The second law of thermodynamics states that a spontaneous process increases the entropy of the universe, S(univ) > 0. If ΔS(univ) < 0, the process is nonspontaneous, and if ΔS(univ) = 0, the system is at equilibrium
What is thermodynamics ?The science of thermodynamics examines the connections between heat, work, temperature, and energy. The rules of thermodynamics explain how energy moves inside a system and whether or not the system is capable of performing beneficial work on its surroundings.
Energy cannot be generated or destroyed, according to Thermodynamics' First Law. The entropy of the cosmos increases for spontaneous processes, according to the second law of thermodynamics. Third Law of Thermodynamics: Entropy is zero in a flawless crystal at absolute zero Kelvin.Learn more about Thermodynamics here:
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Energy flows through ecosystems by way of trophic levels. where does the original energy come from? a. food b. sunlight c. producers d. decomposers
The correct answer is B) Sunlight.
Sunlight is the main source of energy that flows through the ecosystems via different trophic levels.
How sunlight is converted into transferable energy?A few percentage of sunlight is termed Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). This light has a wavelength of 400-700 nm. This is the light that plants use for the process of photosynthesis.
Plants use this energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen with the help of chlorophyll. The glucose formed is the energy product of the reaction.
So plants are called producers because they can make energy by their own. Consumers consume plants for energy requirements and so on.
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The arrangement of homeotic genes along chromosomes of vertebrate and invertebrate animals corresponds to the expression pattern of the genes along the?
The arrangement of homeotic genes along chromosomes of vertebrate and invertebrate animals corresponds to the expression pattern of the genes along the anterior-posterior axis of the developing embryo.
What are homeotic genes?Homeotic genes are a group of body pattern forming genes which control the development along the anterior- posterior axis of the developing embryo.These encode transcription factors which control and specify the genes involved in body patterning. These provide identity to the segments during embryo formation.Genes located in the 5’ end act on posterior side whereas the genes on 3’ end act on anterior region.Homeotic genes are evolutionary conserved and control body specification, patterning and differentiation.The loss of function of any of the gene changes the body pattern and affects the development.Learn more about homeotic genes here:
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Calcium that enters the cell during smooth muscle excitation binds with
a. myosin
b. actin
c. troponin
d. inactive myosin kinase
e. calmodulin
Calcium that enters the cell during smooth muscle excitation binds with calmodulin.
What is calmodulin?All eukaryotic cells express calmodulin, a multifunctional intermediate messenger protein that binds calcium. Calmodulin is an intracellular target of the secondary messenger Ca2+, and Ca2+ binding is necessary for calmodulin activation.Various calcium-sensitive enzymes, ion channels, and other proteins get signals from calmodulin, a protein that functions as an intermediate protein that senses calcium levels. All eukaryotic cells have the calcium-binding protein calmodulin, also known as calcium-modulated protein, in their cytoplasm. It interacts with a large number of other proteins in the cell and performs a wide range of biological tasks as a regulator or effector molecule.Calmodulin binds calcium and magnesium. Different calcium-calmodulin complexes then bind to and activate enzymes that control cellular calcium or cyclic nucleotides as well as particular protein kinases that control target enzymes by ATP-dependent phosphorylation.
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The electron donor that replenishes the ps ii reaction center is ______ and for the ps i reaction center is _______.
The electron donor that replenishes the ps ii reaction center is H₂O and for the ps i reaction center is cyt.
What is Electron donor?A chemical substance that donates electrons to another component is known as an electron donor. It is a reducing agent that causes its own oxidation as a result of contributing electrons. Covalent or ionic reaction chemistry permanently changes the chemical makeup of typical reducing agents.An electron donor that bonds to an atom other than hydrogen is known as a nucleophile. A base is a hydrogen-bonding electron donor.Ions or compounds that donate electrons function as reducing agents and are known as electron donors.The proton gradient in the intermembrane gap is produced by NADH molecules donating electrons that are then transmitted through a number of different proteins. When the electron reaches the last protein, it forms a link with an oxygen molecule to produce water.
