About approximately four billion years ago, the first organic compounds started to form. This could have occurred when chemical processes in the early atmosphere of Earth were triggered by lightning.
The definition of macromoleculesIn essence, macromolecules are polymers, which are composed of several long chains of monomeric molecules. Proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids all exist as lengthy polymers. They are referred to as macromolecules because of their huge size and polymeric makeup.
What makes them macromolecules?They frequently result from the synthesis of smaller molecules like as proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides. A polymer is another term for a macromolecule that comes from the Greek word poly-, which means "many units."
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sodium carbonate (na2co3) is available in very pure form and can be used to standardize acid solutions. what is the molarity of an hcl solution if 33.3 ml of the solution is required to react with 0.256 g of na2co3?
The molarity of an HCl solution will be 0.145 M in the given solution.
The given data are;
volume of solution = 33.3 ml = 0.0333 L
mass of Na₂CO₃ =0.256 g
Step-by-step explanation:
The balanced equation for the reaction is;
2HCl(aq) + Na₂CO₃(s) → CO₂(g) + H₂O(l) + 2NaCl(aq)
Mol of HCl needed to react with 0.256g Na₂CO₃
= 0.256 g Na₂CO₃ × (1 mol Na₂CO₃ / 105.99 g Na₂CO₃) × 1 mol HCl /1 mol Na₂CO₃)
= 4.831 × 10 ⁻³ mol HCl
Molarity of HCl = mole of HCl / solution in L
= (4.831 × 10 ⁻³ mol HCl / 0.0333 L)
= 0.145 mole per L
= 0.145 M
Molarity is the number of moles of a substance consistent with the liter of the answer, also referred to as molar concentration.
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What does Marx say about value?.
According to Marx, human effort is the source of all value in goods. He assessed the notion that value is shared by all goods in order to reach his conclusion.
What is the core idea of Karl Marx?The conflict between the capitalists and the working class is the central theme of Marxism, a social, political, and economic theory that was developed by Karl Marx. Marx argued that because of the intrinsic exploitation present in the power dynamics between capitalists and workers, there would necessarily be class war.
Clearly defined, what is a Marxist?Marxist Share. Include on list. Marxists are those who fervently support the political, economic, and intellectual viewpoints of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Capitalism is particularly decried by Marxists.
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What are the 4 character archetypes?.
The four character archetypes are the Hero, he Guide, the Everyman, and the Innocent.
Describe archetypes.In literary criticism, an archetype is a primal picture, figure, or pattern of situations that recurs across literature and is thought frequently enough to be regarded as a general proposition or scenario (from the Greek archetypos, "original pattern").
What type of person is Jesus?Jesus' historical personification of the supreme paradigm, the divine hero, is something we can accept. We might think of him as embodying that archetype and serving as a model about our own humanity. Christianity can be viewed as a way of life as opposed to a belief system.
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Does magnesium oxide treat indigestion?.
Different applications for magnesium oxide exist. As an antacid, some individuals take it to treat acid indigestion, sour stomach, and heartburn. In order to quickly and temporarily clear the bowels.
As a naturally occurring form of periclase, magnesium oxide (MgO), often known as magnesia, is a white hygroscopic solid mineral (see also oxide). MgO is its empirical formula, and it is made up of a lattice of Mg2+ and O2 ions that are bound together by ionic bonding. Magnesium hydroxide is created when magnesium and water are present (MgO + H2O Mg(OH)2), although this reaction may be stopped by heating the solution to eliminate the moisture.
Magnesium oxide was once referred to as magnesia alba, or the "white mineral from Magnesia," to distinguish it from the "black mineral," or "magnesia Negra," which included what is now recognized as manganese.
The chemical magnesium peroxide, commonly known as MgO2, is also known as "magnesium oxide," although the term often refers to MgO. MgO2 is thermodynamically stable, according to evolutionary crystal structure prediction.
