A correlation between changes in global climate with methane and carbon dioxide levels is Variations in ice layer color and thickness.
Ice cores provide direct information about how greenhouse gas concentrations have changed in the past, and also provide direct evidence that climate can change rapidly. By examining the gas trapped in the ice core, scientists learned the amount of carbon dioxide for the first time.
Global temperature has been associated with at least the last million years of Earth's history. A particularly powerful correlation technique is to use the composition of atmospheric gases trapped in ice bubbles. Since most gases remain in the atmosphere long enough to be well mixed on a global scale, ice cores around the world simultaneously exhibit the same atmospheric composition with trapped gas bubbles.
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Ignoring sign which transition is associated with the greatest energy change?
N=1 to n=3
N=3 to n=5
N=2 to n=1
N=3 to n=2
According to the given statement The transition from n=1 to n=3 results in the largest energy change.
How do you calculate energy change?Energy change Equals energy in Minus energy out. To calculate the energy transfer for a reaction, add the bond energy for all the atoms in the reactants (this is the "energy in") and the bond values for all the bonds with in products (this is the "energy out").
What causes energy to change?Energy is capable of changing its forms. For instance, electrical energy transforms into thermal and light heat when a lightbulb is turned on. A automobile transforms the gasoline's molecular bonds' stored energy into a variety of other forms. Chemical energy is converted to light in the engine through a chemical reaction.
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3) suppose that you had calibrated the thermometer in your melting-point apparatus against a series of melting point standards. after reading the temperature and converting it using the calibration chart, should you also apply a stem correction? explain.
the stem correction is not required in this case
what is calibration?
Calibration is the process of comparing the measurement results provided by a device under test with those of a calibration standard with a known accuracy in measurement technology and metrology. Another measurement tool with proven precision, a device that generates the amount to be measured, such as a voltage generator or sound generator, or a physical artefact, such as a metre ruler, might all serve as examples of such standards.
One of the following outcomes from the comparison is possible:
No substantial errors are found on the device being tested. Significant errors are found, but no corrections are done to bring the errors down to a manageable level.
In a strict sense, "calibration" refers only to the process of comparing and excludes any further correction.
A national or international standard held by a metrology agency is often traceable to the calibration standard.
It is crucial to compare the thermometer's readings to the boiling or melting points of pure liquids or solids at various temperatures, as shown below. Naturally, if the thermometer is calibrated in this manner, there will be no need to apply an exposed stem adjustment.
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increased co2 in the atmosphere since the industrial revolution has resulted in lower surface ocean ph of about ph units.
Since the start of the industrial revolution more than 200 years ago, human activity has led to an increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2). The pH of the ocean's surface waters has decreased by 0.1 pH units throughout this time.
As a result of the rise in atmospheric CO2 concentrations, the pH of the ocean surface has decreased over the industrial age, falling from 8.2 to below 8.1. This drop is accompanied by a 30% increase in oceanic acidity.It first creates carbonic acid. The carbonic acid then "dissociates," or separates, into bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions. Ocean acidification is caused by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration and a decrease in carbonate ions as a result of increasing CO2 absorption.What is the meaning of Industrial Revolution ?A significant and swift transition in an economy (as in late-18th-century England) signaled by the widespread adoption of power-driven machinery or by a significant shift in the prevalent forms and applications of such machinery.
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14) in the polysaccharide cellulose, large numbers of monosaccharides are linked together through . a) glycosidic linkages b) alpha 1-4 linkages c) beta 1-4 linkages d) both a and c are correct e) all of the above are correct
Option A, In the polysaccharide cellulose, large numbers of monosaccharides are linked together through glycosidic linkages.
The most prevalent carbohydrates in nature are polysaccharides, which have several uses including energy storage and inclusion in plant cell walls. Large polymers known as polysaccharides are created by joining tens to thousands of monosaccharides together via glycosidic connections. Starch, glycogen, and cellulose are the three polysaccharides that are most prevalent. Because each of these three produces only one kind of monosaccharide (glucose) after full hydrolysis, they are collectively known as homopolymers. In addition to monosaccharides, heteropolymers may also contain sugar acids, amino sugars, or noncarbohydrate compounds. Non-reducing carbohydrates known as polysaccharides lack the sweetness and do not mutate.
