when pyruvate is used to make one molecule of glucose, 1) how many molecules of atp/gtp are consumed? 2) how many are generated? 3) what is the total cost of gluconeogenesis?

Total calories in one cup of soft-serve ice cream that contains 38 g of carbohydrate, 11 g of protein, and 18 g of fat is 358 calories.

The nutrition facts given in the problem:

Carbohydrate supplies 4 calories per gram.

Protein supplies 4 calories per gram.

Fat supplies 9 calories per gram.

The soft-serve ice cream contains:

- 38 g of carbohydrate

- 11 g of protein

- 18 g of fat

Multiply each constituent with its energy content:

Energy from carbohydrate = 38 x 4 = 152 calories

Energy from protein = 11 x 4 = 44 calories

Energy from fat = 18 x 9 = 162 calories

Hence, energy total in the ice cream is 152 + 44 + 162 = 358 calories.

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Amoxicillin is the greatest predictor of cross-reactivity with a cephalosporin in a patient with a confirmed penicillin allergy.

Healthcare professionals often overestimate cross-reactivity linking penicillin and Cephalosporins. The device of cross-reactivity was previously believed to be related to a common β-lactam ring, but new evidence suggests it is instead related to the split of identical R-group side chains. Penicillin and cephalosporins exhibit limited and incomplete cross-reactivity of up to 7% which may be related to the 'cohort' of cephalosporin. 1 In clinical practice it is not uncommon for cephalosporins to be given to penicillin-allergic patients, especially if the history of penicillin reaction was not life.

So we can conclude that cross-reactivity between penicillin and cephalosporins occurs when the R1 side chain is identical as formerly reported.

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Answer:

B. Dolphins

E. Moonflowers

Explanation:

Asexual production replicates via mitosis and produces offspring with the same genetic material as the parent.

Meiosis is how sexual reproducing organisms pass on their information. Meiosis requires the combination of two parent cells that merge their genetic information to produce a unique offspring containing DNA from both parents.

To make sure that they could reproduce the results in their own laboratory, Kohler and Lipton started by repeating a previous experiment.

The experimental research is a methodical and scientific approach to study where the researcher manipulates one or more variables, controls the change in other variables, and assesses the change. When repeating a previous experiment, Kohler and Lipton may be trying to reproduce the results already known in their own laboratory. If the results were produced same, they would be more confident about the experiment. Or if the result was not the same, they would have derived a new explanation for the scientific hypothesis.

A hypothesis is often accepted as true or rejected as erroneous based on the outcomes of scientific evaluation. Even theories that have been proven accurate by scientific evidence are, however, subject to later rejection when new data becomes available since a hypothesis is intrinsically falsifiable.

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Answer:

Bacterial Infection is when you get infected by bacteria it can happen if you have an open wound and it was not properly cleaned or it can also happen if you are using something that has not been sanitized to pierce you skin (IT CAN GET REALLY UGLY).

Explanation:

It has been challenging to research due to the cell's size. We have a variety of methods in which we are able to produce things that work similarly to cells.

All biological things are constructed from simple units called cells. Millions of billions of cells make up the human body. They provide the body structure, absorb nutrients from the diet, transform those nutrients into energy, and perform certain tasks.. Numerous, maybe even thousands, of tiny, unique structures known as organelles are found in the cytoplasm, which is made up of complex arrangements of microscopic fibers.

Research is "creative and systematic work undertaken" in order to advance the corpus of knowledge. It comprises the objective collecting, organization, and analysis of information to increase understanding of a topic or circumstance.. An extension of earlier work in the topic could be the focus of a research study.

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The feature of bone development of fish and reptiles which is different from that of humans is that structures such as jaw is formed from several bones being joined together while humans have only a single bone forming it.

This is referred to as the living tissues which make up the skeleton and are important as they protect and provide structural integrity to the cells of the body.

The jaw of fish and reptiles  are formed from several bones being joined together while humans have only a single bone forming this type of structure which is one of the differences.

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In this case, the number of cells at each stage of cell division represents the dependent variable, the time spent in each cycle is the independent variable and the controlled variable may be presented by the media that contain all cells.

A  dependent experimental variable (such as in this case the number of cells on a specific phase of the cell cycle) can be defined as any experimental condition that is modified by the change in the independient variable (in this case time is the independent variable).