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what is the formal charge on the n atom in the nitrate ion no3- in the lewish structure where all atoms obey the octet rulle
There are no lone pairs and the central atom in NO3- is bonded to three oxygen atoms. One of the nitrogen-oxygen bonds in the Lewis structure is a double bond, while the other two are single bonds.
What is the Hybridization of Nitrate?Drawing the Lewis structure is the simplest method for determining the hybridization of nitrate. We must count the electron pairs and bonds that are present in the central nitrogen atom after drawing the diagram. There are no lone pairs and three oxygen atoms are linked to the center atom in NO3-. One of the nitrogen-oxygen linkages is a double bond and two are single bonds, according to a closer examination of the Lewis structure.Three of nitrogen's sp2 orbitals and one of oxygen's s orbitals overlap as they bond. As for the nitrogen p orbital, it joins with three oxygen atoms to form a double bond in which three pairs of electrons are shared by the nitrogen p orbital and one p orbital from each oxygen atom. Additionally, the oxygen atoms will have two p orbitals for lone electron pairs.To Learn more about NO3- refer to:
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why is the intermolecular force is always stronger at the surface of a liquid than in the middle of the liquid
The intermolecular force is always stronger at the surface of a liquid than in the middle of the liquid because of the cohesive force present in the liquid molecule.
Surface tension of a liquid is the energy required to increase the surface area of a liquid by a unit of area. This surface tension in a liquid results from an imbalanced intermolecular forces, which is known as cohesive forces. The cohesive force is defined as the action of property of molecules, which sticks to one another due to the mutual attraction.
In the middle of the liquid, a molecule in the bulk liquid experience cohesive force. It experiences cohesive force with other molecules in the all directions. At the surface of a liquid, a liquid experiences net inward cohesive forces.
On the surface of a liquid, one molecule is not surrounded by other molecule. In the middle of a liquid, unbalanced attraction pull the molecules in a backward direction.
Therefore, the intermolecular force is always stronger at the surface of a liquid than in the middle of the liquid due to the cohesive force.
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which of the following systems (i.e., pair of metals) would you expect to exhibit complete solid solubility? explain your answers. cr-v mg-zn al-zr
Get the vanadium and chrome atomic radius from the time. Cr, V, Ag, and Au are the substances that have perfect solubility in solids.
The total distance between an atom's nucleus and its electron's outermost orbital is known as the atomic radius or atomic radius . The average or typical distance between a chemical element's nucleus and the edge of its neighboring electron shells is what we refer to as the atomic radius of that element. The ionic radius is the distance an ion's nucleus must travel before its effect on the electron cloud is felt. An atom gains or loses electrons to produce ions. Covalent radii in a molecule are equal to half the distance between the nuclei of two atoms of the same element that are covalently bound to one another. Metallic radii: In a metallic lattice, a metallic radius is equal to one-half the internuclear space between two adjacent metal ions.
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Which of the following would you least expect to find in CaCl2(aq)?
a. H2O molecules
b. CaCl2 molecules
c. Ca2+ ions
d. Cl− ions
Ions can be made by single element or covalently bonded group of elements. The covalently bonded group of elements is called polyatomic ions or polyatomic atoms. Therefore the correct option is option D.
What is Ions?Any species that contain charge whether it is positive charge or negative charge is called ions. The example of polyatomic ions are sulfate, phosphate, nitrate etc.
Cation is the species that loose electron and attain positive charge while anion is a species which gain electron and attains negative charge so when anion and cation combine in fixed ration the the overall charge of the molecule is zero that is molecule is neutral, the charge over cation and anion is also called oxidation state.
In CaCl[tex]_2[/tex](aq), CaCl[tex]_2[/tex] molecules, H[tex]_2[/tex]O molecules, Ca²⁺ ions and Cl⁻ ions will be present.
Therefore the correct option is option D.
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there were four metal cubes, two plastic cubes, and two wooden cubes. if you looked at the materials of metal, plastic, and wood, how would you rank them from most dense to least dense
The densest material is metal, followed by wood and plastic, which are both less dense than metal and wood. Mass per unit of volume is referred to as density.