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What is the connection between glaciers high in the himalayan mountains and hundreds of millions of people living in the lowlands of india,china and bangladesh
the connection between glaciers high in the Himalayan mountains and hundreds of millions of people living in the lowlands is direct because it provides water in the form of rivers.
What is the connection between glaciers high in the Himalayan mountains and the people living in the lowlands?There is direct connection between glaciers high in the Himalayan mountains and hundreds of millions of people living in the lowlands of India, china and Bangladesh because the glaciers of Himalayan mountains melts in the summer season and provides huge amount of water that flows down to the lowlands. This water is used for drinking, agriculture, industries and in many daily activities.
So we can conclude that the connection between glaciers high in the Himalayan mountains and hundreds of millions of people living in the lowlands is direct because it provides water in the form of rivers.
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Once glycogen stores are replenished, what role does the remaining oxidized glucose fill?
Answer:
d
Explanation:
The absorption of carbon dioxide from plants can be analyzed via satellite as shown in the image below. In the image below, green represents land areas where carbon dioxide is being absorbed, and blue represents sea areas where carbon dioxide is being absorbed. The darker the color, the more carbon that location absorbs each year.
In this world map, land areas are colored green and ocean areas are colored blue. The greener or bluer the location, the more carbon that location absorbs each year. Location A is very green.
Public Domain
What can you conclude about Location A?
The carbon is causing climate change in this zone.
There is little carbon being released by decomposers.
The carbon is sinking into long-term storage as a result of combustion.
There is a large amount of carbon being absorbed through photosynthesis.
The conclusion which is most valid about location A according to the description of the image is that; There is a large amount of carbon being absorbed through photosynthesis.
What is Photosynthesis?The simple definition of photosynthesis indicates that it is a food-production process of green plants in which case, Carbon is absorbed and carbon dioxide is released.
Hence, since the location A is ascertained to be very green, it follows from the description in the task content that location A has a large amount of carbon being absorbed through photosynthesis as most plants are on land.
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A person's original chromosomes and their component genes constitute that person's :_______
a) genotype.
b) allele.
c) phenotype.
d) autosomal inheritance.
e) locus.
A person's original chromosomes and their component genes constitute that person's genotype (Option a is correct).
What is a genotype?A genotype can be defined as the genes and their variant (alleles) contian in a given nucleotide sequence of DNA, which can be represented by a linear chromosome.
The genotype may contain only a few genes in small chromosomes (e.g., plasmids) or many genes in linear human chromosomes (over more than 1000 genes).
In conclusion, a person's original chromosomes and their component genes constitute that person's genotype carried out by the individual and his/her cells (Option a is correct).
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You are performing a endospore stain on a gram-positive bacteria and that is not endospore forming. What will this look like at the end of the stain?
performing a endospore stain on a gram-positive bacteria and that is not endospore forming. at the end of the stain it will look pink due to absence of any endospores.
Some bacteria create bacterial endospores, extremely resistant, metabolically dormant entities as a defense mechanism against unfavorable environmental conditions. Until conditions are right, the bacteria can stay in this suspended state and eventually germinate and go back to their vegetative state.By heating the bacterial emulsion, the Schaeffer-approach Fulton's forces a primary stain, malachite green, into the spore. Vegetative cells may be decolored with water since malachite green is water soluble and has a poor affinity for cellular matter. After that, safranin is used to counterstain any decolored cells. Vegetative cells will be pink and endospores will be a dark green color after staining.However due to absence of endospores, the counterstain will not produce any distinguish features and the slide would appear pink.learn more about endospore here:
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A fungi-plant mutualism is discussed in the reading. How does this fungi-plant mutualism work?
Mycorrhiza, or the association of a fungus with plant roots, and lichen (fungi with blue-green algae combination)are two typical mutualistic connections involving fungi.