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Exam Question: Describe and
explain the trends in melting and
boiling points across period 3
As we move across period 3 the number of delocalized electrons per metal atom increases and the radius of the elements decreases. This means the melting point increases.
What is melting point and boiling point ?
The temperature at which molecules in a solid can pass one another and transform into liquids is known as the melting point. On the other hand, liquids and gases are involved in the boiling point. Some molecules at the liquid's surface are escaping as the molecules move around.
The three metals' melting and boiling points rise as a result of the strengthening of their metallic connections. Each atom can contribute an increasing quantity of electrons to the delocalized "sea of electrons." As you get from sodium to magnesium to aluminum, the atoms also get smaller and have more protons.
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the same physical property that helps drive the reaction to completion can also stall out the reaction before it starts. what do we do in the procedure that helps minimize this concern?
Physical characteristics are those that can be seen without affecting a substance's identity.
Physical characteristics are therefore those that can be seen without affecting a substance's identity.
What is physical property ?Any measurable characteristic whose value describes the condition of a physical system is referred to as a physical property. A system's transitions between fleeting states can be described by changes in its physical attributes. Observables are a term used to describe physical characteristics. These attributes are not modal.
Color, hardness, malleability, solubility, electrical conductivity, density, melting point, and boiling point are examples of the physical characteristics of matter. The hue of the elements does not differ much from one element to the next.
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problem 4: which of the following amino acids could be substituted for alanine after mutagenesis with nitrous acid? use a codon chart.
An amino acid with a carboxylic acid group is glutamic acid. This sends forth a bad vibe. Additionally carrying a negative charge are the phosphate groups that are added to a protein during phosphorylation.
What is nitrous acid used for?An iron binder called nitrous acids is used to treat potentially fatal acute cyanide poisoning. To treat arsenic poisoning, silver nitrate solution is combined intravenously with hydrazine hydrate (as sodium nitrite).
How is nitrous acid created?Nitrous acid is an unstable, barely acidic substance. It is a nitrogen oxoacid. It is made by treating nitrite salt and mineral acid to make it acidic. Oxidant and nitrous gas are combined to create nitrous acid, which contains less oxygen than nitric acid.
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1) H2(g)+I2(g)⇌2HI(g). Why does the reaction occur only in the forward direction at first?
2) During the reaction, how does the rate of the forward direction compare to the rate of the reverse direction?
The reaction has a low activation energy and mostly of the reactants are converted into products hence the reaction tends to occur in the forward direction
2) The rate of the reverse reaction is too small compared to the rate of the forward reaction.
What is the reaction?The term reaction has to do with the interaction that occurs between the reactants and the products. Thus as the reactants interacts, a new substance is formed and then we have new substances and they are called the products. Looking at the reaction as it is written in question (1), we can see that the there is a complete and total interaction that occurs as all the reactants are converted into products. Given the fact that all the reactants are converted into products, the reactions can only proceed forward.
In this reaction, we can see from the equation that the reaction is reversible. This means that the reaction is able to occur in both directions; forward and backwards. This reactions proceeds mostly forward hence the rate of reverse reaction is infinitesimal compared to the rate of the forward reaction.
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why was a steam bath used to dry the recovered copper product? (hint: reference the reaction 5 steps in lab manual)
A steam bath is used to dry the recovered copper product as the amount of water in the steam increases, the latent heat decreases, providing less heat to transfer from the steam to the copper product to dry.
A steam bath is used instead of a hot plate to dry the recovered copper to prevent overheating. Overheating can lead to atmospheric oxygen from oxidizing.
The steam dryness division is utilized to evaluate the sum of water inside the steam. If steam contains 10% water by mass, it's said to be 90% dry, or have a dryness division of 0.9.
Steam dryness is critical since it includes a coordinated impact on the overall sum of transferable vitality contained inside the steam (ordinarily fair idle warm), which influences warming effectiveness and quality.
For illustration, soaked steam (100% dry) contains 100% of the inactive warm accessible at that weight. Immersed water, which has no idle warm and so 0% dryness, will as contains sensible warm.
