G-protein use second messengers in a cascade of reactions that trigger a cell response
Understanding G-protein
G protein plays a role in managing the initial (extracellular) signal received by the receptor and then forwarding it into the cell (intracellular) which triggers the activation of cellular responses, namely effector proteins that play a role in various cell responses such as development, growth, hormone regulation, et al. The scalar here refers to the role of the on/off G protein in managing signal transduction.
This protein is a push button located next to a specific protein receptor on the cell, this protein can trigger the activation of a protein (effector protein) such as an enzyme. The G protein is able to bind to the guanosine-5′-triphosphate (GTP) molecule, the message it carries is a specific signal transduction. The first activation is able to produce effector proteins that will later form the second messenger (second message), the second message can forward the first message to carry out an intracellular response, for example a common effector protein such as adenylyl cylase can produce cAMP as a second message. Other second messages include inositol phosphate and calcium ions.
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During DNA replication prior to meiosis, a frameshift mutation occurs. Will this mutation be inherited?
a
Yes, because meiosis makes exact cellular copies.
b
Yes, because frameshift mutations are always passed on to offspring.
c
Yes, because the error happened in a gamete.
d
Yes, because the error happened in a somatic cell.
Yes, a frameshift mutation that occurs during DNA replication prior to meiosis will be inherited because the error happened in a gamete; option C.
What is a mutation?A mutation is a change that occurs in the sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule.
Mutations that are inheritable are those mutations that affect the gametes.
Gametes refer to the haploid cells that are produced during the process of meiosis. Gametes produce egg cells and sperm cells.
Therefore, a mutation that occurs prior to meiosis could be inherited because it will be present in the gametes.
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how can you increase system efficiency
You increase system efficiency to create the smooth running system
The energy efficiency of a system or device that convert energy is measured by the ratio of the amount of useful energy put out by the system means output energy to the total amount of energy that is put in means input energy by useful output energy as a percentage of the total input energy allow you to achieve more with less get things done in less time and allow you to scale your operation
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The evolution of Drug-Resistance HIV. Within a few weeks of treatment with drug X, a patient's HIV population consists entirely of X-resistant HIV. Explain how this rapid evolution of drug resistance is an example of natural selection.
Bacteria can develop antibiotic resistance either by obtaining specific resistance genes from these other bacteria or by developing mutations that change the biological targets of antibiotics.
What does mutation entail?a deviation from the typical DNA sequence at a certain gene locus. Although the phrase is frequently associated with negativity, mutations (including polymorphisms) may affect cell activity in ways that are negative, positive, or neutral.
What are the four mutation types?Gametes experience germline mutations. Other bodily cells can develop somatic mutations. Mutations that modify the chromosome's structure are called chromosomal changes. A single nucleotide is altered by point mutations.
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hat type(s) of hydrophilic amino acids would you expect to find in the transmembrane domain of the chloride channel?
This collection characteristic may be recognized in number one sequences the use of hydrophilic scales [7,8,9]. The maximum plentiful amino acids in transmembrane areas are leucine, isoleucine, valine, phenylalanine, alanine, glycine, serine, and threonine.
Six hydrophilic amino acids have facet chains which are polar however now no longer charged. These are serine (Ser), threonine (Thr), cysteine (Cys), asparagine (Asn), glutamine (Gln), and tyrosine (Tyr). These amino acids are commonly located on the floor of proteins, as mentioned withinside the Proteins 2 module.
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you are observing a population of sea urchins experiencing logistic growth. what is the carrying capacity (k)?
A typical echinoderm boat is 20 to 30 feet long and can carry 2,000 to 6,000 pounds.
In logistic growth, a population's rate of per capita growth declines because it approaches the carrying capacity, a limit imposed by the environment's finite resources ( K).
What about sea urchins?You may suffer major health effects if your injury is severe or if you do not properly treat it. Echinoderm stings can result in tissue necrosis, death, paralysis, and respiratory failure. Skin cells that do not receive enough oxygen or blood perish and cause tissue necrosis. Echinoderm stings hurt right away. They often create puncture wounds on the skin, which if not treated immediately can quickly become infections. The sting site may swell and switch crimson. If the skin is penetrated (which happens frequently), the puncture site is usually bruised and appears blue-black. Echinoderm or uni because it is more generally known by its Japanese name, are often eaten in a variety of ways, including as a savoury complement to pasta dishes and as a part of a sushi feast. The buttery flavour and (pleasantly) slimy texture of uni, however, are best experienced fresh from the shell. Echinoderm has a little saltiness without being too salty. Once they are fresh, they ought to have a sweet, saltwater flavor and taste of iron and zinc. Uni features a strong mineral and seaweed flavor and ought to have a creamy texture. Older ones taste quite harsh and have a slimy texture on the tongue.Learn more about sea urchins here:
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can the biological species concept be applied to organisms that reproduce both asexually and sexually
The concept of biological species does not apply to asexual organisms.
