London dispersion forces are the only intermolecular forces that exist between fluorine and chlorine because they are both non-polar covalent compounds.
What produces the dispersion forces in London?The coulombic interaction between instantaneous dipoles lead to London dispersion forces.All molecules (and atoms) exhibit dispersion forces, which are typically higher for heavier, more polarizable, and molecules with wider area areas.
By London forces, what do you mean?The intermolecular forces or attraction that hold molecules together are known as London forces.Although they are a vander waal's force, they are the only one found in substances without polar dipole molecules.
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What is the name for CuSO3? carbon (II) sulfate copper (II) sulfite carbon sulfte none of these copper (I) sulfate Previous
The inorganic chemical with the formula CuSO3 or CuO3S is copper(II) sulfite.
The inorganic compound copper(II) sulfate, also referred to as copper sulphate, has the formula CuSO4. CuSO4-nH2O hydrates are created, where n can be any value between 1 and 7. When copper loses the electrons in its outermost shell, a chemical known as copper carbonate (Cu2CO3(OH)2) is produced. Copper carbonate, sometimes referred to as copper (II) carbonate, carbonic acid, and copper monocarbonate, transforms into copper salts very fast. The response is polyatomic ionic, or c. The copper +2 cation (Cu2+ C u 2+) and the sulfate anion (SO24 S O 4 2 ) combine to form the ionic compound CuSO4 C u S O 4. Because the anion is made up of many atoms, the compound is.
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the henderson-hasselbach equation may be used to calculate the ph at any point in a titration. group of answer choices false true
True, The following problem illustrates how the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation can be used to determine how much acid and conjugate base should be combined to create a buffer solution with a specific pH.
Using M = mol/L, we can calculate the moles of acetic acid, giving us mol = ML = (2M) * (0.5L) = 1mol acetic acid. When the concentration of the conjugate base (acetate) equals the concentration of acid, as shown by the Hendersen-Hasselbach equation, the pH equals the pKa. The Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation is employed to determine a solution's pH. For many chemical reactions as well as for biological systems, knowing the pH of a solution is crucial. The estimated pH value of a buffer solution can be determined using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. The following problem illustrates how the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation can be used to determine how much acid and conjugate base should be combined to create a buffer solution with a specific pH. The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation explains the link between the acid dissociation constant (pKa), a measure of acidity, and pH in biological and chemical systems. The equation is particularly helpful for determining the equilibrium pH in acid-base processes and predicting the pH of buffer solution.
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Why is dimethylformamide a polar aprotic solvent?
Due to its polar nature and lack of OH or NH groups, dimethylformamide is a polar aprotic solvent. The molecule is made polar by its polar C=O and C-N links. The molecule is aprotic because neither O-H nor N-H bonds exist.
The inability of polar aprotic solvents to form hydrogen bonds with the substrate is referred to as eroticism. They lack hydrogen atoms that can form hydrogen bonds and do not contain any hydrogen atoms that are directly coupled to an electronegative atom.
As illustrations, consider acetone, chloroform, dichloromethane, and other aprotic solvents.
"Borderline" Polar Aprotic Solvents Have Low (10) Dielectric Constants And Small Dipole Moments :
Compared to nonpolar solvents, these solvents have slightly higher dielectric constants (between 5 and 20). They are suitable "general purpose" solvents for a variety of processes due to their moderate polarity. Because they lack O-H or N-H bonds, they are "aprotic." They just operate as the conduit for our aims; they don't take part in the reactions.
With High (>10) Dielectric Constants, Four Key Polar Aprotic Solvents
These solvents all have high dielectric constants (>20), but they don't engage in hydrogen bonding (no O-H or N-H bonds). They can dissolve charged species like different anions utilized as nucleophiles due to their high polarity. These nucleophiles are more reactive because they are comparatively "free" in solution due to the absence of hydrogen bonding in the solvent. These solvents do not engage in reactions in the way that we need them to.
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plutonium-236 is an alpha emitter with a half-life of 2.86 years. if a sample initially contains 1.35 mg of pu-236, how long will it take for the sample to decay to 0.100 mg?
Time it will it take for the sample to decay to 0.100 mg is 23.39 years.
