A decrease in the epigenetic methylation of DNA's cytosine and adenosine residues is known as hypomethylation (plural hypomethylations) in the field of genetics.
Cancer-related genes for the testicles include S100A4, mesothelin, claudin4, trefoil factor 2, PGP9. 5, POMC, and the heparinase gene. Other genes with hypomethylation and transcriptional activation are those for the testicles and trefoil factor 2. Classical oncogenes may be affected by gene region hypomethylation, which could contribute to oncogenesis, but research points to a greater involvement in the activation of genes involved in tumor invasion or metastasis. Hypomethylation, or decreased methylation, is a characteristic of tumor cells that can increase the activity of oncogenes. As tumors develop from benign neoplasms to malignancy, hypomethylation rises.
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Biology help :)
(a) Which phase of mitosis would you think that Taxol would affect the most?
(b) Why do you think it affects that phase the most?
(c) What are some possible problems that a person taking Taxol might have?
(d) What would be happening to the normal cells trying to perform mitosis if a person is taking Taxol? (Hint: Remember that normal cells undergo mitosis too!)
The taxol concentration that reduced interphase cell dynamics also inhibited cell proliferation and stopped mitosis by blocking the transition from metaphase to anaphase.
What is the effect of taxol in mitosis?Taxol interferes with the creation of the normal mitotic spindle and stops cell growth in the M phase of the cell cycle, it prevents the replication of cells.
Taxol is an anti-mitotic drug that binds to microtubules and stabilizes them against depolymerization.
Therefore, taxol inhibit the process of mitosis.
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which muscle(s) can contract without the need for nervous stimulation?
Smooth and cardiac muscles can contract without the need for nerve stimulation.
Involuntary muscles are those whose function cannot be controlled. They are muscles with a spindle shape. These have no nucleus. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is primarily responsible for its control.
Hormones, ANS neural stimulation, and local factors can all trigger smooth muscle involuntary control. The muscle can contract when stretched in certain places, like the walls of visceral organs.
Because they are not controlled by our will, cardiac muscles are also considered to be involuntary. These muscles can be found in the heart and are the only ones that can work all day without getting tired or worn out.
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Sort the phrases into the appropriate bins depending on whether they are true only for channels, true only for carrier proteins, or true for both channels and carriers.
a. provide a hydrophilic path across the membrane
b. provide a continuous path across the membrane
c. are integral membrane proteins
d. transport solutes down a concentration or electrochemical gradient
e. allow water molecules and small ions to flow quickly across the membrane
f. transport primarily small polar organic molecules
g. undergo a change in shape to transport solutes across the membrane
1. only channels
2. only carriers
3. both channels and carriers
Only for Channels: provide a continuous path across the membrane; allow water molecules and small ions. (B, E)
Only for Carrier proteins: transport primarily small polar organic molecules; undergo a change in shape to transport solutes across the membrane. (F, G)
Both for Channels and Carriers: are integral membrane proteins; transport solutes down a concentration or electrochemical gradient; provide a hydrophilic path across the membrane. (C, D, A)
What are carriers and channel protein?
Carrier proteins are said to proteins that stick to molecules or ions on one side of the membrane and release them on the other. Channel proteins on the other hand, do the opposite, they create pores that penetrate the membrane, thereby allowing target molecules or ions to flow through via diffusion without interfering with one another.
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If a man with classic hemophilia (x-linked recessive) has children with a woman who is a carrier for the disorder, what is the expected risk pattern?
If a man with classic hemophilia (x-linked recessive) has children with a woman who is a carrier for the disorder, the expected risk pattern is 50% .
Recessive inheritance is evident in the majority of X-chromosome diseases. Males are more likely than females to get these disorders because they only have one copy of the X chromosome. Each boy born to a female who has an X-linked recessive trait has a 50% chance of inheriting the trait, but no daughters of this mother would be anticipated to be afflicted (each daughter has a 50% chance of being a carrier). Having received their father's Y chromosome, the sons would not be affected (there is therefore no male-to-male transmission), whereas an affected father passes the mutation to all of his carriers daughters.
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PLEASE HELP ASAP.