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which of the following are non-conservative properties of a deep water mass? 1. temperature 2. dissolved gases (o2, co2) 3. salinity 4. nutrients (nitrate, phosphate, silica)
Option 4. nutrients (nitrate, phosphate, silica) are non-conservative properties of a deep water mass.
The non-conservative factors like phosphorous (P), iron (Fe), and carbon (C) or dissolved inorganic carbon found in seawater are chemically or biologically reactive. Conservative elements have longer residence instances. that is the purpose these factors make up the majority of the sea's dissolved materials.
Sodium and chloride are nonconservative constituents of seawater. Non-conservative pollutants approach pollutants that are presumed to be destroyed, biodegraded, chemically converted, or volatilized within the POTW to some diploma.
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How many….
atoms of carbon on the reactant side? _____ on the product side? _____
atoms of hydrogen on the reactant side? _____ on the product side? _____
atoms of oxygen on the reactant side? _____ on the product side? _____
4. How many molecules of oxygen are on the reactant side? ____
5. How many molecules of water are on the product side? _____
6. Is this chemical equation balanced? (Y / N )
This is a balanced chemical reaction equation since the number of atoms of each of the elements is the same on both sides of the reaction equation.
What is a chemical reaction?We know that the term chemical reaction has to do with the kind of interaction that does occur between reactants and products. In this case, we have the reaction that exists between methane and oxygen. This is a combustion reaction.
There is one carbon atoms on the reactant side and one carbon atom on the products side. There are four hydrogen atoms of the reactants side and fur hydrogen atoms on the products side. There are four oxygen atoms on the reactants side and four oxygen atoms on the products side.
There are two oxygen molecules on the reactants side and there are two water molecules on the products side. This is a balanced chemical reaction equation.
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What are 4 non examples of condensation
Sleet ,freezing of raindrops, snowflakes Precipitation
are 4 non examples of condensation .
What is condensation ?
Condensation, the separation of a liquid or solid from a vapor, generally occurs on surfaces that are cooler than the adjacent gas. A substance condenses when the pressure exerted by that vapor exceeds the vapor pressure of the substance's liquid or solid phase at the temperature of the surface on which condensation is occurring. As the steam condenses, heat is released. If this heat is not removed, the surface temperature will rise until it matches the surrounding steam.
If the air does not contain small particles, so-called aerosols, condensation will only occur if the air is extremely supersaturated with water vapor.
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which one of the following salts, when dissolved in water, produces the solution with the lowest ph? a) alcl3 b) nacl c) mgcl2 d) nh4cl
AlCl3 is the answer.
As strong acid-strong base salts, NaCl and MgCl2 are both neutral.
Since NH4Cl is a weak base-strong acid salt, it is also acidic. AlCl3 is, nevertheless, a stronger acid than NH4Cl.
Neither acids nor bases can be found in neutral substances. Accordingly, neutral substances have an equal number of these ions. An acid has hydrogen ions, a base has hydroxyl ions, etc. Water is the most typical example of a neutral substance. Both acidic and basic properties are absent from water.
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What kind of light is absorbed by greenhouse gases like CO2 to cause warming of the atmosphere?
The kind of light absorbed by greenhouse gases that causes the warming of the atmosphere is infrared light.
What is global warming?Global warming refers to the increase in the average global temperature as a result of an increased amount of absorbed infrared light by greenhouse gases.
Greenhouse gases are gases that form a blanket layer in the atmosphere and prevent reflected low-energy infrared light from the sun from returning back to space. By absorbing this light, greenhouse gases are able to keep the earth warm.
However, as the concentration of greenhouse gases keeps increasing in the atmosphere, so is the amount of infrared light absorbed. Consequently, the atmosphere keeps getting warmer. The more the concentration of the gases increases, the more the temperature.
This is what is currently causing global warming.
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How much NO , in grams, is produced?
Answer:
I presume you are talking about Nitric Oxide so the molar mass of NO is 30g/mol 30 g / m o l.
Then you should substitute the respective values from the formula above.
Doing that the mass of NO formed is 4.413 g or just 4.4 grams.