The time can be calculated by the formula is given as :
T = (t)^n
t = half life = 2.86 years
n = no. of the half time
no. of half lives sample
1.35 0.67
0.67 0.33
0.33 0.16
T = (t)^n
= ( 2.86 ) ^ 3
= 23.39 years
Thus, plutonium-236 is an alpha emitter with a half-life of 2.86 years. if a sample initially contains 1.35 mg of pu-236, it take for the sample to decay to 0.100 mg is 23.39 years.
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How many pieces of rice are in one mole of rice?
There are about 1500 pieces of rice in one mole of rice.
What is the mole?We know that the mole is the unit of the amount of substance. As a matter of fact, professor Avogadro was the first person to be able to draw up the idea of the mole. We know that there are about 6.02 * 10^23 particles that are present in one mole of a substance.
If we are looking at rice, then we have to arbitrarily decide the amount of rice or the number of the pieces of rice that we would classify as a mole of rice as it follows the concept of Avogadro.
Thus, the mole is used as a unit of the amount of substance.
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ow do you draw a Lewis Structure for SiCl_2Br_2?
Lewis Structure for SiCl₂Br₂
What is a Lewis structure?A Lewis Structure is a greatly condensed illustration of a molecule's valence shell electrons. It is used to display how the electrons are positioned around particular molecules' atoms. When two atoms are bonded together, electrons are depicted as "dots" or as a line. The octet rule and formal charges must be satisfied if the "optimal" electron configuration is to be achieved.
why is Lewis structure important?When used in conjunction with hybrid orbitals, Lewis structures can also be helpful in predicting molecular geometry.
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2. (**) modern vacuum pumps make it easy to attain pressures of the order of 10-13 atm in the laboratory. consider a volume of air and treat the air as an ideal gas. a. at a pressure of 9.00 * 10-14 atm and an ordinary temperature of 300.0 k, how many molecules are present in a volume of 1.00 cm3 ? b. how many molecules would be present at the same temperature but at 1.00 atm instead?
The number of air molecules in a volume of 1.00 cm3 under the conditions of the vacuum pump is 3.65 * 10-15 moles and those that would be present at the same temperature but at 1.00 atm would be 0, 04 moles
The vacuum pump is a device that extracts gas molecules from a sealed volume, to create a partial vacuum, and is frequently used in industry, especially food.
To perform both calculations considering air as an ideal gas, the equation PV = nrt is used, in which
P = Pressure
V = Volume
n = number of moles
R = Gas constant
t = temperature
Calculation of the number of air molecules in a volume of 1.00 cm3 under the conditions of the vacuum pumpData
t = 300K
V = 1L
P = 9.00 * 10-14 atm
R = 0.082 L Atm / mol °K .
n = ?
PV = nrt
n = PV/rt
n = 9.00 * 10-14. 1 / 0.082 . 300
n = 9.00 * 10-14 / 24.6
n = 3.65 * 10-15 moles
Calculation of the number of molecules present at the same temperature but at 1.00 atmData
t = 300K
V = 1L
P = 1 atm
R = 0.082 L Atm / mol °K .
n = ?
PV = nrt
n = PV/rt
n=1. 1 / 0.082 . 300
n = 1 / 24.6
n = 0.04 mole
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for this question consider the figure to the right shows an energy level diagram for a certain atom
1) The atom's ground state is A
2) There are two states of excitement
3) The line spectrum has three lines.
4) The wavelength of the transition A-B is the shortest.
5) The transition between B and C has the longest wavelength.
The energy diagram is what.
We are aware that the energy diagram relates to the way in which the atom's electrons can be grouped into different energy levels. The ground state, the lowest energy level, would always be where the energy levels would start. The excited states of the atom or the molecules, depending on the situation, are the other higher energy levels that are above the ground state of the atom.
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at what point in the titration does the concentration of acetic acid equal the concentration of the acetate ion
If you were titrating acetic acid with a base, the equivalence point would be where you had added as much base to the solution as acetic acid (i.e. moles of base vs moles acid). This is the point at which all of the acetic acid has been neutralised.
solution's concentration is described as the quantity of solute in a given size of the solution. It can be explained as follows: Mass divided by the mass percentage of a remedy corresponds mass of solute/mass of solution 100. Subtract the solute's mass from of the overall volume of the solution. Calculate C = m/V, where m seems to be the solute's mass and V is indeed the volume of the solution. Divide this same values you discovered for mass and volume to discover the concentration of your solution.