The Latin letter D can also be used to represent density, however the most common symbol is (the lower case Greek letter rho). The definition of density is the mass of a substance per unit volume. Density is defined as the ratio of mass to volume, or mass per unit volume. The amount of material contained in an object per unit volume is measured (cubic metre or cubic centimeter). A measurement of how closely matter is packed together is called density. Metal is any of a group of substances with strong thermal and electrical conductivity, malleability, ductility, and high light reflection are known as metals.
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Use the list of reagents and conditions above to efficiently synthesize the product on the right from the starting material on the left. a e NaOE LDA, THF, -78 °C b CHE! PhCH2Br d H,C=CHCH,Br i Bra, CH3CO2H i HCI, H2O, A k Li,CO3, LiBr, DMF 1 PCC f [1] CH.Mgl, [2] H2O g [1] PhCH2MgBr, [2] H2O h [1] LiAlH4, [2] H2O с 仓 steps OH
To successfully synthesize the product, use the reagents and conditions listed above, that include Hcl, H2O,[2] H2O h [1] CH3CO2H NaOE, LiAlH4, and LDA.
What are examples of synthesize?Everything that is needed would be to establish a connection or to put things together. Inside an effort to help others link disparate ideas, we naturally blend knowledge. Synthesis occurs, for instance, when you discuss with a friend what various friends have said about a piece of music or a movie.
What does synthesizing mean in writing?Synthesis is the process of combining different elements to create a whole. When instructing students to produce a literature search or any work that calls for the utilization of numerous sources, writing instructors frequently use this term.
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the first neuron in a chain is a primary neuron. the dendrites of this neuron are part of the receptor that detects a specific stimulus. the cell bodies of these neurons reside in the of spinal nerves. the axon projects to a secondary neuron within the cns. the secondary neuron is . the cell body of this neuron resides within either the posterior horn of the spinal cord or a . the axon of a secondary neuron projects either to the thalamus for sensations or to the cerebellum for proprioception. the secondary neuron to the thalamus synapses with the tertiary neuron, the third neuron in the chain. the tertiary neuron is also an interneuron, and its cell body resides within the . the axon of the tertiary neuron projects to the primary somatosensory cortex of the parietal lobe.
The first neuron in a chain is a primary neuron. The dendrites of this sensory neuron are part of the receptor that detects a specific stimulus.
The cell bodies of these neurons reside in the posterior root ganglia of spinal nerves
The axon projects to a secondary neuron within the CNS. - The secondary neuron is an interneuron
What are Dendrites?Dendrites are appendages that receive communications from other cells. They have a tree-like structure, with projections that are stimulated by other neurons and conduct electrochemical charge to the cell body (or, more rarely, directly to the axons). Axons carry messages through your body's systems, and dendrites receive and process those messages.
A neuron may have only one axon, but more than one set of dendrites. A primary neuron is the first neuron in a chain. This sensory neuron's dendrites are part of the receptor that detects a specific stimulus. The cell bodies of these neurons are found in the spinal nerves' posterior root ganglia.
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how is the presence of the discrete spectrum of excited elements good evidence for the existence of electron energy levels in the atom
The emission and absorption spectra of atoms provide as proof for these energy levels. By heating a sample of an element, an emission spectrum can be produced.
What is the proof that atoms have energy levels?The emission and absorption spectra of atoms provide as proof for these energy levels. By heating a sample of an element, an emission spectrum can be produced.The electrons gain energy as a result and go up the energy levels. They then randomly jump down again, emitting photons with quantifiable frequencies.The movement of electrons within the atom from one energy level to another is shown by spectral lines. An atom's repeated ionizations imply the existence of energy shells with significant energy gaps between them.To learn more about Atoms refer to:
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Which of the following are true regarding the treatment of Class I carbonyl groups with Grignard reagents? Tertiary alcohols are formed. Equivalent control can be used. No reaction takes place. What is the name of the compound shown below? A) (2R)-2-chloro-N-ethyl-propane-1-amine B) (2R)-2-chloro-ethyl-propane-1-amine C) (2S)-2-chloro-ethyl-propane-1-amine D) N-ethyl-2-chloro-propane-1-amine E) None are correct.