Rabbits are very popular domesticated animals, so popular that there are over 300 breeds of domesticated rabbits in the world. You attend a rabbit show and notice that all of the breeds vary in many characteristics, such as size, color, and fur length. You notice that there is weight information on the cages of all rabbit individuals at the show and decide to jot down data for two specific rabbit breeds (in pounds):
Breed A: 10, 8, 7, 10, 9, 9, 10, 9
Breed B: 10, 12, 14, 13, 10, 15, 11, 12
In three to five sentences, 1) calculate the average weights of the two rabbit breed groups, 2) describe some factors that could contribute to the different weights seen within breeds, and 3) describe how you would track and find the growth rate of the two rabbit breeds during an investigation.
Answer:
Average of breed a: 9 pounds, average of breed b: 12.125
Explanation:
10+8+7+10+9+9+10+9 = 72
72/8 = 9 pounds
10+12+14+13+10+15+11+12 = 97
97/8 = 12.125 pounds
What causes the formation of acetone, which eventually leaves the body through the lungs, causing breath with a fruity smell?.
The formation of acetone which eventually leaves the body through the lungs causes breath with a fruity smell is ketosis.
Ketone bodies are formed in liver cells through the breakdown of fatty acids. They are released into the blood after the glycogen stores in the liver are depleted. Oxygen and glucose are used by cells to produce the energy-rich ATP molecules needed to maintain cellular metabolism. This process is called cellular respiration. The lack of mitochondria means the cells don't use the oxygen they carry.
It produces the energy carrier ATP through fermentation glycolysis of glucose and lactate production. When glycolysis is blocked red blood cells lose their membrane potential and eventually die. Mature mammalian red blood cells are incapable of aerobic respiration, the process by which organisms convert energy in the presence of oxygen, and glycolysis is the sole source of ATP.
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what is the starting material for glyclosis and what is the product
The starting material for glycolysis is glucose and the final product of glycolysis is pyruvate in aerobic settings and lactate in anaerobic conditions.
What is glycolysisglycolysis?
Glycolysis is the process in which glucose is broken down to produce energy. It produces two molecules of pyruvate, ATP, NADH and water. The process takes place in the cytoplasm of a cell and does not require oxygen. It occurs in both aerobic and anaerobic organisms.
Supporting answer.
Glycolysis starts with one molecule of glucose and ends with two pyruvate (pyruvic acid) molecules, a total of four ATP molecules, and two molecules of NADH.
Hence, the starting material for glycolysis is glucose and the final product of glycolysis is pyruvate in aerobic settings and lactate in anaerobic conditions.
how have findings about the comorbidity of mental illnesses affected the focus of epidemiologists?
The focus of research has turned to determining the degree of disability caused by illnesses. When a person has multiple illnesses or conditions at once, this is known as comorbidity.
Comorbidities are frequently chronic or long-term medical disorders. The study of the causes (etiology) of mental illness problems in society, as well as the conception and prevalence of mental illness, is known as psychiatric epidemiology. It is a branch of epidemiology, which is more broadly defined. Its foundations can be found in early 20th-century social studies. Anxiety and depression are two illness conditions that frequently coexist in mental health of comorbidity. According to some estimates, 60% of people who experience anxiety also exhibit signs of depression, and the percentages are comparable for people who experience sadness and anxiety during comorbidity.
The complete question is :
how have findings about the comorbidity of mental inesses affected the focus of epidemiologists?
a) an emphasis on the moriaty rates of disorders has supervored raw numbers of diagnoses
b) studies have shifted to examining the level of disability associated with disorders
c) research has shifted away from the examination of lifetime prevalence of disorders to 12 month windows
d) the rubrics used to clasury disorders have expanded to include new categories
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How are the life cycles of mollusks and insects allke?
Answer:
The life cycles of a mollusk and an insect are alike because the larvae both look like worms
Explanation:
because the larvae both look like worms
Explanation:
Monozygotic twins occur when a fertilized egg undergoes mitosis, and the two cells that result become separated and develop independently. What is the genetic relationship between the two offspring?.
Genetically speaking, the two offspring are identical. They thrive from a single fertilized egg that divides in two.
