Where in the cell cycle do you think the mutation occurred? Please explain your
reasoning.

SER is mainly involved in lipid formation and it doesn’t have ribosomes on its surface whereas RER forms proteins and its surface has ribsomes on it

The main function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum is formation and packaging and metabolism of lipid, fat molecules, steroid hormone and it is also involved in detoxification. The main function of is manufacture and packaging of protein molecule. Main difference – SER surface appears smooth as it is void of any ribosomal structure on it and RER has numerous ribosome molecules on it giving it rough appearance.

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Even though there is no light at the bottom of the ocean but still marine animals are adapted to not being able to see and even if they had eyes, they would not be able to see.

Many sea creatures that occupy the lower benthic zones of the ocean are sightless.

Animals that live on the sea floor are called benthos and most of these animals lack backbone and are hence called invertebrates. Benthic invertebrates are sea anemones, sponges, corals, sea stars, sea urchins, worms, crabs and others.

Because of the depths, benthic zone is characterized by low sunlight and low temperatures and this attributes to little life and biodiversity.

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Heat controls microbial growth is done by the process of conjugation. Heat is a popular and powerful tool for preventing the development of microorganisms. The correct option is conjugation.

What is Conjugation methods-

Conjugation methods are frequently utilized in laboratory aseptic techniques. However, because conjugation penetrates cells more effectively than dry heat, it is often the more successful treatment.

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Meiosis involves 2 divisions and produces 4 non-identical daughter nuclei.

Meiosis is a type of cell division that occurs in sexually reproducing organisms and lowers the number of chromosomes in gametes (the sex cells, or egg and sperm). Human body cells, also known as somatic cells, have two sets of chromosomes and are diploid (one from each parent).

Meiosis involves two cell divisions. During the initial division, homologous chromosome pairs align in the cell's center before being split into two daughter cells. During meiosis I, homologous chromosomes break, reducing ploidy. Each daughter cell contains one set of chromosomes exclusively. During meiosis II, the sister chromatids split.

Thus, meiosis involves two divisions that result in the production of four haploid daughter cells.

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They consist of multicellular seaweed and single-celled diatoms. They produce food through photosynthesis and have chlorophyll like plants.

Protozoa, often known as protozoa, are single-celled creatures similar to bacteria. However, they resemble animals and plant cells more since they are larger than bacteria and have a nucleus or other cell features.

One-celled organisms known as protozoa are present in most ecosystems on earth. Although the majority of species are free-living, all higher mammals are contaminated including one or more protozoan species. Depending on the type and strain of a parasite and the host's resistance, infections can vary from asymptomatic to fatal.

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Both of the following events occur during prophase.

In both mitosis and meiosis, the prophase is the initial phase of cell division. When the cell reaches prophase, DNA replication has already started after interphase. The chromosomes condense, the centrosomes shift, the mitotic spindle forms, and the nucleoli begin to degrade. These are the key processes of prophase.

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Fertilizer runoff leads to excess nutrient and promotes algal blooms. The major nutrient responsible for algal bloom is nitrogen and phosphorus.

Nutrient pollution, or an excess of the vital plant nutrients phosphorous and nitrogen, is what can cause blooms. These substances enter rivers through a variety of pathways, including point sources (such as industrial and wastewater treatment plant discharges), nonpoint sources (such as septic tanks and stormwater runoff from cities, farms, and residential areas), and nutrient-rich rainfall. The ideal triad of temperature, sunlight, and low flow can cause an algal bloom when the levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in a body of water rise. Although nitrogen and phosphorus are present in nature and are vital plant nutrients, an excess of these nutrients can lead to serious ecological imbalances in a water body, with blooms as one symptom.

Stormwater ponds in Florida frequently have large populations of algae during the warmer months. The purpose of stormwater facilities is to collect polluted runoff. The ponds aid in the removal of sediment and nutrients before these pollutants enter sensitive waterways.

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True, The evolution of more diverse prey phenotypes should increase potential niche diversity for predators.

Evolution is a change inside the heritable traits of organic populations over successive generations. These traits are the expressions of genes which are handed on from determine to offspring in the course of replica.

There are exquisite examples of this in the area of medicine. To live one step in advance of pathogenic sicknesses, researchers ought to recognize the evolutionary styles of disease-inflicting organisms.

The oldest recognised fossils are approximately 3.5 billion years antique, however a few scientists have located chemical evidence suggesting that life may additionally have started even in advance, nearly four billion years ago.

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Oncovirus is likely to be a lysogenic virus that can cause neoplasm, leading to cancer.

