for Janet may create tension with Justin and other employees who support his decision.
Best Choice of Action:
The best choice would be for Anna to refuse to document and terminate Janet based on Justin's personal bias. Anna should express her concerns about fairness, the lack of valid reasons, and potential legal implications. Seeking guidance from the HR department or higher management would be advisable to ensure a fair and ethical resolution.
Ethics Theory:The ethics theory that can be most useful in deciding on a course of action is deontological ethics. Anna should consider her moral duties and principles of fairness, honesty, and treating employees with respect. By refusing to comply with an unethical request and advocating for fair treatment, Anna upholds these principles and prioritizes the well-being of Janet and the ethical standards of the organization.
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In this exercise, you are going to analyze first the relationship between interest rates and bond prices, and then the effect of time to maturity, interest rates and coupon rates on duration.
a) (5 points) First, consider a 10 year bond with a coupon rate of 7% and annual coupon payments. Draw a graph showing the relationship between the price and the interest on this bond. The price should be on the y- axis and the interest rate on the x-axis. To compute the various prices, consider interest rates between 2% and 12% (use 0.5% increments). So your x-axis should go from 2%, then 2.5% ... until 11.5% and then 12%.
Is the relationship linear (i.e. is the slope constant)? Start at 7%. If interest rates go up or down by 0.5% is the price changing by the same amount? What type of relationship do we observe between prices and interest rates (liner, concave, convex or something else)?
b) (5 points) Now consider the same bond with 10 year maturity, a face value or $1,000, a coupon rate of 7% (coupon is paid annually) and assume that the yield to maturity on the bond is 7%. Compute the duration of this bond.
c) (5 points) Next, we are going to analyze the effect of time to maturity on the duration of the bond. Compute the duration of a bond with a face value of $1,000, a coupon rate of 7% (coupon is paid annually) and a yield to maturity of 7% for maturities of 2 to 18 years in 1-year increments (so here we are going to vary the time to maturity and see how duration changes if N=2, 3 ... etc.). What happens to duration as maturity increases?
d) (5 points) Next, we are going to analyze the effect of the yield to maturity on the duration of the bond. Compute the duration of a bond with a face value of $1,000, a coupon rate of 7% (coupon is paid annually) and a maturity of 10 years as the interest rate (or yield to maturity) on the bond changes from 2% to 12% (consider increments of 1% - so you need to compute the duration for various yields to maturity 2%, 3%, ..., 12%) . What happens to duration as the interest rate increases?
e) (5 points) Finally, we are going to analyze the effect of the coupon payment on the duration of the bond. Compute the duration of a bond with a face value of $1,000, a maturity of 10 years and a yield to maturity of 7%. Compute the duration for coupon rates ranging from 2% to 12% (in increments of 1%). What happens to duration as the coupon rate increases?
a) The relationship between bond prices and interest rates is not linear. As interest rates increase, bond prices decrease, and vice versa. The relationship is concave, meaning that the percentage change in bond prices is not constant for each change in interest rates.
Initially, as interest rates increase, the decrease in bond prices is relatively small. However, as interest rates continue to rise, the decrease in bond prices becomes larger.
b) The duration of a bond can be calculated using the formula:
Duration = (1 * PV of Cash Flow 1 + 2 * PV of Cash Flow 2 + ... + N * PV of Cash Flow N) / Bond Price
For the given bond with a maturity of 10 years, a face value of $1,000, a coupon rate of 7%, and a yield to maturity of 7%, the duration can be calculated by discounting the cash flows and weighting them according to their respective periods. In this case, since the coupon rate is equal to the yield to maturity, the bond is priced at par, and the cash flows are constant throughout the bond's life.
Using the formula for the duration of a perpetuity, which is 1/yield to maturity:
Duration = 1 / Yield to Maturity = 1 / 0.07 = 14.29 years
c) To analyze the effect of time to maturity on the duration of the bond, we compute the duration for different maturities while keeping the other factors constant. Using the same bond parameters as before (face value of $1,000, coupon rate of 7%, yield to maturity of 7%), we vary the time to maturity from 2 to 18 years.
The results show that as the time to maturity increases, the duration of the bond also increases. This means that the bond becomes more sensitive to changes in interest rates as its maturity extends. Longer-maturity bonds have higher durations, indicating higher price volatility in response to changes in interest rates.
d) To analyze the effect of the yield to maturity on the duration of the bond, we compute the duration for different yields to maturity while keeping the other factors constant. Using the same bond parameters as before (face value of $1,000, maturity of 10 years, coupon rate of 7%), we vary the yield to maturity from 2% to 12%.
The results show that as the yield to maturity (or interest rate) increases, the duration of the bond decreases. This implies that higher interest rates result in lower bond prices and a shorter duration. The relationship between yield to maturity and duration is inverse, indicating that the bond's sensitivity to interest rate changes diminishes as yields increase.
e) To analyze the effect of the coupon payment on the duration of the bond, we compute the duration for different coupon rates while keeping the other factors constant. Using the same bond parameters as before (face value of $1,000, maturity of 10 years, yield to maturity of 7%), we vary the coupon rate from 2% to 12%.
The results show that as the coupon rate increases, the duration of the bond decreases. This means that bonds with higher coupon rates have shorter durations, indicating lower price volatility in response to changes in interest rates. Higher coupon payments provide a cash flow buffer that reduces the bond's sensitivity to interest rate fluctuations.
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Supply curves describe:
A. The relationship between price and quantity supplied of a good
B. The relationship between income and quantity supplied of a good
C. Willingness to accept for each unit of a good
D. The relationship between price and quantity demanded of a good
E. Both A & C are correct
F. Both B & C are correct.
The correct answer is A. Supply curves describe the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied of that good. A supply curve illustrates the quantity of a good or service that producers are willing and able to supply at different price levels.
It shows the positive relationship between price and quantity supplied, indicating that as the price of a good increases, producers are generally willing to supply more of that good. Option B is incorrect because supply curves do not depict the relationship between income and quantity supplied. Income is typically considered a determinant of demand rather than supply. Option C is also incorrect as the willingness to accept for each unit of a good is more relevant to the concept of supply elasticity rather than supply curves.
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