Moreover, controlled variables are all those conditions that are maintained in equal conditions for all experimental treatments such as for example, the media used to grow cells.

Therefore, with this data, we can see that the dependent experimental variable changes due to the modification suffered by the independent variable.

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The significance of these two base sequences is that both the location of start site and the direction of transcription can be established.

What are the base sequences?

The order of the nucleotides composing the alleles within a DNA or RNA molecule is indicated by a series of bases denoted by a set of five different letters, which is known as a nucleic acid sequence. Sequences are often presented according to convention from the 5' end to the 3' end. The sense strand is used for DNA.

What are bacterial promoters?

Conserved DNA regions called bacterial promoters are crucial for the start of transcription. When we think of the classic paradigm, we typically picture promoters in intergenic areas upstream of genes enlisting RNAP holoenzyme to start transcription in one direction, leading to the production of an mRNA.

Hence the significance of these base sequences is to know the the location of start site and direction of transcription.

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The most likely effect of gasdermin pore formation in a cell that is hypotonic is that water will enter the cell causing them to burst because they become filled with too much water.

The cell would have a higher solute concentration than the surrounding environment. Better known as osmosis, the diffusion of water involves moving toward higher solute concentration. Due to phagocytes digesting the compounds of the cell along with other pathogens, this would prevent the spread of infection. Interleukin release activates the adaptive immune response by stimulating B and T leukocytes to divide and produce antibodies or kill infected cells.

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Answer:

one specie's will out compete the other, forcing the other species to adapt or risk extinction

Yeast produces carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol when it is anaerobic.

They do this through a process known as fermentation in which glucose molecules are consumed. Because the carbon dioxide produced during the baking process aids in the bread's rising, yeast is added.

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In "Are the risks of derivatives manageable", Thomas a. Bass posits that market failures were due in part to mismanagement of derivative investments and in which he recommends widespread regulation of derivatives or a complete ban. Hence, option A.

A securities is considered a derivative if its price is based on, or derived from, one or more underlying assets (such as interest rate, stocks, commodity, etc.). It is a contract between (at least) two parties based on the asset(s), and its value is determined by changes in the underlying asset.

Although derivatives are useful for hedging risks, they also create hazards that must be handled like any financial products. Thomas A. Bass contends that improper management of derivatives investments is the root of market failure and urges that derivatives be strictly controlled or outlawed.

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Question correction:

In are the risks of derivatives manageable?, thomas a. Bass posits that market failures were due in part to mismanagement of derivative investments. What does he recommend?

A. Bass recommends widespread regulation of derivatives or a complete ban.

B. Bass recommends further use of derivatives as a source of investment for banks and hedge funds.

C. Bass recommends a safety net for banks who fail due to their use of derivatives, citing the ethical nature of the investment.

D. Bass recommends implementing aggressive strategies to maximize returns in managing investments of wealthy private investors.

Viral receptors are the general term used to describe the viral component that binds to a host cell for attachment purposes.

When referring to a particular molecule or structure that aids in viral attachment on the surface of host cells, the word "receptor" should be used. The molecule(s) on the surface of the virus that binds to the receptor is referred to as "ligands." The term "viral envelope" refers to the structure that surrounds the capsid of certain viruses. All viruses use a specific type of glycoprotein to bind to viral receptors on their host cells, which are cellular molecules.

Once a virus has attached itself to and entered the host cell by breaking through the cell wall or membrane, viral replication can start. The protein covering the viral genome is removed, and the viral genome is then injected into the host cell.

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One way in which primates have a different way of vision than other animals is that primates have overlapping vision fields.

Compared with many other animals, primates have more closely spaced, forward-facing eyes that allow for a lot of overlap between each eye's visual field, which in turn gives primates 3-D, or stereoscopic, vision and a good sense of depth perception.

This gives a wider field of view. For example, humans have a maximum horizontal field of view of approximately 190 degrees with two eyes, approximately 120 degrees of which makes up the binocular field of view (seen by both eyes). It also allows a creature with this type of vision to see more of, or all of, an object behind an obstacle.

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Products that would occur after protein synthesis one protein, with an alternating sequence of two different amino acids.

Messenger RNA or mRNA  is a type of single stranded RNA involved in protein synthesis. Translation is the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein  .