When carbonyl compound is treated with Grignard reagent then it will form primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols.
Primary, secondary, as well as tertiary alcohols are produced by the addition of Grignard reagents onto carbonyl compounds. Through combining formaldehyde and the Grignard reagent, R′MgX, a primary alcohol can be created. Secondary alcohol is produced when a Grignard reagent is combined with an aldehyde.
Alkyl as well as alkenyl halides and magnesium metal combine to generate Grignard reagents. These interact only with electrophiles like epoxides as well as carbonyl molecules (aldehydes, ketones, esters, carbon dioxide, etc.) because they are excellent nucleophiles.
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the partial pressure of carbon dioxide ( pco2 ) in the alveoli is affected by several factors. classify each of the following conditions as causing an increase, decrease, or no change in alveolar pco2 .
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide ( Pco₂ ) in the alveoli is affected by several factors. increase Pco₂ , decrease alveolar ventilation and same metabolism and vice versa is hypoventilation. decrease Pco₂ is hyperventilation. no change in Pco₂,breathing air with low amount of Pco₂
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is affected by :
The increase Pco₂ :decrease alveolar ventilation and the unchanged metabolism and the vice versa called as hypoventilation. decrease Pco₂ increase alveolar ventilation and unchanged metabolism and vice versa called as hyperventilation. no change in Pco₂ , breathing air with low amount of Pco₂.
Thus, The partial pressure of carbon dioxide ( Pco₂ ) in the alveoli is affected by several factors. ach of the following conditions as causing an increase, decrease, or no change in alveolar Pco₂ : increase Pco₂ , decrease alveolar ventilation. decrease Pco₂ increase alveolar ventilation. no change in Pco₂ , breathing air with low amount of Pco₂
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If a substance is melted from a solid into a liquid, what property of the substance would also be effected?.
A substance's density, energy, and intermolecular bonds between particles would be affected if it had to melt from a solid into a liquid.
The solid and liquid phases are in equilibrium at the melting point.
The chemical bonding and melting point of the substance are not affected by melting because it is a physical change (process) in which the same substance is present before and after.
Since atoms in solids are arranged farther apart, their density in liquids is often lower.
Atoms and molecules move more quickly in liquids due to their increased energy.
In liquids, intermolecular bonds are weaker.
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determine the correct sequence of steps used in carrying out a measurement using a ph probe. arrange them in order from first to last. these steps can be copied directly into your fundamental skills procedures.
Probing from the soln. Rinse the probe with distilled water, then pat it dry. Placing a probe in the sample being tested Check the pH, pressure, and temp readings on the meter for the sample solution. Place probe in storage medium after rinsing and drying it.
What does the term "fundamental" mean?Fundamental: of, pertaining to, or influencing the foundation or base: a fundamental reform. Functioning as, or serving as an essential component of, a foundation or base; basic; foundational: core concepts; the fundamental structure. being a unique or original source: a core concept.
What is a fundamental example?Adjective The Constitution protects our basic rights. Those two political parties differ in a number of important ways. These concepts are crucial in every way.
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a 3.79 l container can hold 0.15 moles h2 gas. what mass of zn is required to generate 0.15 mol h2
Zn + 2HCl -> ZnCl2 + H2
The mass of zinc, Zn required to generate 0.15 mole of H₂, given the reaction is 9.807 grams
How do I determine the mass of Zn required?Let us consider the balanced equation to obtain useful information.
Zn + 2HCl -> ZnCl₂ + H₂
From the balanced equation above,
1 mole of H₂ was obtained from 1 mole of Zn
Therefore,
0.15 mole of H₂ will also be obtained from 0.15 mole of Zn.