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HELP ASAP PLEASE HURRY!!!! WILL MARK BRAINLEST!!!!!!!
Nuclear reaction 1 represents a beta decay as a neutron is emitted as one of the products.
What is nuclear reaction?There are two types of nuclear reactions which are nuclear fusion and nuclear fission .They involve the combination and disintegration of the element's nucleus respectively.
In nuclear fission, the nucleus of the atom is bombarded with electrons of low energy which splits the nucleus in to two parts .Large amount of energy is released in the process.It is used in nuclear power reactors as it produces large amount of energy.
In nuclear fusion,on the other hand, is a reaction which occurs when two or more atoms combine to form a heavy nucleus.Large amount of energy is released in the process which is greater than that of the energy which is released in nuclear fission process.
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Draw the Lewis structure for bromoethane C2H5Br . Be certain you include any lone pairs.
The Lewis structure is attached below:
What is the Lewis structure?Lewis structures also called electron dot structures, or Lewis electron dot structures, are diagrams that show the bonding between atoms of a molecule, as well as the lone pairs of electrons that may exist in the molecule.
The Lewis rule states that Hydrogen atoms form only single bonds and they are always at the ends of a sequence of atoms. Hydrogen often is bonded to carbon, nitrogen or oxygen. Oxygen atoms usually do not bond to each other, except for O2, O3, superoxides and peroxides.
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if you wished to reduce the amount of co2 in the atmosphere, which source would be most important to control? explain why.
If you wished to reduce the amount of CO₂ in the atmosphere, The source would be most important to control is the fossil fuel.
The Fossil fuels are the main source of the carbon dioxide . so, to control the production of the carbon dioxide , CO₂ the most important source to control is the fossil fuel. when we burn the fossil fuels they will release the large amount of the carbon dioxide and the greenhouse gases in the air. the fossil fuels like the coal and the oil will increased the amount of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
The process of the burning of coal involves the combination of the carbon and the oxygen in the air present to produce the carbon dioxide.
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How many phases does every solution have? Explain.
A solution can have only one phase.
When we mix to compound together like alcohol in water then we can observe that they are fully miscible in each other.
We have to observe hair that both the solute and the solvent has the same phase so the resulting mixture will also have only one phase.
When the solute and the solvent are immiscible they forms a two-phade system. Because they former interface between the water and oil surfaces.
But normally it is observed that a solution has only one phase which same as the phase of the solvent and the Solute.
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What is the nuclear symbol for a radioactive isotope of copper with a mass number of 60?
a
.
60
29
Cu
b
.
29
60
Cu
c
.
60
31
Cu
d
.
31
29
Cu
Copper | PubChem | Cu-60
The number of protons and neutrons in an element's atom are represented by the isotope's nuclear symbol.
It doesn't specify how many electrons are present. There is no mention of the neutron count. Instead, you must calculate it using the atomic number or protons' number. Lesson Summary. In the full nuclear symbol, the mass number (the sum of the protons and neutrons) is superscripted at the upper left and the atomic number (the number of protons in the nucleus) is subscripted at the lower left. The atomic number of an atom, which is represented by the sign Z, determines its chemical composition. The total amount of protons in a nuclear symbol. .
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1- list the definition of defense mechanisms: a. sublimation b. reaction formation c. displacement d. repression e. denial f. projection g. identification h. introjection i. undoing
List the definition of defense mechanisms: denial, repression, projection, displacement, regression, sublimation, rationalization, reaction formation, introjection & identification.
Explain the defense mechanisms ?According to psychoanalytic theory, a defense mechanism is an unconscious psychological process that guards against anxiety-inducing thoughts and sensations associated with internal conflicts and external pressures.Depending on the situation and how often it is utilized, defense mechanisms can have either helpful or detrimental effects. Defense mechanisms, or Abwehrmechanismen in German, are psychological techniques used by the unconscious mind to control, reject, or distort reality in order to combat anxiety-inducing emotions and undesirable impulses and to preserve one's self-schema or other schemas.Repression, or the hiding of an unpleasant feeling or thought from one's awareness, even though it might reappear in a symbolic form; identification, or assimilating an object or thought into oneself; and rationalization, or the justification of one's behavior and motivations by substituting "good" acceptable reasons for the actual motivations, are some of the processes that manipulate, deny, or distort reality.Learn more about Defense mechanisms refer to :
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which evidence was most informative for evaluating whether normal vesicle movement occurred in vale's reconstituted system?
