All viruses have nucleic acids in common.
A capsid is a protein covering that contains nucleic acids, which can be either DNA or RNA, that make up every virus. By procreating within the cells of the host, they all have an effect on various organisms. The virus is the smallest microbe. Some calculations state that 500 million rhinoviruses, which cause the common cold, could fit on the head of a pin. Being able to exclusively exist and reproduce inside the cells of other living things sets them apart from other living things. They only procreate within the host cell. A virus is made up of a genetic material core, either DNA or RNA, that is coated in a protein-based capsid that acts as its protective.
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why are protons (h ) pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane? answer they are the waste products of cellular respiration. their movement back across the membrane generates atp. they are pumped across the membrane so that they can get to the other side. i am unsure it is the step that makes the citric acid cycle work as a cycle. i don't know yet
Protons are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane because a retention gradient develops between the inter mitochondrial space.
In cellular respiration, the proton pump uses energy to transport protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the inter-membrane space. It is an active pump that generates a concentration gradient of protons across The mitochondrial membrane is inward because there are more protons outside the matrix than inside. During electron transport, energy is used to pump hydrogen ions through the mitochondrial inner membrane, from the matrix to the space intermembrane. A chemiosmotic gradient causes hydrogen ions to flow back through the mitochondrial membrane into the matrix, via ATP synthase, producing ATP.
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Describe the functions of the auditory ossicles.
In order to transmit and amplify sound and transform sound waves into pressure waves in the perilymph and endolymph, the tympanic membrane and auditory ossicles are necessary.
Due to the tympanic membrane's wider diameter than the oval window and the auditory ossicles' articulated suspension, this function is made possible (the longer lever is at the tympanic membrane, the shorter lever is near to the oval window). A middle ear lesion does not necessarily equate to total deafness, while hearing is still possible without the auditory ossicles.
The malleus, incus, and stapes are the auditory ossicles.
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what is the complementary dna sequence for the dna strand shown in the figure below?
The complementary DNA sequence for the DNA strand shown in the figure below is 5-''TAACGTCATGG-3''.
Nucleotide: DNA nucleotides are deoxyribose sugars with phosphate groups and one of four nitrogen bases.
Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G)
Complementary Sequence: Because DNA consists of two strands, each DNA sequence also possesses a counterpart sequence that runs in parallel. In the complementary sequence, the nucleotides Adenine (A) and Thymine (T) are always coupled together, while Cytosine (C) is often paired with Guanine (G).
As the given strand is 3''ATTGCAGTACC3'" the complementary strand will be 5-''TAACGTCATGG-3''.
The missing figure is attached.
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