Finally, we can obtain the mass of zinc, Zn required as follow:
Molar mass of zinc, Zn = 65.38 g/mol Mole of zinc, Zn = 0.15 moleMass of zinc, Zn = ?Mole = mass / molar mass
1.15 = Mass of zinc, Zn / 65.38
Cross multiply
Mass of zinc, Zn = 0.15 × 65.38
Mass of zinc, Zn = 9.807 grams
Thus, the mass of zinc, Zn required is 9.807 grams
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water contributes to mass movement in of all of the following ways except to group of answer choices fill pore spaces between particles which disrupts cohesion reduce friction between particles cement particles together add weight to the mass of the material
3) Cement particles together: Water does not physically or chemically bind particles together.
Instead of binding particles together, it weakens the cohesion between them, making them more likely to move under the influence of gravity in processes such as landslides, mudflows, and creep.
When water enters the pore spaces between particles, it can increase the pore pressure and reduce the friction between particles, making them less stable.
This can cause soil particles to become saturated and start to move, resulting in the mass movement. Additionally, water adds weight to the mass of the material, making it more susceptible to mass movement.
Hence, the correct choice is to Cement particles together.
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What happens in a nuclear change?.
The elements can switch from one another during a nuclear reaction. Smaller elements can arise when nuclei split apart. To create heavier elements, nuclei can combine.
The nuclei play a crucial role in nuclear transformation. The elements can switch from one another during a nuclear reaction. Smaller elements can arise when nuclei split apart. To create heavier elements, nuclei can combine. Protons can become neutrons, while neutrons can become protons in a nuclear reaction.
A pure substance known as an element is made up of only one sort of atom, each of whose nuclei contains the identical number of protons. The same number of protons can be used to define elements, which are classes of atoms.
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Object A has a density of 2.2 g/cm³. What is the mass of 73.2 cm³ of object A in units of g?
The mass of the object A having a density of 2.2 g/cm³ and a volume of 73.2 cm³ is 161.04 g
How do I determine mass of the object????We know that density of a substance is defined as mass per unit volume:
Density = mass / volume
Using the above formula, we can obtain the mass of object A. Details below
Density of object A = 2.2 g/cm³Volume of object A = 73.2 cm³Mass of object A = ?Density = mass / volume
Cross multiply
Mass = Density × volume
Mass of object A = 2.2 × 73.2
Mass of object A = 161.04 g
Thus, we can conclude that the mass of object A is 161.04 g
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hydrogen molecules (molar mass is equal to 2.016 g/mol) have an average velocity vrms equal to 243 m/s. what is the temperature (in k)?
The temperature (in k) is 469.4 .The average speed of hydrogen molecules at typical conditions of temperature and pressure is 1.70 103 ms1.
How quickly do hydrogen molecules move on average?The average speed of hydrogen molecules at typical conditions of temperature and pressure is 1.70 103 ms1.An RMS speed of 193 meters per second is the average speed of hydrogen atoms having a molar mass of 2.016 kg per mole.While the formula to convert Kelvins into Celsius degrees is K 273.15 = °C, the formula to convert Kelvins into Fahrenheit degrees is (K 273.15) 9/5 + 32 = °F. A measurement of an object's hotness or coolness can be used to determine temperature.F = C(9/5) + 32 when converting from Celsius to Fahrenheit. From Fahrenheit to Kelvin, K equals (F-32) (5/9) plus 273.15. F = (K-273.15) (9/5) + 32 to convert from Kelvin to Fahrenheit.Explanation:
F = 243(9/5) + 32
= 437.4 + 32
= 469.4.
The temperature (in k) is 469.4 .
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In an experiment t0 determine the specific latent heat of fusion of ice an ice cube is dropped into water that is contained in a well-insulated calorimeter of negligible specific heat capacity: The following data are available: Mass of ice cube 25g Mass of water 3509 Initial temperature of ice cube =0 C Initial temperature of water =18 'C Final temperature of water =12 C Specific heat capacity of water = 4200Jkg 'K-1 (a) Using the data, estimate the specific latent heat of fusion of ice. (b) The experiment is repeated using the same mass of crushed ice Suggest the effect; if = any: of crushing the ice on the final temperature of the water: the time it takes the water t0 reach its final temperature.