The concept is dependent on interbreeding on diverse species , the concept cannot be applied on asexual organism because their reproduction takes place as a result of mutation in their DNA.
Biological species concept defines a species as members of populations that actually or potentially interbreed in nature, not dependent on similarity or appearance. Their appearance are useful in identifying species, but it does not define species. On the other hand A single biological species concept based on gene flow is applicable to all cellular form of life .
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Help me with this I keep getting it wrong apparently
Answer: Hello!
Explanation: The reason photosynthesis is beneficial towards people is because the process produces oxygen to breath. Hence A is correct.
Finn, tenth grade straight A student.
Have a great day!
Answer:
i think its Provide oxygen to breathe and provides carbon dioxide to do respiration with and im not sure if its either provides energy for food or provides ATP energy for our cells
Explanation:
sorry if i got this wrong
please help me im giving 15 points
Answer: Polymer
Explanation: It is made of alkenes joining together to form long complex compounds. The process is called polymerization.
each chamber of the heart has a particular role in maintaining cellular oxygenation. which chamber is responsible for receiving oxygenated blood from the lungs?
Blood that is rich in oxygen is drawn from the lungs and pumped to the left ventricle by the left atrium.
The heart has two atria and two ventricles, making up its four chambers. Blood with low oxygen content is drawn from the body and pumped to the right ventricle via the right atrium. The blood with less oxygen is sent to the lungs via the right ventricle. Blood that is rich in oxygen is drawn from the lungs and pumped to the left ventricle by the left atrium.
What about human heart?A fist-sized organ, the heart circulates blood throughout your body. It serves as your circulatory system's main organ. Four major muscle-driven chambers make up your heart; they are each powered by electrical impulses. Your nerve system and brain control how your heart beats. A little to the left of centre, in the chest, is the heart. It is located between the lungs and behind the breastbone.There are four different chambers in the heart. The left and right ventricles are located at the bottom, whereas the left and right atria are located at the top. The heart is made up of four chambers in humans, other mammals, and birds: upper left and right atria and bottom left and right ventricles. The right atrium and ventricle are frequently referred to as the right heart and its left counterparts as the left heart. According to Gray's Anatomy, the heart measures 12 cm in length, 8.5 cm in width, and 6 cm in thickness. Additionally, the average weight of the heart is 230-280 g for women and 280-340 g for men.Learn more about human heart here:
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Which of the following affects recreational activities that people do in a region?
A.
soil type
B.
plants
C.
presence and quality of water
D.
oil
Answer:
A. Soil Type, B. Plants, and C. Presence and Quality of Water
Explanation:
A) Soil contains air, water, and minerals as well as plant and animal matter, both living and dead, which is why it must be the first answer
B) Plant Elements include nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, boron, chlorine, iron, manganese, zinc, copper, molybdenum, and nickel. It is used for photosynthesis
C) Do i really need to explain this one?
how do sound waves ultimately result in the production of receptor potentials? group of answer choices the tectorial membrane squeezes the auditory nerve the basilar membrane releases neurotransmitters the eardrum has receptors that create action potentials hair cells in the cochlea vibrate, causing ion channels to open in their membrane
Hair cells in the cochlea vibrate, causing ion channels to open in their membrane
The hair cells in the organ of Cochlea convert the vibrations of mechanical sound into nerve impulse. The vibration of the basilar membrane, on which the organ of Corti is resting, stimulates them. The endocochlear potential, which exists between the endolymph and perilymph, is one of the most significant aspects of this process of conversion of sound into an electrical impulse by hair cells.
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duchenne muscular dystrophy is caused by a sex-linked recessive allele. its victims are almost invariably boys, who usually die before the age of 20. why is this disorder almost never seen in girls?
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is almost never seen in girls because girls hаve two X chromosomes аnd hence need two copies of the аffected gene to cаuse the disorder.
