Chloroplasts are specialized organelles found in plant cells that function as the destinations of the reactants involved in photosynthesis reaction.
What chemicals constitute the photosynthesis reaction's reactants?Commonly used notation for photosynthesis is: 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2. This demonstrates that the reactants, six carbon dioxide molecules and six water molecules, are converted into a sugar molecule and six oxygen molecules, the products, by light energy being taken by chlorophyll (implied by the arrow).
What are photosynthesis's two primary reactants?In the presence of sunlight, a cascade of chemical process known photosynthesis transforms carbon dioxide and water into glucose (sugar) and oxygen.
What kind of process is photosynthesis, and why?A photosynthesis reaction that really is endothermic . This signifies that without energy, it cannot exist (from the Sun). Chlorophyll, a green pigment contained in leaves, absorbs the brighter energy. The palisade and spongy mesophyll cells of plants, in particular, comprise chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll.
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the figure from the previous question shows the beak depths of the 1976 finch population (red bars), before the drought, and the population after the drought (black bars). the figure above (in this question) shows the beak depths of the 1978 offspring of the drought survivors. what do these figures tell us?
The figures showing the beak depths of the 1978 offspring of the drought survivors provide information about the characteristics of a population of finches that have survived a severe environmental event, such as a drought.
The figures showing the beak depth of the 1978 offspring of drought survivors can tell us about how a population of finches has changed after surviving a tough environmental event like a drought. The comparison between the beak depth of the offspring and the parent population before the drought can show how natural selection has played a role in shaping the traits of the new generation. If the beak depth of the offspring is different from the parent population, it means that the traits that helped them to survive and reproduce in the new conditions are now more common in the population. This information can give us a glimpse into how populations adapt to changing environments. Basically, the figures can give us a clue about how nature has helped the population to survive and thrive under difficult circumstances.
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What is necessary for the addition of the poly(A) tail? the Shine-Dalgarno sequence MRNA chaperone proteins O MRNA degradation enzymes the consensus sequence, AAUAAA at least one intron at the end of the pre-MRNA
The consensus sequence AAUAAA is very necessary for the addition of the poly (A) tail to the RNA.
Polyadenylation is the process which involves the addition of a poly(A) tail to a particular RNA transcript, typically the messenger RNA or the mRNA. The poly(A) tail basically consists of multiple adenosine monophosphates or we can say that it is a stretch of RNA that contains the adenine bases.
The consensus sequence AAUAAA is very important for the addition of the poly (A) tail on the mRNA. In eukaryotic organisms, polyadenylation is a part of the process that is responsible for producing mature mRNA for the purpose translation whereas in many bacteria, the poly(A) tail is involved in the promotion degradation of the mRNA.
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a myelogram is used to record information about which tissue
A myelogram, which is also known as myelography, is used to record information about the spinal cord.
The spinal cord is basically a long, cylindrical structure which connects our brain and our lower back. It contains tissues, fluids as well as nerve cells. It performs the function of carrying electrical nerve signals throughout our body.
Myelography, also called myelogram uses a real-time form of x-ray which is known as fluoroscopy and an injection containing contrast material in order to evaluate the spinal cord, nerve roots as well as the spinal lining or the meninges. It is very useful for assessing the spine following a surgery and also for assessing disc abnormalities in those patients who cannot undergo MRI.
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which 2 substances are sequestered by the liver during a fever
During a fever, the liver plays an important role in sequestering two substances, ammonia and bilirubin.
Ammonia is a byproduct of protein metabolism and is toxic to the body if left unprocessed. The liver converts ammonia into urea, a less toxic substance, and releases it into the bloodstream to be eliminated by the kidneys. This process, known as the urea cycle, helps maintain a safe level of ammonia in the body and protect against its harmful effects.
Bilirubin, on the other hand, is produced as a result of the breakdown of red blood cells. The liver collects bilirubin from the bloodstream, conjugates it to make it water-soluble, and excretes it into the bile. The bile containing bilirubin is then eliminated from the body through the intestines. If the liver is not functioning properly, bilirubin can accumulate in the blood, leading to jaundice.