By modifying the cancer-related pathways in the host cells, oncoviruses may encourage their survival and growth. Oncoviruses can cause neoplasms, either benign or malignant. Malignant neoplasms have the ability to migrate to other parts of the body while still replicating. Lysogenic virus allow the virus to replicate within the host cell before turning to lytic cycle. In this was, oncoviruses are lysogenic virus capable of causing cancer.

Lysogenic would delay the return to the lytic cycle long enough for it to multiply and gather into a tumor. The viral genome is incorporated into the host cell's genome during the lysogenic cycle, causing internal infection.

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Answer:

Translation

Explanation:

mRNA or messenger RNA connects to RNA to send messages with codons or what you described as information and makes the amino acid because 1 codon = 1 amino acid, tRNA or transfer RNA basically brings those amino acids to the ribosome, ribosome links em together and something called a "stop" codon on the mRNA makes it stop and then release the protein they made :D

Our early ancestors and other primates were in constant migration to new ecological areas in search of food source and better and more suitable environment.

Human beings and our prehistoric predecessors as well as other primates are not evolving biologically as quickly as other creatures to adjust to the environment, and therefore we need to adapt to the environment that we live in and once the environment becomes too hostile to live in or in the event that the food source becomes scarce, our ancestors and other primates would migrate to new areas with friendlier environment and abundant source of food. Climate change being the major reason for early human migration, with the extreme temperature changes which either killed or drove away their food sources, the situation forced our early prehistoric predecessors to migrate to a new place where the environment is milder with ample food sources.

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Alfred Russel Wallace was a collector, an explorer, anthropologist and a political commentator. He was most famously known for his revolutionary idea of evolution by natural selection, which was entirely independent of Charles Darwin.

What was his contribution to the theory of evolution?

Alfred Wallace had collected more than a hundred thousand insect, animal and bird species, which he handed over to the British museum.

He had come to a conclusion by 1855 that all living things evolve.  But what he couldn’t figure out was how. Three years later he figured it out when he was on an island, sick with fever: he concluded that animals evolve by adapting to their environments.

After his discovery, he wrote down his theory in an 8-9 page paper, and sent it to Charles Darwin. Darwin reached the same conclusion a couple of years later and the two men then published a paper together (1858), arguing about the theory of natural selection and evolution.

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Using theories of gene, we got that Immune response to viral vectors, Retroviruses activating oncogenes, Inserted genes disrupting off-target genes are the main complications of traditional gene therapy which can be overcome by the crispy-casp9 system.

A gene is  basic physical and functional unit of heredity. Genes are made up of DNA. Some genes may act as instructions to make molecules called proteins. However, many of the genes do not code for proteins. In humans, genes vary in size from the few hundred DNA bases to more than 2 million bases. An international research effort called  Human Genome Project, which worked to determine the sequence of  human genome and identify the genes that it contains, estimated that the humans have between 20,000 and 25,000 genes.

Hence, the  complications of traditional gene therapy can be overcome by the crispr-cas9 system are:

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During volume changes in the thoracic cavity, the diaphragm is primarily responsible for changes in length.

The diaphragm flattens and tightens during inhalation, and the chest cavity widens. A vacuum is produced by the contraction, drawing air into the lungs. The diaphragm relaxes and assumes its dome-like form during exhalation, forcing air from the lungs. This implies that when the volume of the thoracic cavity changes during inhalation and exhalation, the diaphragm plays a vital role in length.

The external intercostal muscles, internal intercostal muscles, innermost intercostal muscles, sub-costalis, and transversal thoracic are the five muscles that make up the thoracic wall. During respiration, the volume of thoracic cavity is predominantly altered by these muscles.

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In the given occurrence of meiosis, a single crossover can lead to 4 recombinant gametes is false.

Following genes on same chromosomes might result in two kinds of gametes. If there is no crossing over, the results are paternal gametes. When genes cross across, the result is recombinant gametes. Parental chromosomes are chromosomes that are identical to their parents.

Recombinant chromosomes are chromosomes that are unique from their parents. The children have no genetic variation. When meiosis causes recombination, the results collected are said to contain a recombinant genome.

If no collaboration system during meiosis, the products retain their original combinations and are referred to as having a non-recombinant, or parental genotypes. Recombination occurs at meiosis, when mother and the father genomes recombine to generate gametes.

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Answer:

A.    DNA is a very large molecule plus it is a reallyimportant molecule for life that needsprotection.

Explanation:

DNA cannot leave the nucleus because that would risk it getting damaged. DNA carries the genetic code and all of the information needed for cells and organisms to function properly. If it were damaged or mutated, that would be disastrous for the organism, and could cause serious illnesses or even death.