What is Duchenne muscular dystrophy?Duchenne musculаr dystrophy is а X-linked recessive disorder. The аssociаted genes аre locаted on the X chromosome, which is one of the two sex chromosomes. Since boys аre hemizygous for chromosome (hаve only one X chromosome), one copy of the аffected gene in eаch cell is sufficient to cаuse the disorder. GIrls hаve two X chromosomes аnd hence need two copies of the аffected gene to cаuse the disorder. Girls heterozygous for this trаit be normаl but serve аs а cаrrier of the diseаse. Since the frequency of girls with two аltered copies of this gene, boys аre аffected by this disorder much more frequently thаn girls. Duchenne musculаr dystrophy is never pаssed from fаther to sons becаuse fаthers cаnnot pаss X-linked trаits to their sons. Thus, Duchenne musculаr dystrophy is а sex-linked diseаse, not аn аutosomаl trаit which is pаssed to both sexes with equаl frequency.
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for each of the following pedigrees, determine: i) the most likely mode of inheritance (recessive or dominant, x-linked, y-linked or autosomal) ii) the genotype of the individual marked with a star assume that individuals marrying into the family do not have the defective allele. explain your reasoning. clearly define any symbols that you use.
The most likely mode of inheritance is x-linked inheritance as only the mother is affected.
The genotype of the individual marked with a star is XDXd.
When analyzing a family, autosomal dominant inheritance can be recognized by the vertical transmission of the trait—from parent to child.
There's a subtlety in overwhelming inheritance—formally a characteristic is called autosomal dominant as it were when the phenotype of the heterozygote is the same as the homozygous variant.
It isn't as a rule conceivable to run the show out of an autosomal legacy to affirm X-linkage. In any case, certain designs unequivocally recommend X-linkage.
This is often because all male siblings would acquire the latent allele from their mother (and be XY) whereas all female descendants would acquire the overwhelming allele from their father (and be XDXd).
For illustration, a family where a male parent without the characteristic (XDY) and a female parent communicating the characteristic (XdXd) with 100% male expression and 0% female expression infers X-linkage.
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Although part of your question is missing, you might be referring to this full question:
For each of the following pedigrees, determine i) the most likely mode of inheritance (recessive or dominant, x-linked, y-linked, or autosomal) ii) the genotype of the individual marked with a star assume that individuals marrying into the family do not have the defective allele. explain your reasoning. clearly define any symbols that you use.
select all that are categories of neurotransmitters based on chemical composition. multiple select question. acetylcholine sterols neuropeptides glycoproteins monoamines amino acids
Based on their chemical make-up, neuropeptides and monoamines are two categories of neurotransmitters.
What are the four classifications of neurotransmitters according to chemical make-up?According to their chemical and molecular characteristics, the four main types of neurotransmitters include peptides like somatostatin and opioids, amino acids like glutamate and glycine, monoamines like dopamine and norepinephrine, and purines like adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Test your knowledge of neurotransmitters.Neurotransmitter definition. An impulse is transmitted from one nerve cell to another nerve, muscle, organ, or other tissue through the release of a substance from a nerve cell. Neurologic information is transported from one cell to another via neurotransmitters.
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4. Identify possible solutions (for hurricanes).
Solution #1:
Solution #2:
Solution #3:
Solution #4:
Solution #5:
Hello..!
4. Identify possible solutions (for hurricanes).
Not burningDo not litternot felling treesDo not throw waste into the seaSave water (No votes a lot)I don't know if you meant that and if not here is another way :v
Buy your groceries before the hurricaneDo not leave homeIf you are in the hurricane keep calmProtect your house with anticyclonic curtains.Have emergency lamps.I hope those of the 2 have served you.
Greetings.
Please answerrrrrrrrrr
Answer:
the last one: macromolecules can be converted into other forms such as carbs being stored as fats.
which neurotransmitters are excitatory to some cells and inhibitory to others, depending on the type of receptors on the target cells? multiple select question. gaba acetylcholine glycine norepinephrine glutamate
The neurotransmitters are excitatory to some cells and inhibitory to others, depending on the type of receptors on the target cells are acetylcholine and norepinephrine.
A molecule that, when a nerve impulse arrives, is released at the end of a nerve fiber. This chemical then diffuses across the synapse or junction, causing the impulse to be transferred to another nerve fiber, a muscle fiber, or some other structure is called neurotransmitter.
Depending on the type of receptors present, some neurotransmitters, like acetylcholine and norepinephrine, can have both excitatory and inhibitory effects. When several synapses in close proximity are triggered at once or receive input from several presynaptic cells, spatial summation occurs.
Thus, because of receptors these can cause excitatory as well as inhibitory responses by summation of impulses.
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You are designing a gene therapy to replace a defective fibrillin gene, which is 22,000 bp long and is important in preventing macular degeneration. Based on your knowledge and resources available from class, which vector is best to use?.
Adenovirus Vector is best to use in this case which is about 22,000 bp long and is also important in preventing macular degeneration.