The intermolecular force in which a hydrogen atom that is bonded to a highly electronegative atom is attracted to an unshared pair of electrons of an electronegative atom in a nearby molecule is known as _________ ________.
The intermolecular force in which a hydrogen atom that is bonded to a highly electronegative atom is attracted to an unshared pair of electrons of an electronegative atom in a nearby molecule is known as Hydrogen Bond.
An intermolecular force (IMF) known as a hydrogen bond is created when an electronegative atom with a single pair of electrons and a hydrogen atom connected to a strongly electronegative atom is in close proximity to one another. Between molecules, there are intermolecular forces (IMFs). Dispersion forces and regular dipole-dipole interactions are more examples. In general, hydrogen bonds are weaker than true covalent and ionic bonds but stronger than common dipole-dipole and dispersion forces.
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The higher the frequency of light, the ___ its wavelength and the ___ its energy.
a. longer, lower
b. longer, higher
c. shorter, lower
d. shorter, higher
Answer:
c
Explanation:
ammonium perchlorate nh4clo4 is the solid rocket fuel that was used by the u.s. space shuttle and is used in the space launch system (sls) of the artemis rocket. it reacts with itself to produce nitrogen gas n2, chlorine gas cl2, oxygen gas o2, water h2o, and a great deal of energy. what mass of oxygen gas is produced by the reaction of 6.54g of ammonium perchlorate? round your answer to 3 significant digits.
The amount of oxygen produced by the reaction of 6.54g of ammonium perchlorate is 2.228g.
The chemical reaction for this will be:
4NH4ClO4 → 5O2 + 6H2O + 2N2 + 4HCl
We know:
'6.54' grams is mass of ammonium perchlorate and '117.49' g/mol is molar mass of ammonium perchlorate
Now, we can calculate moles by:
Moles NH4ClO4 = mass NH4ClO4 / molar mass NH4ClO4
Moles NH4ClO4 = 6.54 grams / 117.49 g/mol
this give 0.0557 moles of NH4ClO4
After this we will calculate the moles of O2 produced similarly:
For 4 moles of ammonium perchlorate consumed, 5 moles of O2 is produced, in addition to 6 moles of H2O, 2 moles of N2 and 4 moles of HCl.
For 0.0696 moles NH4ClO4; we get 5/4 * 0.0557 = 0.0696 moles of O2
And Finally we can calculate the mass of oxygen produced:
Mass of oxygen = moles of O2 * molar mass of O2
Mass of oxygen = 0.0696 moles * 32 g/mol
Mass of oxygen = 2.228 grams
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list the three fundamental particles of matter and indicate the mass change associated with each
These protons, neutrons and electrons are the three fundamental particles of atoms
What is atom ?
The atom is the smallest unit of matter that may be divided without releasing electrically charged particles. It is also the lowest unit of matter that has chemical element features. As a result, the atom is the fundamental building block of chemistry.
Examine various electron configurations in electron shells surrounding an atom's nucleus.
The majority of the atom is empty space. The rest of the structure is made up of a positively charged nucleus of protons and neutrons surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons. In comparison to electrons, the lightest charged particles in nature, the nucleus is small and dense.
The mass of an electron is approximately 9.109382911 1028 gramme. A proton or neutron has a mass that is approximately 1,836 times greater. This explains why the mass of an atom is governed mostly by the mass of its protons and neutrons in its nucleus.
Mass of protons, m
p =1.67×10 −27 kg
Mass of electrons, m
e =9.11×10 −31 kg
∴ m e
mp≈1836
The proton to electron mass ratio is represented by μ or β. It is a dimensionless quantity.