What does the term "monozygotic twins" mean?
Monozygotic twins are produced when a single egg is fertilized by a single sperm in the fallopian tube, resulting in the fertilized egg dividing into two. These twins have the same sex chromosome and the same genome.
A fertilized egg may split within a few days of conception, producing genetically identical twins. These twins are known as monozygotic because they are descended from a single zygote. Identical twins are of the same gender.
Therefore, Genetically the monozygotic twins are the same.
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before a cell undergoes mitosis and cytokinesis (i.e., reproduces to make two cells), the uncoiled chromatin in the nucleus as well as the organelles, like the centrioles in the cytoplasm, are duplicated/replicated. when does this occur in the cell cycle?
The appropriate matches occur during interphase: the DNA replicates during mitosis, the nucleus divides during cytokinesis, and the cytoplasm divides.
What a cell cycle is made out of?The interphase, which corresponds to the time between the end of one division and the start of the next, is the cycle's longest phase. It consists of the G1 phase, the S phase (DNA replication), and the G2 phase.
B. Phase M: Mitosis and Meiosis: Cell division (nucleus and cytoplasm) occurs during these phases.
Which three phases make up the cell cycle?A eukaryotic cell's cell cycle is divided into three phases: interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. Interphase is the name of the initial phase of the cell cycle. In the interphase, the cell multiplies and divides.
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what is the purpose of DNA replication and why is it important that dna replito. it's before mitosis
Answer:
Mitosis is where the cell divides itself into two identical parts.
In order for the two cells to be identical, they need to have the same parts, which is where replication is important
If the cell didn't replicate its organelles, it would not be able to split itself since nothing would go into one of the halves
Replication is the duplication of those organelles so that the sister cells are the same, so making a copy of the nucleus and other organelles allows one of those parts to stay and one part to go into the new cell
Explanation:
Enzyme-mediated chemical reactions take place when the substrate molecules bind to the of an enzyme.
Enzyme-mediated chemical reactions take place when the substrate molecules bind to the active site of an enzyme.
What is enzyme substrate complex?The first step in the process of enzyme catalysis is the enzyme's binding to its substrate, which results in the formation of an enzyme-substrate complex. The active site is a particular area of the enzyme that the substrate binds to in order to make it active. The substrate is changed into the product of the reaction while it is still connected to the active site of the enzyme. After this transformation, the product is subsequently released from the enzyme.
This active site is made up of residues that establish temporary bonds with the substrate, and those residues are also the ones that catalyze a reaction that the substrate is responsible for.
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If you hold your finger next to the flame on a candle like the one in the picture, you can feel the heat, but you will not get burned; however, if you hold your finger above the candle, you will get burned. Why?
1.As the heated air rises, cooler air moves in to take its place. This causes convection and more hot air to to rise. Some thermal energy is radiated from the flane to the side of the candle, and that is why you feel the heat. It is hotter above the candle becasue of convection.
2.The shape of the candle flame directs the heat out through the top so if you place your hand at the top of the flame you could get burned
3.The sides of the candle are cooler than the flame so it doesn’t get as hot on the sides.
4.The candle absorbs the heat from the lower part of the flame so the top part of the flame is hotter.
Answer:
Pain
Explanation:
Because if you get burned by the flame is caused by your skin is not used to so much heat and if your skin get's too much heat it will burn and harm or even damage your skin internal and external organs so it is best not get into flames way and can also even cause death.
correns described that the inheritance of variegated color on the leaves of certain plants was determined by the maternal parent only. what phenomenon does this describe?
The phenomenon in which the inheritance of variegated color on the leaves of certain plants was determined by the maternal parent only describes B) chloroplast inheritance.
Structures such as the chloroplast and mitochondria contain their own DNA.
Evolutionary studies predict that structures such as chloroplast and mitochondria were first smaller living organisms that were engulfed by larger organisms hence these cells have their own DNA.
The chloroplast DNA which is not present elsewhere in a plant is inherited by the daughter plant from the mother plant only i.e maternal inheritance. Hence, as the variegated color was inherited from the maternal parent, it depicts chloroplast inheritance.