In summary, the liver plays a critical role in protecting the body from the toxic effects of ammonia and bilirubin by sequestering these substances and processing them for elimination.
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the ans stimulates smooth muscles, skeletal muscles and glands, whereas the somatic nervous system innervates skeletal muscles only. the ans stimulates smooth muscles, skeletal muscles and glands, whereas the somatic nervous system innervates skeletal muscles only. true false
It is False that the somatic nervous system only innervates skeletal muscles, whereas the ans stimulates smooth muscles, skeletal muscles, and glands.
While the somatic nervous system solely innervates skeletal muscles, the ans stimulates smooth muscles, skeletal muscles, and glands. The sympathetic division promotes numerous metabolic effects through hormone release by directly stimulating the nervous system.
While the somatic nervous system solely innervates heart muscles, the ANS stimulates smooth and skeletal muscles as well as glands. both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions innervate it. While the somatic nervous system solely innervates skeletal muscles, the ANS stimulates smooth muscles, skeletal muscles, and glands.
A "rush of adrenaline" is what is often referred to as the result of some sympathetic preganglionic fibers stimulating the adrenal medulla to release norepinephrine and epinephrine into the circulation.
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The breaking and rearrangment of chemical bonds
Answer: where is the question?????
Which nucleic acid strand is complementary to the following: 5'AAAGCCTATS" (CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY)SUUUCGGAUAS'AUAGGCUUU3STTTCGGATAS SATAGGETTY
The sequence of the provided strand is 5'-GAATTG-3'. The sequence 5'-CAATTC-3' will therefore be present on the complementary strand. Option A is the appropriate response, so.
Adenine and thymine form a double bond, while guanine and cytosine form a triple bond. As a result, adenine and thymine and cytosine and guanine are complimentary base pairs. The DNA strand 5' ATCGAACGT 3' has a complimentary sequence of 3' TAGCTTGCA 5'. Due to DNA polymerase's antiparallel construction in the 5' to 3' direction, one of these is known as the leading strand and runs in the 3' to 5' direction. The sequence of the provided strand is 5'-GAATTG-3'. The sequence 5'-CAATTC-3' will therefore be present on the complementary strand. Option A is the appropriate response, so.
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which of the following would be good evidence that the negative resting potential of a cell is due to cl- diffusing in ? (choose all that are correct) group of answer choices when cl- concentrations outside the cell are raised, the membrane potential becomes more positive when cl- concentrations are raised outside the cell, the membrane potential becomes more negative anoxia causes an immediate large change in the membrane potential when cl- channel blockers are applied, the membrane potential goes toward zero
The membrane potential shifts to a more negative state when Cl⁻ concentrations outside the cell rise. The membrane potential approaches zero when Cl⁻ channel blockers are used.
The voltage setup by the concentration gradient of ions across the membrane is referred to as membrane potential. This value is between -40 mV to -70 mV. Intracellularly, the potassium concentration is higher. Extracellularly, sodium and chloride concentration is higher. So during hyperpolarization, the cell will become more negative.
This is because of the influx of chloride ions through chloride channels and the efflux of potassium ions. This causes the cell to be more negative and inhibits action potential firing. Then, the blocking of this Cl channel will increase the potential to zero. Therefore, the correct statements are statements 2 and 4.
The complete question is -
Which of the following would be good evidence that the negative resting potential of a cell is due to Cl- diffusing in? (choose all that are correct)
- When Cl- concentrations outside the cell are raised, the membrane potential becomes more positive.
- When Cl- concentrations are raised outside the cell, the membrane potential becomes more negative.
- Anoxia causes an immediate large change in the membrane potential
- When Cl- channel blockers are applied, the membrane potential goes toward zero.
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What are the 14 parts of the digestive system?
The digestive system is mostly composed of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus (in order of their function). They are assisted in their efforts by the liver, gall bladder, and pancreas.