Three stages of translation is divided in to Initiation where the process of translation begins by binding of the Ribosome to mRNA. Next step is Elongation where moving Ribosome from codon to codon on mRNA and producing polypeptide. Last step is Termination is the end process where polypeptide is released from the ribosome .

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Answer:

cranial nerve IX

Explanation:

Rotation to the left of the head and neck would lengthen the fibers of the levator scapula on the right side of the body.

The Levator Scapulae, an Axio-Appendicular muscle in the posterior triangle of the neck, attaches the upper limb to the spinal column. The sternocleidomastoid and trapezius protect the superior and inferior sides of the levator scapulae, respectively.

The levator scapulae raise the scapula and rotate it down to tilt the glenoid cavity inferiorly. If the scapula is stationary, levator scapulae contractions cause the cervical vertebral column to lateral flex to the side, stabilizing the vertebral column during rotation.

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The development of organoids helped in treating snakebites in the sense that they provide laboratory produced antivenin to treat a variety of snakebites (Option C).

The term organoids here make reference to tridimensional model structures derived from embryonic and/or adult venom snake glands which have been developed using stem cells and holds promise to be used in the future.

Therefore, with this data, we can see that the organoids can be defined as tridimensional model structures obtained from venom snake glands which are cultured as stem cells in order to obtain an outcome.

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True: the reticular layer of the dermis is composed of dense irregular collagenous connective tissue and it houses such structures as the sebaceous glands and sweat glands.

The dermis is made up primarily of the reticular layer, which is the deep layer and forms a thick layer of dense connective tissue. Blood veins, nerve endings, hair follicles, and glands are all located in the dermis. Therefore, the given statement is true. The sweat produced by the sweat glands helps to maintain thermoregulation.

The fibroblast-produced protein called collagen serves as the glue that keeps the dermis together. Skin cells called fibroblasts are responsible for the durability and tenacity of the skin. A strong, insoluble protein called collagen is present in the connective tissues that hold muscles and organs in place throughout the body.

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Similarities and differences between sheep and Human brain:

Similarities:

The sheep brain is similar to the human brain in having two brain stems, two optic nerves and two hemispheres.

Differences:

Compared to a sheep's brain, the human brain is larger and heavier. In comparison to the human brain, the olfactory bulb is more developed in the sheep's brain. The shape of the sheep's brain is elongated, whereas the human brain is spherical. The frontal lobe of the human brain is bigger than that of the sheep's brain. The main distinction between the human and sheep brains is that humans can use their brains to think, innovate, but sheep cannot.

Over the course of dissection structures visualizes include; cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem, Hypothalamus, Pituitary gland, Pineal gland, Thalamus etc.

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Exposure UV radiation have a high negative effect on reproductive success.

On live cells, ultraviolet light has several detrimental effects. A living cell exposed to UV light for an extended period of time frequently experiences changes in how the cell works as well as gene changes that result in cancer.

Sometimes, if it comes into touch with human skin, it usually results in rashes, ulcers, itching, burning, and redness.

What is reproductive success?

The number of offspring a person produces during a breeding event or lifetime is referred to as reproductive success. This is not constrained by the quantity of offspring one individual produces, but also by the ability of these offspring to reproduce.

What are UV radiations?

The sun and artificial sources, such tanning beds, both emit ultraviolet (UV) radiation, a type of non-ionizing radiation.

UV radiation overexposure can cause major health problems,

However, if it comes into touch with the skin for a long time and in high doses, skin cancer will result.

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Answer:

DNA is a dynamic and adaptable molecule. As such, the nucleotide sequences found within it are subject to change as the result of a phenomenon called mutation. Depending on how a particular mutation modifies an organism's genetic makeup, it can prove harmless, helpful, or even hurtful. Sometimes, a mutation may even cause dramatic changes in the physiology of an affected organism. Of course, in order to better understand the varying effects of mutations, it is first necessary to understand what mutations are and how they occur.

Where do mutations occur?

Mutations can be grouped into two main categories based on where they occur: somatic mutations and germ-line mutations. Somatic mutations take place in non-reproductive cells. Many kinds of somatic mutations have no obvious effect on an organism, because genetically normal body cells are able to compensate for the mutated cells. Nonetheless, certain other mutations can greatly impact the life and function of an organism. For example, somatic mutations that affect cell division (particularly those that allow cells to divide uncontrollably) are the basis for many forms of cancer.