To power the molecular motors that move vesicles, fast axonal transport (FAT) needs constant energy across vast distances.
How does the vesicle migration look?Vesicle motions have been seen to have a clear direction of movement and to copurify with kinesin motor activity. The current body of research supports the theory that kinesin and retrograde motors attach to the correct vesicle to power vesicle movements in vivo.
How are vesicles propelled by motor proteins?Organelles and vesicles are transported by myosin and kinesin motor proteins as they move through the cytoskeleton using the energy produced by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) breakdown.
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The compound NH4CH3COO is an ionic compound. What are the ions of which it is composed? Cation formula Anion formula
The compound NH4CH3COO is an ionic compound. NH4+ and CH3- are the ions of which it is composed. Cation formula is CH3- and anion formula NH4+.
Although not every miner had the good fortune to discover extraordinarily big gold nuggets, some did go on to become extremely wealthy (of course, a large number of others went back home broke). Numerous known elements don't exist in their purest form. They are only present in compounds because they are so reactive. Ions are the name for these non-elemental formations. Compared to the elements they are derived from, they have very different properties. When generating ions, some elements lose one or more electrons. Because they are positively charged and move toward the negative electrode (cathode) in an electrical field, these ions are referred to as "cations." By examining the periodic table below, we can see that group 1 elements all have a single s electron in their outer orbit, while group 2 elements have two s electrons. These electrons are only weakly bound to the atom and are easily released, leaving the atom with more protons than electrons and giving rise to an ion with a positive charge. Many of the transition elements can also lose electrons, resulting in the formation of cations.
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Which element in Group 17 is the most active nonmetal? (1) Br (2) I (3) Cl (4) F
The element of the group 17 that is most active non metal is fluorine.
The group 17 of the periodic table contains bromine(Br), iodine(I), Chlorine(Cl) and fluorine(F).
Among all the elements of the group 17. Fluorine is the smallest in size.
Because of the small size of fluorine it has the highest electronegativity in group 17.
This high electronegativity makes it a very active non metal. It provides a very high oxidizing power and low dissociation energy to the fluorine atom.
Also because of the very small size the source of attraction between the nucleus and the electrons is very high in floor in atom.
It reacts readily to form oxides and hydroxides.
So, we can conclude here that fluorine is the most active non metal of group 17.
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nuclear decay occurs according to first-order kinetics. a nuclide decays in 3.40 days from 45.0 g to 12.1 g. what is the rate constant for the nuclide?
Its rate constant again for nuclide is 0.388 days per one. First-order kinetics governs how nuclear decay happens. At 45.0 g down 12.1 g, a nuclide degrades every 3.40 days.
How do you define a nuclide?Nuclide, also known as nuclear species, is an atom species that is identified by the amount of protons, neutrons, and the energetic state of the nucleus. As a result, a nuclide is identified by its quantity (A) and atomic number (Z).
What is an example of a nuclide?A similar options is a type of atom that has a certain ratio of protons to neutrons in its nucleus, such as carbon-13's 6 protons to 7 neutrons.
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cos intermolecular forces
Sample Answer: COS, a polar molecule, shows dipole-dipole forces in addition to London Dispersion Forces, which are present in both CS2 and COS. However
the London Dispersion Forces in CS2 are so powerful that they are able to overcome the COS dipole-dipole forces as well as the LDFs. Hydrogen bonding is the intermolecular force that exists in carbonyl sulfide. This substance is frequently employed in several small-scale chemical production processes. The greatest intermolecular force is the Coulomb or electrostatic force, which is also responsible for the ionic bonding of salts like NaCl. The electrostatic force is attractive for atoms with opposing charges, although that is an oversimplification of what actually occurs between atoms.
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toxic chemicals dumped into a river are an example of .a.pollutionb.greenhouse gasesc.smogd.ozone
The correct answer is option a.
Toxic chemicals dumped into a river are an example of water pollution.
What is Pollution?Pollution is the process of making land, water, air or other parts of the environment dirty and not safe or suitable to use. This is done through the introduction of a contaminant into a natural environment.
Types of PollutionLand - Land can become polluted by household garbage and also by industrial waste. Households generate hazardous waste including paints and solvents, motor oil, fluorescent lights, aerosol cans and ammunition which are harmful to the environment.