Discussion about mutualism-
Many fungi cause plant harm or death. Although there are fungi that are advantageous to plants:
The majority of terrestrial plants are closely allied with arbuscular mycorrhiza fungus (AM fungi), which promote their expansion. A gene that is especially triggered by arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungus and affects the growth of the plant root has been discovered by scientists who have examined the evolution of this symbiosis: MIG1, a GRAS transcription factor, promotes the growth of bigger and more numerous root cortical units.Both parties are benefitted: The arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungus defends the plants against pests, aids in the extraction of minerals from the soil, including urea, phosphorus, and groundwater, and encourages plant development by affecting root formation.Learn more about mycorrhiza here:
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What physical feature of the human eye lends imporant support to the trichromatic therory of color vision?
The various types of cones in the retina is physical feature of the human eye lens is important to support the trichromatic theory of color vision.
What is trichromatic theory?Trichromatic refers to something with three colors because the prefix "tri" implies three and the root "chroma" means color.According to the trichromatic hypothesis of color vision, the retina contains three distinct color receptors. The retina's cones are responsible for providing color vision.According to this view, the cones are sensitive to the hues of green, blue, and red. Eyes can distinguish between millions of different colors when these colors are blended.Thomas Young and Hermann von Helmholtz were the ones who first put out this notion. Thomas Young was the first to postulate the existence of three color receptors in human eyes, each of which is sensitive to a different range of light wavelengths: short, medium, and long.Hermann von Helmholtz conducted a number of experiments to test the hypothesis decades later and discovered it to be accurate.The Young Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory is hence another name for the theory.Learn more about trichromatic theory here
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Biomolecules are made from simple monomers, yet you find a very high level of diversity. What chemical features make diversity in each category of biomolecules possible?
Chemical features like 3 dimensional structure and chemical bonding are responsible for diversity in biomolecules although they are made from simple monomers.
In the case of carbohydrates, both starch and glycogen are made up of glucose monomers yet they differ in the functions which they perform in our body. This difference is because of the chemical bonding and the 3 dimensional structure.
Similarly in protein biomolecules, amino acids act as the monomers but they differ in function due to their 3 dimensional structure. Nucleotides are the building blocks of both RNA and DNA. RNA and DNA perform different functions in the body. DNA stores ad transfers genetic information while RNA is responsible for directly coding for amino acids.
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Decomposition in pools, ponds, and lakes takes place mostly in the _______ zone. a. pelagic b. littoral c. benthic d. all of the above please select the best answer from the choices provided a b c d
Answer:
C. Benthic
Explanation:
The benthic zone is the region at the lowest part of water ...
Explain the difference between weather and climate. Create a statement that describes weather and one that describes climate. Describe the weather factors that are important in determining where plant and animals can exist in an area. Describe at least three types of weather data that is collected, the instruments used to collect the data, and in what units they are measured. Differentiate between the three major climate zones.
Answer:
Weather refers to short term atmospheric conditions while climate is the weather of a specific region averaged over a long period of time. Climate change refers to long-term changes.
Explanation:
What is a difference between climate and weather?
Image result for explain the difference between weather and climate.
Weather can change from minute-to-minute, hour-to-hour, day-to-day, and season-to-season. Climate, is the average of weather over time and space. We hear about weather and climate all of the time. Most of us check the local weather forecast to plan our days.
What are the 3 differences between weather and climate in points?
Weather is the combination of temperature, humidity, precipitation, cloudiness, visibility, and wind. In popular usage, climate represents the synthesis of weather; more formally, it is the weather of a locality averaged over some period (usually 30 years), plus statistics of weather extremes
Explanation:
Weather is rain, snow, thunderstorms, hail, etc. Climate is a desert, island, rain forest, etc. Animals and plant's all need different weather and climate. For example a cactus's needs a hot climate and doesn't need a lot of wet weather (rain, snow, hail, thunderstorm, etc)
What is a refractive error involving an abnormally shaped cornea and irregularly focused light rays called?