Which 12 components make up the digestive system?The mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, and anus make up the digestive system's alimentary tract. Some of the auxiliary organs associated with the gastrointestinal tract are the pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and salivary glands.
What makes digestion crucial?Food must be digested in order to be broken down into nutrients that the body may use for energy, development, and cell repair. Nutrients from food and drink must be broken down into smaller molecules before being absorbed by the circulation and sent to the cells throughout the body.
What comes first in digestion?Long before food even enters the stomach, digestion starts in the mouth. Our salivary glands under the lower jaw, under the tongue, and in front of the ear start secreting saliva when we sight, smell, taste, or even just think about a delicious meal (spit). Spit moistens the food as the teeth rip and cut it to make swallowing simpler.
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2. On the islands of Hawaii, approximately 800 species of fruit flies have evolved from just one ancestral species over roughly 8 million years. The heads, forelegs, wings, and mouthparts of different species all look and function very differently.
How could so many species have evolved from one ancestral fruit fly species?
Due to the ____ from the first small population, the population's____ could have differed from the mainland fruit flies. The process of ____ resulted in adaptations and ____ of the island population into new fruit fly ____ over time. Some of the fruit flies traveled to other islands where they were ____ and evolved into more species.
Answer:
Due to the isolation from the first small population, the population's gene pool could have differed from the mainland fruit flies. The process of natural selection resulted in adaptations and speciation of the island population into new fruit fly species over time. Some of the fruit flies traveled to other islands where they were isolated and evolved into more species.
how have many organisms in the spray zone adapted to the constant threats of predation and drying out?
Many organisms in the spray zone have adapted to the constant threats of predation and drying out by developing specialized physiological and behavioral strategies.
For example, many species of diatoms and other algae have evolved thick cell walls that help protect them from predation, while other species are able to survive in extreme conditions, such as very low salinity, by producing and storing organic osmolytes. Additionally, some species have adapted to the threat of drying out by forming reproductive structures that allow them to disperse across the spray zone.
These structures, such as bivalve shells, can help protect the organism from drying out, and allow them to move to more hospitable areas. Finally, a number of species have evolved the ability to aestivate, which is a strategy that helps them survive extended periods of drought.
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how do fruit fly maternal effect genes determine the polarity of the egg and the embryo
Fruit fly maternal effect genes happen to produce some products which are are deposited into the egg and decide the head and tail and also the back and belly of the embryo and hence they determine the polarity of the egg.
The larva of Drosophila or the fruit fly, like most larval organisms, contains a segmented body in which some clear folds, or segments are visible. Maternal effect genes are able to control early Drosophila development by producing some transcripts or mRNAs which are found in the unfertilized eggs of females.
These maternal effect genes of the fruit fly determine the polarity of the egg as they decide where the back, head, back and belly of the fly will be. Resultantly, they happen to control the orientation of the fly and so they are also called the egg polarity genes.
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VOLCANIC ERUPTION:
People must work together and assist others in evacuating to a safer location. Why? Elaborate.
Pa help po pls... I really need help po. I'll mark brainliest who answered po.
the following are four hypothesized stages of the origin of life. place them in the correct order. 1. origin of self-replicating molecules 2. joining of organic monomers into polymers 3. abiotic synthesis of small organic monomers 4. packaging of molecules into membranous proto-cells
1) abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules (monomers)
2) joining of monomers into polymers
3) packaging of these molecules into protobionts, droplets with membranes that maintained a distinct internal chemistry
4) origin of self-replicating molecules that eventually made inheritance possible.
It's doubtful that life could have evolved or survived in the first few hundred million years after the Earth formed.
Fox created Proteinoid by combining around 20 distinct amino acids.
Life is defined by two characteristics:
- precise replication
- metabolic rate
• RNA could both carry information and trigger chemical reactions (RNA enzymes) • some scientists believe that the earliest forms of replicating biochemicals were ribonucleic acid (RNA) based (the "RNA world" hypothesis)
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What happened if lanolin paste with IAA is applied to one side of the stem of a coleus plant?