Energy obtained by the ice equals the sum of the power expended by the thermometer and the water.
What are latent and sensible heat?Sensible heat as defined as the quantity of warmth or energy needed to raise a substance's temperature without altering its phase. Latent heat is the quantity of heat absorbed or emitted during phase transition at a constant temperature.
What is latent heat, for instance?Because all heat given to a solution is taken as latent heat and transported away by the exiting vapour molecules, the temperature of a pot of water, for instance, maintains at 101 °C (212 °F) till the last drop evaporates.
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Calculate the atomic mass of gallium (ga). Gallium has two isotopes: 69ga and 71ga. 69ga has a relative abundance of 60. 12% and an atomic mass of 68. 9257 amu. 71ga has a relative abundance of 39. 88% and an atomic mass of 70. 9249 amu.
The atomic mass of gallium (ga) is 68.9256 amu .
The atomic mass of detail is the common mass of the atoms of an element measured in the atomic mass units (AMU, additionally known as daltons, D). The atomic mass is a weighted average of all the isotopes of that element, in which the mass of every isotope is increased by using the abundance of that particular isotope.
The atomic mass is the mass of an atom. even though the SI unit of mass is the kilogram, atomic mass is regularly expressed inside the non-SI unit dalton – equivalently, a unified atomic mass unit. 1 Da is defined as 1⁄12 of the mass of a loose carbon-12 atom at relaxation in its floor country.
Calculation:-
Gallium has two naturally occurring isotopes: Ga-69 with a mass of 68.9256 amu
and a natural abundance of
60.11%, and Ga-71 with
a mass of 71 AMU and
a natural abundance of 39.89%.
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What are 10 examples of mixtures?.
Water and oil, Honey and tea, lemon juice in tea chocolate and milk, Examples of mixtures are coffee and cream, cream and sugar, flour and butter, and cereal and milk.
In science, what do mixes mean?One or more distinct components of differing compositions make up a combination. The two categories of combinations are homogenous and heterogeneous mixtures. While homogeneous mixtures seem uniform throughout, forms of an element have measurable traits components.
What makes it a combination, and why?A mixture is a substance comprised of two or more dissimilar chemical compounds that are not chemically linked in chemistry .Physical combination of two or more substances results in solutions, suspensions, or colloids, which retain the individual identities of the constituent constituents.
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why might the method used (in this demonstration) not be suitable for determining the water of hydration for all hydrates?
The anhydrous cpd could significantly decompose into a gaseous product or significantly react w/something in the air.
Water of hydration is water that is stoichiometrically bound into a crystal. While the water is found within a crystal, it is not directly bonded to a metal cation. Crystal salts containing water of hydration are called hydrates.
Many crystals form from particles dissolved in water or aqueous solutions. It's common for some of that water to be incorporated into the framework of a crystal. Usually, heating a crystal drives off water of hydration, but the structure of the crystal is lost.
Commercial root killers often contain copper sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO4·5H2O) crystals. The five water molecules are called water of hydration.
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How can a dilation be made from a pre image?.
A dilatation is a type of transformation that enlarges or reduces a figure (known as the preimage) to create a new figure (called the image)
Explain about the dilatation?Triglyceride dilation is the thermal expansion of crystalline triglycerides. When length scales (or energy scales) are multiplied by a common factor, an object's or law's scale invariance property does not change. A transformation called a dilation (similarity transformation) alters the size of a figure. A center point and a scaling factor, k, are necessary. Which kind of dilation it is—an enlargement or a reduction—depends on the value of k. An enlargement results from a dilatation if |k|>1. The reduction is the dilation if |k| 1.
To determine a dilated figure's scale factor, use the following simple formula: Scale factor is the product of the old shape's dimension and the new shape's dimension.
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The nature of a volcanic eruption (i.e. how explosive) is determined largely by the _____ of the magma.A) pressureB) colorC) densityD) chemistryE) temperature
The nature of a volcanic eruption (i.e. how explosive) is determined largely by the chemistry of the magma.