Although a part of your question is missing, you might be referring to this question:
Correns described that the inheritance of variegated color on the leaves of certain plants was determined by the maternal parent only. What phenomenon does this describe?
A) mitochondrial inheritance
B) chloroplast inheritance
C) genomic imprinting
D) infectious inheritance
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The first step following platelet-derived growth factor (pdgf) binding of the receptor is?
Dimerization is the first step following platelet-derived growth factor (pdgf) binding of the receptor.
A dimer is created when two molecules with similar chemical compositions come together during this process. When carbonylic acids are anhydrous, the acidic hydrogen and carbonyl oxygen form dimers. For instance, acetic acid forms a dimer in the gas phase, where hydrogen bonds hold the monomer units together. Most OH-containing molecules can form dimers, such as the water dimer, under specific circumstances. Cross-dimerization, the process by which isobutene and 2-butene react, creates a mixture of octene isomers that go by the name cross-dimer. Both cDIM and DIB are regarded as beneficial products.
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Which type of human body cell has the highest concentration of mitochondria? Why?
Answer: According to my search
Your heart muscle cells – with about 5,000 mitochondria per cell.
Explanation:
These cells need more energy, so they contain more mitochondria than any other organ in the body.
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What is the official language of Belize?
A.
Portuguese
B.
Spanish
C.
French
D.
English
Answer: D
Explanation:
under normal (resting) cellular conditions, the _________ concentration is greater inside the cell, and the plasma membrane is most permeable to ______________.
Under resting cellular conditions, the concentration of potassium is greater inside the, and the plasma membrane is most permeable to potassium.
The resting membrane potential, or simply the resting potential, is the voltage across the membrane of a resting (non-signaling) neuron. Ion concentration gradients across the membrane and the permeability of the membrane to each type of ion determine the resting potential. Na+ and K+ both have concentration gradients across the membrane of a resting neuron. Through channels, ions descend their gradients, resulting in a charge separation that generates the resting potential.
The membrane is much more permeable to K+ than to Na+. As a result, the membrane's resting potential is close to the equilibrium potential of K+.
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you are working in a lab that is genetically engineering canaries and rabbits to survive at high altitudes. pick one of the organisms (canary or rabbit) and describe two different physiological adaptations that you would add to your organism. explain why would they be beneficial.
Two adaptations of a genetically engineered rabbit to survive at high altitudes can be an efficient use of oxygen during cellular respiration and a low rate of urinary excretion, which may increase the adaptive fitness of the species under these conditions.
What is a genetically engineered organism?A genetically engineered organism is an organism whose phenotypic or physiological features have been modified by using genetic engineering techniques such as recombinant DNA procedures. These GMOs can be developed to increase the adaptive fitness of a species under particular conditions.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that genetically engineered organisms such as rabbits at high altitudes may be designed to achieve more efficient use of oxygen and reduce the rate of excretion.
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Identify what constitute the combination of traits, which result from the interaction of genes and environment.
The identification of the thing that constitutes the combination of traits, which result from the interaction of genes and environment is known as phenotype.
What is a Phenotype?This refers to the observable features of a living thing that is closely associated with its genotype and its relation with the environment.
Hence, we can see that some examples of the phenotype of a living thing or organism include, but are not restricted to height, eye color and blood type and this is as a result of the combination with genotypic factors and their surrounding environment.
With this in mind, the correct answer to the given questrion is phenotype as explained above which shows the combination of traits, which result from the interaction of genes.
Furthermore, this phenotype is responsible for different features in a person as listed above.
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1. What are the major classes of biological macromolecules? Select all that apply.
a. Organelles
b. Acids
c. Lipids
d. Ribosomes
e. Nucleic acids
f. Carbohydrates
g. Proteins
h. Chlorophylls
Explanation:
Lipids, Nucleic Acids, Carbohydrates, Proteins.
reggie is now in his mid-50s, so he can expect to experience a: gradual increase in sperm count. gradual decrease in testosterone. gradual increase in the speed of erection and ejaculation. cessation in fertility.
He will now experience a gradual decrease in testosterone.