Auxin (IAA), Stimulate apical dominance and differentiation, stem elongation, root growth, and fruit development.
IAA also facilitates the bending of plant stems and roots in response to stimuli like light. Lanolin Paste is a paste that can be used to "waterproof" plant portions by keeping water inside the plant and preventing outside water from penetrating. Auxins are a class of plant hormones that are produced both naturally and synthetically. They are crucial in controlling how quickly plants grow. Human urine was initially used to separate auxins. The word "enlarge" or "increase" is auxin. Cell elongation, differentiation, and division are all induced by them.
The complete question is:
If lanolin paste with IAA is applied to one sideof the stem of a coleus plant, which of thefollowing would be observed in the plant?
(A) It will bend toward the side with the paste.(B) It will bend toward the side without the paste.
(C) It will branch on the side with the paste.
(D) It will branch on the side without the paste.
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which reaction releases the most energy? choose one: hydrolysis of glucose 6-phosphate to glucose hydrolysis of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate transfer of phosphate group from atp to glucose hydrolysis of atp to adp hydrolysis of adp to amp
Option B: hydrolysis of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate releases the most energy.
By transferring the high-energy phosphoryl group from the carboxyl group of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to ADP, the enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase creates ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate. The only reversible kinase process in glycolysis is this one. At the substrate stage of phosphorylation, this process produces ATP. This is a significant step in glycolysis. Thus, option B is the right choice.
Through a sequence of processes known as glycolysis, glucose is divided into two pyruvate molecules, each of which has three carbons. The energy-requiring phase and the energy-releasing phase are the two primary stages of glycolysis, which occur in the cytoplasm of a cell. Conversion of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate is a energy-releasing process.
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What characteristic of the plasma membrane help regulate the passage of material in and out of the cell?The plasma membrane is made of phospholipids, cholesterol, and membrane proteins.Phospholipids = selectively permeable due to hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.Hydrophilic heads outside phospholipid bilayer.Hydrophobic tails inside phospholipid bilayer (hydrophobic core).
The characteristic of plasma membranes that help regulate the passage of material in and out of the cell is: (5) Phospholipid bilayer structure and chemistry, proteins channels and cholesterol.
Plasma membrane is the outer protective layer in the cells which is made up of lipid bilayer. It is a semi-permeable membrane that mediates the transfer of selected molecules only through it. The fluidity of the membrane is mediated by the cholesterol molecules.
Proteins channels are the intermembrane proteins embedded in the plasma membrane that allow the transfer of significant molecules through it. These channels open through certain stimulus and allow the transfer of molecules.
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The given question is incomplete, the complete question is:
What characteristic of the plasma membrane help regulate the passage of material in and out of the cell?
Proteins channels onlyMitochondria onlyGolgi body, cytoskeleton, ribosomesThat phospholipid membrane is completely hydrophilicPhospholipid bilayer structure and chemistry, proteins channels and cholesterol.Which descriptors are likely to have applied to the earliest microbes on the planet? Check all that apply.
A. Chemoautotrophic
B. Thermophilic
C. Chemoheterotrophic
Chemoautotrophic and Thermophilic are likely to have applied to the earliest microbes on the planet so the option A and B are correct.
Chemoautotrophic microbes are those that can produce their own energy from inorganic sources, such as sulfur or nitrogen compounds. Thermophilic microbes are those that grow optimally at high temperatures.
These types of microbes are likely to have existed in the early stages of life on the planet, when conditions were extreme and the biosphere was dominated by simple, primitive organisms.
In contrast, chemoheterotrophic microbes are those that obtain energy from organic compounds, which would have become available later as life became more complex.
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Select the two comorbid disorders with which Pica occurs most commonly. A. Enuresis. B. Encopresis. C. Autism. D. Intellectual disability.
The two comorbid disorders with which Pica occurs most commonly are Intellectual Disability (D) and Autism (C).
Pica is a condition where an individual craves and eats non-food items, such as paper, chalk, or hair, that have no nutritional value. It is often seen in individuals with developmental and intellectual disabilities, and is also associated with several psychiatric and neurological disorders.