A cornea with an irregular shape causes astigmatism, which causes blurry vision. The cornea is less spherical and more shaped like a football or an egg in patients with astigmatism.
When light enters an astigmatic eye, it is bent and refracted to several focus sites inside the eye as opposed to only one focus point on the retina. The two different types of astigmatism.
Regular astigmatism, in which the eyeball is not spherical but is symmetrical.Irregular astigmatism, in which the eyeball is not spherical and not symmetrical.Astigmatism that is regular as opposed to irregular is far more prevalent.
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Easy! Please Help! A man is walking through the woods with his dog. Suddenly, a tree limb falls in his path and he leaps out of the way to avoid it. Then the man's dog gets loose, and he ends up chasing it through the woods for a minute or two before he manages to catch it.
a) Describe the function of the respiratory system in this situation.
b) Describe the function of the endocrine system in this situation.
c) Describe the function of the nervous system in this situation.
d) Describe two ways that any of the man's body systems worked together in this situation.
The answers include the following:
The respiratory system gave the cells more oxygen via breathing to perform various activities.The endocrine system released hormones such as adrenaline to activate chemical changes and stay alert.The nervous system carried electrical impulses necessary for the contraction and relaxation of muscles.The bones and muscles worked together to ensure adequate movement.What is Musculoskeletal system?This is the system which comprises of bones, ligaments etc and ensure that the body system has a rigid structure.
It also ensures organisms are able to move from one place to another in search of food and for their survival.
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the ability of an organ to adjust to changes in either its internal or external environments is called
Answer:
Animal organs and organ systems constantly adjust to internal and external changes through a process called homeostasis (“steady state”). These changes might be in the level of glucose or calcium in blood or in external temperatures. Homeostasis means to maintain dynamic equilibrium in the body
Bacteria with an optimum growth temperature of 37 degrees celsius are __________
Bacteria with an optimum growth temperature of 37 degrees celsius are called mesophiles.
What are mesophiles?These are a group of organisms that grow at moderate temperatures. Their optimum growth temperature ranges from 20 degrees Celsius to 40 degrees Celcius.
This term generally only applies to microorganisms, especially bacteria. There are other groups of bacteria which grow at relatively high or low temperatures
Thermophiles are bacteria that grow at a relatively high temperature and psychrophiles are bacteria that grow at relatively low temperatures.
The optimum temperatures of these bacteria are different because of the expression of certain alleles which release certain enzymes which are only active at particular temperatures.
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What are the steps that lead to increased excitability in a neuron when ne is released presynaptically?
What are the steps that lead to increased excitability in a neuron when ne is released presynaptically? G-protein in the membrane is activated when the NE receptor is attached to a receptor.
What is excitability in a neuron?The action potential serves as the foundation for a neuron's excitability, or its capacity to produce a significant, fast shift in membrane voltage in response to a very minor input. The loss of the negative transmembrane potential due to an inward current of positive charges is caused by the action potential, which typically progresses to a positive transmembrane potential before swiftly repolarizing back to a negative transmembrane potential.
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The ____ nucleus of the thalamus is associated with pain perception of the body. group of answer choices
The ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus is associated with pain perception of the body. group of answer choices.
The ventral posterior nucleus is the somato-sensory relay nucleus in thalamus of the brain. As the name suggests, this nucleus is located in the ventral part of the posterior thalamus. It is lateral to another part of the somatosensory thalamus, the ventral posterior medial (VPM) nucleus. The ventral posterolateral nucleus collect information for pain, temperature and crude touch via the spinothalamic tract. The ventral posteromedial nucleus receives sensory information from the face via the trigeminal nerve.
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If a person uses up his or her reserve supply of glycogen and still does not eat, sugar comes from the?
If a person uses up his or her reserve supply of glycogen and still does not eat, sugar comes from the muscle.