Water - Water pollution happens when chemicals or dangerous foreign substances are introduced to water bodies, including chemicals, sewage, pesticides and fertilizers from farms, or metals like lead or mercury.
Air - Air pollution occurs when things that aren't normally there are added to the air. A common type of air pollution happens when people release particles into the air from burning fuels.
Noise - Noise pollution happens when the sound coming from planes, large machinery in industries or other sources reaches harmful levels.
Types and sources of water pollutantsWater bodies can be polluted by a wide variety of substances which include the following;
pathogenic microorganismorganic wastefertilizers and plant nutrientstoxic chemicalssedimentsheatpetroleum (oil)radioactive substances.Waste is toxic if it is poisonous, radioactive, explosive, carcinogenic (causing cancer), mutagenic (causing damage to chromosomes), teratogenic (causing birth defects), or bioaccumulative (that is, increasing in concentration at the higher ends of food chains).
Sources of toxic chemicals include improperly disposed wastewater from industrial plants and chemical process facilities (lead, mercury, chromium) as well as surface runoff containing pesticides used on agricultural areas.
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What is the Lewis Structure of CHF2Cl?
Each atom in a compound's structure is displayed in its position using the Lewis structure. The chemical name of CHF2Cl is chlorodifluoromethane.
What is Lewis structure?
Lewis structures, often referred to as Lewis dot formulas, electron dot structures, or Lewis electron dot structures, are diagrams that depict the interactions between the atoms in a molecule as well as any lone pairs of electrons that may be present. The valence shell electrons in a molecule are depicted in an extremely simplified manner by a Lewis Structure.
Why Lewis structure is important?
When used in conjunction with hybrid orbitals, Lewis structures can also be helpful in predicting molecular geometry.
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draw the alcohol that is oxidized to give the product shown below. show all hydrogen atoms.
The structure from which the product was obtained has been shown in the image attached to this answer.
What is the compound?We need to refresh our mind about the oxidation of the alcohols. When we alcohol, the compound that we would obtain, we depend on the kind of alcohol that is oxidized as we can see. When we oxidize a primary alcohol, we would obtain a carboxylic acid which can be further oxidized to give an alkanone.
When we oxidize a secondary alcohol, we would now obtain a ketone. We have to look at the structure of the product that we have and this would then give us an idea of the kind of the compound that may have been oxidized so that we can be able to get the compound as it has been shown.
Since the product of the oxidation is an alkanoic acid, we can be able to see that the compound that it was obtained from is a primary alcohol
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write the ion (atom) that has 10 electrons and has lost 3 electrons.
The ion that has 10 electrons and lost 3 electrons is aluminum (Al³⁺).
An atom or molecule with a net electrical charge is known as an "ion." Conventionally, the electron charge is negative. This charge is equal to and opposite to the proton charge, which is positive.
Given that the ion has approximately 10 + 3 = 13 electrons, this is the number of electrons, which is equal to the number of protons. The number of protons is the element's atomic number.
Looking through the periodic table, find the element that has an atomic number of 13. We have found it to be aluminum (Al). Its ion form is written as Al³⁺. To form an ion, aluminum loses three electrons. As a result, it carries a 3+ charge.
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given that you wished to use exactly 0.325 mole of nacl to prepare a 2.50 m nacl solution, how many milliliters of solution must you prepare? group of answer choices
You must make an 813 ml solution.
M is equal to the moles of solute/liters of solution. L = moles x Molarity will give you liters.
2.50 M x 0.325 mole = 0.813 L, therefore. For milliliters, multiply by 1000. 813 ml has 3 significant digits, so.
Any mixture of one or more solutes that have been dissolved in a solvent is referred to as a solution. a solvent is a substance that helps a solute dissolve so that a homogenous mixture results. solute: the substance that dissolves in a solvent to create a homogenous mixturesolvent: the substance in which a solute dissolves to create a homogeneous mixture
When a substance dissolves in a solvent, a homogenous mixture is created, which is known as a solute.
The solvent, which is present in the highest concentration, should be noted. Solutions come in a wide variety of forms. A solute could be a solid, liquid, or gas, for instance. Besides being solids or liquids, solvents can also be gases.
The microscopic actions of numerous distinct solutions types are depicted in the following images. Be aware that the solution in each scenario
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ba(oh)2 is a strong electrolyte. determine the concentration of each of the individual ions in a 0.800 m ba(oh)2 solution.