In molecular biology research, a viral vector is a genetic sequence derived from a virus, such as an adenovirus, that is utilized to express a specific nucleotide sequence, in this case, the fibrillin gene used in gene therapy.
As a result of these findings, we can see that an adenovirus, for example, maybe the most effective viral vector for expressing nucleotide sequences longer than 20 kb.
The majority of adenoviruses cause respiratory disease. The diseases include bronchitis, pneumonia, croup, and colds. Adenoviruses, depending on the kind, can also lead to additional conditions such as gastroenteritis, conjunctivitis, cystitis, and, less frequently, neuropathy. Most infections with adenoviruses last between a few days and 1-2 weeks. Severe infections can linger longer and produce symptoms that recur such as coughing. For instance, when changing an infected person's diaper, some adenoviruses can spread through feces. Although it happens very seldom, adenoviruses can also spread through water or in swimming pools.
The complete question is:
You are designing a gene therapy to replace a defective fibrillin gene, which is 22,000 bp long and is important in preventing macular degeneration. Based on your knowledge and resources available from class, which vector is best to use?
(A). Cosmid
(B). Ri plasmid
(C). Ti plasmid
(D) Adenovirus
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Despite government protection, human activities are impacting Okefenokee. In addition to acid rain, precipitation deposits mercury, emitted by coal-burning power plants and waste incinerators, to the swamp. How might this effect animal life in the swamp?
A) mercury levels cause death to all species in the swamp ecosystem
B) mercury in the swamp water is passed back to humans in their drinking water
C) biomagnification of mercury results in toxic levels of mercury high in the food chains
D) air pollution from local-burning planta results in an increase in acid rain which causes death to aquatic species
biomagnification of mercury results in toxic levels of mercury high in the food chains this effect animal life in the swamp.
Biomagnification chemical can accumulate in an organism from exposure to both food and water, leading to a concentration that is higher than what would have happened with just water exposure and, consequently, higher than what equilibrium would predict. This process is known as biomagnification. When contaminated phytoplankton is consumed by slightly larger creatures known as zooplankton, the POPs that are absorbed into their tissues at a higher concentration are biomagnified. A zooplankton will consume more polluted phytoplankton and accumulate more pollutants as a result. Synthetic toxicants produced through artificial means are not considered toxin because a toxin is a poisonous substance produced within living cells or organisms.
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A mineral is able to scratch your fingernail but not glass. We can conclude:
Group of answer choices
the mineral is harder than your fingernail but softer than the glass
the mineral will exhibit cleavage
the mineral was once an igneous rock and is therefore hardened lava
the mineral is softer than your fingernail but harder than the glass
Answer:
the mineral is softer than your fingernail but harder than glass
Explanation:
i think that's the answer
Current climate change is part of normal fluctuation over time.
True
False
how were terrestrial environments occupied by vascular plants and animals, including tetrapods during middle paleozoic
Terrestrial animals' adaptations include body weight, protection, and humidity. Vascular plants thrive because they can transfer water, nutrients, and seeds more effectively.
The Age of Fishes corresponds to the middle Paleozoic.
True roots consisting of vascular tissues have emerged in vascular plants. Rhizoids can absorb less water and minerals from the soil than roots can. All terrestrial plants share four main adaptations: a sporangium where spores are made, a gametangium where haploid cells are produced, and apical meristem tissue in roots and shoots.
Tetrapod species developed seven or more vertebrae, which increased neck movement, as they continued to evolve on land. Early tetrapods' shoulders and pelvis grew and developed, enabling them to carry loads on land. Different skeleton and muscle adaptations that allow for proper support and movement on land.
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inputs of cellular respiration are oxygen and chemical potential energy. outputs of cellular respiration are: group of answer choices water, glucose, and sucrose. carbon dioxide, water, and atp. carbon dioxide, glucose, and fructose. water and energy in the form of adp.
The output of the cellular respiration are Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.
Cell respiration is a sequence of chemical reactions that wreck down glucose to provide ATP, which may be used as power to strength many reactions at some point of the frame. There are 3 major steps of cellular respiration: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
Cellular respiration is the manner that occurs in the mitochondria of organisms (animals and plants) to interrupt down sugar in the presence of oxygen to release power in the form of ATP. This procedure releases carbon dioxide and water as waste products.
There are two sorts of mobile breathing (see mobile breathing concept): aerobic and anaerobic. One happens inside the presence of oxygen (cardio), and one happens inside the absence of oxygen (anaerobic). both begin with glycolysis - the splitting of glucose.