Although only liver glycogen directly contributes to the release of glucose into circulation, maintaining a healthy blood glucose concentration is one of the glycogen's key functions. Since skeletal muscles lack glucose 6-phosphatase, they are unable to release glucose, and muscle glycogen primarily serves as a local energy source for activity rather than a source of fuel to keep blood glucose levels stable while fasting.
In fact, the breakdown of muscle glycogen into lactate allows for its delivery to the liver, where it participates in the maintenance of euglycemia through the process of gluconeogenesis (Cori cycle).
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The coding sequence in the dna of __________ is normally continuous; that is, it is not interrupted by noncoding sequences.
a. bacteria
b. plants
c. most insects
d. mammals
Option (A) Bacteria is the correct answer.
The coding sequence in the DNA of bacteria is normally continuous; that is, it is not interrupted by non-coding sequences.
How are coding sequences in the DNA of bacteria?The segments in the genome known as non-coding sequences don't encode for any proteins or amino acids.
These sequences either have structurally significant functions in telomeres or satellite DNA, play functional roles in controlling gene expression, or are intervening sequences known as introns.
Although bacteria have non-coding DNA sequences, they are quite a few in comparison to eukaryotic cells.
Non-coding sections make up only 12 percent of the bacterial genome, as opposed to 98 percent in eukaryotes.
The great majority of known bacterial ncRNAs are encoded from intergenic regions, where, like protein-coding genes, their production is regulated by promoter and terminator elements.
Therefore, the coding sequence in the DNA of bacteria is normally continuous; that is, it is not interrupted by non-coding sequences.
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N monod's experiment, the b-galactosidase enzyme appeared almost immediately when lactose was added to a growing culture. which explanation is consistent with this finding?
In this experiment of Monod's the b-galactosidase enzyme appeared almost immediately when lactose was added to growing culture in the presence of lactose activates a pre-existing , but inactive , b-galactosidase.
Monod's experiment with the E.coli to see if when exposed to sugars, those cells always produced new enzymes or if instead they had enzymes that rearranged themselves. According to this - the set of genes that are transcribed in the prokaryotes are under the control of operons.
An enzymes b- gaalactosidase cleaves the disaccharide lactose by which it produce the galactose and glucose which then ultimately enter in process of glycolysis. Also causes transgalactosylation reaction of lactose to allolactose.
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To believe that humans are ______ is to believe that humans act on the basis of reason.
To believe that humans are rational is to believe that humans act on the basis of reason.
Why are human beings rational?Because it has intelligence that gives it the ability to communicate through a structured language based on speech, increasing its power to communicate, to issue judgments and to develop methodologies capable of increasing the quality of life.
Rationality is a characteristic that differentiates humans from animals, being this focus for social development, for the development of technology and science, which impacts our lives so much through engineering, medicine, mathematics, etc.
Therefore, acting based on reason is a characteristic of human beings, which is based on their intelligence and ability to think analytically to adapt and improve society.
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The complex of dna and protein that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome is properly called __________.
The complex of DNA and protein that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome is properly called chromatin .
Chromatin is a complex of DNA and proteins that forms chromosomes within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
What is the chromatin and its function?
To create chromosomes, chromatin fibers are coiling and condensing. Numerous cellular functions, including DNA replication, transcription, DNA repair, genetic recombination, and cell division, are made possible by chromatin.What is chromatin in cell?
Chromosomes in eukaryotic cells are made of chromatin, a compound of DNA and proteins. Nuclear DNA is extremely compressed and wrapped around nuclear proteins in order to fit inside the nucleus; it does not exist as free linear strands.Where is chromatin found?
Chromatin is a genetic material or a macromolecule comprising DNA, RNA, and associated proteins, which constitute chromosomes in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. This chromatin is located within the cell nucleus.Learn more about chromatin
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What type of white blood cell would you find in the greatest numbers in an infected cut?
What type of white blood cell would you find in the greatest numbers in an infected cut?