In some kind of a 0.800 m ba(oh)2 solution, each individual ion has a concentration of 1.81M.
What are the 5 most common electrolytes?Together with magnesium, calcite, phosphate, and bicarbonates, salt, potassium, & chloride are the important electrolytes. We obtain electrolytes from our diet and drinks. Unbalanced amounts of these electrolytes might result in either low or high levels.
Briefing:In a solution of Ba(OH)2 at a concentration of 0750 M, Ba2+ is the predominant ion. = 0.800M and OH⁻ = 1.50 M.
The dissociation equation is:
Ba(OH)²(s)=Ba²+aq+2OH-aq
Using the Ba(OH)2 mole ratio: Ba₂⁺which is 1: 1 the concentration of Ba² is = 0.750M
By utilising Ba(OH)2's mole ratio: which is 1:2 the concentration of
OH=0.800*2/1
=1.81M
Individual ion concentration is therefore ba(oh)2 = 0.800M & = 1.81M.
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CHEMISTRY 50 POINTS!
Which of the following explains the VSEPR geometry of a water molecule?
A) It is tetrahedral because there are four bonded pairs around oxygen.
B) It is bent because there are four bonded pairs around oxygen.
C) It is tetrahedral because there are two bonded pairs and two lone pairs around oxygen.
D) It is bent because there are two bonded pairs and two lone pairs around oxygen.
Answer: D
Explanation:
Water is comprised of 2 Hydrogen atoms and 1 Oxygen atom. This gives us a total of 8 valence electrons to form bonds with.
Because Hydrogen is in first row of elements it can only hold a total of two electrons. This means each Hydrogen holds 2 electrons.
But that means there are four more electrons. VSEPR theory is basically how electron repulsion causes atoms to arrange in different ways.
There will be four electrons left on the oxygen because they can not go anywhere else. This will cause the hydrogen molecules to move away from the lone electrons and cause a bent geometry rather than a straight-line geometry.
In nuclear fission reactions, what causes the atom's nucleus to become
unstable?
A. Control rods being inserted into the nucleus
O B. Extreme temperatures released by fuel rods
O C. The absorption of a free-moving neutron by the atom's nucleus
OD. The nucleus absorbing freely moving protons
C. The absorption of a free-moving neutron by the atom's nucleus
In a nuclear fission reaction, the nucleus of an atom becomes unstable when it absorbs a free-moving neutron. This can cause the nucleus to break apart into two or smaller fragments, releasing a large amount of energy in the process. Other factors, such as the temperature and pressure of the surrounding environment, can also affect the stability of the nucleus, but the absorption of a neutron is typically the primary cause of instability in a nuclear fission reaction. Control rods, which are used to regulate the rate of the reaction, do not directly cause the nucleus to become unstable, and the absorption of protons by the nucleus is not typically a factor in nuclear fission reactions.
Order the following species with respect to the carbon-oxygen bond length (longest to shortest): CO,CO2,CO32,CH3OH What is the order from the weakest to the strongest carbon-oxygen bond?
The order from the weakest to the strongest carbon oxygen bond length is,
CH3OH < CO3 < CO2 < CO.
In a carbon - oxygen bond, Carbon and oxygen form terminal double bonds in functional groups known as carbonyl compounds to which belong such compounds as ketones, esters and carboxylic acids and many more. Bond length is defined as the distance between the centers of two covalently bonded atoms. The length of the bond is determined by the number of bonded electrons that is called bond order. The higher the bond order, the stronger the pull between the two atoms and the shorter the bond length. Generally, the length of the bond between two atoms is approximately the sum of the covalent radii of the two atoms.
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because of texas's highly decentralized system, __________.
The willingness—and occasionally the self-interest—of the agency's heads might make it difficult for them to cooperate and coordinate. Elected executive officeholders have a great deal of control over their personnel systems and have closely preserved this privilege.
In Texas, the governor's ability to manage the bureaucracy is constrained by three factors: (1) limited appointment, removal, and directive powers; (2) lack of a true executive budget; and (3) fragmentation of the executive. Important arguments in favor of decentralizing government include the fact that it fosters an effective and dependable administration, intensifies and enhances local development, better assures the local population's rights to an effective voice in politics, and better defends minorities.
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