Germ-line mutations occur in gametes or in cells that eventually produce gametes. In contrast with somatic mutations, germ-line mutations are passed on to an organism's progeny. As a result, future generations of organisms will carry the mutation in all of their cells (both somatic and germ-line).

What kinds of mutations exist?

Mutations aren't just grouped according to where they occur — frequently, they are also categorized by the length of the nucleotide sequences they affect. Changes to short stretches of nucleotides are called gene-level mutations, because these mutations affect the specific genes that provide instructions for various functional molecules, including proteins. Changes in these molecules can have an impact on any number of an organism's physical characteristics. As opposed to gene-level mutations, mutations that alter longer stretches of DNA (ranging from multiple genes up to entire chromosomes) are called chromosomal mutations. These mutations often have serious consequences for affected organisms. Because gene-level mutations are more common than chromosomal mutations, the following sections focus on these smaller alterations to the normal genetic sequence.

Base substitutions are the simplest type of gene-level mutation, and they involve the swapping of one nucleotide for another during DNA replication. For example, during replication, a thymine nucleotide might be inserted in place of a guanine nucleotide. With base substitution mutations, only a single nucleotide within a gene sequence is changed, so only one codon is affected.

Although a base substitution alters only a single codon in a gene, it can still have a significant impact on protein production. In fact, depending on the nature of the codon change, base substitutions can lead to three different subcategories of mutations. The first of these subcategories consists of missense mutations, in which the altered codon leads to insertion of an incorrect amino acid into a protein molecule during translation; the second consists of nonsense mutations, in which the altered codon prematurely terminates synthesis of a protein molecule; and the third consists of silent mutations, in which the altered codon codes for the same amino acid as the unaltered codon.

A schematic shows 29 nucleotides arranged to form a partially double-stranded segment of DNA, with 16 nucleotides in the top strand and 13 nucleotides in the bottom strand. Grey horizontal cylinders represent deoxyribose sugar molecules, and blue, red, green, and orange vertical rectangles represent the chemical identity of each nitrogenous base. An extra nucleotide has been added to the replicating strand because of a misalignment of base pairs.

Figure 2: During an insertion mutation, the replicating strand \"slips\" or forms a wrinkle, which causes the extra nucleotide to be incorporated.

Large browridges, a long, low, and wide base, as well as thick bones, are all characteristics of the Homo erectus cranium.

The auditory bulla of otic capsule, which is variously fused, imbedded, or connected to the skulls of vertebrates, houses the inner and middle ear systems. We can learn a lot about an animal's environmental adaptations from its morphology, or the variances for how these attachments have evolved.

According to the investigation, which was reported in the Proceedings of the National Academy od Sciences, those that ingested dairy and cereals had slight alterations in their skull shape. One of the main chewing muscles, the temporalis, altered position and shrank as humans migrated toward agriculture.

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Map distance from gene to centromere is 110bp.

Genetic map distance is roughly proportional to the physical distance, i.e. the amount of DNA between two loci. Gene map distance is the distance between two points on a chromosome that are counted by the number of crossovers between them.

For example, suppose we have in Arabidopsis species  is 1.0 cM this means that this species contains approximately 150,000bp and contains approximately 50 genes in the loci . Thus, Genetic map distance is a unit for measuring distance between genes on a chromosome according to the frequency of recombination between them.

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Happens are not necessary for antibodies to work. To work, it needs an antigen. They are created by T and B cells rather than T cells.

Urushiol, a reactive Quinone-type chemical, gets oxidised in the skin cells after being ingested from a poison ivy plant, where it subsequently interacts with skin proteins to form happen adducts.

Low molecular weight substances that are unable to start an immune response on their own are referred to as happens. However, these tiny molecular weight substances can provide an antigenic determinant that can cause T-cell activation when they are covalently attached to circulating proteins.

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The sympathetic chain ganglia, made up of the cervical, are the ganglia next to the sympathetic chain.

Postganglionic fibers are the ones that run from the ganglia to the effector in the autonomous nervous system. Through metabolic modification and neurotransmitter release, post-ganglionic axons are directly in charge of alterations in the function of the target organ.

Acetylcholine is used by preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system as well as postganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic system (ACh). Norepinephrine and epinephrine are used by the sympathetic nervous system's postganglionic neurons. However, there are few exceptions to this, which are shown below.

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