μ= m e
mp≈1836
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how can I got oxygen from water and collect it
Explanation:
through the process of electrolysis.
electricity (loose electrons under "pressure") is sent through water allowing the oxygen atoms to bind enough electrons to become independent O2 molecules and detach from water molecules, hence "freeing" themselves as oxygen gas. which in turn also creates free H2 molecules and therefore hydrogen gas.
the free oxygen collects at the positive electrode, the free hydrogen at the negative electrode.
an additional option is to collect the free oxygen that is simply mixed into the water and allows fish to "breathe" (the gills do NOT break oxygen out of the H2O molecules but use the mixed-in free O2 oxygen between the H2O molecules).
that is the reason why a fish tank needs the constant air stream bubbling through the water (or we would have to constantly stir the water in the tank rigorously), and why truly still water bodies "die" (any originally mixed-in oxygen leaves over time, literally suffocating any oxygen-needing lifeforms in those bodies of water).
to capture this, cool the water down to about 4° C (about 39° F), at which point water has its greatest density (below that water expands again preparing for the larger volume needed by the crystalline grid of water ice). that pushes/squeezes a lot of the mixed-in elements incl. free oxygen out of the water.
but that is very little compared to an electrolysis result.
How does covalent bonding allow atoms in group 16 of the periodic table to satisfy the octet rule?
The covalent bonding allows atoms in group 16 of the periodic table to satisfy the octet rule is two share 2 electrons of another atom to complete 8 electrons.
According to octet rule , an atom loose , gain , or share electrons to complete their 8 valence electron and achieve stability. Covalent bond is formed when two electrons share their valence electrons to satisfy the octet rule. group 16 elements have 6 valence electrons and they need 2 electrons to complete their octet.
Thus, The covalent bonding allows atoms in group 16 of the periodic table to satisfy the octet rule is two share 2 electrons of another atom to complete 8 electrons.
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how to tell if the aqueous solutions of these salts have a ph greater than, less than, or equal to 7 at room temperature.
Strong bases and weak acids in salts do hydrolyze, raising the pH level over 7. The anion in salt comes from a weak anion.
What salts have pH values under 7?Ammonium chloride (NH 4 Cl) is a salt whose solution has a pH of less than 7. Since potassium carbonate and sodium carbonate are all basic in nature, they all have pH values higher than 7.It could be neutral salt, basic salt, or acidic salt. Strong acid and weak base combine to generate this kind of salt. They have a pH value that is below 7. No, not all salts have a pH of 7.0 in solution and are neutral. Since NH4Cl is an acidic salt with a strong acid and weak base, its pH will be lower than 7.The pH of pure water, which has these ion concentrations in balance, is 7. Since a pH value of 7 denotes a neutral solution, it is significant. This neutral point serves as the benchmark for all other chemicals.To learn more about pH values refer to
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Metallic solids are solids composed of metal atoms that are held together by metallic bonds. They also tend to be good conductors because.
Metal solids tend to be good conductors because of the property of electron mobility.
Metal cations are the building blocks of metallic solids, and a delocalized "sea" of valence electrons holds them all together. Metallic solids are good conductors of heat and electricity because of the mobility of their electrons. Metal atoms bound together by metallic bonds form metallic solids, which are solids. These linkages act as expansive molecular orbitals that cover the entire solid.
The electrons in metallic solids are hence delocalized. They are not only linked together by two atoms in a sigma bond. Metals are effective heat and electricity conductors because they contain at least one free electron per atom, which means that it is not bound to any one atom and is therefore free to travel about the metal.
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A student was asked to formulate a hypothesis about what would happen if 100. mL of 0.1 M NaOH(aq) at
25°C was combined with 100. mL of 0.1 M MgCl₂(aq) at 25°C. Which of the following hypotheses indicates
that the student thought a chemical change would occur?
Answer:
There will be the formation of a Common salt (NaCl) and Mg(OH)2 which is a base after the reaction between the two chemicals
What are shared in a covalent bond?
a. ions
b. Lewis structures
c. electrons
d. dipoles
Electrons are shared in covalent bonds.
What is a covalent bond?
The exchange of one or more pairs of electrons between two atoms forms a covalent connection. The two atomic nuclei are drawing these electrons in unison. When there is insufficient space between two atoms' electronegativities for an electron transfer to take place and create ions, a covalent bond is formed. Bonding electrons are shared electrons that are present in the region between the two nuclei. The bound pair serves as the "glue" that binds the atoms in molecular structures.
The only covalently bound substance that is the simplest is a hydrogen molecule. Two hydrogen atoms with one electron in each's 1s orbital make up the compound. The covalent link between the two hydrogen atoms allows them to share their two electrons and give each of them a helium-like electron configuration.