Both of these conditions are characterized by difficulties with social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors, which are also common features of Pica. Studies have shown that individuals with Intellectual Disability and Autism often engage in Pica behaviors as a way of coping with stress, anxiety, and sensory sensitivities.
Treatment for Pica is often focused on addressing the underlying conditions, such as Intellectual Disability or Autism, through the use of behavioral therapy, sensory integration techniques, and medication management. In addition, providing appropriate nutrition and education on the dangers of ingesting non-food items can be helpful in reducing the frequency and severity of Pica behaviors.
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what term describes an organism that lacks superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes
Organisms that lack superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase enzymes are referred to as obligate anaerobes.
Obligate anaerobes are microorganisms that are unable to tolerate the presence of oxygen and cannot survive in its presence. They are dependent on anaerobic (oxygen-free) environments for their survival. This is because the presence of oxygen creates an environment that is toxic to these organisms. In anaerobic conditions, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals is increased. These ROS can cause damage to cellular components such as proteins, lipids and DNA, leading to cell death.
The superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase enzymes play a crucial role in protecting cells from the toxic effects of reactive oxygen species by converting them into less harmful compounds. SOD converts superoxide anions into hydrogen peroxide, which is then broken down by catalase into water and oxygen. Obligate anaerobes lack these enzymes, making them highly susceptible to damage from ROS.
Obligate anaerobes are found in a variety of environments, including soil, water, and the digestive tracts of animals. They play an important role in many natural processes such as carbon cycling, nitrogen fixation and the breakdown of organic matter. In addition, some obligate anaerobes are also medically important as they can cause infections in immunocompromised individuals and can also contribute to the development of certain diseases such as periodontitis.
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Solar flares can produce geomagnetic storms that reach Earth's atmosphere. How
can these storms affect satellites orbiting Earth?
A, They can increase the transmission range of some satellites.
B, They can cause disruption of satellite signals to Earth.
C, They can cause some satellites to overheat and burn up in space.
D, They can increase the speed of some satellites and cause them to move deeper into
space.
Answer:
Explanation:
hi it's
The clusters of chlorophyll and proteins that absorb sunlight and generate high-energy electrons in chloroplasts are called
photosystems.
electron transport chains.
electron carriers.
grana.
suppose a genetic test shows that a woman has inherited the dominant brca1 allele that causes breast cancer. if she does not develop breast cancer in her lifetime, the phenomenon is called
The phenomenon in which a woman do not develop breast cancer in her lifetime even though she has has inherited the dominant brca1 allele that causes breast cancer is called penetrance.
Penetrance refers to the proportion of individuals with a particular genetic mutation who actually express the associated phenotype (in this case, breast cancer). Not all individuals who inherit a genetic mutation for a disease will necessarily develop the disease, and the likelihood of developing the disease is influenced by various factors such as lifestyle, environmental exposures, and other genetic factors. In the case of BRCA1, penetrance has been estimated to be between 60-85%.
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Collagen is a protein made of three identical polypeptides composed primarily of α helix structure. the α helix is an example of a?
A protein called collagen is made up of three identical polypeptides that primarily have a helix structure. α helix is an example of a secondary structure that is supported by hydrogen bonds.
The protein collagen can be found in the human body's bones, tissues, skin, and other organs. It is incredibly important for the body since it boosts muscle mass, stops bone deterioration, eases joint pain, and enhances skin health. The stiffness and resistance to stretching of collagen are its most significant characteristics.
The non-covalent bonds that constitute the most significant component of various chemical structures are hydrogen bonds. These relationships are among the strongest. One molecule's electropositive hydrogen atom is joined to another's an electronegative atom, which could be fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen.
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Which substance will a bacterium produce when a human gene is added to its genome?
The human protein coded for by the human gene
A protein made up of both human and bacterial properties
Human carbohydrates
Human plasmids that can be isolated from the bacterium
Answer:
This “recombinant” micro-organism could now produce the protein encoded by the human gene. Scientists build the human insulin gene in the laboratory.