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which type of nissl stain requires a fluorescent microscope (a light microscope is not sufficient to reveal results)
Neurotrace a type of NISSL stain requires a fluorescent microscope as a light microscope is not sufficient to reveal results.
A common histology technique for identifying neurons in the brain and spinal cord is Nissl staining. The Nissl substance, a marker for the physiological status of the neuron, redistributes inside the cell body in injured or regenerating neurons. It is made up of ribosomal RNA coupled with the rough endoplasmic reticulum in neuronal perikarya and dendrites. NeuroTrace 640/660 deep-red fluorescent Nissl stain is more sensitive than conventional histology dyes like toluidine blue or cresyl violet and is selective for the Nissl material that is distinctive of neurons.
A popular technique for examining the anatomy and pathophysiology of neural tissue is Nissl staining. The characteristic staining of the neuronal perikarya is either absent or has a very weak signal after standard immunocytochemistry, leaving only the nucleus of the neurons to be labeled.
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Which 2 events during meiosis increase genetic variation by ensuring that each egg and each sperm will be unique?.
Recombination and independent assortment are the two events that increase genetic variation.
In sexually reproducing organisms, meiosis is a kind of cell division that results in a reduction in the number of chromosomes in gametes (the sex cells, or egg and sperm).
This variety of potential gametes is the result of homologous pair orientation during metaphase of meiosis I and crossing over.
CROSSING OVER: Every cell that undergoes meiosis has a unique set of places where homologues cross across and exchange genetic material. These locations are mostly picked at random. Crossovers will take place at numerous distinct places if meiosis occurs often, as it does in the ovaries and testes of humans. Recombinant chromosomes, or chromosomes where DNA fragments have been exchanged between homologues, are produced in a vast diversity as a result of this repetition.
INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT: Another significant source of gamete variation is the random orientation of homologous pairs during metaphase of meiosis I.
Thus, by these two processes the genetic variation is maintained and thus each gamete is different from other.
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What is the weather like for after a stationary front?
Answer:
cloudy skies and prolonged precipitation can occur, with mesocyclone systems. When the warmer air mass is very humid, heavy or extreme precipitation can occur.
Explanation:
why is running marker proteins of a known weight alongside other proteins that have ambiguous weights important in running an sds-page gel?
They serve as a point of reference for the subunits whose weights are unknown.
What causes proteins to go through the gel and reach the cathode?Proteins act like amino acids in an electrical field due to their positively and negatively charged side chains; during electrophoresis, they migrate to the cathode (negative terminal) at low pH values and to the anode at high pH values (positive terminal).
What roles does SDS play in gel electrophoresis for determining protein sizes?To enable the protein fragments to move through the negatively charged gel, SDS is in charge of providing an overall positive charge to them at an equal charge to mass ratio.
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Why do heart cells have different characteristics than skin cells?
Responses
Heart cells have different DNA than skin cells.
Heart cells reproduce by cell differentiation.
Heart cells express different genes than skin cells.
Heart cells reproduce by mitosis
Answer:
c) Heart cells express different genes than skin cells.
Explanation:
Heart cells have different characteristics than skin cells because, the heart cells express different genes than skin cells. Hence, the option (c) is correct answer.
1. Explain why DNP is effective at preventing the production of ATP in cellular
respiration and photosynthesis. Specify the relevant reactions in
photosynthesis and cellular respiration.Reference any sources that you consulted in composing your response.
2. Given the number of deaths caused by DNP, should it still be allowed to be sold as a commercial herbicide? Support your answer by including the risks and benefits of DNP.
ANSWER BOTH PLEASE THANK YOU
DNP functions as a protonophore, allowing protons to pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane and bypass ATP synthase. This reduces the efficiency of ATP energy production.
What is DNP?2,4-dintrophenol (DNP) aids in the movement of protons across cell membranes, resulting in a decrease in ATP production (adenosine triphosphate, the molecule that transports energy within cells).
DNP acts as a protonophore, allowing protons to bypass ATP synthase by passing through the inner mitochondrial membrane. This reduces the efficiency with which ATP energy is produced.
As a result, the proton gradient cannot form across the inner mitochondrial membrane because H+ (hydrogen ion) pumping is halted. As a result, the pH across the inner membrane of mitochondria will decrease.
DNP is toxic to humans and can result in death as well as serious physical side effects. In the United Kingdom, selling DNP for human consumption is a crime.
Thus, it is dangerous to use DNP.
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Individual bones within the spinal column are called:
A) Vertebrae
B) Ganglia
Answer:
The answer is A) Vertebrae
Ganglia is incorrect because they are clusters of nerve cell bodies