DNA is a very large molecule plus it is a really important molecule for life that needs protection. Thus, option A is correct.

DNA will not leave the nucleus as it is because that would risk it as getting it damaged. DNA has carries the genetic code and all of the information needed for the cells and the organisms to function properly. If it has been damaged or mutated, that would bethe disastrous for the organism, and could cause the serious illnesses or even death.

mRNA could leave the nucleus, but the DNA cannot leave the nucleus because RNA has been considered as the single-stranded, and DNA has been double-stranded, so RNA has been smaller than the DNA.

DNA would be not a single-stranded structure. While RNA has been present in the single stranded form in the cell. Due to this, the double-stranded structure of the DNA seems longer than that of RNA to cross the nuclear membrane in the cell. As a result of this, RNA can easily leave the nucleus but DNA couldn't.

Therefore, DNA is a very large molecule plus it is a really important molecule for life that needs protection. Thus, option A is correct.

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Alleles may exhibit codominance or incomplete dominance instead of being fully dominant or recessive to one another.

The type of relationship between alleles, with a heterozygote phenotype intermediate between the two homozygote phenotypes, is called incomplete dominance. An example is a hybrid between a homozygous white-flowered plant , homozygous plant with red flowers , a plant with pink flowers would result in offspring.

Codominance, in which both alleles are concurrently expressed in the heterozygote, is closely connected

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Circulatory systems have different kinds of functions, gaseous exchange, nutrient transportation, and fighting with infection, hence option c,d,g, and h is correct.

Blood arteries within the circulatory system move blood away from and toward the heart. Arteries transport blood away from the heart, and veins transport blood back to the heart.

The circulatory system delivers oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells also while eliminating contaminants such as carbon dioxide.

The heart, blood, and blood arteries each work together to feed the body's cells. Blood transports carbon dioxide to the lungs (for exhale) and pulls up oxygen via the network of arteries, veins, and capillaries.

Therefore doing different functions by the circulatory system, hence option c,d,g, and h is correct.

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Drugs called parietal cells prevent the stomach juices from being secreted.

Acid activates proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), which are prodrugs. Gastric H+, K+-ATPase and activated PPI are bonded covalently by a disulfide bond. PPIs bind to Cys813, which is the main location that inhibits the acid pump enzyme.

Gastric H,K-ATPase is blocked by proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), which reduces the production of gastric acid. As part of combination regimens, this effect allows for the healing of peptic ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Barrett's esophagus, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, and Helicobacter pylori eradication.

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The fractions that contain mutagens are that of high peaks.

For the concentration or fractionation of mutagenic residue organics from small, >5OL, and large, to 12OOL, volumes of drinking water obtained from various sources, a general procedure has been developed. This process involves chromatographic concentration of the residual organics through water passage by UV absorbance. High peaks thus highlight the presence of mutagens.

Organic solvents are used to elute the residue organics from the resins, after which the solvent is removed and a bioassay for mutagenicity is conducted. The remaining residue organics are next fractionated using a combined bioassay/analytical fractionation technique that gradually narrows the emphasis to the bioactive components of the complex mixture of remaining residue organics.

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The section of the brain that is located below the cerebrum and dorsal to the pons and medulla is the cerebellum.

At the top of the spinal cord and the base of the brain, respectively, is the brain stem. The structure that joins the brain's cerebrum to the spinal cord. The fourth ventricle places the cerebellum in the posterior cerebral fossa, behind the pons and medulla oblongata. Therefore, cerebellum is the answer to the above question.

Three sets of cerebellar peduncles attach the brain stem to the cerebellum: the lower peduncle attaches to the medulla oblongata, the middle peduncle attaches to the pons, and the superior peduncle attaches to the midbrain. The cerebellar peduncles carry afferent and efferent connections between the cerebellum, brain stem, and spinal cord.

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Answer:

Lipids

Explanation:

They are stored as an energy reserve. In addition, they provide insulation and make up cell membranes.

They are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms.

If an organism with 64 chromosomes mates with a closely related organism with 62 chromosomes, the most likely result will be sterile offspring due to hybrid sterility.

The DNA molecule is housed in chromosomes, which are shaped like threads and are found in the nucleus of every cell. To support its shape, the DNA that makes up each chromosome has been repeatedly tightly wound around proteins called histones.

Chromosomes cannot be seen in the nucleus of a cell that is not dividing, not even under a microscope. The DNA that makes up chromosomes, however, becomes more densely packed and is made visible under a microscope during cell division. Scientists have mostly learned about chromosomes by observing them during cell division.