Answer: is A
Explanation:
THE HUMAN protein coded for by the human gene
How many ATP and NADH molecules are gained during
glycolysis?
a One ATP molecule, Two NADH molecules
b Two ATP molecules, Two NADH molecures
C One ATP molecule, One NADH molecule
Two ATP molecules and NADH molecules during glycolysis
a beekeeper's hives are located in an orchard where the bees gather nectar to produce honey and simultaneously pollinate the orchard, which increases the yield of fruit. this benefits:
A beekeeper's hives are located in an orchard, where the bees gather nectar to produce honey while also pollinating the orchard, increasing fruit yield. Both the beekeeper and the orchard owner benefit from this (option D)
A beekeeper and an orange orchard owner have a mutually beneficial relationship. Because bees make honey from orange blossom pollen, the beekeeper benefits from locating his hives in the orchard. Because bees pollinate his trees, the orchard owner benefits from having beehives in his orchard. There is a positive externality that is reciprocal.
And another case, a beekeeper lives near an apple orchard. The bees benefit the orchard owner because each hive pollinates approximately one acre of apple trees. The orchard owner, on the other hand, pays nothing for this service because the bees come to the orchard without his intervention.
So, both the beekeeper and the orchard owner get benefit from this
The question is incomplete, it should be:
A beekeeper's hives are located in an orchard where the bees gather nectar to produce honey and simultaneously pollinate the orchard, which increases the yield of fruit. This benefits:
A) only the owner of the orchard.
B) only the beekeeper.
C) the beekeeper, but it creates a negative externality because the bees are a hazard to
the orchard owner.
D) both the beekeeper and the orchard owner.
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erythropoietin (epo) stimulates the developmental process shown here. what part of the body does erythropoietin (epo) target to increase erythropoiesis?
Erythropoietin (EPO) targets the bone marrow to increase erythropoiesis, which is the process of producing red blood cells.
EPO is a hormone produced by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels in the blood. It stimulates the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells, which help to increase the amount of oxygen transported to the tissues. This helps to improve oxygenation and counteract the effects of low oxygen levels, such as fatigue and weakness.
In summary, EPO stimulates the bone marrow to increase erythropoiesis, which leads to the production of more red blood cells and improved oxygenation of the tissues.
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the taxon that shares the most recent common ancestor with lizards is frogs. group of answer choices true false
The taxon that shares a most recent common ancestor with lizards is the frog is False because lizards are a sister taxon to a lineage that includes humans and chimpanzees.
Taxonomy is a human invention by itself taxonomy cannot confirm the same lineage. However, along with other evidence, the taxonomic implicit in evolution is unmistakable.
In the taxonomic tree drawn, lizards are a sister taxon to a lineage that includes humans and hoards. The taxon with the most recent ancestor of frogs is fish. Frogs and humans are more distantly related than lizards and humans.
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Please help me.
Describe each of the different kingdoms used to categorize creatures. Include the kind of organisms that are in it and give an example of an organism that would be in each kingdom.
Kingdom Animalia:
Kingdom Plantae:
Kingdom Fungi:
Kingdom Protista. (Exempt from this question.)
Kingdom Animalia constitutes all the animals. Amongst five kingdoms, largest kingdom is the animal kingdom. and animalia is the kingdom that contains all animals, including humans. Example is Mammals.
What is kingdom plantae, fungi and Protista?Plants are predominantly photosynthetic eukaryotes of kingdom Plantae and is broadly composed of four evolutionarily related groups: bryophytes (mosses), (seedless vascular plants), gymnosperms (cone bearing seed plants) and angiosperms (flowering seed plants). Examples are: green, brown and red algae.
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms like yeasts, moulds and mushrooms and these organisms are classified under kingdom fungi. Examples are: yeasts and rusts.
Kingdom Protista includes eukaryotes that are not animals, plants, or fungi and kingdom Protista is very diverse. It consists of single-celled and multicellular organisms. Examples are: Amoeba, paramecium and euglena.
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