What is meant by volcanic eruption ?When lava and gas are released from a volcano, often explosively, this is known as an eruption. The most dangerous sort of eruption is known as a "glowing avalanche," which happens when recently erupted lava rolls down a volcano's flanks.
When magma, or molten rock, rises to the surface, volcanoes erupt. When the earth's mantle melts, magma is created. Where tectonic plates are separating or being driven beneath one another, melting may occur. Magma rises towards the Earth's surface because it is lighter than rock.
Volcanoes erupt with a powerfully destructive mixture of ash, lava, hot, toxic gases, and rock. Explosions from volcanoes have claimed lives. Volcanic eruptions can bring forth additional health risks such wildfires, floods, mudslides, electricity outages, and contaminated drinking water.
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Ni(s)→Ni2+(aq)+2e−
Ag+(aq)+e−→Ag(s)
Which of the following is the balanced net ionic equation for an oxidation-reduction reaction between Ag+(aq) and Ni(s)based on the half-reactions represented above?
2Ag+(aq)+Ni(s)→2Ag(s)+Ni2+(aq)2Ag+(aq)+Ni(s)→2Ag(s)+Ni2+(aq)
The net ionic reaction for the combination of nickel and sliver I ion is; [tex]Ni(s) + 2Ag^+(aq) ---- > Ni^{2+} (aq) + 2Ag(s)[/tex]
What is the net ionic reaction?We know that the net ionic reaction is the kind of reaction that shows only the ions that have undergone a change in the reaction. In this case we are looking at the reaction between Nickel and silver I ion.
We can see that the nickel was oxidized in the reaction but the silver I ion was reduced in the process and in this case we can see that it is indeed a kind of the redox reaction.
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for the dehydrohalogenation (e2) reaction shown, draw the zaitsev product, showing the stereochemistry clearly. you might find it helpful to make a model of the starting material. the substrate consists of two chiral carbons bonded together. the left carbon has an in plane bond to hydrogen pointing to the lower left, a wedged bond to ethyl pointing to the upper left and a dashed bond to methyl pointing to the upper left. the right chiral carbon has an in plane bond to ethyl pointing to the upper right, a wedged bond to chloride pointing to the lower right and a dashed bond to hydrogen pointing to the lower right. the substrate reacts with k o h in ethanol and heat to give the products.
Dehydrohalogenation is the elimination reaction in which alkene is formed as a product by the elimination of hydrogen halide.
This elimination response undergoes inside the presence of a robust base. in this response, each hydrogen and halogen cleaves in a single step.
Zaitsev’s rule:-
This rule states that, in the removal response, the product that is greater substituted is represented as a strong product.
The elimination of proton and halogen takes region inside the unmarried step. the base abstracts proton and form alkene as a product by the cleavage of chlorine atom. The product formed in this reaction shows E – configuration, in which the higher priority groups are present on opposite sides.By rotating the substrate molecule, the position of hydrogen is changed. Then the elimination reaction undergoes to form alkene as a product with Z – configuration.Learn more about elimination reaction here:- https://brainly.com/question/29654540
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Aqueous ammonia is commercially available in a solution that is 28% (w/w) ammonia. What is the mole fraction of ammonia in such a solution?.
The mole fraction of ammonia in such a solution is 0.291.
What is an aqueous solution?Water containing one or more dissolved substances is called an aqueous solution. Aqueous solutions may have dissolved particles, gases, or other liquids. A mixture must be stable to be a true solution.
What is Mole Fraction?The term "mole fraction" is used by dividing the total number of moles in a given mixture by the number of molecules of a particular component. The concentration of a solution is expressed as this ratio.
28% w/w means that 100 g of ammonia solution contains 28 g of ammonia.
water = 100-28 = 72 g
mole NH3 = 28/17 = 1.647
moles of water = 72/18 = 4
Sum of moles = 4+1.647 = 5.647
Ammonia mole fraction = mol NH3/total moles
= 1.647 / 5.647 = 0.291
Therefore, the molar fraction of ammonia in such a solution is 0.291.
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