A hormone principally generated in the testicles is testosterone. Men's: Bone density is maintained by testosterone. dispersion of fat. muscle mass and strength. Normal peak times for this sex hormone are in adolescence and early adulthood. Around the age of 40, men's ability to make testosterone starts to wane, causing testosterone levels to drop 1 to 3 percent year.
Men's serum levels of testosterone decline with age. Although this reduction is slow and of a minor degree, it has been hypothesized that it is the origin of these aging changes because many of them resemble those of hypogonadism brought on by established diseases.
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Rashad is investigating how fast amylase will break down starch at different pHs. He is using the setup below. The test tube contains amylase, starch, and a buffer that will set the __________ of the solution. What word completes the sentence
The test tube contains amylase, starch, and a buffer that will set the different pH of the solution.
What is amylase used for?One of the most common enzymes utilized in industry is amylase. These enzymes hydrolyze the molecules of starch to create polymers made of glucose units. Amylases may be used in a variety of industrial activities, including those in the food, fermentation, and pharmaceutical sectors. Salivary alpha-amylase production is increased by psychological and social stress.
Where is amylase found in the body?Ptyalin, an alpha-amylase produced by salivary glands in the digestive tracts of humans and many other mammals, is secreted into the small intestine by pancreatic amylase.
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What two molecules are produced in the light reaction?
A. NADP+ and Rubisco
B. ATP and NADPH
C. NADPH and Rubisco
D. ATP and NADP+
Answer:
ATP
Explanation:
Because the energy storage molecule ATP and the reduced electron carrier NADPH.
The repeating sequence of events in eukaryotes that involves cell division, growth, and increasing the number of organelles is called the.
The repeating sequence of events in eukaryotes that involves cell division, growth, and increasing the number of organelles is called the Cell Cycle.
What is the cell cycle?The cell cycle also known as the cell-division cycle, is described as the series of events that take place in a cell that cause it to divide into two daughter cells.
The cell cycle consists of four discrete phases known as G1, S, G2, and M.
The S or synthesis phase is when DNA replication occurs, and the M or mitosis phase is when the actual cell division occurs. The other two phases — G1 and G2, known as the gap phases are less dramatic but equally important.
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The phase of the cycle during which the spindle apparatus assembles, binds to chromosomes, and moves sister chromatids apart, is.
Answer:mitosis
Explanation:
Which is the first checkpoint in the cell cycle that will cause a cell to exit the cycle if this point is not passed?.
'The Growth 1 (G1) phase is the first checkpoint in the cell cycle that may cause a cell to exit the cycle if this point is not passed.
What are the checkpoints in the cell cycle?The checkpoints in the cell cycle are stages during the cell cycle that need to fulfill certain requirements in order that the cell cycle can proceed. These sequential checkpoints in the cell cycle are found first at the G1 phase, then the S phase and finally the mitotic M phase.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the checkpoints in the cell cycle control everything is fine in order to proceed with the cell cycle.
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true/false: fish have slow metabolisms and do not need efficient gas exchange. group of answer choices true false
Fish have slow metabolisms and do not need efficient gas exchange This statement is false because Obtaining oxygen from air is easier than from water in many ways.
What happens when metabolism is high?You will consume more calories both at rest and when you are active if your metabolism is "strong" (or fast). You'll need to consume more calories to sustain your weight if you have a high metabolism. One theory for why some persons can eat more food than others without weight gain is because of this.
How does metabolism operate?The process through which the body converts food and liquids into energy is called metabolism. To create that energy your body requires, calories from food and beverages combine with oxygen throughout this process. A body requires energy for all its functions, even when at rest.
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Transformation is the transfer of dna from a donor to a recipient cell
a. True
b. False
The correct option is b. False.
The transfer of DNA from a donor cell to a recipient cell is known as transduction.
Transduction is the mechanism by which a virus spreads genetic material from one bacterium to another. Bacteriophage viruses have the ability to infect bacterial cells and use them as hosts for their own replication.
Transformation is the process by which external genetic material is directly absorbed and assimilated by a cell through its cell membrane. When the cell is competent, which means it can take in external material, this typically occurs.
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