Hence, electrons are shared in covalent bonds.
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in the decomposition of h2co3, carbon dioxide is produced. how many liters of carbon dioxide are produced when 5.00 grams of hydrogen bicarbonate breaks down at 25 c and 1.24 atm?
1.81 liters of carbon dioxide are produced when 5.00 grams of hydrogen bicarbonate breaks down.
Mass of hydrogen bicarbonate (H₂CO₃) = 5.00 g
Molar mass of hydrogen bicarbonate = 62 g/mol
Molar mass of carbon dioxide = 44.01 g/mol
Density of CO₂ = 1.97 g / L
Temperature = 25 0C
Pressure = 1.24 atm
Volume of CO₂ = ?
Write the balanced chemical equation
H₂CO₃ → CO₂ + H₂O
The molar ratio of hydrogen bicarbonate to carbon dioxide is 1 : 1
It means that when one mole of hydrogen bicarbonate decomposes it will produce one mole of carbon dioxide
Now we will find out the number of moles of hydrogen bicarbonate
number of moles = mass / molar mass
number of moles of H₂CO₃ = 5.00 g / 62 g/mol
number of moles of H₂CO₃ = 0.081 mol
Number of moles of H₂CO₃ = number of moles of CO₂
Hence the number of moles of CO₂ = 0.081 mol
Now find out the mass of CO₂
mass = number of moles × molar mass
mass of CO₂ = 0.081 mol × 44.01 g/mol
mass of CO₂ = 3.565 g
Convert mass to volume
volume = mass / density
V of CO₂ = 3.565 g / 1.97 g / L
V of CO₂ = 1.81 L
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when mountains and water combine, Do you expect volcanos, trenches, mountain ranges, shallow or deep earthquakes.
The correct answer to the statement " when mountains and water combine, do you expect volcanos, trenches, mountain ranges, shallow or deep earthquakes " is yes, it does happen.
Why volcanoes occurs when mountains and water combines.The simple reason why the activities in the task above results including volcanoes is simply because of the cracks opened in the floor of ocean when two different plate spreads. When this happens, it causes volcanoes to occur.
A volcano refers to a mountain with fragments of rocks.
So therefore, from the explanation given above, it can be deduced that activities like volcanoes erupt when the ocean combine with mountains.
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how many milliliters of a 12% (v/v) propyl alcohol solution would you need to obtain 4.5 ml of propyl alcohol
38.1 ml of a 12% (v/v) propyl alcohol solution would need 4.5 ml of propyl alcohol.
What purpose does the isopropyl alcohol solution serve?
A transparent liquid known as propyl alcohol is frequently used to destroy germs (antiseptic).When carbon monoxide and hydrogen are used to create methanol (methyl alcohol), normal (n-) propyl alcohol is produced as a byproduct. Fusel oil contains it as well.As a rubbing alcohol antiseptic, isopropyl alcohol is combined with water. Additionally, it's a component of hand lotions, aftershave products, and other cosmetics. It is employed in industry as a low-cost solvent for gums, shellacs, drugs, cosmetics, and denatured ethanol.To learn more about propyl alcohol, follow the link https://brainly.com/question/29219081
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what makes sprite a substitute for egg in baking?
Carbonated water is used makes sprite a substitute for egg in baking
Carbonated water can add moisture to recipes, but it also works as a great leavening agent
What is carbonated water ?
Carbonated water (soda water, bottled water, sparkling water, club soda, gassed water, also known as bottled water in many places, especially in the United States as seltzer or seltzer water) contains dissolved carbon dioxide. It is also water containing gas. It is artificially injected under pressure or occurs by natural geological processes. Carbonation creates tiny bubbles, giving the water a carbonation quality. Common forms include sparkling natural mineral water, club soda, and commercial sparkling water.
Carbonated water can add moisture to recipes, but it also works as a great leavening agent. Carbonation traps air bubbles and makes the finished product light and fluffy. You can substitute 60 grams of sparkling water per egg. This alternative is great for cakes, cupcakes and quick breads
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Does Cs+ or Ba2+ have a smaller radius