The most prevalent type of postzygotic reproductive isolation in plants is hybrid sterility. Perhaps the most well-known instance is the indica-japonica hybrid sterility of Asian cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.). Significant progress has been made in locating and cloning hybrid sterility genes in rice at two loci that control male and female fertility, respectively. The results from other model species, particularly Drosophila, along with genetic analysis and molecular characterization of these genes have increased our understanding of the mechanisms underpinning reproductive isolation and speciation. By demonstrating the viability and offering methods for overcoming intersubspecific hybrid sterility and enabling the generation of intersubspecific hybrids, these findings also have important implications for crop genetic improvement.

The complete question is:

If an organism with 64 chromosomes mates with a closely related organism with 62 chromosomes, the most likely result will be _____.

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(A) "Large body size" is the characteristic that was not advantageous for organisms in the million years after the catastrophic asteroid impact.

At first, having a large body was a disadvantage. Large animals have a high feeding need and a sluggish rate of reproduction. Larger animals eventually took control of the landscape, much as dinosaurs had done millions of years before. Large bodies are detrimental to organisms since they need less food and room to exist, which increases their viability.

Option B is false since living underground boosts survival odds and reduces predation. Option C is inaccurate since spores enable organisms to survive inclement weather. Option D is false since living near rivers and marshes offers access to shelter, food, and water.

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Question correction:

Which characteristic was NOT advantageous for organisms in the million years after the catastrophic asteroid impact?

A. Large body size

B. Dwelling underground

C. Self-contained spores

D. Dwelling in swamps or rivers

Answer:

Commensal relationship

Explanation:

Spiders build their webs on trees. The spider gets to live in the tree, but the tree is unaffected.

np ;3

Answer:D (i think)

Explanation: its a trick question i think because the plasma does do all of these things but what allows the blood to flow is the heart valves. Plasma doesnt ensure blood flow, the valves do.

Decomposers forms the final link in the food chain. They break down dead animals and plants and return vital nutrients to the soil.

Decomposers consume dead items, including wood and leaf litter from dead plants, animal corpses, and human waste. They are Earth's cleanup staff, and they do a great job. Dead leaves, dead insects, and dead animals would accumulate everywhere if decomposers weren't present. Just picture how the world might appear!

More importantly, decomposers enable the primary producers of an ecosystem, typically plants and algae, to access essential nutrients. Complex organic materials are broken down by decomposers into simpler compounds that contain calcium, nitrogen, and phosphorus as well as water and carbon dioxide. These are all things that plants require in order to grow.

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In the expansion of the lagging strand during DNA replication, Okazaki fragments are joined by DNA ligase. The right response in this case is option D.

The leading and lagging strands are two different types of DNA strands that are produced during DNA replication, which creates a new strand of DNA. Additionally, some chemicals are present to carry out particular tasks necessary for the synthesis of these new strands.

The lagging strands must devise strategies to make sure they produce the new strands in this direction because the production of the new strand runs from the 5' to 3' direction; as a result, the Okazaki fragments are produced.

The Okazaki fragments are then joined and sealed together by DNA ligase, creating a long strand that is complementary to its template.

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Ketogenic dieters occasionally use urine sample strips to determine whether they bodies are in ketosis.

People may consider refined carbohydrates to be bad since they offer less nutrients, such as refined rice and flour. beverages like juices and sodas that have been sugared. delicacies that have undergone a lot of processing, such cookies and pastries.

The choice between rice and bread will depend on your nutritional objectives because rice has much more minerals and vitamins while bread contains fewer calories as carbs. Whatever you choose, choose the whole-grain kind for the greatest results on your health.

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sa11 and pdh223 confer erythromycin resistance on f. johnsoniae, but not on e. coli found to be resistant to high levels of erythromycin

When pDH223 and pSA11 were introduced into F. Erythromycin resistance develops in Johnsoniae bacteria, but not in E. coli. The erythromycin resistance gene enables these altered cells to thrive when cultured on erythromycin-containing agar plates. On the erythromycin-containing nutritional medium in a petri plate, other cells that are not transformed by these two plasmids containing erythromycin resistance genes cannot grow. As a result, we are able to distinguish between transformed and untransformed cells. We will obtain erythromycin-resistant F-containing pure colonies of pDH223 and pSA11. cells from Johnsonia.

Both F. johnsoniae and E. coli may grow on nutritional medium containing erythromycin after receiving these two plasmids, pSA11 and pDH223, through the process ofof transformation. Both cells can grow and form colonies when sample one is placed on a petri dish with nutritional medium.

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