Neutrophils, phagocytic white blood cells that are the first to reach an injury site, are abundant in an infected cut.
What is white blood cells wbc?A particular sort of blood cells that is produced in the bone marrow and present in both the blood and lymphatic tissue. The immune system of the body includes white blood cells. They support the body's defenses against illness and infection. Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils), monocytes, and lymphocytes are different types of white blood cells (T cells and B cells). A complete blood cell (CBC) test often includes checking the blood's white blood cell count. It can be used to check for diseases including leukemia, allergies, inflammation, infection, and so forth. also known as WBC and leukocyte
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What would increase the amount of oxygen unloaded by hemoglobin into peripheral tissues?
Decreased pH would increase the amount of oxygen unloaded by hemoglobin into peripheral tissues.
What is hemoglobin?The iron-containing oxygen-transporting metalloprotein known as hemoglobin.The abbreviations Hb or Hgb, is found in the red blood cells of almost all vertebrates as well as some invertebrate organs. The oxygen from the respiratory organs is transported to the rest of the body by hemoglobin in the blood.Iron deficiency anemia is characterized by low hemoglobin that is brought on by low iron levels. Low hemoglobin is most frequently caused by a diet that is inadequate in iron. Low hemoglobin levels can cause headaches, exhaustion, and pale complexion. Surgery, iron therapy, and iron supplementation are all options for treating low hemoglobin.Red blood cells include the protein hemoglobin, which transports oxygen to your body's organs and tissues and carbon dioxide from those tissues back to your lungs. A low red blood cell count if a hemoglobin test finds that your hemoglobin level is lower than normal (anemia).Learn more about hemoglobin here:
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When cells are exposed to sublethal doses of ionizing radiation, repair and recovery may occur because cells:______.
Answer:
Contain a repair mechanism inherent in their biochemistry (repair enzymes)
Explanation:
When cells are exposed to sublethal doses of ionizing radiation, repair and recovery may occur because cells: Contain a repair mechanism inherent in their biochemistry (repair enzymes).
What evidence does the dische test provide that helps confirm that dna was extracted from the strawberries. Why do you think it is relatively easy to isolate dna from strawberries?.
Ripe strawberries are a perfect reference for extracting DNA because they are easy to pulverize and include enzymes called pectinases and cellulases that help to crack down cell walls. And most significant, strawberries have eight documents of each chromosome (they are octoploid), so there is a lot of DNA to separate.
What is extract DNA?Celebrate the line between the strawberry combination and the alcohol. You will witness a white thread-like cloud occurring at this line. This is strawberry DNA. The DNA will clump together and float to the lid of the alcohol layer.The capacity to extract DNA is of immediate importance to studying the hereditary causes of disease and for the development of diagnostics and drugs. It is also important for taking out forensic science, sequencing genomes, detecting bacteria and viruses in the atmosphere, and determining paternity.The purposes of this experiment are to extract DNA from a fruit selection, test the wetness of a soil sample, and complete blood typing and gel electrophoresis. The DNA will be removed using the basic biochemical techniques for separating, refining, and digesting DNA molecules.To learn more about DNA, refer to:
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Streptomycin is an antibiotic that interferes with the function of the 30s subunit of the prokaryotic ribosome. what is the consequence of treating a bacteria with streptomyci?
Streptomycin is an antibiotic that interferes with the function of the 30s subunit of the prokaryotic ribosome. when it's treated on bacteria it reacts by binding to the site where tRNA typically binds, an anticodon.
Streptomycin, interferes with ribosomal activities and inhibits bacterial protein synthesis in vitro. Streptomycin can fit into the binding site for anticodons and interfere with the binding site for tRNA derivatives due to the structural similarities between it and the anticodon.
For instance, it prevents polypeptide synthesis triggered by either synthesised polynucleotides or natural mRNA3-5, leading to significant genetic code misinterpretation in the latter scenario. The medication also causes polysomes to break down and releases fMet-tRNA from interacting with the 70S ribosome.
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